1
|
Park BC, Lee H, Oh SH, Shin HJ, Choi YJ, Ha T. Re-order parameter of interacting thermodynamic magnets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3294. [PMID: 38632266 PMCID: PMC11024203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Phase diagrams of materials are typically based on a static order parameter, but it faces challenges when distinguishing subtle phase changes, such as re-ordering. Here, we report a dynamic nonequilibrium order parameter termed re-order parameter to determine subtle phases and their transitions in interacting magnets. The dynamical precession of magnetization, so-called magnon, premises as a reliable re-order parameter of strong spin-orbit coupled magnets. We employ orthoferrites YFeO3 and its Mn-doped variations, where diverse magnetic phases, including canted antiferromagnetic (Γ4) and collinear antiferromagnetic (Γ1) states, have been well-established. Low-energy magnon uncovers the spin-orbit coupling-induced subtle magnetic structures, resulting in distinct terahertz emissions. The temporal and spectral parameters of magnon emission exhibit characteristics akin to BCS-type order parameters, constructing the magnetic phase diagram of Mn-doped YFeO3. This approach further reveals a concealed ferrimagnetic phase within the Γ1 state, underscoring its potential to search for hidden phases of materials, completing their phase diagrams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Cheol Park
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Howon Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyup Oh
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Shin
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jai Choi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Ha
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shan W, Thomas EL. Gradient Transformation of the Double Gyroid to the Double Diamond in Soft Matter. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9443-9450. [PMID: 38466943 PMCID: PMC10993642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Transitions between gyroid and diamond intercatenated double network phases occur in many types of soft matter, but to date, the structural pathway and the crystallographic relationships remain unclear. Slice and view scanning electron microscopy tomography of a diblock copolymer affords monitoring of the evolving shape of the intermaterial dividing surface, allowing structural characterization of both the majority and minority domains. Two trihedral malleable mesoatoms combine to form a single tetrahedral mesoatom in a volume additive manner while preserving network topology, as the types of loops, the number of mesoatoms in a loop, minority domain strut lengths, and directions that connect a given mesoatom to its neighbors evolve across a 150 nm wide transition zone (TZ). The [111]DD direction is coincident with the [110]DG direction so that the (111)DD and (110)DG planes define the boundaries of the TZ. Selection of the particular crystal orientations and direction and width of the transition zone is to minimize the cost of morphing the mesoatoms from one structure to the other, by maximizing like-block continuity and minimizing the variation of the surface curvature and thickness of the domains across the TZ. Such coherent continuity of the independent, intercatenated networks across the transition zone is critical for applications such as graded mechanical trusses where the pair of different networks are joined to provide different mechanical properties for adjacent grains or could serve as a nanoscale anode/cathode allowing super charging and discharging provided the networks are continuous and rigorously separate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Shan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castillo-Blas C, Chester AM, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Thermally activated structural phase transitions and processes in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3606-3629. [PMID: 38426588 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The structural knowledge of metal-organic frameworks is crucial to the understanding and development of new efficient materials for industrial implementation. This review classifies and discusses recent advanced literature reports on phase transitions that occur during thermal treatments on metal-organic frameworks and their characterisation. Thermally activated phase transitions and procceses are classified according to the temperaturatures at which they occur: high temperature (reversible and non-reversible) and low temperature. In addition, theoretical calculations and modelling approaches employed to better understand these structural phase transitions are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
| | - Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doan D, Kulikowski J, Gu XW. Direct observation of phase transitions in truncated tetrahedral microparticles under quasi-2D confinement. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1954. [PMID: 38528038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colloidal crystals are used to understand fundamentals of atomic rearrangements in condensed matter and build complex metamaterials with unique functionalities. Simulations predict a multitude of self-assembled crystal structures from anisotropic colloids, but these shapes have been challenging to fabricate. Here, we use two-photon lithography to fabricate Archimedean truncated tetrahedrons and self-assemble them under quasi-2D confinement. These particles self-assemble into a hexagonal phase under an in-plane gravitational potential. Under additional gravitational potential, the hexagonal phase transitions into a quasi-diamond two-unit basis. In-situ imaging reveal this phase transition is initiated by an out-of-plane rotation of a particle at a crystalline defect and causes a chain reaction of neighboring particle rotations. Our results provide a framework of studying different structures from hard-particle self-assembly and demonstrates the ability to use confinement to induce unusual phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Doan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Kulikowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - X Wendy Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Cheng F, Sun Y, Xu H, Cao L. Stacking engineering in layered homostructures: transitioning from 2D to 3D architectures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7988-8012. [PMID: 38380525 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04656g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Artificial materials, characterized by their distinctive properties and customized functionalities, occupy a central role in a wide range of applications including electronics, spintronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, and energy storage. The emergence of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials has driven the creation of artificial heterostructures, harnessing the potential of combining various 2D building blocks with complementary properties through the art of stacking engineering. The promising outcomes achieved for heterostructures have spurred an inquisitive exploration of homostructures, where identical 2D layers are precisely stacked. This perspective primarily focuses on the field of stacking engineering within layered homostructures, where precise control over translational or rotational degrees of freedom between vertically stacked planes or layers is paramount. In particular, we provide an overview of recent advancements in the stacking engineering applied to 2D homostructures. Additionally, we will shed light on research endeavors venturing into three-dimensional (3D) structures, which allow us to proactively address the limitations associated with artificial 2D homostructures. We anticipate that the breakthroughs in stacking engineering in 3D materials will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms governing stacking effects. Such advancements have the potential to unlock the full capability of artificial layered homostructures, propelling the future development of materials, physics, and device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics & Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Hai Xu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics & Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Epp D, Schröder B, Möller M, Ropers C. Gigahertz streaking and compression of low-energy electron pulses. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024306. [PMID: 38566809 PMCID: PMC10987198 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Although radio frequency (RF) technology is routinely employed for controlling high-energy pulses of electrons, corresponding technology has not been developed at beam energies below several kiloelectronvolts. In this work, we demonstrate transverse and longitudinal phase-space manipulation of low-energy electron pulses using RF fields. A millimeter-sized photoelectron gun is combined with synchronized streaking and compression cavities driven at frequencies of 0.5 and 2.5 GHz , respectively. The phase-controlled acceleration and deceleration of photoelectron pulses is characterized in the energy range of 50 -100 eV . Deflection from a transient space-charge cloud at a metal grid is used to measure a fourfold compression of 80 - eV electron pulses, from τ = 34 to τ = 8 ps pulse duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claus Ropers
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. URL:https://www.mpinat.mpg.de/de/ropers
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun X, Williams J, Sharma S, Kunjir S, Morris D, Zhao S, Ruan CY. Precision-controlled ultrafast electron microscope platforms. A case study: Multiple-order coherent phonon dynamics in 1T-TaSe 2 probed at 50 fs-10 fm scales. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024305. [PMID: 38566810 PMCID: PMC10987196 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report on the first detailed beam tests attesting the fundamental principle behind the development of high-current-efficiency ultrafast electron microscope systems where a radio frequency (RF) cavity is incorporated as a condenser lens in the beam delivery system. To allow for the experiment to be carried out with a sufficient resolution to probe the performance at the emittance floor, a new cascade loop RF controller system is developed to reduce the RF noise floor. Temporal resolution at 50 fs in full-width-at-half-maximum and detection sensitivity better than 1% are demonstrated on exfoliated 1T-TaSe2 system under a moderate repetition rate. To benchmark the performance, multi-terahertz edge-mode coherent phonon excitation is employed as the standard candle. The high temporal resolution and the significant visibility to very low dynamical contrast in diffraction signals via high-precision phase-space manipulation give strong support to the working principle for the new high-brightness femtosecond electron microscope systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Joseph Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shriraj Kunjir
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dan Morris
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shen Zhao
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Chong-Yu Ruan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu H, Wu Y, Wu Z, Liu S, Zhang VL, Yu T. Coexisting Phases in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Overview, Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2708-2729. [PMID: 38252696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in phase engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), thereby allowing controlled synthesis of various phases of TMDCs and facile conversion between them. Recently, there has been emerging interest in TMDC coexisting phases, which contain multiple phases within one nanostructured TMDC. By taking advantage of the merits from the component phases, the coexisting phases offer enhanced performance in many aspects compared with single-phase TMDCs. Herein, this review article thoroughly expounds the latest progress and ongoing efforts on the syntheses, properties, and applications of TMDC coexisting phases. The introduction section overviews the main phases of TMDCs (2H, 3R, 1T, 1T', 1Td), along with the advantages of phase coexistence. The subsequent section focuses on the synthesis methods for coexisting phases of TMDCs, with particular attention to local patterning and random formations. Furthermore, on the basis of the versatile properties of TMDC coexisting phases, their applications in magnetism, valleytronics, field-effect transistors, memristors, and catalysis are discussed. Lastly, a perspective is presented on the future development, challenges, and potential opportunities of TMDC coexisting phases. This review aims to provide insights into the phase engineering of 2D materials for both scientific and engineering communities and contribute to further advancements in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Vanessa Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song X, Huang X, Yang H, Jia L, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Wu X, Liu L, Gao HJ, Wang Y. Robust Behavior of Charge Density Wave Quantum Motif Star-of-David in 2D NbSe 2 Nanocrystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305159. [PMID: 37635109 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Charge density wave (CDW) is a typical collective phenomenon, and the phase change is generally accompanied by electronic transition with potential device applications. For the continuous miniaturization of devices, it is important to investigate the size effect down to the nanoscale. In this work, single-layer (SL) 1T-NbSe2 islands provide an ideal research platform to investigate the size effect on CDW arrangement and electronic states. The CDW motifs (Star-of-David [SOD]) at the island border are along the edge, and those at the interior tend to arrange in a triangular lattice for islands as small as 5 nm. Interestingly, in some small islands, the SOD clusters rearrange into a square-like lattice, and each SOD cluster remains robust as a quantum motif, both in the sense of geometry and electronic structures. Moreover, the electronic structure at the center of the small islands is downwards shifted compared to the big islands, explained by the spatial extension of the band bending originating from the edge of the islands. These findings reveal the robust behavior of CDW motifs down to the nanoscale and provide new insights into the size-limiting effect on 2D2D CDW ordering and electronic states down to a few nanometer extremes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liangguang Jia
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou F, Liu H, Zajac M, Hwangbo K, Jiang Q, Chu JH, Xu X, Arslan I, Gage TE, Wen H. Ultrafast Nanoimaging of Spin-Mediated Shear Waves in an Acoustic Cavity. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10213-10220. [PMID: 37910440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Strong spin-lattice coupling in van der Waals (vdW) magnets shows potential for innovative magneto-mechanical applications. Here, nanoscale and picosecond imaging by ultrafast electron microscopy reveal heterogeneous spin-mediated coherent acoustic phonon dynamics in a thin-film cavity of the vdW antiferromagnet FePS3. The harmonics of the interlayer shear acoustic modes are observed, in which the even and odd harmonics exhibit distinct nanoscopic dynamics. Corroborated by acoustic wave simulation, the role of defects in forming even harmonics is elucidated. Above the Néel temperature (TN), the interlayer shear acoustic harmonics are suppressed, while the in-plane traveling wave is predominantly excited. The dominant acoustic dynamics shifts from the out-of-plane shear to the in-plane traveling wave across TN, demonstrating that magnetic properties can influence phonon scattering pathways. The spatiotemporally resolved structural characterization provides valuable nanoscopic insights for interlayer-shear-mode-based acoustic cavities, opening up possibilities for magneto-mechanical applications of vdW magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faran Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Haihua Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Marc Zajac
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kyle Hwangbo
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Qianni Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiun-Haw Chu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas E Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Haidan Wen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazor Y, Kfir O. Sub-terahertz nearfields for electron-pulse compression. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37980-37992. [PMID: 38017916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of ultrafast science with pulsed electron beams raised the need to control the temporal features of the electron pulses. One promising suggestion is the nano-selective quantum optics with multi-electrons, which scales quadratically with the number of electrons within the coherence time of the quantum system. Terahertz (THz) radiation from optical nonlinear crystals is an attractive methodology to generate the rapidly varying electric fields necessary for electron compression, with the advantage of an inherent temporal locking to laser-triggered electrons, such as in ultrafast electron microscopes. Longer (picosecond-) pulses require a sub-THz field for their compression. However, the generation of such low frequencies requires pumping with energetic optical pulses and their focusability is fundamentally limited by their mm-wavelength. This work proposes electron-pulse compression with sub-THz fields directly in the vicinity of their dipolar origin, thereby avoiding mediation through radiation. We analyze the merits of nearfields for compression of slow electrons, particularly in challenging regimes for THz radiation, such as small numerical apertures, micro-joule-level optical pump pulses, and low frequencies. This scheme can be implemented within the tight constraints of electron microscopes and reach fields of a few kV/cm below 0.1 THz at high repetition rates. Our paradigm offers a realistic approach for controlling electron pulses spatially and temporally in many experiments, opening the path of flexible multi-electron manipulation for analytic and quantum sciences.
Collapse
|
13
|
Siddiqui KM, Durham DB, Cropp F, Ji F, Paiagua S, Ophus C, Andresen NC, Jin L, Wu J, Wang S, Zhang X, You W, Murnane M, Centurion M, Wang X, Slaughter DS, Kaindl RA, Musumeci P, Minor AM, Filippetto D. Relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction at high repetition rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:064302. [PMID: 38058995 PMCID: PMC10697722 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to resolve the dynamics of matter on its native temporal and spatial scales constitutes a key challenge and convergent theme across chemistry, biology, and materials science. The last couple of decades have witnessed ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) emerge as one of the forefront techniques with the sensitivity to resolve atomic motions. Increasingly sophisticated UED instruments are being developed that are aimed at increasing the beam brightness in order to observe structural signatures, but so far they have been limited to low average current beams. Here, we present the technical design and capabilities of the HiRES (High Repetition-rate Electron Scattering) instrument, which blends relativistic electrons and high repetition rates to achieve orders of magnitude improvement in average beam current compared to the existing state-of-the-art instruments. The setup utilizes a novel electron source to deliver femtosecond duration electron pulses at up to MHz repetition rates for UED experiments. Instrument response function of sub-500 fs is demonstrated with < 100 fs time resolution targeted in future. We provide example cases of diffraction measurements on solid-state and gas-phase samples, including both micro- and nanodiffraction (featuring 100 nm beam size) modes, which showcase the potential of the instrument for novel UED experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Siddiqui
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - F. Ji
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Paiagua
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C. Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N. C. Andresen
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L. Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J. Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W. You
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M. Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M. Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - D. S. Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - P. Musumeci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - D. Filippetto
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kempers ST, Borrelli S, Kieft ER, van Doorn HA, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Photodiode-based time zero determination for ultrafast electron microscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:064301. [PMID: 37941992 PMCID: PMC10629968 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe experiments in ultrafast electron microscopy require temporal overlap between the pump and probe pulses. Accurate measurements of the time delay between them allows for the determination of the time zero, the moment in time where both pulses perfectly overlap. In this work, we present the use of a photodiode-based alignment method for these time zero measurements. The cheap and easy-to-use device consists of a photodiode in a sample holder and enables us to temporally align individual, single-electron pulses with femtosecond laser pulses. In a first device, a temporal resolution of 24 ps is obtained, limited by the photodiode design. Future work will utilize a smaller photodiode with a lower capacitance, which will increase the temporal resolution and add spatial resolution as well. This upgrade will bring the method toward the micrometer and picosecond spatiotemporal resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Kempers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S. Borrelli
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - E. R. Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GC Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. A. van Doorn
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - P. H. A. Mutsaers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - O. J. Luiten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Domröse T, Danz T, Schaible SF, Rossnagel K, Yalunin SV, Ropers C. Light-induced hexatic state in a layered quantum material. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1345-1351. [PMID: 37414945 PMCID: PMC10627829 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The tunability of materials properties by light promises a wealth of future applications in energy conversion and information technology. Strongly correlated materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides offer optical control of electronic phases, charge ordering and interlayer correlations by photodoping. Here, we find the emergence of a transient hexatic state during the laser-induced transformation between two charge-density wave phases in a thin-film transition metal dichalcogenide, 1T-type tantalum disulfide (1T-TaS2). Introducing tilt-series ultrafast nanobeam electron diffraction, we reconstruct charge-density wave rocking curves at high momentum resolution. An intermittent suppression of three-dimensional structural correlations promotes a loss of in-plane translational order caused by a high density of unbound topological defects, characteristic of a hexatic intermediate. Our results demonstrate the merit of tomographic ultrafast structural probing in tracing coupled order parameters, heralding universal nanoscale access to laser-induced dimensionality control in functional heterostructures and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Domröse
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Danz
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie F Schaible
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergey V Yalunin
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li C, Guan M, Hong H, Chen K, Wang X, Ma H, Wang A, Li Z, Hu H, Xiao J, Dai J, Wan X, Liu K, Meng S, Dai Q. Coherent ultrafast photoemission from a single quantized state of a one-dimensional emitter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4170. [PMID: 37824625 PMCID: PMC10569710 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser-driven photoemission source provides an unprecedented femtosecond-resolved electron probe not only for atomic-scale ultrafast characterization but also for free-electron radiation sources. However, for conventional metallic electron source, intense lasers may induce a considerable broadening of emitting energy level, which results in large energy spread (>600 milli-electron volts) and thus limits the spatiotemporal resolution of electron probe. Here, we demonstrate the coherent ultrafast photoemission from a single quantized energy level of a carbon nanotube. Its one-dimensional body can provide a sharp quantized electronic excited state, while its zero-dimensional tip can provide a quantized energy level act as a narrow photoemission channel. Coherent resonant tunneling electron emission is evidenced by a negative differential resistance effect and a field-driven Stark splitting effect. The estimated energy spread is ~57 milli-electron volts, which suggests that the proposed carbon nanotube electron source may promote electron probe simultaneously with subangstrom spatial resolution and femtosecond temporal resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengxue Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Physics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Extreme Matter and Applications, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - He Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- Department of Physics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Extreme Matter and Applications, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiangang Wan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yannai M, Adiv Y, Dahan R, Wang K, Gorlach A, Rivera N, Fishman T, Krüger M, Kaminer I. Lossless Monochromator in an Ultrafast Electron Microscope Using Near-Field THz Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:145002. [PMID: 37862634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.145002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form monoenergetic electron beams is vital for high-resolution electron spectroscopy and imaging. Such capabilities are commonly achieved using an electron monochromator, which energy filters a dispersed electron beam, thus reducing the electron flux to yield down to meV energy resolution. This reduction in flux hinders the use of monochromators in many applications, such as ultrafast transmission electron microscopes (UTEMs). Here, we develop and demonstrate a mechanism for electron energy monochromation that does not reduce the flux-a lossless monochromator. The mechanism is based on the interaction of free-electron pulses with single-cycle THz near fields, created by nonlinear conversion of an optical laser pulse near the electron beam path inside a UTEM. Our experiment reduces the electron energy spread by a factor of up to 2.9 without compromising the beam flux. Moreover, as the electron-THz interaction takes place over an extended region of many tens of microns in free space, the realized technique is highly robust-granting uniform monochromation over a wide area, larger than the electron beam diameter. We further demonstrate the wide tunability of our method by monochromating the electron beam at multiple primary electron energies from 60 to 200 keV, studying the effect of various electron and THz parameters on its performance. Our findings have direct applications in the fast-growing field of ultrafast electron microscopy, allowing time- and energy-resolved studies of exciton physics, phononic vibrational resonances, charge transport effects, and optical excitations in the mid IR to the far IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yannai
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201815, China
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tal Fishman
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Michael Krüger
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu H, Qin Y, Chen HY, Wu J, Ma J, Du Z, Wang N, Zou J, Lin S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Artificial Neuronal Devices Based on Emerging Materials: Neuronal Dynamics and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205047. [PMID: 36609920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neuronal devices are critical building blocks of neuromorphic computing systems and currently the subject of intense research motivated by application needs from new computing technology and more realistic brain emulation. Researchers have proposed a range of device concepts that can mimic neuronal dynamics and functions. Although the switching physics and device structures of these artificial neurons are largely different, their behaviors can be described by several neuron models in a more unified manner. In this paper, the reports of artificial neuronal devices based on emerging volatile switching materials are reviewed from the perspective of the demonstrated neuron models, with a focus on the neuronal functions implemented in these devices and the exploitation of these functions for computational and sensing applications. Furthermore, the neuroscience inspirations and engineering methods to enrich the neuronal dynamics that remain to be implemented in artificial neuronal devices and networks toward realizing the full functionalities of biological neurons are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yuan Qin
- Center for Power Electronics Systems, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Hung-Yu Chen
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jiangbin Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhonghao Du
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jingyi Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Center for Power Electronics Systems, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Agarwal N, Sung SH, Schwartz J, Schnitzer N, Xi Z, Hung J, Baggari IE, Kourkoutis LF, Qi L, Van der Ven A, Hovden R. Native Intercalant Order in TaS2 Achieved Through in situ Thermal Heating. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1583-1584. [PMID: 37613854 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishkarsh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Suk Hyun Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Schwartz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Noah Schnitzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhucong Xi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juihung Hung
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, U.C. Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Liang Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anton Van der Ven
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, U.C. Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carbin T, Zhang X, Culver AB, Zhao H, Zong A, Acharya R, Abbamonte CJ, Roy R, Cao G, Kogar A. Evidence for Bootstrap Percolation Dynamics in a Photoinduced Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:186902. [PMID: 37204876 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.186902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon intense femtosecond photoexcitation, a many-body system can undergo a phase transition through a nonequilibrium route, but understanding these pathways remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we use time-resolved second harmonic generation to investigate a photoinduced phase transition in Ca_{3}Ru_{2}O_{7} and show that mesoscale inhomogeneity profoundly influences the transition dynamics. We observe a marked slowing down of the characteristic time τ that quantifies the transition between two structures. τ evolves nonmonotonically as a function of photoexcitation fluence, rising from below 200 fs to ∼1.4 ps, then falling again to below 200 fs. To account for the observed behavior, we perform a bootstrap percolation simulation that demonstrates how local structural interactions govern the transition kinetics. Our work highlights the importance of percolating mesoscale inhomogeneity in the dynamics of photoinduced phase transitions and provides a model that may be useful for understanding such transitions more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Carbin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - Xinshu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - Adrian B Culver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
- Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hengdi Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Rishi Acharya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - Cecilia J Abbamonte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - Rahul Roy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
- Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gang Cao
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Anshul Kogar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao Y, Nie Z, Hong H, Qiu X, Han S, Yu Y, Liu M, Qiu X, Liu K, Meng S, Tong L, Zhang J. Spectroscopic visualization and phase manipulation of chiral charge density waves in 1T-TaS 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2223. [PMID: 37076513 PMCID: PMC10115830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chiral charge density wave is a many-body collective phenomenon in condensed matter that may play a role in unconventional superconductivity and topological physics. Two-dimensional chiral charge density waves provide the building blocks for the fabrication of various stacking structures and chiral homostructures, in which physical properties such as chiral currents and the anomalous Hall effect may emerge. Here, we demonstrate the phase manipulation of two-dimensional chiral charge density waves and the design of in-plane chiral homostructures in 1T-TaS2. We use chiral Raman spectroscopy to directly monitor the chirality switching of the charge density wave-revealing a temperature-mediated reversible chirality switching. We find that interlayer stacking favours homochirality configurations, which is confirmed by first-principles calculations. By exploiting the interlayer chirality-locking effect, we realise in-plane chiral homostructures in 1T-TaS2. Our results provide a versatile way to manipulate chiral collective phases by interlayer coupling in layered van der Waals semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hong
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shiyi Han
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China.
| | - Lianming Tong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yannai M, Dahan R, Gorlach A, Adiv Y, Wang K, Madan I, Gargiulo S, Barantani F, Dias EJC, Vanacore GM, Rivera N, Carbone F, García de Abajo FJ, Kaminer I. Ultrafast Electron Microscopy of Nanoscale Charge Dynamics in Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3645-3656. [PMID: 36736033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers in solids plays a pivotal role in emerging optoelectronics, photonics, energy harvesting, and quantum technology applications. However, the investigation and direct visualization of such nonequilibrium phenomena remains as a long-standing challenge, owing to the nanometer-femtosecond spatiotemporal scales at which the charge carriers evolve. Here, we propose and demonstrate an interaction mechanism enabling nanoscale imaging of the femtosecond dynamics of charge carriers in solids. This imaging modality, which we name charge dynamics electron microscopy (CDEM), exploits the strong interaction of free-electron pulses with terahertz (THz) near fields produced by the moving charges in an ultrafast scanning transmission electron microscope. The measured free-electron energy at different spatiotemporal coordinates allows us to directly retrieve the THz near-field amplitude and phase, from which we reconstruct movies of the generated charges by comparison to microscopic theory. The CDEM technique thus allows us to investigate previously inaccessible spatiotemporal regimes of charge dynamics in solids, providing insight into the photo-Dember effect and showing oscillations of photogenerated electron-hole distributions inside a semiconductor. Our work facilitates the exploration of a wide range of previously inaccessible charge-transport phenomena in condensed matter using ultrafast electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yannai
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ivan Madan
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gargiulo
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Barantani
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo J C Dias
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Time-resolved transmission electron microscopy for nanoscale chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:256-272. [PMID: 37117417 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image a structure ranging from millimetres to Ångströms has made it an indispensable component of the toolkit of modern chemists. TEM has enabled unprecedented understanding of the atomic structures of materials and how structure relates to properties and functions. Recent developments in TEM have advanced the technique beyond static material characterization to probing structural evolution on the nanoscale in real time. Accompanying advances in data collection have pushed the temporal resolution into the microsecond regime with the use of direct-electron detectors and down to the femtosecond regime with pump-probe microscopy. Consequently, studies have deftly applied TEM for understanding nanoscale dynamics, often in operando. In this Review, time-resolved in situ TEM techniques and their applications for probing chemical and physical processes are discussed, along with emerging directions in the TEM field.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu L, Song X, Dai J, Yang H, Chen Y, Huang X, Huang Z, Ji H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Sun JT, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Huang Y, Qiao J, Ji W, Gao HJ, Wang Y. Unveiling Electronic Behaviors in Heterochiral Charge-Density-Wave Twisted Stacking Materials with 1.25 nm Unit Dependence. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2702-2710. [PMID: 36661840 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Layered charge-density-wave (CDW) materials have gained increasing interest due to their CDW stacking-dependent electronic properties for practical applications. Among the large family of CDW materials, those with star of David (SOD) patterns are very important due to the potentials for quantum spin liquid and related device applications. However, the spatial extension and the spin coupling information down to the nanoscale remain elusive. Here, we report the study of heterochiral CDW stackings in bilayer (BL) NbSe2 with high spatial resolution. We reveal that there exist well-defined heterochiral stackings, which have inhomogeneous electronic states among neighboring CDW units (star of David, SOD), significantly different from the homogeneous electronic states in the homochiral stackings. Intriguingly, the different electronic behaviors are spatially localized within each SOD with a unit size of 1.25 nm, and the gap sizes are determined by the different types of SOD stackings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations match the experimental measurements well and reveal the SOD-stacking-dependent correlated electronic states and antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic couplings. Our findings give a deep understanding of the spatial distribution of interlayer stacking and the delicate modulation of the spintronic states, which is very helpful for CDW-based nanoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Song
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeping Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tao Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsi Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tong L, Yuan J, Zhang Z, Tang J, Wang Z. Nanoscale subparticle imaging of vibrational dynamics using dark-field ultrafast transmission electron microscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:145-152. [PMID: 36509924 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of nanoscale energy transport and acoustic response is important for applications of nanomaterials but hinges on a complete characterization of their structural dynamics. The precise determination of the structural dynamics within nanoparticles, however, is still challenging and requires high spatiotemporal resolution and detection sensitivity. Here we present a centred dark-field imaging approach based on ultrafast transmission electron microscopy that is capable of directly mapping the picosecond-scale evolution of intrananoparticle vibration with a spatial resolution down to 3 nm. Using this approach, we investigated the photo-induced vibrational dynamics in individual gold heterodimers composed of a nanoprism and a nanosphere. We observed not only the retardation of in-plane vibrations in the nanoprisms, which we attribute to thermal and vibrational energy transferred from adjacent nanospheres mediated by surfactants, but also the existence of a complex multimodal oscillation and its spatial variation within individual nanoprisms. This work represents an advance in real-space mapping of vibrational dynamics on the subnanoparticle level with a high detection sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jau Tang
- The Institute for Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim YJ, Nho HW, Ji S, Lee H, Ko H, Weissenrieder J, Kwon OH. Femtosecond-resolved imaging of a single-particle phase transition in energy-filtered ultrafast electron microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5375. [PMID: 36706188 PMCID: PMC9882981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using an energy filter in transmission electron microscopy has enabled elemental mapping at the atomic scale and improved the precision of structural determination by gating inelastic and elastic imaging electrons, respectively. Here, we use an energy filter in ultrafast electron microscopy to enhance the temporal resolution toward the domain of atomic motion. Visualizing transient structures with femtosecond temporal precision was achieved by selecting imaging electrons in a narrow energy distribution from dense chirped photoelectron packets with broad longitudinal momentum distributions and thus typically exhibiting picosecond durations. In this study, the heterogeneous ultrafast phase transitions of vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanoparticles, a representative strongly correlated system, were filmed and attributed to the emergence of a transient, low-symmetry metallic phase caused by different local strains. Our approach enables electron microscopy to access the time scale of elementary nuclear motion to visualize the onset of the structural dynamics of matter at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Won Nho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaozheng Ji
- Materials and Nano Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hyejin Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Materials and Nano Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coherent correlation imaging for resolving fluctuating states of matter. Nature 2023; 614:256-261. [PMID: 36653456 PMCID: PMC9908557 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations and stochastic transitions are ubiquitous in nanometre-scale systems, especially in the presence of disorder. However, their direct observation has so far been impeded by a seemingly fundamental, signal-limited compromise between spatial and temporal resolution. Here we develop coherent correlation imaging (CCI) to overcome this dilemma. Our method begins by classifying recorded camera frames in Fourier space. Contrast and spatial resolution emerge by averaging selectively over same-state frames. Temporal resolution down to the acquisition time of a single frame arises independently from an exceptionally low misclassification rate, which we achieve by combining a correlation-based similarity metric1,2 with a modified, iterative hierarchical clustering algorithm3,4. We apply CCI to study previously inaccessible magnetic fluctuations in a highly degenerate magnetic stripe domain state with nanometre-scale resolution. We uncover an intricate network of transitions between more than 30 discrete states. Our spatiotemporal data enable us to reconstruct the pinning energy landscape and to thereby explain the dynamics observed on a microscopic level. CCI massively expands the potential of emerging high-coherence X-ray sources and paves the way for addressing large fundamental questions such as the contribution of pinning5-8 and topology9-12 in phase transitions and the role of spin and charge order fluctuations in high-temperature superconductivity13,14.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yuan HL, Wang K, Hu H, Yang L, Chen J, Zheng K. Atomic-Scale Observation of Grain Boundary Dominated Unsynchronized Phase Transition in Polycrystalline Cu 2 Se. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205715. [PMID: 35981531 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase transition is a physical phenomenon that attracts great interest of researchers. Although the theory of second-order phase transitions is well-established, their atomic-scale dynamics in polycrystalline materials remains elusive. In this work, second-order phase transitions in polycrystalline Cu2 Se at the transition temperature are directly observed by in situ aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Phase transitions in microcrystalline Cu2 Se start at the grain boundaries and extend inside the grains. This phenomenon is more pronounced in nanosized grains. Analysis of phase transitions in nanocrystalline Cu2 Se with different grain boundaries demonstrates that grain boundary energy dominates unsynchronized phase transition behavior. This suggests that the energy of grain boundaries is the key factor influencing the energetic barrier for initiation of phase transition. The findings advance atomic-scale understanding of second-order phase transitions, which is crucial for the control of this process in polycrystalline materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lei Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Kaiwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hanwen Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Düvel M, Merboldt M, Bange JP, Strauch H, Stellbrink M, Pierz K, Schumacher HW, Momeni D, Steil D, Jansen GSM, Steil S, Novko D, Mathias S, Reutzel M. Far-from-Equilibrium Electron-Phonon Interactions in Optically Excited Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4897-4904. [PMID: 35649249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Comprehending far-from-equilibrium many-body interactions is one of the major goals of current ultrafast condensed matter physics research. Here, a particularly interesting but barely understood situation occurs during a strong optical excitation, where the electron and phonon systems can be significantly perturbed and the quasiparticle distributions cannot be described with equilibrium functions. In this work, we use time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to study such far-from-equilibrium many-body interactions for the prototypical material graphene. In accordance with theoretical simulations, we find remarkable transient renormalizations of the quasiparticle self-energy caused by the photoinduced nonequilibrium conditions. These observations can be understood by ultrafast scatterings between nonequilibrium electrons and strongly coupled optical phonons, which signify the crucial role of ultrafast nonequilibrium dynamics on many-body interactions. Our results advance the understanding of many-body physics in extreme conditions, which is important for any endeavor to optically manipulate or create non-equilibrium states of matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten Düvel
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Merboldt
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Bange
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Strauch
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Stellbrink
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Pierz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Davood Momeni
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Steil
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G S Matthijs Jansen
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Steil
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dino Novko
- Institute of Physics, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stefan Mathias
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Reutzel
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahn Y, Cherukara MJ, Cai Z, Bartlein M, Zhou T, DiChiara A, Walko DA, Holt M, Fullerton EE, Evans PG, Wen H. X-ray nanodiffraction imaging reveals distinct nanoscopic dynamics of an ultrafast phase transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118597119. [PMID: 35522708 PMCID: PMC9171639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118597119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificancePhase transitions, the changes between states of matter with distinct electronic, magnetic, or structural properties, are at the center of condensed matter physics and underlie valuable technologies. First-order phase transitions are intrinsically heterogeneous. When driven by ultrashort excitation, nanoscale phase regions evolve rapidly, which has posed a significant experimental challenge to characterize. The newly developed laser-pumped X-ray nanodiffraction imaging technique reported here has simultaneous 100-ps temporal and 25-nm spatial resolutions. This approach reveals pathways of the nanoscale structural rearrangement upon ultrafast optical excitation, different from those transitions under slowly varying parameters. The spatiotemporally resolved structural characterization provides crucial nanoscopic insights into ultrafast phase transitions and opens opportunities for controlling nanoscale phases on ultrafast time scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Ahn
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mathew J. Cherukara
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Zhonghou Cai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Michael Bartlein
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Anthony DiChiara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Donald A. Walko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Martin Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Magnetic Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92903
| | - Paul G. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Atomic-scale visualization of chiral charge density wave superlattices and their reversible switching. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1843. [PMID: 35383190 PMCID: PMC8983771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is essential for various phenomena in life and matter. However, chirality and its switching in electronic superlattices, such as charge density wave (CDW) superlattices, remain elusive. In this study, we characterize the chirality switching with atom-resolution imaging in a single-layer NbSe2 CDW superlattice by the technique of scanning tunneling microscopy. The atomic arrangement of the CDW superlattice is found continuous and intact although its chirality is switched. Several intermediate states are tracked by time-resolved imaging, revealing the fast and dynamic chirality transition. Importantly, the switching is reversibly realized with an external electric field. Our findings unveil the delicate switching process of chiral CDW superlattice in a two-dimensional (2D) crystal down to the atomic scale.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li WH, Duncan CJR, Andorf MB, Bartnik AC, Bianco E, Cultrera L, Galdi A, Gordon M, Kaemingk M, Pennington CA, Kourkoutis LF, Bazarov IV, Maxson JM. A kiloelectron-volt ultrafast electron micro-diffraction apparatus using low emittance semiconductor photocathodes. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:024302. [PMID: 35350376 PMCID: PMC8934190 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and performance of a time-resolved electron diffraction apparatus capable of producing intense bunches with simultaneously single digit micrometer probe size, long coherence length, and 200 fs rms time resolution. We measure the 5d (peak) beam brightness at the sample location in micro-diffraction mode to be 7 × 10 13 A / m 2 rad 2 . To generate high brightness electron bunches, the system employs high efficiency, low emittance semiconductor photocathodes driven with a wavelength near the photoemission threshold at a repetition rate up to 250 kHz. We characterize spatial, temporal, and reciprocal space resolution of the apparatus. We perform proof-of-principle measurements of ultrafast heating in single crystal Au samples and compare experimental results with simulations that account for the effects of multiple scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Li
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - C. J. R. Duncan
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M. B. Andorf
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - A. C. Bartnik
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - E. Bianco
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - L. Cultrera
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - A. Galdi
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M. Gordon
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M. Kaemingk
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - C. A. Pennington
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - I. V. Bazarov
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J. M. Maxson
- Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Perez-Salinas D, Johnson AS, Prabhakaran D, Wall S. Multi-mode excitation drives disorder during the ultrafast melting of a C4-symmetry-broken phase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:238. [PMID: 35017507 PMCID: PMC8752725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous C4-symmetry breaking phases are ubiquitous in layered quantum materials, and often compete with other phases such as superconductivity. Preferential suppression of the symmetry broken phases by light has been used to explain non-equilibrium light induced superconductivity, metallicity, and the creation of metastable states. Key to understanding how these phases emerge is understanding how C4 symmetry is restored. A leading approach is based on time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory, which explains the coherence response seen in many systems. However, we show that, for the case of the single layered manganite La0.5Sr1.5MnO4, the theory fails. Instead, we find an ultrafast inhomogeneous disordering transition in which the mean-field order parameter no longer reflects the atomic-scale state of the system. Our results suggest that disorder may be common to light-induced phase transitions, and methods beyond the mean-field are necessary for understanding and manipulating photoinduced phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perez-Salinas
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonics Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Allan S Johnson
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonics Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Simon Wall
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonics Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Implementing the modern technologies of light-emitting devices, light harvesting, and quantum information processing requires the understanding of the structure-function relations at spatial scales below the optical diffraction limit and time scales of energy and information flows. Here, we distinctively combine cathodoluminescence (CL) with ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), termed CL-UEM, because CL and UEM synergetically afford the required spectral and spatiotemporal sensitivities, respectively. For color centers in nanodiamonds, we demonstrate the measurement of CL lifetime with a local sensitivity of 50 nm and a time resolution of 100 ps. It is revealed that the emitting states of the color centers can be populated through charge transfer among the color centers across diamond lattices upon high-energy electron beam excitation. The technical advance achieved in this study will facilitate the specific control over energy conversion at nanoscales, relevant to quantum dots and single-photon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Henke JW, Raja AS, Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Möller M, Pan J, Liu J, Kfir O, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation. Nature 2021; 600:653-658. [PMID: 34937900 PMCID: PMC8695378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Wilke Henke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Möller
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiahe Pan
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zayko S, Kfir O, Heigl M, Lohmann M, Sivis M, Albrecht M, Ropers C. Ultrafast high-harmonic nanoscopy of magnetization dynamics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6337. [PMID: 34732725 PMCID: PMC8566501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced magnetization changes, such as all-optical switching, skyrmion nucleation, and intersite spin transfer, unfold on temporal and spatial scales down to femtoseconds and nanometers, respectively. Pump-probe spectroscopy and diffraction studies indicate that spatio-temporal dynamics may drastically affect the non-equilibrium magnetic evolution. Yet, direct real-space magnetic imaging on the relevant timescales has remained challenging. Here, we demonstrate ultrafast high-harmonic nanoscopy employing circularly polarized high-harmonic radiation for real-space imaging of femtosecond magnetization dynamics. We map quenched magnetic domains and localized spin structures in Co/Pd multilayers with a sub-wavelength spatial resolution down to 16 nm, and strobosocopically trace the local magnetization dynamics with 40 fs temporal resolution. Our compact experimental setup demonstrates the highest spatio-temporal resolution of magneto-optical imaging to date. Facilitating ultrafast imaging with high sensitivity to chiral and linear dichroism, we envisage a wide range of applications spanning magnetism, phase transitions, and carrier dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zayko
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ofer Kfir
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Heigl
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohmann
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Murat Sivis
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Curtis WA, Flannigan DJ. Toward Å-fs-meV resolution in electron microscopy: systematic simulation of the temporal spread of single-electron packets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23544-23553. [PMID: 34648611 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Though efforts to improve the temporal resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) have waxed and waned for decades, with relatively recent advances routinely reaching sub-picosecond scales, fundamental and practical challenges have hindered the advance of combined Å-fs-meV resolutions, particularly for core-loss spectroscopy and real-space imaging. This is due in no small part to the complexity of the approach required to access timescales upon which electrons, atoms, molecules, and materials first begin to respond and transform - attoseconds to picoseconds. Here we present part of a larger effort devoted to systematically mapping the instrument parameter space of a TEM modified to reach ultrafast timescales. With General Particle Tracer, we studied the statistical temporal distributions of single-electron packets as a function of various fs pulsed-laser parameters and electron-gun configurations and fields for the exact architecture and dimensions of a Thermo Fisher Tecnai Femto ultrafast electron microscope. We focused on easily-adjustable parameters, such as laser pulse duration, laser spot size, photon energy, Wehnelt aperture diameter, and photocathode size. In addition to establishing trends and dispersion behaviors, we identify regimes within which packet duration can be 100s of fs and approach the 300 fs laser limit employed here. Overall, the results provide a detailed picture of the temporal behavior of single-electron packets in the Tecnai Femto gun region, forming the initial contribution of a larger effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt A Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Eizirik DL, Szymczak F, Alvelos MI, Martin F. From Pancreatic β-Cell Gene Networks to Novel Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1915-1925. [PMID: 34417266 PMCID: PMC8576417 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Completion of the Human Genome Project enabled a novel systems- and network-level understanding of biology, but this remains to be applied for understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We propose that defining the key gene regulatory networks that drive β-cell dysfunction and death in T1D might enable the design of therapies that target the core disease mechanism, namely, the progressive loss of pancreatic β-cells. Indeed, many successful drugs do not directly target individual disease genes but, rather, modulate the consequences of defective steps, targeting proteins located one or two steps downstream. If we transpose this to the T1D situation, it makes sense to target the pathways that modulate the β-cell responses to the immune assault-in relation to signals that may stimulate the immune response (e.g., HLA class I and chemokine overexpression and/or neoantigen expression) or inhibit the invading immune cells (e.g., PDL1 and HLA-E expression)-instead of targeting only the immune system, as it is usually proposed. Here we discuss the importance of a focus on β-cells in T1D, lessons learned from other autoimmune diseases, the "alternative splicing connection," data mining, and drug repurposing to protect β-cells in T1D and then some of the initial candidates under testing for β-cell protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decio L Eizirik
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Inês Alvelos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Johnson AS, Conesa JV, Vidas L, Perez-Salinas D, Günther CM, Pfau B, Hallman KA, Haglund RF, Eisebitt S, Wall S. Quantitative hyperspectral coherent diffractive imaging spectroscopy of a solid-state phase transition in vanadium dioxide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf1386. [PMID: 34380611 PMCID: PMC8357230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state systems can host a variety of thermodynamic phases that can be controlled with magnetic fields, strain, or laser excitation. Many phases that are believed to exhibit exotic properties only exist on the nanoscale, coexisting with other phases that make them challenging to study, as measurements require both nanometer spatial resolution and spectroscopic information, which are not easily accessible with traditional x-ray spectromicroscopy techniques. Here, we use coherent diffractive imaging spectroscopy (CDIS) to acquire quantitative hyperspectral images of the prototypical quantum material vanadium oxide across the vanadium L 2,3 and oxygen K x-ray absorption edges with nanometer-scale resolution. We extract the full complex refractive indices of the monoclinic insulating and rutile conducting phases of VO2 from a single sample and find no evidence for correlation-driven phase transitions. CDIS will enable quantitative full-field x-ray spectromicroscopy for studying phase separation in time-resolved experiments and other extreme sample environments where other methods cannot operate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan S Johnson
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Valls Conesa
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Vidas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Perez-Salinas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian M Günther
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kent A Hallman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
| | - Richard F Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Wall
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reisbick SA, Zhang Y, Chen J, Engen PE, Flannigan DJ. Coherent Phonon Disruption and Lock-In during a Photoinduced Charge-Density-Wave Phase Transition. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6439-6447. [PMID: 34236194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast manipulation of phase domains in quantum materials is a promising approach to unraveling and harnessing interwoven charge and lattice degrees of freedom. Here we find evidence for coupling of displacively excited coherent acoustic phonons (CAPs) and periodic lattice distortions (PLDs) in the intensely studied charge-density-wave material, 1T-TaS2, using 4D ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM). Initial photoinduced Bragg-peak dynamics reveal partial CAP coherence and localized c-axis dilations. Weak, partially coherent dynamics give way to higher-amplitude, increasingly coherent oscillations, the transition period of which matches that of photoinduced incommensurate domain growth and stabilization from the nearly-commensurate phase. With UEM imaging, it is found that phonon wave trains emerge from linear defects 100 ps after photoexcitation. The CAPs consist of coupled longitudinal and transverse character and propagate at anomalously high velocities along wave vectors independent from PLDs, instead being dictated by defect orientation. Such behaviors illustrate a means to control phases in quantum materials using defect-engineered coherent-phonon seeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Reisbick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jialiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paige E Engen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ottar Bjornstad
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bach N, Schäfer S. Ultrafast strain propagation and acoustic resonances in nanoscale bilayer systems. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:035101. [PMID: 34169119 PMCID: PMC8214470 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast structural probing has greatly enhanced our understanding of the coupling of atomic motion to electronic and phononic degrees-of-freedom in quasi-bulk materials. In bi- and multilayer model systems, additionally, spatially inhomogeneous relaxation channels are accessible, often governed by pronounced interfacial couplings and local excitations in confined geometries. Here, we systematically explore the key dependencies of the low-frequency acoustic phonon spectrum in an elastically mismatched metal/semiconductor bilayer system optically excited by femtosecond laser pulses. We track the spatiotemporal strain wave propagation in the heterostructure employing a discrete numerical linear chain simulation and access acoustic wave reflections and interfacial couplings with a phonon mode description based on a continuum mechanics model. Due to the interplay of elastic properties and mass densities of the two materials, acoustic resonance frequencies of the heterostructure significantly differ from breathing modes in monolayer films. For large acoustic mismatch, the spatial localization of phonon eigenmodes is derived from analytical approximations and can be interpreted as harmonic oscillations in decoupled mechanical resonators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bach
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S. Schäfer
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu H, Wu T, Yan X, Wu J, Wang N, Du Z, Yang H, Chen B, Zhang Z, Liu F, Wu W, Guo J, Wang H. A Tantalum Disulfide Charge-Density-Wave Stochastic Artificial Neuron for Emulating Neural Statistical Properties. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3465-3472. [PMID: 33835802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neuronal devices that functionally resemble biological neurons are important toward realizing advanced brain emulation and for building bioinspired electronic systems. In this Communication, the stochastic behaviors of a neuronal oscillator based on the charge-density-wave (CDW) phase transition of a 1T-TaS2 thin film are reported, and the capability of this neuronal oscillator to generate spike trains with statistical features closely matching those of biological neurons is demonstrated. The stochastic behaviors of the neuronal device result from the melt-quench-induced reconfiguration of CDW domains during each oscillation cycle. Owing to the stochasticity, numerous key features of the Hodgkin-Huxley description of neurons can be realized in this compact two-terminal neuronal oscillator. A statistical analysis of the spike train generated by the artificial neuron indicates that it resembles the neurons in the superior olivary complex of a mammalian nervous system, in terms of its interspike interval distribution, the time-correlation of spiking behavior, and its response to acoustic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Jiangbin Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Zhonghao Du
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Hao Yang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Buyun Chen
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, Georgia, United States
| | - Fanxin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, and College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, United States
| | - Han Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kogar A. Snapshots of a light-triggered transition. Science 2021; 371:341-342. [PMID: 33479136 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Kogar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|