1
|
Kusunoki H, Hu D, Piyankarage RH, Sugii S, Uemura T. Flow cytometric analysis for enterotoxin exposed on Clostridium perfringens spores. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:1357-9. [PMID: 9879540 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometric method (FCM) with fluorescent-labeled anti-CPE antibody was applied to develop a rapid, specific, and convenient method to detect enterotoxin (CPE) exposed on the surface of spores of Clostridium perfringens. The results obtained indicate that FCM can specifically detect CPE exposed on C. perfringens spores for a short time. Thus, FCM is found to be a rapid, specific, and convenient assay method for detection of CPE exposed on C. perfringens spores, suggesting that it will be hopefully useful to diagnose food poisoning caused by C. perfringens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kusunoki
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shih NJ, Labbé RG. Characterization and distribution of amylases during vegetative cell growth and sporulation of Clostridium perfringens. Can J Microbiol 1996; 42:628-33. [PMID: 8764679 DOI: 10.1139/m96-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens produced eight extracellular and two intracellular amylolytic activities when examined by zymograms following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native conditions. The major intracellular amylase was isolated from vegetative cells of C. perfringens. It possessed an estimated molecular mass of 112 kDa. Sulfhydryl and phenol functional groups were essential to its activity. The amylase was endo-acting on starch and also hydrolyzed pullulan. Polyclonal antisera against a purified extracellular amylase did not cross-react with intracellular amylase and the two amylases were biochemically different. The distribution of extracellular amylolytic activities of sporulating cells was different from that of vegetative cells, whereas the distribution of intracellular amylolytic activities remained identical. A significant increase of a particular amylase (A8) occurred in the extracellular fluid during sporulation compared with that during vegetative growth. Regulation of the excretion of amylase(s) may be sporulation and enterotoxingenicity related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Shih
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shih NJ, Labbé RG. Sporulation-promoting ability of Clostridium perfringens culture fluids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1441-3. [PMID: 8919808 PMCID: PMC167913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.4.1441-1443.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The culture supernatant fluids (CSFs) of 12 strains of Clostridium perfringens types A, B, C, and D stimulated sporulation of test strains NCTC 8238 and NCTC 8449 of this organism. The sporulation-promoting ability was present in vegetative and sporulating CSFs of both enterotoxin-positive (Ent+) and Ent- strains. The sporulation factor possessed a molecular weight between 1,000 and 5,000 and was heat and acid stable. This study suggests a potential role for Ent- strains in food-borne disease outbreaks caused by Ent+ strains of C. perfringens type A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Shih
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Melville SB, Labbe R, Sonenshein AL. Expression from the Clostridium perfringens cpe promoter in C. perfringens and Bacillus subtilis. Infect Immun 1994; 62:5550-8. [PMID: 7960138 PMCID: PMC303301 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.12.5550-5558.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a source of food poisoning in humans and animals because of production of a potent enterotoxin (CPE). To study the regulation of the cpe gene in C. perfringens, we cloned and sequenced the cpe promoter regions and N-terminal domains from three strains. The cpe promoter region from one strain contained a 45-bp insertion compared with previously published sequences. This insertion was also found in two (of five) other Cpe+ strains. cpe gene expression in C. perfringens was measured by using translational fusions of each promoter type to the Escherichia coli gusA gene, which codes for beta-glucuronidase. For either promoter type, cpe-gusA expression was undetectable throughout exponential growth but increased dramatically at the beginning of the stationary phase. To measure cpe expression in Bacillus subtilis, cpe-gusA fusions were integrated into the B. subtilis chromosome. Both types of promoter exhibited moderate expression during exponential growth; cpe expression increased threefold at the beginning of the stationary phase. Transcriptional start sites were determined by primer extension and in vitro transcription assays. For C. perfringens, both types of promoter gave the same 5' end, 197 bp upstream of the translation start (50 bp downstream of the 45-bp insertion). In B. subtilis, however, the 5' end was internal to the 45-bp insertion, suggesting the use of a different promoter than that utilized by C. perfringens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Melville
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia-Alvarado JS, Labbé RG, Rodriguez MA. Sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A at 37 and 43 degrees C. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1411-4. [PMID: 1599261 PMCID: PMC195613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.4.1411-1414.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxin-positive strains of Clostridium perfringens were grown in Duncan-Strong sporulation medium in the presence of 0.4% (7.9 mM) raffinose at 37 and 43 degrees C. Enterotoxin- and heat-resistant spores were produced at similar concentrations but sooner at 43 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. There was a direct relationship between spore heat resistance and sporulation temperature (32, 37, and 43 degrees C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Garcia-Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heredia NL, Labbe RG, Rodriguez MA, Garcia-Alvarado JS. Growth, sporulation and enterotoxin production byClostridium perfringenstype A in the presence of human bile salts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
7
|
Cudjoe KS, Thorsen LI, Sørensen T, Reseland J, Olsvik O, Granum PE. Detection of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin in faecal and food samples using immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-ELISA. Int J Food Microbiol 1991; 12:313-21. [PMID: 1854600 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90145-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive immunoassay, based on immunomagnetic particles (Dynabeads M-280) was developed for detection and quantitation of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin from faecal and food extracts. The assay had a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml enterotoxin in homogenates of faeces and inoculated meat extracts. The specificity was confirmed by both crossed immunoelectrophoresis and Western immunoblotting techniques, using a purified enterotoxin as standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Cudjoe
- MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, As
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Samarajeewa U, Wei CI, Huang TS, Marshall MR. Application of immunoassay in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 29:403-34. [PMID: 2039597 DOI: 10.1080/10408399109527535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassay techniques using the highly specific and sensitive nature of immunological reactions have been developed and applied in the food industry for detecting the naturally occurring constituents, antibiotics, pesticide residues, microorganisms, and fragments of microbial constituents related to food analysis, food production, food processing, and food safety. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are employed for the development of the various immunoassay systems, including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Immunoassay techniques provide complementary and/or alternate approaches in reducing the use of costly, sophisticated equipment and analysis time, but still maintaining reliability and improved sensitivity. Immunoassay techniques in their most simple forms provide excellent screening tools to detect adulteration and contaminations qualitatively. The application of immunoassay techniques contributes tremendously to the quality control and safety of our food supply.
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- P E Granum
- Norwegian Food Research Institute, Aas-NLH
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diarrhees à Clostridium perfringenstype a dans un hopital psychiatrique: Mise en evidence d'une enterotoxine dans les selles, prevalence du serotype 1 et caracterisation des souches. Med Mal Infect 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(89)80193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
McClane BA, Snyder JT. Development and preliminary evaluation of a slide latex agglutination assay for detection of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. J Immunol Methods 1987; 100:131-6. [PMID: 2885377 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A slide latex agglutination (SLA) assay was developed for rapid screening for Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE). SLA specifically detected CPE added to buffer or normal feces (sensitivity limit of 1 microgram CPE/g feces). Using clinical fecal samples from C. perfringens food poisoning cases, a strong correlation was shown between SLA results and results from other CPE assays and between SLA results and illness status.
Collapse
|
12
|
Goldner SB, Solberg M, Jones S, Post LS. Enterotoxin synthesis by nonsporulating cultures of Clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:407-12. [PMID: 2876679 PMCID: PMC203547 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.3.407-412.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemostat-cultured Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624 and NCTC 10240, and a nonsporulating mutant strain, 8-5, produced enterotoxin in the absence of sporulation when cultured in a chemically defined medium at a 0.084-h-1 dilution rate at 37 degrees C. The enterotoxin was detected by serological and biological assays. Examination of the chemostat cultures by electron microscopy did not reveal sporulation at any stage. The culture maintained enterotoxigenicity throughout cultivation in a continuous system. The enterotoxin was detected in batch cultures of each strain cultivated in fluid thioglycolate medium and a chemically defined medium. No heat-resistant or light-refractile spores were detected in batch cultures during the exponential growth.
Collapse
|
13
|
Reynolds D, Tranter HS, Hambleton P. Scaled-up production and purification of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1986; 60:517-25. [PMID: 2875051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods for small-scale production of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin were unsuitable for large-scale culture of this organism. Rapid, efficient harvesting of 40 1 batch culture of Cl. perfringens was achieved by tangential flow micro-filtration with the Millipore Pellicon cassette system. Enterotoxin-containing extracts were prepared by passing concentrated suspensions of the harvested cells through a French pressure cell. The overall yield of purified enterotoxin was 38.8%. The toxin gave a single band on native polyacrylamide gels but formed high molecular weight aggregates in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. These aggregates frequently occurred during storage of non-sterile enterotoxin preparations but could be separated from the monomer toxin by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Purified monomer enterotoxin had biological activities of 119.3 micrograms/kg mouse lethal dose when injected intraperitoneally and 3333 capillary permeability increasing units/mg protein in guinea pig skin. Thirty micrograms of the enterotoxin caused fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops. Aggregated enterotoxin had no demonstrable biological or immunological activity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tórtora JC, Pinheiro MS, Pitard MC. Biochemical differentiation between enterotoxigenic heat-sensitive and heat-resistant Clostridium perfringens strains. Microbiol Immunol 1986; 30:89-95. [PMID: 2872579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Some biochemical characteristics of 37 enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from human feces, ground beef, and soil samples by heat-selection methods and of two NCTC strains were studied. Two different biochemical patterns closely related to the heat resistance of the strains were found. The strains placed into group 1 were trehalose, inositol, and sorbitol negative and synthesized heat-resistant spores, while those placed into group 2 were trehalose and inositol positive and synthesized heat-sensitive spores. Sorbitol fermentation was variable among the strains of this last group. The strains of group 1 were more cellobiose, melibiose, and salicin fermentative than those of group 2. Only the strains placed into group 2 synthesized toxins of sufficient levels for typing. In spite of having been isolated by mild heat treatment of the specimens, two strains showed the same biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of the strains of group 1. The heating of these two strains did not modify their characteristics. We conclude that enterotoxigenic C. perfringens strains showing the two different toxigenic and biochemical patterns are present in the human gut, ground beef, and, probably, in soil. These strains may be differentiated on the basis of their capacity to produce acid from trehalose, inositol, and sorbitol, heat resistance of the spores and grade of toxigenicity. The heat-selection methods used for isolation of C. perfringens strains from different sources exerted a selection of strains from one or another group, but had no influence on their toxigenic and biochemical properties.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jackson SG, Yip-Chuck DA, Brodsky MH. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-immunoassay for Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin detection in stool specimens. J Immunol Methods 1985; 83:141-50. [PMID: 2865314 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A double antibody sandwich enzyme-immunoassay has been developed for detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Anti-enterotoxin immunoglobulin G-alkaline phosphatase conjugates were prepared using a rapid minicolumn procedure. The assay can achieve a sensitivity of greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml with purified enterotoxin. Sensitivity for detection of cases of C. perfringens enteritis in a C. perfringens outbreak (86 individuals tested) was between 85.7 and 98.0 per cent depending upon stringency of criteria for defining positive cases. Specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the lack of positive results in 53 individuals involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tórtora JC, Costa GA. The suitability of Tórtora's medium for the production of enterotoxin in Clostridium perfringens strains. Microbiol Immunol 1985; 29:509-16. [PMID: 2864626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Examination of 200 samples from soil and the same number of samples from healthy human feces yielded 49 (24.5%) and 105 (52.5%) strains of heat-resistant Clostridium perfringens respectively. Fourteen (7.0%) strains isolated from soil and 37 (18.5%) from feces synthesized enterotoxin, as demonstrated by Tórtora's method, at sufficient levels to permit its detection by mouse lethality, microslide double gel diffusion or counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. By using the Duncan-Strong (DS) method, only four (2%) enterotoxigenic strains from soil and 14 (7.0%) from feces were obtained. The supernatant fluid from two enterotoxigenic-negative strains grown in DS medium gave a false-positive reaction when they were injected intravenously into mice. Tórtora's medium was preferable because a larger number of isolated strains produced spores and enterotoxin to permit their recognition as enterotoxigenic strains.
Collapse
|
17
|
AL-OBAIDY HAMEEDM, KHAN MAHMOODA, BLASCHEK HANSP, KLEIN BARBARAP. EARLY DETECTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS ENTEROTOXIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SENSORY QUALITY OF COOKED CHICKEN. J Food Saf 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1985.tb00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Niilo L, Cho HJ. Clinical and antibody responses to Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin in experimental sheep and calves. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE : REVUE CANADIENNE DE MEDECINE COMPAREE 1985; 49:145-8. [PMID: 4016579 PMCID: PMC1236137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A live cultures or sonicated sporulating cells, all containing enterotoxin, were repeatedly inoculated into sheep and calves by the intraduodenal route over periods of 30 to 35 days. Serum antibody to C. perfringens enterotoxin, tested by ELISA, developed in four of seven sheep and in two of four calves. The titers ranged from 400 to 1600. The live organism introduced into the duodenum did not become established in the bacterial flora of the intestinal tract.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bartholomew BA, Stringer MF, Watson GN, Gilbert RJ. Development and application of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:222-8. [PMID: 2857184 PMCID: PMC499106 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.38.2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to quantitate faecal Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in the investigation of C perfringens food poisoning. The sandwich ELISA could be carried out in 24 h and was sensitive enough to detect as little as 5 ng/g of enterotoxin in faeces. Specificity of the assay was shown by comparing results with those obtained from other standard toxin assays, such as double gel diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and by the assay of faecal material from control groups. By means of the ELISA method, 515 faecal samples from 50 separate outbreaks of C perfringens food poisoning were examined, together with 21 food samples from 12 of the outbreaks. A clear distinction was noted between faecal samples collected on the first two days of an outbreak, where 77% were enterotoxin positive, and those specimens collected later than the second day, when only 33% had detectable enterotoxin. The ELISA is recommended as a valuable tool in the investigation of C perfringens foodborne illness.
Collapse
|
20
|
Popoff M. Recherche de la cytotoxine de Clostridium difficile et de l'entérotoxine de Clostridium perfringens dans 63 selles de patients atteints d'entérite. Med Mal Infect 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(84)80065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
McClane BA, Strouse RJ. Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:112-5. [PMID: 6321542 PMCID: PMC270997 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.112-115.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin was specifically detected and readily quantified by indirect and four-layer sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). With the indirect ELISA, enterotoxin was detected in quantities of as low as 2.5 ng (25 ng/ml). When the more sensitive sandwich ELISA procedures was used, 100 pg (1 ng/ml) of enterotoxin was detected. The sandwich ELISA procedure specifically detected enterotoxin in human fecal extracts. Additionally, the sandwich ELISA specifically differentiated enterotoxin-positive strains from enterotoxin-negative strains of C. perfringens. Both the indirect and sandwich ELISA procedures described for C. perfringens enterotoxin in this report are rapid, specific, sensitive, and easily adaptable for large-scale use by clinical or research laboratories.
Collapse
|
22
|
Popoff M. Clostridium perfringenstype A enterotoxin: a rapid method for preparation of a specific antiserum using an enterotoxin purified by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
23
|
Bartholomew B, Stringer M. Observations on the purification ofClostridium perfringenstype A enterotoxin and the production of a specific antiserum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
24
|
Olsvik O, Granum PE, Berdal BP. Detection of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin by ELISA. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA, ET IMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1982; 90:445-7. [PMID: 6301213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1982.tb00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
BRADSHAW JG, STELMA GN, JONES VI, PEELER JT, WIMSATT JC, CORWIN JJ, TWEDT RM. Thermal Inactivation of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin in Buffer and in Chicken Gravy. J Food Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Craven SE, Blankenship LC, McDonel JL. Relationship of sporulation, enterotoxin formation, and spoilage during growth of Clostridium perfringens type A in cooked chicken. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:1184-91. [PMID: 6266336 PMCID: PMC243887 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.5.1184-1191.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporulation and enterotoxin formation were determined for 17 strains of Clostridium perfringens type A in autoclaved chicken dark meat and in Duncan-Strong sporulation medium. The mean numbers of heat-resistant spores detected after 24 h at 37 degrees C were log10 1.13 to log10 7.64/ml in Duncan-Strong medium and log10 4.93 to log10 6.59/g in chicken. Of 17 strains, 7 formed enterotoxin in Duncan-Strong culture supernatant (1.0 to 60 microgram/ml) and 8 produced enterotoxin in chicken (0.21 to 24 microgram/g). Additional studies with chicken were conducted with C. perfringens NCTC 8239. With an inoculum of 10(6) cells per g, greater than log10 7.99 vegetative cells per g were detected by 4 h in chicken at 37 degrees C. Heat-resistant spores occurred by 4 and 6 h and enterotoxin occurred by 8 and 6 h in autoclaved chicken dark meat and barbecued chicken drumsticks, respectively. Enterotoxin was detected in autoclaved dark meat after incubation at 45 degrees C for 1.5 h followed by 37 degrees C for 4.5 h, but not after incubation at 45 degrees C for 1.5 to 8 h. With an inoculum of 10(2) cells per g in oven-cooked or autoclaved chicken, greater than log10 8.00 vegetative cells per g were detected by 6 to 8 h at 37 degrees C, heat-resistant spores were detected by 8 h, and enterotoxin was detected by 12 h. A statistical analysis of odor determinants of chicken after growth of C. perfringens indicated that, at the 95% confidence level, the product was considered spoiled (off or unwholesome odor) by the time spores or enterotoxin were formed.
Collapse
|
27
|
McDonel JL, McClane BA. Highly sensitive assay for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin that uses inhibition of plating efficiency of Vero cells grown in culture. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13:940-6. [PMID: 6263946 PMCID: PMC273919 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.13.5.940-946.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive and reproducible biological assay for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin is described that uses Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells grown in tissue cultures. Very small doses of the enterotoxin inhibited the plating efficiency of the cells. This inhibition of plating efficiency could be used to detect as little as 0.1 ng (1 ng/ml) of enterotoxin, and a linear dose-response curve was obtained with 0.5 to 5 ng (5 to 50 ng/ml). A nonlinear, but reproducible, curve was obtained with a dose range from 0.1 to 100 ng (1 to 1,000 ng/ml). A new unit of biological activity, called the plating efficiency unit, was defined as that amount of enterotoxin that caused a 25% inhibition of the plating of 200 cells inoculated into 100 microliters of medium in a microwell culture system. One milligram of highly purified enterotoxin contained about 400,000 plating efficiency units. Additional studies demonstrated that the biological and serological activities of the enterotoxin molecule were not equally labile.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Naik HS, Duncan CL. Detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in human fecal samples and anti-enterotoxin in sera. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7:337-40. [PMID: 211142 PMCID: PMC274960 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.7.4.337-340.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was successfully demonstrated in fecal samples collected within 1 day of attack from sick individuals involved in a bacteriologically and epidemiologically proven outbreak of C. perfringens food poisoning. In contrast, enterotoxin was not demonstrable in fecal samples of apparently healthy individuals both at high- and low-risk exposure to the organism and enterotoxin or in fecal samples collected 4 to 5 days after a food poisoning outbreak. A 100% prevalence of C. perfringens anti-enterotoxin in sera of human volunteers at high- as well as low-risk exposure to the organism and enterotoxin was recorded with CIEP.
Collapse
|
30
|
|