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Winter K, Houle S, Dozois CM, Ward BJ. Multimodal vaccination targeting the receptor binding domains of Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B with an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vector (YS1646) protects mice from lethal challenge. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0310922. [PMID: 38189293 PMCID: PMC10846063 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03109-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a vaccine against Clostridioides difficile is a key strategy to protect the elderly. Two candidate vaccines using a traditional approach of intramuscular (IM) delivery of recombinant antigens targeting C. difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) failed to meet their primary endpoints in large phase 3 trials. To elicit a mucosal response against C. difficile, we repurposed an attenuated strain of Salmonella Typhimurium (YS1646) to deliver the receptor binding domains (rbd) of TcdA and TcdB to the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, to elicit a mucosal response against C. difficile. In this study, YS1646 candidates with either rbdA or rbdB expression cassettes integrated into the bacterial chromosome at the attTn7 site were generated and used in a short-course multimodal vaccination strategy that combined oral delivery of the YS1646 candidate(s) on days 0, 2, and 4 and IM delivery of recombinant antigen(s) on day 0. Five weeks after vaccination, mice had high serum IgG titers and increased intestinal antigen-specific IgA titers. Multimodal vaccination increased the IgG avidity compared to the IM-only control. In the mesenteric lymph nodes, we observed increased IL-5 secretion and increased IgA+ plasma cells. Oral vaccination skewed the IgG response toward IgG2c dominance (vs IgG1 dominance in the IM-only group). Both oral alone and multimodal vaccination against TcdA protected mice from lethal C. difficile challenge (100% survival vs 30% in controls). Given the established safety profile of YS1646, we hope to move this vaccine candidate forward into a phase I clinical trial.IMPORTANCEClostridioides difficile remains a major public health threat, and new approaches are needed to develop an effective vaccine. To date, the industry has focused on intramuscular vaccination targeting the C. difficile toxins. Multiple disappointing results in phase III trials have largely confirmed that this may not be the best strategy. As C. difficile is a pathogen that remains in the intestine, we believe that targeting mucosal immune responses in the gut will be a more successful strategy. We have repurposed a highly attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (YS1646), originally pursued as a cancer therapeutic, as a vaccine vector. Using a multimodal vaccination strategy (both recombinant protein delivered intramuscularly and YS1646 expressing antigen delivered orally), we elicited both systemic and local immune responses. Oral vaccination alone completely protected mice from lethal challenge. Given the established safety profile of YS1646, we hope to move these vaccine candidates forward into a phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Winter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Houle
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian J. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo MTP, Brocchi M. Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293351. [PMID: 38116133 PMCID: PMC10728604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or photothermic. Recent studies have reported the antitumor efficacy of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica. OMVs are considered safer than attenuated bacteria and can stimulate the immune system as they comprise most of the immunogens found on the surface of their parent bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can also be used as nanocarriers for antitumor agents. This review describes the advances in S. enterica as immunotherapy against cancer and the mechanisms by which Salmonella fights cancer. We also highlight the use of OMVs as immunotherapy and nanocarriers of anticancer agents. OMVs derived from S. enterica are innovative and promising strategies requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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Sharma S, Solanki V, Tiwari V. Reverse vaccinology approach to design a vaccine targeting membrane lipoproteins of Salmonella typhi. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:954-969. [PMID: 34939517 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2015443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella is one of the major health issues worldwide, resulting in millions of cases and has very high rates of morbidities. The therapeutic approaches need to be updated for the effective elimination of the bacterial pathogen. The designing of the multiepitope vaccine against Salmonella using comparative proteomics and reverse vaccinology has covered up all the epitopes that induce sufficient immune responses in the host body. Out of the 4293 proteins, 15 outer membrane proteins have been selected based on their antigenicity, low transmembrane helix (<1), and virulence-associated factors. With the help of the reverse vaccinology approach, the epitopes of MHC Class I, Class II, and B-cell with antigenic, low toxicity, and that have the potential to generate immunogenic response have been identified. Based on the comparative analysis of all the epitopes, a multiepitope-based construct has been designed. Based on physicochemical properties and docking scores for HLA and TLR4, the VC5 construct has been selected, and the molecular dynamic simulation studies have confirmed their interaction. The dissociation constant of the VC5 and TLR4 was found to be 3.1 x 10-9. Different immune cell activation has been analyzed, representing the potentiality of the VC5 construct as an effective vaccine target. In silico cloning of VC5 in pET28a has also been performed, which requires experimental validation. Therefore, the present study designs a multi-epitope vaccine VC5 targeted to the membrane lipoproteins of Salmonella typhi.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vandana Solanki
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Ji HJ, Jang AY, Song JY, Ahn KB, Han SH, Bang SJ, Jung HK, Hur J, Seo HS. Development of Live Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine Strain Using Radiation Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET). Front Immunol 2022; 13:931052. [PMID: 35898510 PMCID: PMC9310569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food-borne diseases in humans worldwide, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. They are carried asymptomatically in the intestine or gallbladder of livestock, and are transmitted predominantly from animals to humans via the fecal-oral route. Thus, the best preventive strategy is to preemptively prevent transmission to humans by vaccinating livestock. Live attenuated vaccines have been mostly favored because they elicit both cellular and humoral immunity and provide long-term protective immunity. However, developing these vaccines is a laborious and time-consuming process. Therefore, most live attenuated vaccines have been mainly used for phenotypic screening using the auxotrophic replica plate method, and new types of vaccines have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we used Radiation-Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET) to introduce a wide variety of mutations and attenuate the virulence of Salmonella spp. to develop live vaccine strains. The Salmonella Typhimurium, ST454 strain (ST WT) was irradiated with Cobalt60 gamma-irradiator at 1.5 kGy for 1 h to maximize the mutation rate, and attenuated daughter colonies were screened using in vitro macrophage replication capacity and in vivo mouse infection assays. Among 30 candidates, ATOMSal-L6, with 9,961-fold lower virulence than the parent strain (ST454) in the mouse LD50 model, was chosen. This vaccine candidate was mutated at 71 sites, and in particular, lost one bacteriophage. As a vaccine, ATOMSal-L6 induced a Salmonella-specific IgG response to provide effective protective immunity upon intramuscular vaccination of mice. Furthermore, when mice and sows were orally immunized with ATOMSal-L6, we found a strong protective immune response, including multifunctional cellular immunity. These results indicate that ATOMSal-L6 is the first live vaccine candidate to be developed using R-MET, to the best of our knowledge. R-MET can be used as a fast and effective live vaccine development technology that can be used to develop vaccine strains against emerging or serotype-shifting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Ji
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Yeung Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Bang
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Jung
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
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Carpenter A, Waltenburg MA, Hall A, Kile J, Killerby M, Knust B, Negron M, Nichols M, Wallace RM, Behravesh CB, McQuiston JH. Vaccine Preventable Zoonotic Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Health Progress. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070993. [PMID: 35891157 PMCID: PMC9319643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent a heavy global burden, causing important economic losses, impacting animal health and production, and costing millions of human lives. The vaccination of animals and humans to prevent inter-species zoonotic disease transmission is an important intervention. However, efforts to develop and implement vaccine interventions to reduce zoonotic disease impacts are often limited to the veterinary and agricultural sectors and do not reflect the shared burden of disease. Multisectoral collaboration, including co-development opportunities for human and animal vaccines, expanding vaccine use to include animal reservoirs such as wildlife, and strategically using vaccines to interrupt complex transmission cycles is needed. Addressing zoonoses requires a multi-faceted One Health approach, wherein vaccinating people and animals plays a critical role.
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Luria-Pérez R, Sánchez-Vargas LA, Muñoz-López P, Mellado-Sánchez G. Mucosal Vaccination: A Promising Alternative Against Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887729. [PMID: 35782117 PMCID: PMC9241634 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae are a family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses, and their members belong to a single genus, Flavivirus. Flaviviruses are found in mosquitoes and ticks; they are etiological agents of: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Zika virus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, among others. Only a few flavivirus vaccines have been licensed for use in humans: yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease. However, improvement is necessary in vaccination strategies and in understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved either in the infection or after vaccination. This is especially important in dengue, due to the immunological complexity of its four serotypes, cross-reactive responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and immunological interference. In this context, mucosal vaccines represent a promising alternative against flaviviruses. Mucosal vaccination has several advantages, as inducing long-term protective immunity in both mucosal and parenteral tissues. It constitutes a friendly route of antigen administration because it is needle-free and allows for a variety of antigen delivery systems. This has promoted the development of several ways to stimulate immunity through the direct administration of antigens (e.g., inactivated virus, attenuated virus, subunits, and DNA), non-replicating vectors (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes, bacterial ghosts, and defective-replication viral vectors), and replicating vectors (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Lactococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and viral vectors). Because of these characteristics, mucosal vaccination has been explored for immunoprophylaxis against pathogens that enter the host through mucosae or parenteral areas. It is suitable against flaviviruses because this type of immunization can stimulate the parenteral responses required after bites from flavivirus-infected insects. This review focuses on the advantages of mucosal vaccine candidates against the most relevant flaviviruses in either humans or animals, providing supporting data on the feasibility of this administration route for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Sánchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez,
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K.C N, Noatia L, Priyadarshini S, M P, Gali JM, Ali MA, Behera S, Sharma B, Roychoudhury P, Kumar A, Behera P. Recoding anaerobic regulator fnr of Salmonella Typhimurium attenuates it's pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mishra R, Chiang Tan Y, Adel Ahmed Abd El-Aal A, Lahiri C. Computational Identification of the Plausible Molecular Vaccine Candidates of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica. SALMONELLA SPP. - A GLOBAL CHALLENGE 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are responsible for the life-threatening, fatal, invasive diseases that are common in children and young adults. According to the most recent estimates, globally, there are approximately 11–20 million cases of morbidity and between 128,000 and 161,000 mortality per year. The high incidence rates of diseases like typhoid, caused by the serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, and gastroenteritis, caused by the non-typhoidal Salmonellae, have become worse, with the ever-increasing pathogenic strains being resistant to fluoroquinolones or almost even the third generation cephalosporins, such as ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. With vaccination still being one of the chosen methods of eradicating this disease, identification of candidate proteins, to be utilized for effective molecular vaccines, has probably remained a challenging issue. In our study here, we portray the usage of computational tools to analyze and predict potential vaccine candidate(s) for the multi-drug resistant serovars of S. enterica.
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Samakchan N, Thinwang P, Boonyom R. Oral immunization of rat with chromosomal expression LipL32 in attenuated Salmonella vaccine induces immune respond against pathogenic Leptospira. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:217-228. [PMID: 34703804 PMCID: PMC8511595 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira spp. remains a global health problem. Available commercial leptospiral vaccines have shown an ineffective prevention for leptospiral infection. The aim of this study was to develop leptospirosis vaccine using recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) as a platform. We expected that this vaccine has ability to continuous and strongly stimulate immune systems including protective mucosal, humoral, and cell mediated immunity in rat model. Materials and Methods In this study, we engineered RASV, NRSL32 strain containing chromosomal fusion between nucleotides encoding secretion signal of SPI-2 effector protein, SspH2 and gene encoding major pathogenic leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein, LipL32. Subsequently, our modified RASV was oral vaccination to rat and blood samples were taken for assessment of immune responses. Results Our Salmonella NRSL32 strain showed expression and secretion of SspH21-215-LipL32 recombinant protein via SPI-2 T3SS. After oral administration of NRSL32 strain to rats, significant titers of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A against rLipL32 were observed in long period up to 77 days after vaccination. The stimulated antibody showed ability to specific bind with LipL32 protein on surface of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Additionally, the balance level of IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and level of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 secretion were detected. Conclusion The results showed that our RASV platform with chromosomal expression elicited effective immune responses to leptospiral antigen. Moreover, this platform was capable for simultaneous stimulation of Th1 and Th2-biased responses. Further investigation is necessary study of protective efficacy against leptospiral infection in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapon Samakchan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Patipat Thinwang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rerngwit Boonyom
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Abstract
Accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates during cellular metabolism can have wide-ranging toxic effects on many organisms, including humans and the pathogens that infect them. These toxicities can be induced by feeding an upstream metabolite (a sugar, for instance) while simultaneously blocking the appropriate metabolic pathway with either a mutation or an enzyme inhibitor. Here, we survey the toxicities that can arise in the metabolism of glucose, galactose, fructose, fructose-asparagine, glycerol, trehalose, maltose, mannose, mannitol, arabinose, and rhamnose. Select enzymes in these metabolic pathways may serve as novel therapeutic targets. Some are conserved broadly among prokaryotes and eukaryotes (e.g., glucose and galactose) and are therefore unlikely to be viable drug targets. However, others are found only in bacteria (e.g., fructose-asparagine, rhamnose, and arabinose), and one is found in fungi but not in humans (trehalose). We discuss what is known about the mechanisms of toxicity and how resistance is achieved in order to identify the prospects and challenges associated with targeted exploitation of these pervasive metabolic vulnerabilities.
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Sears KT, Galen JE, Tennant SM. Advances in the development of Salmonella-based vaccine strategies for protection against Salmonellosis in humans. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2640-2658. [PMID: 33665941 PMCID: PMC9292744 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are important human pathogens globally causing millions of cases of typhoid fever and non‐typhoidal salmonellosis annually. There are only a few vaccines licensed for use in humans which all target Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine development is hampered by antigenic diversity between the thousands of serovars capable of causing infection in humans. However, a number of attenuated candidate vaccine strains are currently being developed. As facultative intracellular pathogens with multiple systems for transporting effector proteins to host cells, attenuated Salmonella strains can also serve as ideal tools for the delivery of foreign antigens to create multivalent live carrier vaccines for simultaneous immunization against several unrelated pathogens. Further, the ease with which Salmonella can be genetically modified and the extensive knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen means that this bacterium has often served as a model organism to test new approaches. In this review we focus on (1) recent advances in live attenuated Salmonella vaccine development, (2) improvements in expression of foreign antigens in carrier vaccines and (3) adaptation of attenuated strains as sources of purified antigens and vesicles that can be used for subunit and conjugate vaccines or together with attenuated vaccine strains in heterologous prime‐boosting immunization strategies. These advances have led to the development of new vaccines against Salmonella which have or will soon be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Loh FK, Nathan S, Chow SC, Fang CM. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of enhanced fitness recombinant Salmonella Typhi monovalent and bivalent vaccine strains against acute toxoplasmosis. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:392-404. [PMID: 33525974 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1881369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proficiency of Salmonella Typhi to induce cell-mediated immunity has allowed its exploitation as a live vector against the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii vaccine research is of great medical value due to the lack of a suitable toxoplasmosis vaccine. In the present work, we integrated T. gondii antigen into a growth-dependent chromosome locus guaBA of S. Typhi CVD910 strain to form recombinant S. Typhi monovalent CVD910-SAG1 expressed T. gondii SAG1 antigen and monovalent CVD910-GRA2 expressed T. gondii GRA2 antigen. Furthermore, a low-copy stabilized recombinant plasmid encoding SAG1 antigen was transformed into CVD910-GRA2 to form bivalent CVD910-GS strain. An osmolarity-regulated promoter was also incorporated to control the gene transcription, whereas clyA export protein was included to translocate the antigen out of the cytoplasm. Both CVD910-GRA2 and CVD910-GS displayed healthy growth fitness and readily expressed the encoded T. gondii antigens. When administered in vivo, CVD910-GS successfully induced both humoral and cellular immunity in the immunized BALB/c mice, and extended mice survival against virulent T. gondii. In particular, the mice immunized with bivalent CVD910-GS presented the highest titers of IgG, percentages of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B cells and memory T cells, and total IgG+ memory B cells as compared to the CVD910-GRA2 and control strains. The CVD910-GS group also generated mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile with secretions of IFN-ɣ, IL-2 and IL-10. This study demonstrated the importance of enhancing live vector fitness to sustain heterologous antigen expression for eliciting robust immune responses and providing effective protection against pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Kean Loh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sek-Chuen Chow
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhao X, Zeng X, Dai Q, Hou Y, Zhu D, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Cheng A. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium fnr, arcA and fliC mutant. Vaccine 2020; 39:588-595. [PMID: 33341307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major food-borne pathogen that can cause self-limited gastroenteritis or life-threatening invasive diseases in humans. There is no licensed S. Typhimurium vaccine for humans to date. In this study, we attempted to construct a live attenuated vaccine strain of S. Typhimurium based on three genes, namely, the two global regulator genes fnr and arcA and the flagellin subunit gene fliC. The S. Typhimurium three-gene mutant, named SLT39 (ΔfnrΔarcAΔfliC), exhibited a high level of attenuation with a colonization defect in mouse tissues and approximately 104-fold decreased virulence compared with that of the wild-type strain. To evaluate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of STL39, mice were inoculated twice with a dose of 107 CFU or 108 CFU at a 28-day interval, and the immunized mice were challenged with a lethal dose of the wild-type S. Typhimurium strain one month post second immunization. Compared with mock immunization, SLT39 immunization with either dose elicited significant serum total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and faecal IgA responses against inactivated S. Typhimurium antigens at a comparable level post second immunization, whereas the 108 CFU group induced higher levels of duodenal and caecal IgA than the 107 CFU group. Furthermore, the bacterial loads in mouse tissues, including Peyer's patches, spleen and liver, significantly decreased in the two SLT39 immunization groups compared to those in the control group post challenge. Additionally, all mice in the SLT39 (108 CFU) group and 80% of the mice in the SLT39 (107 CFU) group survived the lethal challenge, suggesting full protection and 80% protection efficacy, respectively. Thus, the S. Typhimurium fnr, arcA and fliC mutant proved to be a potential attenuated live vaccine candidate for prevention of homologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinlong Dai
- Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Hou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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14
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Splichalova A, Pechar R, Killer J, Splichalova Z, Bunesova VN, Vlkova E, Salmonova HS, Splichal I. Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Mucinolytic and Non-Mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum Strains Isolated from the Intestine of Wild Boar and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122002. [PMID: 33333934 PMCID: PMC7765441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are worldwide spread foodborne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Colonization of gnotobiotic piglet intestine with porcine indigenous mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum RP36 strain and non-mucinolytic strain RP37 and their interference with Salmonella Typhimurium infection were compared. Bacterial interferences and impact on the host were evaluated by clinical signs of salmonellosis, bacterial translocation, goblet cell count, mRNA expression of mucin 2, villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and plasmatic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both bifidobacterial strains colonized the intestine comparably. Neither RP36 nor RP37 B. boum strains effectively suppressed signs of salmonellosis. Both B. boum strains suppressed the growth of S. Typhimurium in the ileum and colon. The mucinolytic RP36 strain increased the translocation of S. Typhimurium into the blood, liver, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Radko Pechar
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
- Department of Research, Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Killer
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Vera Neuzil Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Eva Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Hana Subrtova Salmonova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-491-418-539; Fax: +420-491-478-264
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15
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Kalinina AA, Nesterenko LN, Bruter AV, Balunets DV, Chudakov DM, Izraelson M, Britanova OV, Khromykh LM, Kazansky DB. Adoptive Immunotherapy Based on Chain-Centric TCRs in Treatment of Infectious Diseases. iScience 2020; 23:101854. [PMID: 33313494 PMCID: PMC7721641 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications after vaccination, lack of vaccines against certain infections, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms point to the need for alternative ways of protection and treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we proposed a therapeutic approach to control salmonellosis based on adoptive cell therapy. We showed that the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of salmonella-specific memory cells contains 20% of TCR variants with the dominant-active α-chain. Transduction of intact T lymphocytes with the dominant salmonella-specific TCRα led to their enhanced in vitro proliferation in response to salmonella. Adoptive transfer of transduced T cells resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial loads in mice infected with salmonella before or after the adoptive transfer. We demonstrated that adoptive immunotherapy based on T cells, transduced with dominant-specific TCRα could be successfully applied for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and represent a useful addition to vaccination and existing therapeutic strategies. A regular TCR repertoire of memory T cells contains alpha-chain-centric TCRs Dominant-active TCRα, paired with random TCRβ, recognizes specific microbial antigens Adoptive immunotherapy could be applied for treatment of infections
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia A Kalinina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" оf the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila N Nesterenko
- "N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology", the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Bruter
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" оf the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Balunets
- "N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology", the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Izraelson
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Britanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila M Khromykh
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" оf the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Kazansky
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" оf the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Troxell B, Mendoza M, Ali R, Koci M, Hassan H. Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Strain NC983, Is Immunogenic, and Protective against Virulent Typhimurium Challenges in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040646. [PMID: 33153043 PMCID: PMC7711481 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are significant health burden worldwide. Although much effort has been devoted to developing typhoid-based vaccines for humans, currently there is no NTS vaccine available. Presented here is the efficacy of a live attenuated serovar Typhimurium strain (NC983). Oral delivery of strain NC983 was capable of fully protecting C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice against challenge with virulent Typhimurium. Strain NC983 was found to elicit an anti-Typhimurium IgG response following administration of vaccine and boosting doses. Furthermore, in competition experiments with virulent S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), NC983 was highly defective in colonization of the murine liver and spleen. Collectively, these results indicate that strain NC983 is a potential live attenuated vaccine strain that warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Mendoza
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Rizwana Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthew Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Hosni Hassan
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
- Microbiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +919-515-7081; Fax: +919-515-2625
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17
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Augustin LB, Milbauer L, Hastings SE, Leonard AS, Saltzman DA, Schottel JL. Salmonella enterica Typhimurium engineered for nontoxic systemic colonization of autochthonous tumors. J Drug Target 2020; 29:294-299. [PMID: 32886538 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1818759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Much of the bacterial anticancer therapy being developed relies on the ability of bacteria to specifically colonise tumours. Initial attempts to translate promising Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) preclinical results to the clinical setting failed, primarily due to lack of tumour colonisation and the significant toxicities from systemically administered Gram-negative bacteria. To address the difference in results between preclinical experiments performed in mice with transplant tumours and clinical trials in human volunteers with autochthonous tumours, a genetically engineered mouse model of breast cancer (BALB-neuT) was utilised to develop a strain of virulence-attenuated S. Typhimurium capable of robust colonisation of autochthonous tumours. Several genes that code for bacterial surface molecules, responsible for signalling a toxic immune response against the bacteria, were mutated. The resulting S. Typhimurium strain, BCT2, allowed non-toxic intravenous administration of 3 × 106 colony forming units of bacteria in tumour-burdened mice when combined with a vascular disruption agent to induce intratumoral necrotic space and facilitate bacterial colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance B Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Liming Milbauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara E Hastings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Arnold S Leonard
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Janet L Schottel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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18
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Splichal I, Rychlik I, Splichalova I, Karasova D, Splichalova A. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with Salmonella Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆ rfa Mutants. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090545. [PMID: 32842482 PMCID: PMC7551901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes enterocolitis in humans and pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria that provokes endotoxin shock. LPS can be synthesized completely or incompletely and creates S (smooth) or R (rough) chemotypes. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, and 9 initiate an inflammatory reaction to combat bacterial infections. We associated/challenged one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets with wild-type S. Typhimurium with S chemotype or its isogenic ∆rfa mutants with R chemotype LPS. The wild-type S. Typhimurium induced TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression but not TLR9 mRNA expression in the ileum and colon of one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets 24 h after challenge. The TLR2 and TLR4 stimulatory effects of the S. Typhimurium ∆rfa mutants were related to the completeness of their LPS chain. The transcription of IL-12/23 p40, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in the intestine and the intestinal and plasmatic levels of IL-12/23 p40 and IL-6 but not IFN-γ were related to the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. The avirulent S. Typhimurium ∆rfa mutants are potentially useful for modulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways to protect the immunocompromised gnotobiotic piglets against subsequent infection with the virulent S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (I.R.); (D.K.)
| | - Iva Splichalova
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniela Karasova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (I.R.); (D.K.)
| | - Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-491-418-539
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19
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Rudolph ME, McArthur MA, Magder LS, Barnes RS, Chen WH, Sztein MB. Diversity of Salmonella Typhi-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cells before and after Ty21a typhoid vaccination in children and adults. Int Immunol 2020; 31:315-333. [PMID: 30951606 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by the human-restricted pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). The oral live attenuated Ty21a typhoid vaccine protects against this severe disease by eliciting robust, multifunctional cell-mediated immunity (CMI), shown to be associated with protection in wild-type S. Typhi challenge studies. Ty21a induces S. Typhi-responsive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells but little is known about the response to this vaccine in children. To address this important gap in knowledge, we have used mass cytometry to analyze pediatric and adult pre- and post-Ty21a vaccination CMI in an autologous S. Typhi antigen presentation model. Here, using conventional supervised analytical tools, we show adult T cells are more multifunctional at baseline than those obtained from children. Moreover, pediatric and adult T cells respond similarly to Ty21a vaccination, but adult responders remain more multifunctional. The use of the unsupervised dimensionality reduction tool tSNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) allowed us to confirm these findings, as well as to identify increases and decreases in well-defined specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations that were not possible to uncover using the conventional gating strategies. These findings evidenced age-associated maturation of multifunctional S. Typhi-responsive T-cell populations, including those which we have previously shown to be associated with protection from, and/or delayed onset of, typhoid disease. These findings are likely to play an important role in improving pediatric vaccination strategies against S. Typhi and other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Rudolph
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Maryland Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurence S Magder
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Vaccination against the digestive enzyme Cathepsin B using a YS1646 Salmonella enterica Typhimurium vector provides almost complete protection against Schistosoma mansoni challenge in a mouse model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007490. [PMID: 31790394 PMCID: PMC6907844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni threatens hundreds of millions of people in >50 countries. Schistosomulae migrate through the lung and adult worms reside in blood vessels adjacent to the intestinal mucosa. Current candidate vaccines aren’t designed to elicit a mucosal response. We have repurposed an attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain (YS1646) to produce such a vaccine targeting Cathepsin B (CatB), a digestive enzyme important for parasite survival. Promoter-Type 3 secretory signal pairs were screened for protein expression in vitro and transfected into YS1646 to generate candidate vaccine strains. Two strains were selected for in vivo evaluation (nirB_SspH1 and SspH1_SspH1). Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized twice, 3 weeks apart, using six strategies: i) saline gavage (control), ii) the ‘empty’ YS1646 vector orally (PO) followed by intramuscular (IM) recombinant CatB (20μg IM rCatB), iii) two doses of IM rCatB, iv) two PO doses of YS1646-CatB, v) IM rCatB then PO YS1646-CatB and vi) PO YS1646-CatB then IM rCatB. Serum IgG responses to CatB were monitored by ELISA. Three weeks after the second dose, mice were challenged with 150 cercariae and sacrificed 7 weeks later to assess adult worm and egg burden (liver and intestine), granuloma size and egg morphology. CatB-specific IgG antibodies were low/absent in the control and PO only groups but rose substantially in other groups (5898-6766ng/mL). The highest response was in animals that received nirB_SspH1 YS1646 PO then IM rCatB. In this group, reductions in worm and intestine/liver egg burden (vs. control) were 93.1% and 79.5%/90.3% respectively (all P < .0001). Granuloma size was reduced in all vaccinated groups (range 32.9–52.8 x103μm2) and most significantly in the nirB_SspH1 + CatB IM group (34.7±3.4 x103μm2vs. 62.2±6.1 x103μm2: vs. control P < .01). Many eggs in the vaccinated animals had abnormal morphology. Targeting CatB using a multi-modality approach can provide almost complete protection against S. mansoni challenge. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects over 250 million people worldwide and over 800 million are at risk of infection. Of the three main species, Schistosoma mansoni is the most widely distributed and is endemic in the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. It causes a chronic disease with severe negative effects on quality of life. Mass drug administration of praziquantel is the only available course of action due to a current lack of vaccines. However, praziquantel does not protect from reinfection. Therefore, a vaccine would be beneficial as a long-term solution to reduce morbidity and transmission of the disease. Our group has repurposed the attenuated YS1646 strain of Salmonella Typhimurium as an oral vaccine vector for the digestive enzyme Cathepsin B of S. mansoni. Oral vaccination followed by an intramuscular dose of recombinant Cathepsin B lead to significant reductions in parasite burden in mice. These animals had the highest titers in serum IgG and intestinal IgA antibodies. This multimodal vaccination approach also elicited both Th1 and Th2 cytokines as seen by the increases in IFNγ and IL-5. Finally, vaccinated mice had reductions in granuloma size along with a higher proportion of morphologically-abnormal eggs. This work demonstrates that a YS1646-based, multimodality, prime-boost immunization schedule can provide nearly complete protection against S. mansoni in a well-established murine model.
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21
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Tettelin H, Luo D, Guo Q, Ardito MT, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Sztein MB. Differential functional patterns of memory CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells from volunteers immunized with Ty21a typhoid vaccine observed using a recombinant Escherichia coli system expressing S. Typhi proteins. Vaccine 2019; 38:258-270. [PMID: 31629569 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells play a significant role in protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of the typhoid fever. However, the antigen specificity of these T-cells remains largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of using a recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system to uncover the antigen specificity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here, we expanded these studies to include the evaluation of 12 additional S. Typhi proteins: 4 outer membrane proteins (OmpH, OmpL, OmpR, OmpX), 3 Vi-polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins (TviA, TviB, TviE), 3 cold shock proteins (CspA, CspB, CspC), and 2 conserved hypothetical proteins (Chp 1 and Chp2), all selected based on the bioinformatic analyses of the content of putative T-cell epitopes. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 15 adult volunteers, obtained before and 42 days after immunization with oral live attenuated Ty21a vaccine, were assessed for their functionality (i.e., production of cytokines and cytotoxic expression markers in response to stimulation with selected antigens) as measured by flow cytometry. Although volunteers differed on their T-cell antigen specificity, we observed T-cell immune responses against all S. Typhi proteins evaluated. These responses included 9 proteins, OmpH, OmpR, TviA, TviE, CspA, CspB, CspC, Chp 1 and Chp 2, which have not been previously reported to elicit T-cell responses. Interestingly, we also observed that, regardless of the protein, the functional patterns of the memory T-cells were different between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In sum, these studies demonstrated the feasibility of using bioinformatic analysis and the E. coli expressing system described here to uncover novel immunogenic T-cell proteins that could serve as potential targets for the production of protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew T Ardito
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William D Martin
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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22
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Splichalova A, Splichalova Z, Karasova D, Rychlik I, Trevisi P, Sinkora M, Splichal I. Impact of the Lipopolysaccharide Chemotype of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Virulence in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090534. [PMID: 31540295 PMCID: PMC6784012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. One-week-old germ-free piglets were orally colonized/infected with the Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain or its isogenic rough ΔrfaL, ΔrfaG or ΔrfaC mutants with exactly defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) defects. After 24 h, the piglets were euthanized and the colonization of the small intestine, translocations into the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and bacteremia, along with changes in the ileum histology, and transcription levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin were all assessed. Additionally, transcription levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the terminal ileum, and their local and systemic protein levels were evaluated. Wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium showed the highest translocation, histopathological changes, upregulation of claudins and downregulation of occludin, transcription of the cytokines, intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α levels, and systemic TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Depending on the extent of the incompleteness of the LPS, the levels of the respective elements decreased, or no changes were observed at all in the piglets colonized/infected with Δrfa mutants. Intestinal IL-10 and systemic IL-8 levels were not detected in any piglet groups. This study provided foundational data on the gnotobiotic piglet response to colonization/infection with the exactly defined rough Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 isogenic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniela Karasova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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23
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Splichal I, Donovan SM, Splichalova Z, Neuzil Bunesova V, Vlkova E, Jenistova V, Killer J, Svejstil R, Skrivanova E, Splichalova A. Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Commensal Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus mucosae, and Probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080273. [PMID: 31434337 PMCID: PMC6722580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoid Salmonellae are worldwide spread food-borne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Their multi-drug resistances require alternative ways to combat this enteric pathogen. Mono-colonization of a gnotobiotic piglet gastrointestinal tract with commensal lactobacilli Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus mucosae and with probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and their interference with S. Typhimurium infection was compared. The impact of bacteria and possible protection against infection with Salmonella were evaluated by clinical signs, bacterial translocation, intestinal histology, mRNA expression of villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and local intestinal and systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both lactobacilli colonized the gastrointestinal tract in approximately 100× lower density compare to E. coli Nissle and S. Typhimurium. Neither L. amylovorus nor L. mucosae suppressed the inflammatory reaction caused by the 24 h infection with S. Typhimurium. In contrast, probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 was able to suppress clinical signs, histopathological changes, the transcriptions of the proteins, and the inductions of the inflammatory cytokines. Future studies are needed to determine whether prebiotic support of the growth of lactobacilli and multistrain lactobacilli inoculum could show higher protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Neuzil Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Jenistova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Killer
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Svejstil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Skrivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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24
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Vaccination against Clostridium difficile by Use of an Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vector (YS1646) Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00089-19. [PMID: 31138615 PMCID: PMC6652760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00089-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile disease is mediated primarily by toxins A and B (TcdA and TcdB, respectively). The receptor binding domains (RBD) of TcdA and TcdB are immunogenic, and anti-RBD antibodies are protective. Since these toxins act locally, an optimal C. difficile vaccine would generate both systemic and mucosal responses. We have repurposed an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain (YS1646) to produce such a vaccine. Plasmid-based candidates expressing either the TcdA or TcdB RBD were screened. Different vaccine routes and schedules were tested to achieve detectable serum and mucosal antibody titers in C57BL/6J mice. When given in a multimodality schedule over 1 week (intramuscularly and orally [p.o.] on day 0 and p.o. on days 2 and 4), several candidates provided 100% protection against lethal challenge. Substantial protection (82%) was achieved with combined p.o. TcdA and TcdB vaccination alone (days 0, 2, and 4). These data demonstrate the potential of the YS1646-based vaccines for C. difficile and strongly support their further development.
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25
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Nickerson KP, Senger S, Zhang Y, Lima R, Patel S, Ingano L, Flavahan WA, Kumar DKV, Fraser CM, Faherty CS, Sztein MB, Fiorentino M, Fasano A. Salmonella Typhi Colonization Provokes Extensive Transcriptional Changes Aimed at Evading Host Mucosal Immune Defense During Early Infection of Human Intestinal Tissue. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:92-109. [PMID: 29735417 PMCID: PMC6013756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms influence a variety of host functions in the gut, including immune response, glucose homeostasis, metabolic pathways and oxidative stress, among others. This study describes how Salmonella Typhi, the pathogen responsible for typhoid fever, uses similar strategies to escape immune defense responses and survive within its human host. To elucidate the early mechanisms of typhoid fever, we performed studies using healthy human intestinal tissue samples and "mini-guts," organoids grown from intestinal tissue taken from biopsy specimens. We analyzed gene expression changes in human intestinal specimens and bacterial cells both separately and after colonization. Our results showed mechanistic strategies that S. Typhi uses to rearrange the cellular machinery of the host cytoskeleton to successfully invade the intestinal epithelium, promote polarized cytokine release and evade immune system activation by downregulating genes involved in antigen sampling and presentation during infection. This work adds novel information regarding S. Typhi infection pathogenesis in humans, by replicating work shown in traditional cell models, and providing new data that can be applied to future vaccine development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Nickerson
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - S Senger
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Y Zhang
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - R Lima
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Patel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - L Ingano
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - W A Flavahan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D K V Kumar
- Department for the Neuroscience of Genetics and Aging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - C M Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - C S Faherty
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M Fiorentino
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Fasano
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives over the past decades. However, the accumulation of so many antibiotic resistance genes by some clinically relevant pathogens has begun to lead to untreatable infections worldwide. The current antibiotic resistance crisis will require greater efforts by governments and the scientific community to increase the research and development of new antibacterial drugs with new mechanisms of action. A major challenge is the identification of novel microbial targets, essential for in vivo growth or pathogenicity, whose inhibitors can overcome the currently circulating resistome of human pathogens. In this article, we focus on the potential high value of bacterial transcriptional regulators as targets for the development of new antibiotics, discussing in depth the molecular role of these regulatory proteins in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Recent advances in the search for novel compounds that inhibit the biological activity of relevant transcriptional regulators in pathogenic bacteria are reviewed.
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27
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Bi-valent polysaccharides of Vi capsular and O9 O-antigen in attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium induce strong immune responses against these two antigens. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:1. [PMID: 29354293 PMCID: PMC5760606 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans, responsible for approximately 21 million infections and 222,000 deaths globally each year. The current licensed vaccines provide moderate protection to recipients aged >2 years. Prior work on typhoid vaccines has focused on injectable Vi capsular polysaccharide or Vi–protein conjugates and live, oral attenuated S. Typhi vaccines to induce humoral anti-Vi antibodies, while the value and importance of anti-O9 antibodies is less well established. In this study, we constructed a S. Typhimurium strain that synthesizes Vi capsular antigen in vivo and produces the immunodominant O9-antigen polysaccharide instead of its native O4-antigen. The live recombinant attenuated S. Typhimurium mutants were effective in stimulating anti-Vi and anti-O9 antibodies in a mouse model, and the surface Vi capsular expression did not affect the immune responses against the O9 O-antigen polysaccharide. Moreover, the resulting anti-Vi and anti-O9 antibodies were effective at killing S. Typhi and other Salmonella spp. expressing Vi or O9 antigen polysaccharides and provided efficient protection against lethal challenge by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Our work highlights the strategy of developing live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines to prevent typhoid fever by targeting the both Vi capsular and O9 O-polysaccharide antigens simultaneously. An attenuated strain of modified Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria could answer calls for a more effective typhoid fever vaccine. Current vaccines against typhoid-causing Salmonella Typhi are only moderately effective and potentially ineffective in children under 5 years. Qingke Kong and Roy Curtiss, leading a team of US and Chinese researchers, developed an attenuated version of the less-pathogenic S. Typhimurium that, when orally dosed in mice, expresses bacterial sugar-chain molecules known to elicit a strong immune response. In an in vitro assay, the antibodies produced by the mice in response to these molecules killed S. Typhi and related Salmonella bacteria with similar surface molecules, indicating a potential cross-protective ability. Further research would reveal whether this two-pronged live vaccine has the potential to protect in vivo, in live animals and in humans.
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28
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Moon JY, Kim SY, Kim WK, Rao Z, Park JH, Mun JY, Kim B, Choi HS, Hur J. Protective efficacy of a Salmonella Typhimurium ghost vaccine candidate constructed with a recombinant lysozyme-PMAP36 fusion protein in a murine model. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2017; 81:297-303. [PMID: 29081588 PMCID: PMC5644453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Salmonella Typhimurium ghost vaccine was constructed with the use of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of lysozyme and porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 36 expressed by the Escherichia coli overexpression system. After confirmation of its effectiveness by transmission electron microscopy the vaccine was evaluated in a murine model. Of the 60 BALB/c mice equally divided into 4 groups, group A mice were intramuscularly inoculated with 100 μL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline, and the mice in groups B, C, and D were intramuscularly inoculated with approximately 1.0 × 104, 1.0 × 105, or 1.0 × 106 cells of the S. Typhimurium ghost vaccine, respectively, in 100-μL amounts. The serum IgG titers against S. Typhimurium outer membrane proteins were significantly higher in groups B to D than in group A, as were the concentrations of interleukin-10 and interferon gamma in supernatants of harvested splenocytes. After challenge with wild-type S. Typhimurium, all the vaccinated groups showed significant protection compared with group A, notably perfect protection in groups C and D. Overall, these results show that intramuscular vaccination with 1.0 × 105 cells of this ghost vaccine candidate provided efficient protection against systemic infection with virulent S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin Hur
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Jin Hur; telephone: +82-63-850-0959; fax: +82-63-850-0910; e-mail:
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29
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica includes several serovars infecting both humans and other animals and leading to typhoid fever or gastroenteritis. The high prevalence of associated morbidity and mortality, together with an increased emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, is a current global health issue that has prompted the development of vaccination strategies that confer protection against most serovars. Currently available systemic vaccine approaches have major limitations, including a reduced effectiveness in young children and a lack of cross-protection among different strains. Having studied host-pathogen interactions, microbiologists and immunologists argue in favor of topical gastrointestinal administration for improvement in vaccine efficacy. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, including mechanisms of bacterial uptake at the intestinal epithelium, the assessment of protective host immunity, and improved animal models that closely mimic infection in humans. The pros and cons of existing vaccines are presented, along with recent progress made with novel formulations. Finally, new candidate antigens and their relevance in the refined design of anti-Salmonella vaccines are discussed, along with antigen vectorization strategies such as nanoparticles or secretory immunoglobulins, with a focus on potentiating mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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