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Wang Y, Chen J, Su G, Mei J, Li J. A Review of Single-Cell Microrobots: Classification, Driving Methods and Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1710. [PMID: 37763873 PMCID: PMC10537272 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell microrobots are new microartificial devices that use a combination of single cells and artificial devices, with the advantages of small size, easy degradation and ease of manufacture. With externally driven strategies such as light fields, sound fields and magnetic fields, microrobots are able to carry out precise micromanipulations and movements in complex microenvironments. Therefore, single-cell microrobots have received more and more attention and have been greatly developed in recent years. In this paper, we review the main classifications, control methods and recent advances in the field of single-cell microrobot applications. First, different types of robots, such as cell-based microrobots, bacteria-based microrobots, algae-based microrobots, etc., and their design strategies and fabrication processes are discussed separately. Next, three types of external field-driven technologies, optical, acoustic and magnetic, are presented and operations realized in vivo and in vitro by applying these three technologies are described. Subsequently, the results achieved by these robots in the fields of precise delivery, minimally invasive therapy are analyzed. Finally, a short summary is given and current challenges and future work on microbial-based robotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junyang Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (G.S.); (J.M.)
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Atazadegan MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Tasbandi A, Sahebkar A. The Effects of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Homocysteine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113081. [PMID: 34064073 PMCID: PMC8196702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in global communities. By 2030, CVD-related deaths are projected to reach a global rise of 25 million. Obesity, smoking, alcohol, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperhomocysteinemia are several known risk factors for CVDs. Elevated homocysteine is tightly related to CVDs through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation of the vascular endothelium. The strategies for appropriate management of CVDs are constantly evolving; medicinal plants have received remarkable attention in recent researches, since these natural products have promising effects on the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. The effects of nutraceuticals and herbal products on CVD/dyslipidemia have been previously studied. However, to our knowledge, the association between herbal bioactive compounds and homocysteine has not been reviewed in details. Thus, the main objective of this study is to review the efficacy of bioactive natural compounds on homocysteine levels according to clinical trials and animal studies. Results: Based on animal studies, black and green tea, cinnamon, resveratrol, curcumin, garlic extract, ginger, and soy significantly reduced the homocysteine levels. According to the clinical trials, curcumin and resveratrol showed favorable effects on serum homocysteine. In conclusion, this review highlighted the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as natural, inexpensive, and accessible agents on homocysteine levels based on animal studies. Nevertheless, the results of the clinical trials were not uniform, suggesting that more well-designed trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Atazadegan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.B.); or (A.S.)
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Aida Tasbandi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.B.); or (A.S.)
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Qiao Y, Yang F, Xie T, Du Z, Zhong D, Qi Y, Li Y, Li W, Lu Z, Rao J, Sun Y, Zhou M. Engineered algae: A novel oxygen-generating system for effective treatment of hypoxic cancer. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba5996. [PMID: 32490207 PMCID: PMC7239646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae, a naturally present unicellular microorganism, can undergo light photosynthesis and have been used in biofuels, nutrition, etc. Here, we report that engineered live microalgae can be delivered to hypoxic tumor regions to increase local oxygen levels and resensitize resistant cancer cells to both radio- and phototherapies. We demonstrate that the hypoxic environment in tumors is markedly improved by in situ-generated oxygen through microalgae-mediated photosynthesis, resulting in notably radiotherapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the chlorophyll from microalgae produces reactive oxygen species during laser irradiation, further augmenting the photosensitizing effect and enhancing tumor cell apoptosis. Thus, the sequential combination of oxygen-generating algae system with radio- and phototherapies has the potential to create an innovative treatment strategy to improve the outcome of cancer management. Together, our findings demonstrate a novel approach that leverages the products of photosynthesis for treatment of tumors and provide proof-of-concept evidence for future development of algae-enhanced radio- and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiao
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhen Du
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Danni Zhong
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wanlin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology 94305, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine and The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology 94305, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kević N, Brkanac SR, Vincek N, Štefanić PP, Faraguna F, Kovačević G, Kalafatić M, Franjević D. Endosymbiotic green algae in European Hydra strains show quantitative difference on morphological and isoenzyme level. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bravo-Tello K, Ehrenfeld N, Solís CJ, Ulloa PE, Hedrera M, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D, Feijóo CG. Effect of microalgae on intestinal inflammation triggered by soybean meal and bacterial infection in zebrafish. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187696. [PMID: 29117213 PMCID: PMC5678869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal has been used in many commercial diets for farm fish; despite this component inducing intestinal inflammation. On the other hand, microalgae have increasingly been used as dietary supplements in fish feed. Nevertheless, the vast quantity of microalgae species means that many remain under- or unstudied, thus limiting wide scale commercial application. In this work, we evaluated the effects to zebrafish (Danio rerio) of including Tetraselmis sp (Ts); Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Pt); Chlorella sp (Ch); Nannochloropsis oculata (No); or Nannochloropsis gaditana (Ng) as additives in a soybean meal-based diet on intestinal inflammation and survival after Edwardsiella tarda infection. In larvae fed a soybean meal diet supplemented with Ts, Pt, Ch, or Ng, the quantity of neutrophils present in the intestine drastically decreased as compared to larvae fed only the soybean meal diet. Likewise, Ts or Ch supplements in soybean meal or fishmeal increased zebrafish survival by more than 20% after being challenged. In the case of Ts, the observed effect correlated with an increased number of neutrophils present at the infection site. These results suggest that the inclusion of Ts or Ch in fish diets could allow the use of SBM and at the same time improve performance against pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bravo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Ehrenfeld
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila J. Solís
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar E. Ulloa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomia, Escuela de Agronomia, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Hedrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G. Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
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Cheng D, Wan Z, Zhang X, Li J, Li H, Wang C. Dietary Chlorella vulgaris Ameliorates Altered Immunomodulatory Functions in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice. Nutrients 2017; 9:E708. [PMID: 28684674 PMCID: PMC5537823 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the well-known toxicity of cyclophosphamide (CYP) on the immune system, this research investigated the modulating effects of the long-term dietary Chlorella vulgaris (CV) supplementation on the immunosuppression induced by CYP in mice, in order to provide a novel dietary design to mitigate the side effects of CYP therapy. Control, CYP-treated, CYP + CV (6%), CYP + CV (12%) and CYP + CV (24%) were used for 6 weeks, CV supplement in diet recovered the significantly reduced immunological function in CYP treated mice. As CV may have a modulating function through the inducible expression of cytokines, we assayed the expressions of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Our results suggested that CYP significantly reduced the lymphocytes proliferation and phagocytic activities of macrophages, and stimulated the production of IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ and that this impairment has been successfully adjusted by CV supplementation. Treatment with the algae also enhanced the natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity, and ameliorate histological changes of the spleen in CYP-treated mice. Therefore, as we found in this study, a diet supplemented with whole CV has beneficial effects on CVP-induced immunosuppression, through its immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zhaodong Wan
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - He Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chunling Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Atiku H, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Wurochekke AA, Kassim AHM. Harvesting of microalgae biomass from the phycoremediation process of greywater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:24624-24641. [PMID: 27544526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of microalgae in the field of wastewater treatment and bioenergy source has improved research studies in the past years. Microalgae represent a good source of biomass and bio-products which are used in different medical and industrial activities, among them the production of high-valued products and biofuels. The present review focused on greywater treatment through the application of phycoremediation technique with microalgae and presented recent advances in technologies used for harvesting the microalgae biomass. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The microbiological aspects of production, harvesting and utilization of microalgae biomass are viewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauwa Atiku
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R M S R Mohamed
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - A A Al-Gheethi
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Wurochekke
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Hashim M Kassim
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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Bagwell CE, Abernathy A, Barnwell R, Milliken CE, Noble PA, Dale T, Beauchesne KR, Moeller PDR. Discovery of Bioactive Metabolites in Biofuel Microalgae That Offer Protection against Predatory Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:516. [PMID: 27148205 PMCID: PMC4834574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae could become an important resource for addressing increasing global demand for food, energy, and commodities while helping to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gasses. Even though Chlorophytes are generally regarded safe for human consumption, there is still much we do not understand about the metabolic and biochemical potential of microscopic algae. The aim of this study was to evaluate biofuel candidate strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus for the potential to produce bioactive metabolites when grown under nutrient depletion regimes intended to stimulate production of triacylglycerides. Strain specific combinations of macro- and micro-nutrient restricted growth media did stimulate neutral lipid accumulation by microalgal cultures. However, cultures that were restricted for iron consistently and reliably tested positive for cytotoxicity by in vivo bioassays. The addition of iron back to these cultures resulted in the disappearance of the bioactive components by LC/MS fingerprinting and loss of cytotoxicity by in vivo bioassay. Incomplete NMR characterization of the most abundant cytotoxic fractions suggested that small molecular weight peptides and glycosides could be responsible for Chlorella cytotoxicity. Experiments were conducted to determine if the bioactive metabolites induced by Fe-limitation in Chlorella sp. cultures would elicit protection against Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, an obligate predator of Chlorella. Introduction of V. chlorellavorus resulted in a 72% decrease in algal biomass in the experimental controls after 7 days. Conversely, only slight losses of algal biomass were measured for the iron limited Chlorella cultures (0–9%). This study demonstrates a causal linkage between iron bioavailability and bioactive metabolite production in strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus. Further study of this phenomenon could contribute to the development of new strategies to extend algal production cycles in open, outdoor systems while ensuring the protection of biomass from predatory losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Bagwell
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Amanda Abernathy
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Remy Barnwell
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Charles E Milliken
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Peter A Noble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery AL, USA
| | - Taraka Dale
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM, USA
| | - Kevin R Beauchesne
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science's Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science's Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC, USA
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Merchant RE, Phillips TW, Udani J. Nutritional Supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa Lowers Serum Methylmalonic Acid in Vegans and Vegetarians with a Suspected Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency. J Med Food 2015; 18:1357-62. [PMID: 26485478 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since vitamin B12 occurs in substantial amounts only in foods derived from animals, vegetarians and particularly vegans are at risk of developing deficiencies of this essential vitamin. The chlorella used for this study is a commercially available whole-food supplement, which is believed to contain the physiologically active form of the vitamin. This exploratory open-label study was performed to determine if adding 9 g of Chlorella pyrenoidosa daily could help mitigate a vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Seventeen vegan or vegetarian adults (26-57 years of age) with a known vitamin B12 deficiency, as evidenced by a baseline serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) level above 270 nmol/L at screening, but who otherwise appeared healthy were enrolled in the study. Each participant added 9 g of C. pyrenoidosa to their daily diet for 60 ± 5 days and their serum MMA, vitamin B12, homocysteine (Hcy) levels as well as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct) were measured at 30 and 60 days from baseline. After 30 and 60 days, the serum MMA level fell significantly (P < .05) by an average ∼34%. Fifteen of the 17 (88%) subjects showed at least a 10% drop in MMA. At the same time, Hcy trended downward and serum vitamin B12 trended upward, while MCV, Hgb, and Hct appeared unchanged. The results of this work suggest that the vitamin B12 in chlorella is bioavailable and such dietary supplementation is a natural way for vegetarians and vegans to get the vitamin B12 they need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Edward Merchant
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Todd W Phillips
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay Udani
- 2 Medicus Research, LLC, Northridge, California, USA
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Nakashima Y, Ohsawa I, Nishimaki K, Kumamoto S, Maruyama I, Suzuki Y, Ohta S. Preventive effects of Chlorella on skeletal muscle atrophy in muscle-specific mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity-deficient mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14:390. [PMID: 25305781 PMCID: PMC4200191 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is involved in age-related muscle atrophy, such as sarcopenia. Since Chlorella, a unicellular green alga, contains various antioxidant substances, we used a mouse model of enhanced oxidative stress to investigate whether Chlorella could prevent muscle atrophy. Methods Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an anti-oxidative enzyme that detoxifies reactive aldehydes derived from lipid peroxides such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). We therefore used transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of ALDH2 (ALDH2*2 Tg mice) to selectively decrease ALDH2 activity in the muscles. To evaluate the effect of Chlorella, the mice were fed a Chlorella-supplemented diet (CSD) for 6 months. Results ALDH2*2 Tg mice exhibited small body size, muscle atrophy, decreased fat content, osteopenia, and kyphosis, accompanied by increased muscular 4-HNE levels. The CSD helped in recovery of body weight, enhanced oxidative stress, and increased levels of a muscle impairment marker, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) induced by ALDH2*2. Furthermore, histological and histochemical analyses revealed that the consumption of the CSD improved skeletal muscle atrophy and the activity of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Conclusions This study suggests that long-term consumption of Chlorella has the potential to prevent age-related muscle atrophy.
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Vecina JF, Oliveira AG, Araujo TG, Baggio SR, Torello CO, Saad MJA, Queiroz MLDS. Chlorella modulates insulin signaling pathway and prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Life Sci 2014; 95:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Souza Queiroz J, Barbosa CMV, da Rocha MC, Bincoletto C, Paredes-Gamero EJ, de Souza Queiroz ML, Palermo Neto J. Chlorella vulgaris treatment ameliorates the suppressive effects of single and repeated stressors on hematopoiesis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 29:39-50. [PMID: 23246529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reports regarding the mutual influence between the central nervous system and the immune system constitute a vast and somewhat controversial body of literature. Stress is known to disturb homeostasis, impairing immunological functions. In this study, we investigated the hematopoietic response of Chlorella vulgaris (CV)-treated mice exposed to single (SST) and repeated stress (RST). We observed a reduction in the numbers of hematopoietic progenitors (HP) in the bone marrow and long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) using flow cytometry and a coinciding decrease in the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies (CFU-GM) after treatment with both stressors, but SST caused a more profound suppression. We observed a proportional increase in the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) of the serum of animals subjected to SST or RST. In the bone marrow, SST and RST induced a decrease in both mature myeloid and lymphoid populations but did not affect pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors (Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+), LSK), and again, a more profound suppression was observed after SST. We further quantified the levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the number of myeloid cells in LTBMC. Both SST and RST reduced the levels of these cytokines to similar degrees. The myeloid population was also reduced in LTBMC, and SST induced a more intense suppression. Importantly, CV treatment prevented the changes produced by SST and RST in all of the parameters evaluated. Together, our results suggest that CV treatment is an effective tool for the prophylaxis of myelosuppression caused by single or repeated stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Souza Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Grupo de pesquisa em Neuroimunomodulação, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Christiano M V Barbosa
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle C da Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Mary L de Souza Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - João Palermo Neto
- Grupo de pesquisa em Neuroimunomodulação, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Kwak JH, Baek SH, Woo Y, Han JK, Kim BG, Kim OY, Lee JH. Beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation: enhancement of natural killer cell activity and early inflammatory response (randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial). Nutr J 2012; 11:53. [PMID: 22849818 PMCID: PMC3511195 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that Chlorella is a potent biological response modifier on immunity. However, there were no direct evidences for the effect of Chlorella supplementation on immune/inflammation response in healthy humans. METHODS This study was designed for an 8-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial: 5g of Chlorella (n=23) or Placebo (n=28) as form of tablets. Mainly, cytotoxic activities of Natural killer (NK) cells and serum concentrations of interferon-γ, interleukin-1β and interleukin-12 were measured. RESULTS After the 8-week, serum concentrations of interferon-γ (p<0.05) and interleukin-1β (p<0.001) significantly increased and that of interleukin-12 (p<0.1) tended to increase in the Chlorella group. The increments of these cytokines after the intervention were significantly bigger in the Chlorella group than those in the placebo group. In addition, NK cell activities (%) were significantly increased in Chlorella group, but not in Placebo group. The increments of NK cell activities (%) were also significantly bigger in the Chlorella group than the placebo group. Additionally, changed levels of NK cell activity were positively correlated with those of serum interleukin-1β (r=0.280, p=0.047) and interferon-γ (r=0.271, p<0.005). Signficantly positive correlations were also observed among the changed levels of serum cytokines; between interferon-γ and interleukin-1β (r=0.448, p<0.001), between interleukin-12 and interleukin-1β (r=0.416, p=0.003) and between interleukin-12 and interferon-γ (r=0.570, p<001). CONCLUSION These results may suggest a beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation which enhances the NK cell activity and produces interferon-γ and interleukin-12 as well as interleukin-1β, the Th-1 cell-induced cytokines in healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kwak
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Queiroz ML, da Rocha MC, Torello CO, de Souza Queiroz J, Bincoletto C, Morgano MA, Romano MR, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Barbosa CM, Calgarotto AK. Chlorella vulgaris restores bone marrow cellularity and cytokine production in lead-exposed mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2934-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ramos AL, Torello CO, Queiroz MLS. Chlorella vulgarisModulates Immunomyelopoietic Activity and Enhances the Resistance of Tumor-Bearing Mice. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:1170-80. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2010.513801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim NH, Kim KY, Jeong HJ, Kim HM, Hong SH, Um JY. Effects of hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley on the immunomodulatory response in ICR mice and in Molt-4 cells. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90:1551-1556. [PMID: 20549811 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorella vulgaris is a unicellular and microscopic algae that is currently used in a variety of forms of tablets, capsules and liquid as a biological response modifier. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley for its potential reduction of the immobility time in ICR mice and on the cytokine regulation in human T cell line, Molt-4. RESULTS After a forced swimming test, the changes in aspects of blood biochemical parameters due to the administration of hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley were examined. The effect of hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by the malted barley-treated group for 14 days on the immobility time was significantly reduced in comparison with that of the control group (P < 0.01). The plasma level of blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley-treated group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley increased interferon-gamma and interlukin-2 levels in Molt-4 cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that hydrolyzed Chlorella vulgaris by malted barley is useful for immune function improvements, enhanced physical stamina, and as a candidate for an anti-fatigue or antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cheng FC, Feng JJ, Chen KH, Imanishi H, Fujishima M, Takekoshi H, Naoki Y, Shimoda M. Receptor binding activities of Chlorella on cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT, glutamate AMPA, ion channels, purinergic P 2Y, tachykinin NK2 receptors and adenosine transporter. Phytother Res 2010; 24:43-8. [PMID: 19517465 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A Chlorella powder was tested in a total of 129 in vitro receptor binding assay systems. The results showed a potent inhibition of this powder on cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT2, and glutamate AMPA in a dose-concentration manner with IC(50) mean +/- SEM values of 20 +/- 4.5 microg/mL and 44 +/- 14 microg/mL, respectively. Other moderate and weak activities reflected in competitive binding experiments were seen versus adenosine transporter; calcium channel L-type, benzothiazepine; gabapentin; kainate, NMDA-glycine; inositol trisphosphate IP(3); cysteinyl CysLT(1), LTB(4); purinergic P(2Y); tachykinin NK(2); serotonin 5-HT(2B) and prostanoid, thromboxane A(2). Together, the results suggest that the various inhibitory effects of Chlorella powder in these receptor binding assays could reflect its actions in modulating Ca(2+)-dependent signal related targets and might be relevant to the mechanisms of its biological effects. These results reveal important potential biochemical activities that might be exploited for the prevention or treatment of several pathologies. From these results, the possible therapeutic usage of the product is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Chi Cheng
- MDS Pharma Services Taiwan Ltd, 158 Li-Teh Road, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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Merchant RE, Andre CA, Wise CM. Nutritional Supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9:37-54. [DOI: 10.1300/j094v09n04_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nakashima Y, Ohsawa I, Konishi F, Hasegawa T, Kumamoto S, Suzuki Y, Ohta S. Preventive effects of Chlorella on cognitive decline in age-dependent dementia model mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:193-8. [PMID: 19699777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of age-dependent memory loss and cognitive decline. Cytotoxic aldehydes are derived from lipid peroxides and their accumulation may be responsible for age-dependent neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease. Since aldehyde dehydrogenases detoxify such aldehydes, we constructed transgenic mice with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) activity deficiency (DAL101 mice) as an age-dependent dementia model. This model animal is age-dependently progressed by persistent oxidative stress, and thus enables us to investigate foods that prevent dementia. Since Chlorella, a kind of alga, exhibits various anti-oxidative effects, we investigated whether Chlorella has the potential to prevent age-dependent cognitive impairment. We fed Chlorella to DAL101 mice and investigated its effects on oxidative stress and the progression of cognitive decline using the Morris water-maze and object recognition tests. The diet with Chlorella tended to reduce oxidative stress and significantly prevented the decline of cognitive ability, as shown by both methods. Moreover, consumption of Chlorella decreased the number of activated astrocytes in the DAL101 brain. These findings suggest that the prolonged consumption of Chlorella has the potential to prevent the progression of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakashima
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd., 1343 Hisatomi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0056, Japan
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Cheng FC, Feng JJ, Chen KH, Imanishi H, Fujishima M, Takekoshi H, Naoki Y, Shimoda M. Chlorella powder inhibits the activities of peptidase cathepsin S, PLA2, cyclooxygenase-2, thromboxane synthase, tyrosine phosphatases, tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme, calpain and kinases. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 60 Suppl 1:89-98. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480802225512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shim JY, Shin HS, Han JG, Park HS, Lim BL, Chung KW, Om AS. Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris on liver toxicity in cadmium-administered rats. J Med Food 2009; 11:479-85. [PMID: 18800895 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical mechanisms of Chlorella vulgaris protection against cadmium (Cd)-induced liver toxicity were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 weeks of age, weighing 90-110 g). Forty rats were randomly divided into one control and three groups treated with 10 ppm Cd: one Cd without Chlorella (Cd-0C), one Cd with 5% Chlorella (Cd-5C), and one Cd with 10% Chlorella (Cd-10C) groups. The rats had free access to water and diet for 8 weeks. Body weight gain and relative liver weight were significantly lower in the Cd-0C group than in Cd-5C and Cd-10C groups. Rats in the Cd-0C group had significantly higher hepatic concentrations of Cd and metallothioneins (MTs) than in the Cd-5C or Cd-10C group. The hepatic MT I/II mRNA was expressed in all experimental rats. MT II was more expressed in the Cd-5C and Cd-10C groups than in the Cd-0C group. Morphologically, a higher level of congestion and vacuolation was observed in the livers of the Cd-0C group compared to those of the Cd-5C and Cd-10C groups. Therefore, this study suggests that C. vulgaris has a protective effect against Cd-induced liver damage by reducing Cd accumulation and stimulating the expression of MT II in liver. However, the details of the mechanism of C. vulgaris on liver toxicity remains to be clarified by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Souza Queiroz J, Torello CO, Palermo-Neto J, Valadares MC, Queiroz MLS. Hematopoietic response of rats exposed to the impact of an acute psychophysiological stressor on responsiveness to an in vivo challenge with Listeria monocytogenes: modulation by Chlorella vulgaris prophylactic treatment. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1056-1065. [PMID: 18420376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hematopoietic response of rats pretreated with CV and exposed to the impact of acute escapable, inescapable or psychogenical stress on responsiveness to an in vivo challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. No consistent changes were observed after exposure to escapable footshock. Conversely, the impact of uncontrollable stress (inescapable and psychogenical) was manifested by an early onset and increased severity and duration of myelossuppression produced by the infection. Small size CFU-GM colonies and increased numbers of clusters were observed, concurrently to a greater expansion in the more mature population of bone marrow granulocytes. No differences were observed between the responses of both uncontrollable stress regimens. CV prevented the myelossuppression caused by stress/infection due to increased numbers of CFU-GM in the bone marrow. Colonies of cells tightly packed, with a very condensed nucleus; in association with a greater expansion in the more immature population of bone marrow granulocytes were observed. Investigation of the production of colony-stimulating factors revealed increased colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum of normal and infected/stressed rats treated with the algae. CV treatment restored/enhanced the changes produced by stress/infection in total and differential bone marrow and peripheral cells counts. Further studies demonstrated that INF-gamma is significantly reduced, whereas IL-10 is significantly increased after exposure to uncontrollable stress. Treatment with CV significantly increased INF-gamma levels and diminished the levels of IL-10. Uncontrollable stress reduced the protection afforded by CV to a lethal dose of L. monocytogenes, with survival rates being reduced from (50%) in infected rats to 20% in infected/stressed rats. All together, our results suggest Chlorella treatment as an effective tool for the prophylaxis of post-stress myelossupression, including the detrimental effect of stress on the course and outcome of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Souza Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada e Toxicologia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Okuda Torello
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - João Palermo-Neto
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada e Toxicologia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marize C Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mary L S Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Queiroz ML, Torello CO, Perhs SM, Rocha MC, Bechara EJ, Morgano MA, Valadares MC, Rodrigues APO, Ramos AL, Soares CO. Chlorella vulgaris up-modulation of myelossupression induced by lead: The role of stromal cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vijayavel K, Anbuselvam C, Balasubramanian MP. Antioxidant effect of the marine algae Chlorella vulgaris against naphthalene-induced oxidative stress in the albino rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 303:39-44. [PMID: 17457522 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic extract of the marine algae Chlorella vulgaris was examined for its free radical scavenging effect with reference to naphthalene-induced lipid peroxidation in serum, liver, and kidney of rats. Initially, upon naphthalene intoxication (435 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally), the lipid peroxidation activity increased significantly (P < 0.001), and in contrast, the enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymic antioxidants (glutathione, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol) levels decreased remarkably. When the naphthalene stressed rats were treated with Chlorella vulgaris extract (70 mg/kg body weight, orally), the lipid peroxidation activity reduced significantly (P < 0.001) and the activities of both the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants increased reaching near control values. The minimum concentration (70 mg/l) of the extract that exhibited maximum (85%) free radical scavenging activity was chosen for the experimental study. The present results suggest that Chlorella vulgaris extract exerts its chemo-preventive effect by modulating the antioxidants status and lipid peroxidation during naphthalene intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayavel
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Janczyk P, Franke H, Souffrant W. Nutritional value of Chlorella vulgaris: Effects of ultrasonication and electroporation on digestibility in rats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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An HJ, Choi HM, Park HS, Han JG, Lee EH, Park YS, Um JY, Hong SH, Kim HM. Oral administration of hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris increases physical stamina in mice. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50:380-6. [PMID: 16809907 DOI: 10.1159/000094303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A unicellular algae, Chlorella vulgaris, was used as a biological response modifier. Although hot water extracts of C. vulgaris (CVE) are thought to augment immune responses, the effect of CVE on fatigue and physical stamina has not been studied. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effect of CVE on forced swimming test and blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (Glc), and total protein (TP). CVE (0.05-0.15 g/kg/day) was orally administered to mice. RESULTS After 7 days, the immobility time was decreased in the 0.1- and 0.15-g/kg CVE-treated groups (179 +/- 8.3 and 175 +/- 2.1 s) in comparison with the control group (223 +/- 5.4 s). In addition, the contents of BUN, CK, and LDH in the blood serum were decreased in the CVE-fed group. However, they had no effect on the elevation of Glc and TP level. CONCLUSIONS The results predict a potential benefit of CVE for enhancing immune function and improving physical stamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin An
- College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Takekoshi H, Suzuki G, Chubachi H, Nakano M. Effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on fecal excretion and liver accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in mice. Chemosphere 2005; 59:297-304. [PMID: 15722102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on fecal excretion and liver accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in C57BL/6N mice administered dioxin was examined. Mice were administered 2.2 microg of 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (H6CDD) dissolved in corn oil once after a period of acclimatization, after which they were fed either a basal diet, a 10% C. pyrenoidosa diet, or a 10% Spinach diet, for five weeks. Among mice fed the 10% C. pyrenoidosa diet, cumulative fecal excretion of H6CDD over the first week following administration was significantly greater (9.2-fold) than that observed among mice fed the basal diet. Moreover, excretion during the fifth week following administration of H6CDD was still significantly greater (3.1-fold) among mice fed the 10% C. pyrenoidosa diet than among mice fed the basal diet. Five weeks after administration of H6CDD, liver accumulation of H6CDD in mice fed the 10% C. pyrenoidosa diet was significantly less than that observed among mice fed either the basal diet and the Spinach diet (by 27.9% and 34.8%, respectively). These findings suggest that C. pyrenoidosa may be useful in inhibiting the absorption of dioxins via food and the reabsorption of dioxins stored already in the body in the intestinal tract, thus preventing accumulation of dioxins within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Takekoshi
- Department of Bioresource Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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de Souza Queiroz J, Malacrida SA, Justo GZ, Queiroz MLS. Myelopoietic Response in Mice Exposed to Acute Cold/Restraint Stress: Modulation by Chlorella vulgaris Prophylactic Treatment. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2004; 26:455-67. [PMID: 15518178 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200026914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, hematopoietic cells from mice pretreated with CVE and exposed to acute cold/restraint stress were stimulated in the presence of growth factors to form colonies, thus providing accurate information about the modulation of the green algae of the stress-induced changes in the hematopoietic response. Our results demonstrated that exposure to acute stress affected hematopoiesis. Mice exposed for a 2.5-hour time period of cold and restraint presented diminished clonal capacity for CFU-GM content per femur, which was decreased by as much as 50% compared with that in control mice, in spite of the significant increase in serum colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Treatment with 50 mg/kg CVE for 5 days, previously to the stress regimen, attenuates the effects of the stress, since comparable levels of myeloid progenitors were found in the bone marrow of both CVE/stress and control mice. Moreover, the sera from stressed mice pretreated with CVE further increased the CFU-GM formation. On the contrary, the spleen seemed to be less sensitive to acute stress in our experimental conditions. These findings are in line with our previous reports showing that the stress-induced reduction in bone marrow CFU-GM of rats exposed to electric shocks is mediated by activation of the HPA axis and by secretion of opioid agonists. No changes were observed in bone marrow, spleen and thymus total cell counts, and in relative organ weights. However, a 50% reduction in the body weight loss produced by the stress was observed in mice given the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia de Souza Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cheng FC, Lin A, Feng JJ, Mizoguchi T, Takekoshi H, Kubota H, Kato Y, Naoki Y. Effects ofChlorellaon Activities of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Caspases, Cytokine Release, B and T Cell Proliferations, and Phorbol Ester Receptor Binding. J Med Food 2004; 7:146-52. [PMID: 15298760 DOI: 10.1089/1096620041224076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chlorella powder was screened using 52 in vitro assay systems for enzyme activity, receptor binding, cellular cytokine release, and B and T cell proliferation. The screening revealed a very potent inhibition of human protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity of CD45 and PTP1C with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.678 and 1.56 microg/mL, respectively. It also showed a moderate inhibition of other PTPs, including PTP1B (IC(50) = 65.3 microg/mL) and T-cell-PTP (114 microg/mL). Other inhibitory activities and their IC(50) values included inhibition of the human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-1 (127 microg/mL), MMP-3 (185 microg/mL), MMP-7 (18.1 microg/mL), and MMP-9 (237 microg/mL) and the human peptidase caspases caspase 1 (300 microg/mL), caspase 3 (203 microg/mL), caspase 6 (301 microg/mL), caspase 7 (291 microg/mL), and caspase 8 (261 microg/mL), as well as release of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 (44.9 microg/mL), IL-2 (14.8 microg/mL), IL-4 (49.2 microg/mL), IL-6 (34.7 microg/mL), interferon-gamma (31.6 microg/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (11 microg/mL) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Chlorella also inhibited B cell proliferation (16.6 microg/mL) in mouse splenocytes and T cell proliferation (54.2 microg/mL) in mouse thymocytes. The binding of a phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, to its receptors was also inhibited by Chlorella with an IC(50) of 152 microg/mL. These results reveal potential pharmacological activities that, if confirmed by in vivo studies, might be exploited for the prevention or treatment of several serious pathologies, including inflammatory disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Chi Cheng
- MDS Pharma Services Taiwan Ltd., 158 Li-Teh Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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30
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Abstract
The effects of a hot water extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which contains chlorella growth factor (CGF), on the body weight, serum lipids, and the bone mass were evaluated using an ovariectomized rat as a model for postmenopausal bone loss. Rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated (Sham), Sham given the CGF solution, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX given the CGF solution, respectively. Administration of the extract to OVX rats suppressed the body weight gain. After 7 weeks, the administration of the extract to the OVX group reduced increases in both serum total cholesterols and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols. It also normalized the decrease of triglyceride level in the OVX group. The ovariectomy decreased the tibial bone mineral density (BMD) by 19%, and the administration of the extract to OVX rats did not inhibit this decrease. These results suggest that a dietary supplement of CGF may be useful to control the body weight and improve lipid metabolism of menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saburo Hidaka
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Fukuoka College of Health Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Queiroz MLS, Rodrigues APO, Bincoletto C, Figueirêdo CAV, Malacrida S. Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris in lead-exposed mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:889-900. [PMID: 12781705 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) was examined for its chelating effects on the myelosuppression induced by lead in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. The reduction in the number of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) observed after the infection was more severe in the groups previously exposed to lead. Extramedullar hematopoiesis, which was drastically increased after the infection, was not altered by the presence of lead. Treatment with CVE, given simultaneously or following lead exposure, restored to control values the myelosuppression observed in infected/lead-exposed mice and produced a significant increase in serum colony-stimulating activity. The benefits of the CVE treatment were also evident in the recovery of thymus weight, since the reduction produced by the infection was further potentiated by lead exposure. The efficacy of CVE was evident when infected and infected/lead-exposed mice were challenged with a lethal dose of L. monocytogenes after a 10-day treatment with 50 mg/kg CVE/day, given simultaneously to the exposure to 1300 ppm lead acetate in drinking water. Survival rates of 30% for the infected group and of 20% for the infected/lead-exposed groups were observed. Evidence that these protective effects of CVE are partly due to its chelating effect was given by the changes observed in blood lead levels. We have observed in the group receiving the CVE/lead simultaneous exposure a dramatic reduction of 66.03% in blood lead levels, when compared to lead-exposed nontreated control. On the other hand, CVE treatment following lead exposure produced a much less effective chelating effect. CVE treatments for 3 or 10 days, starting 24 h following lead exposure, produced a reduction in blood lead levels of 13.5% and 17%, respectively, compared to lead-exposed nontreated controls. The significantly better response observed with the simultaneous CVE/lead administration indicates that the immunomodulation effect of CVE plays an important role in the ability of this algae to reduce blood lead levels. In this regard, additional experiments with gene knockout C57BL/6 mice lacking a functional IFN-gamma gene demonstrated that this cytokine is of paramount importance in the protection afforded by CVE. The antibacterial evaluation measured by the rate of survival demonstrated that, in face of a 100% survival in the control group composed of normal C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to L. monocytogenes, we observed no protection whatsoever in the IFN-gamma knockout C57BL/6 mice treated with CVE and inoculated with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L S Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia/Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, SP, Campinas, Brazil.
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32
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Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, randomized, controlled clinical trials and population studies have also shown that abnormally high blood pressure (BP) can be lowered with diet modification and exercise. The objective of this pilot study was to determine whether daily dietary supplementation with 10 g Chlorella tablets and 100 ml Chlorella extract for 2 months would reduce BP in subjects with a mean sitting diastolic BP (SiDBP) between 90 and 115 mm Hg. Thirty-three people were enrolled and underwent a 4-week washout period from all antihypertensive medications, during which they consumed placebo. At completion of this washout/placebo period, 24 subjects were considered evaluable (i.e., had a SiDBP between 90 and 115 mm Hg) and were continued in the study. After 1 or 2 months of dietary Chlorella supplementation, the average heart rate, sitting systolic BP, and SiDBP changed only slightly; after 2 months of Chlorella consumption, the group's mean SiDBP was 96.5 +/- 6.6. However, a heterogenous response pattern to Chlorella existed, with 25% (6/24) of the subjects achieving their BP goal (SiDBP less than 90 mm Hg). Furthermore, the BP of nonresponders did not increase significantly above washout values. Quality-of-life questionnaires indicated an overall perception that health had significantly improved in conjunction with Chlorella consumption. The results indicate that, for some subjects with mild to moderate hypertension, a daily dietary supplement of Chlorella reduced or kept stable their SiDBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Merchant
- Department of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA.
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33
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34
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Hasegawa T, Matsuguchi T, Noda K, Tanaka K, Kumamoto S, Shoyama Y, Yoshikai Y. Toll-like receptor 2 is at least partly involved in the antitumor activity of glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:579-89. [PMID: 11962736 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are involved in innate immunity by recognizing various bacterial components. We have previously reported that an active substance of ARS-2 purified from the culture medium of Chlorella vulgaris was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 63,100 amu and that this glycoprotein expressed antitumor activity, with the protein moiety in ARS-2 being necessary for this antitumor activity. Here, we show that ARS-2 stimulated spleen-adherent cells from C3H/HeJ lacking functional TLR4 to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40, whereas such cytokine production was significantly impaired in ARS-2-stimulated spleen-adherent cells from TLR2 knockout mice. The overexpression of mouse TLR2 (mTLR2) and mouse CD14 (mCD14) conferred the ARS-2 inducibility of nuclear factor-kappaB activation to human HEK 293 cells. These results suggest that TLR2 signaling is at least partly involved in the antitumor activity of the water-soluble antitumor glycoprotein from C. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industry Co, Ltd, Chikugo City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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35
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Justo GZ, Silva MR, Queiroz ML. Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:119-32. [PMID: 11322644 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) was examined for its effects on the Ehrlich ascites tumor-induced suppression in the numbers of bone marrow and spleen granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in mice. No effects on bone marrow and spleen CFU-GM, as compared to controls, were observed in normal mice given 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg CVE orally for 5 days. In tumor-bearing mice, myelosuppression concomitant with increased number of spleen CFU-GM were observed. The number of CFU-GM in the bone marrow was restored to control levels after the administration of CVE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) to tumor-bearing mice, and a slight reduction in spleen colony formation was observed in these animals. In addition, CVE significantly prolonged the survival of mice inoculated with the Ehrlich ascites tumor. These results suggest a protective antitumor effect of CVE which might be attributable, at least in part, to the stimulation of the production and, possibly, maturation of granulocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Justo
- Department of Pharmacology and Hemocentre, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil
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36
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Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common, chronic musculoskeletal disorder of unknown aetiology. While available therapy is often disappointing, most patients can be helped with a combination of medication, exercise and maintenance of a regular sleep schedule. The objective of the present study was to determine if adding nutritional supplements derived from the unicellular green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, produced any improvements in the clinical and functional status in patients with moderately severe symptoms of fibromyalgia syndrome. Eligible patients had 2+ palpable tenderness at 11 or more of 18 defined tender points and had a tender point index (TPI) of at least 22. Each day for 2 months, participants consumed two commercially available Chlorella-based products, 10 g of 'Sun Chlorella' tablets and 100 mL of liquid 'Wakasa Gold'. Any amelioration of symptoms was validated and quantified using semi-objective and subjective outcome measures systematically administered at clinic visits on days 0, 30 and 60 of the diet therapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients enrolled completed the 2 month trial. The average TPI for the group which at onset was 32, decreased to a mean of 25 after 2 months. This decrease was statistically significant (p = 0.01), representing a 22% decrease in pain intensity. Blood samples taken on each occasion indicated no significant alterations in serum chemistries, formed elements, and circulating lymphocyte subsets. Compilations of the results of patient interviews and self-assessment questionnaires revealed that seven patients felt that the dietary supplement had improved their fibromyalgia symptoms, while six thought they had experienced no change, and five believed the symptoms had worsened over the time of the trial. The results of this pilot study suggest that dietary Chlorella supplementation may help relieve the symptoms of fibromyalgia in some patients and that a larger, more comprehensive double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in these patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Merchant
- Departments of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA.
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37
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Dantas DC, Queiroz ML. Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on bone marrow progenitor cells of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21:499-508. [PMID: 10458539 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of the treatment with Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) on the hematopoietic response of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) of mice infected with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes (1 x 10(4) organisms/animal). CVE was given orally as 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days. In the CVE treated/infected groups L. monocytogenes was administered at the end of CVE treatment. The colony stimulating activity of the serum (CSA) was also studied in all groups. Although no effects on CFU-GM, as compared to controls, were observed in the groups receiving CVE alone, the extract produced an increase in CSA levels as compared to controls. On the other hand, the presence of the infection led to a significant reduction in the numbers of CFU-GM as observed at 48 and 72 h after the infection, in spite of the significant increase in serum CSA activity. CVE treatment of infected animals restored the numbers of CFU-GM to control levels. In the treated/ infected group the increased serum CSA was significantly higher than that observed in the only infected group. The CVE treatment (50 and 500 mg/kg) of mice infected with a dose of 3 x 10(5) bacteria/animal, which was lethal for all the non-treated controls, produced a dose-response protection which led to a 20 and 52% survival, respectively. These results demonstrated that CVE produces a significant increase in the resistance of the animals infected with L. monocytogenes, and that this protection is due, at least in part, to increased CFU-GM in the bone marrow of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Dantas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysical, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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38
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Hasegawa T, Ito K, Ueno S, Kumamoto S, Ando Y, Yamada A, Nomoto K, Yasunobu Y. Oral administration of hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduces IgE production against milk casein in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21:311-23. [PMID: 10408628 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) is a biological response modifier (BRM) which enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through augmentation of helper T cell type 1 (Thl) responses producing gamma-interferon (gammaIFN). We show here that oral administration of CVE in mice suppressed the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)E against casein antigen accompanied by increased gammaIFN and IL-12 mRNA expression. Oral administration of CVE enhanced Thl response to casein in the spleen of casein immunized mice. CVE may be useful for prevention of allergic diseases with a predominant Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industries Co., Ltd, Chikugo City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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39
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Hasegawa T, Kimura Y, Hiromatsu K, Kobayashi N, Yamada A, Makino M, Okuda M, Sano T, Nomoto K, Yoshikai Y. Effect of hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris on cytokine expression patterns in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Immunopharmacology 1997; 35:273-82. [PMID: 9043941 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(96)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that oral administration of hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through augmentation of Listeria-specific cell-mediated immunity in normal mice and mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) caused by murine leukemia virus (MuLV) LP-BM5. To elucidate the mechanisms whereby CVE augments the cell-mediated immunity, we examined the expression patterns of mRNA for cytokines in normal and MAIDS mice given CVE orally after L. monocytogenes infection. The expression levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-12, GM-CSF, MIP and TNF alpha genes were significantly augmented in the peritoneal adherent cells by oral administration of CVE for 2 weeks before Listeria infection. The expression levels of gamma IFN and IL-12 mRNA were significantly higher in the spleen after Listeria infection in CVE-treated mice than in normal mice, while the expression of IL-10 mRNA in the spleen was decreased by CVE administration. In MAIDS mice, oral administration of CVE also augmented the expression of gamma IFN and IL-12 mRNA in the spleen after Listeria infection, while it rather reduced the expression of IL-10 mRNA. These results suggest that CVE may preferentially augment THI responses against Listeria via activation of macrophages to produce IL-12 and enhance host defence against Listeria infection both in normal and MAIDS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella industries Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Hasegawa T, Okuda M, Nomoto K, Yoshikai Y. Augmentation of the resistance against Listeria monocytogenes by oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1994; 16:191-202. [PMID: 8077606 DOI: 10.3109/08923979409007090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris(CVE)(20mg/mouse, 10 consecutive days) augmented the resistance against an i.p. infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. The numbers of bacteria in a CVE-administered group were significantly lower in the peritoneal cavity or spleen than those in a control group. FCM analysis revealed that gamma delta +Thy1.2+ cells in the nonadherent PEC from CVE-administered mice increased more prominently in number at the early stage on day 3 or on day 5 after infection as compared with those in control mice. The increment of gamma delta +Thy1.2+ T cells was also evident in spleen in CVE-administered mice at this stage after infection. The proportion of TCR alpha beta +Thy1.2+ T cells in the nonadherent PEC of a control group increased from 13% on day 0 to 49% at the late stage on day 10 after infection, whereas the proportion of TCR alpha beta +Thy1.2+ T cells in the nonadherent PEC in CVE-administered mice increased to 64% on this stage after infection in association with augmentation of DTH response to Listeria. These results suggest that CVE-administration effectively augment cell-mediated immunity against Listeria through the increment of gamma delta + T cells in the early phase and the increment of alpha beta + T cells in the late phase after listerial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chlorella/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peritoneal Cavity/cytology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Germfree Life, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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41
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Merchant RE, Rice CD, Young HF. DietaryChlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with malignant glioma: Effects on immunocompetence, quality of life, and survival. Phytother Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Konishi F, Tanaka K, Kumamoto S, Hasegawa T, Okuda M, Yano I, Yoshikai Y, Nomoto K. Enhanced resistance against Escherichia coli infection by subcutaneous administration of the hot-water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:1-7. [PMID: 2289197 PMCID: PMC11038988 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1990] [Accepted: 04/25/1990] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE-A) on the recovery of leukocyte number and the augmentation of resistance to bacterial infection were examined in CDF1 mice made neutropenic by cyclophosphamide (CY). They were treated intraperitoneally with CY (150 mg/kg) on day 0, and were given CVE-A (50 mg/kg) subcutaneously (s.c.) every other day from day 1 to day 13 after CY treatment. CVE-A accelerated the recovery of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the peripheral blood in CY-treated mice. The number of granulocyte/monocyte-progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in the spleen increased rapidly and highly after the administration of CVE-A in CY-treated mice, in contrast to the absence of change due to CVE-A in the number of bone marrow cells in CY-treated mice. Administration of CVE-A in CY-treated mice enhanced the accumulation of PMN in the inflammatory site and the activity of the accumulated leukocyte cells in luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. The mice became highly susceptible to an intraperitoneal infection with E. coli on day 4 after CY treatment, whereas the mice given CVE-A showed an enhanced resistance against E. coli infection, irrespective of the timing of challenge. The bacterial number in CY-treated mice increased explosively after inoculation, resulting in death within 24 h. A progressive elimination of bacteria was observed from 6 h in the peritoneal cavity, spleen and liver of CY-treated mice given CVE-A s.c. These results indicate that CVE-A can be used as a potent stimulant of nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Konishi
- Department of Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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43
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Hasegawa T, Yoshikai Y, Okuda M, Nomoto K. Accelerated restoration of the leukocyte number and augmented resistance against Escherichia coli in cyclophosphamide-treated rats orally administered with a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990; 12:883-91. [PMID: 2292465 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(90)90007-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) on the restoration of the leukocyte number and on the resistance against Escherichia coli infection were examined in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated rats. Male Fischer rats (F344/DuCrj) were administered orally 1000 mg/kg of CVE for 14 days and injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CY (50 mg/kg) (day 0) one day after the 14th CVE administration. CVE was further administered continuously after CY treatment until the rats were sacrificed for analysis. The number of bone marrow cells in the CY + CVE group was significantly higher on day 7 after CY treatment than that in the CY-treated group. The number of spleen cells in the CY + CVE group became significantly higher on day 11 than that in the CY-treated group. In the peripheral blood, the number of PMN recovered efficiently in the CY + CVE group in comparison with the CY-treated group on day 7. When E. coli was injected i.p. into normal, CY-treated, and CY + CVE-treated rats on day 6, the difference in number of bacteria among these three groups was most prominent before 6 h, that is, the number in the CY + CVE group was remarkably lower than those in the CY-treated group, and even in the control group, among all organs so far tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Chlorella Industries Co. Ltd., Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
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44
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Tanaka K, Tomita Y, Tsuruta M, Konishi F, Okuda M, Himeno K, Nomoto K. Oral administration of Chlorella vulgaris augments concomitant antitumor immunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1990; 12:277-91. [PMID: 2229925 DOI: 10.3109/08923979009019673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris, an unicellular green algae, or its acetone-extract (Ac-Ex) were administered orally to Meth A tumor bearing BALB/c or (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 (CDF1) mice. When CDF1 mice were fed daily with 10% dried powder of Chlorella vulgaris (CVP) containing diet before and after Meth A tumor inoculation, the growth of rechallenged Meth A tumor was significantly suppressed in an antigen-specific manner. Augmentation of antitumor resistance was exhibited also by Winn assay using lymph node cells of tumor-bearing mice orally administered with CVP or Ac-Ex. Antigen-specific concomitant immunity in these mice were mediated by cytostatic T cells but not by cytotoxic T cells. Natural killer cells seemed not to contribute in antitumor resistance in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Parasitology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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45
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Hasegawa T, Tanaka K, Ueno K, Ueno S, Okuda M, Yoshikai Y, Nomoto K. Augmentation of the resistance against Escherichia coli by oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 1989; 11:971-6. [PMID: 2693376 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(89)90120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we demonstrated that a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) augmented the resistance against an intraperitoneal infection with Escherichia coli by its intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous administration. The augmented resistance appeared to be attributable to the enhanced activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In this study, the effect of oral administration of CVE against Escherichia coli infection was examined. Male Fisher rats (F344/DuCrj) were administered 1000 mg/kg of CVE orally for 14 days and challenged with 2.7 x 10(8) Escherichia coli intraperitoneally. The numbers of living bacteria in the peritoneal cavity, blood, spleen and liver at 1, 6, and 24 h after the inoculation were counted. The bacterial numbers increased during 1-6 h and reached the peak at 6 h in both control and CVE-administered groups. The bacterial numbers decreased to an undetectable level at 24 h in both groups. In a CVE-administered group, the numbers of viable bacteria in each organ were remarkably lower than those in a control group in all organs so far tested. Whereas, the leukocyte numbers, especially PMN numbers, in the peritoneal cavity and peripheral blood maintained higher levels in the CVE-administered group at 6 h after E. coli inoculation. Chemiluminescent responses of peritoneal exudate cells induced by casein or E. coli were higher in a CVE-administered group. These results form the basis for the judgment that the degree of effectiveness of bacteria clearance from the peritoneal cavity shown by oral CVE administration may be strong enough to warrant developing this material as a new type of biological response modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industries Co. Ltd., Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
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