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Bernshtein B, Kelly M, Cizmeci D, Zhiteneva JA, Macvicar R, Kamruzzaman M, Bhuiyan TR, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Qadri F, Charles RC, Xu P, Kováč P, Kaminski RW, Alter G, Ryan ET. Shigella O-specific polysaccharide functional IgA responses mediate protection against shigella infection in an endemic high-burden setting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539451. [PMID: 37205407 PMCID: PMC10187263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal disease-related death in young children in low and middle income countries. The mechanism of protection against shigella infection and disease in endemic areas is uncertain. While historically LPS-specific IgG titers have been associated with protection in endemic settings, emerging deeper immune approaches have recently elucidated a protective role for IpaB-specific antibody responses in a controlled human challenge model in North American volunteers. To deeply interrogate potential correlates of immunity in areas endemic for shigellosis, here we applied a systems approach to analyze the serological response to shigella across endemic and non-endemic populations. Additionally, we analyzed shigella-specific antibody responses over time in the context of endemic resistance or breakthrough infections in a high shigella burden location. Individuals with endemic exposure to shigella possessed broad and functional antibody responses across both glycolipid and protein antigens compared to individuals from non-endemic regions. In high shigella burden settings, elevated levels of OSP-specific FcαR binding antibodies were associated with resistance to shigellosis. OSP-specific FcαR binding IgA found in resistant individuals activated bactericidal neutrophil functions including phagocytosis, degranulation and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, IgA depletion from resistant serum significantly reduced binding of OSP-specific antibodies to FcαR and antibody mediated activation of neutrophils and monocytes. Overall, our findings suggest that OSP-specific functional IgA responses contribute to protective immunity against shigella infection in high-burden settings. These findings will assist in the development and evaluation of shigella vaccines.
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Mucosal Immune Profiles Associated with Diarrheal Disease Severity in Shigella- and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-Infected Children Enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. mBio 2022; 13:e0053822. [PMID: 35924851 PMCID: PMC9426439 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00538-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigella are etiologic agents of diarrhea in children <5 years old living in resource-poor countries. Repeated bouts of infection lead to lifelong morbidity and even death. The goal of this study was to characterize local mucosal immune responses in Shigella- and EPEC-infected children <5 years of age with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). We hypothesized that infection with each of these pathogens would induce distinct gut mucosal immune profiles indicative of disease etiology and severity. To test this hypothesis, innate and adaptive immune markers were measured in stools from children with diarrhea due to EPEC, Shigella, or other organisms and in children who had no diarrhea. Shigella-positive diarrhea evoked robust proinflammatory and TH1/TH2 cytokine responses compared to diarrhea caused by EPEC or other organisms, with the exception of interleukin 5 (IL-5), which was associated with EPEC infection. The presence of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-16, and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) was associated with the absence of dysentery. EPEC-positive diarrhea evoked high levels of IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-10. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had opposing roles in disease severity, being associated with absence of diarrhea in EPEC-infected children and with dysenteric Shigella infection. High levels of antigen-specific antibodies were detected in the controls and children with Shigella without dysentery, which suggests a protective role against severe disease. In summary, this study identified distinct local immune responses associated with two clinically relevant diarrheagenic pathogens, Shigella and EPEC, in children and identified protective immune phenotypes that can inform the development of preventive measures.
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Epithelial and Neutrophil Interactions and Coordinated Response to Shigella in a Human Intestinal Enteroid-Neutrophil Coculture Model. mBio 2022; 13:e0094422. [PMID: 35652591 PMCID: PMC9239269 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00944-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are recruited to the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to inflammation, injury, and infection. Here, we report the development and the characterization of an ex vivo tissue coculture model consisting of human primary intestinal enteroid monolayers and PMN, and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN-epithelial cell interaction and response to Shigella, a primary cause of childhood dysentery. Cellular adaptation and tissue integration, barrier function, PMN phenotypic and functional attributes, and innate immune responses were examined. PMN within the enteroid monolayers acquired a distinct activated/migratory phenotype that was influenced by direct epithelial cell contact as well as by molecular signals. Seeded on the basal side of the intestinal monolayer, PMN were intercalated within the epithelial cells and moved paracellularly toward the apical side. Cocultured PMN also increased basal secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8). Shigella added to the apical surface of the monolayers evoked additional PMN phenotypic adaptations, including increased expression of cell surface markers associated with chemotaxis and cell degranulation (CD47, CD66b, and CD88). Apical Shigella infection triggered rapid transmigration of PMN to the luminal side, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Shigella infection modulated cytokine production in the coculture; apical monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and basolateral IL-8 production were downregulated, while basolateral IL-6 secretion was increased. We demonstrated, for the first time, PMN phenotypic adaptation and mobilization and coordinated epithelial cell-PMN innate response upon Shigella infection in the human intestinal environment. The enteroid monolayer-PMN coculture represents a technical innovation for mechanistic interrogation of gastrointestinal physiology, host-microbe interaction, innate immunity, and evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.
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Luo W, Dai W, Zhang X, Zheng L, Zhao J, Xie X, Xu Y. Effects of Shigella flexneri exposure on development of Xenopus Tropicals embryo and its immune response. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128153. [PMID: 34979394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shigella sp. is a highly infectious intestinal pathogen worthy of serious attention that is widely present in aquaculture water and some other polluted water types and might inhibit embryonic development as a biological pollutant. In this study, acute toxicity tests in which Xenopus tropical embryos were exposed to Shigella flexneri at subpathogenic concentrations (106, 107, and 108 CFU·mL-1) for 96 h were carried out to evaluate toxicity indicators such as mortality, hatching rate, malformation rate and enzyme activity. Meanwhile, the expression of related genes was also studied to reveal the toxicity and mechanism of S. flexneri involved in embryonic development. Under S. flexneri exposure, embryo mortality, heart rate and malformation rate increased, but the hatching rate decreased and even led to embryonic gene misexpression, oxidative stress and immune responses. The results showed that S. flexneri might affect the growth and development of embryos by causing differences in the expression of genes related to embryonic development, oxidative stress and immune disorders. Its target organs are the intestine and heart, whose toxic effects are positively correlated with exposure concentration. This result provides a certain theoretical reference for rational evaluation of the influence of Shigella on the early embryos of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wencan Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbin Zhao
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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SepA Enhances Shigella Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Degrading Alpha-1 Antitrypsin and Producing a Neutrophil Chemoattractant. mBio 2021; 12:e0283321. [PMID: 34724811 PMCID: PMC8561385 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02833-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are highly adapted pathogens that cause bacillary dysentery in human and nonhuman primates. An unusual feature of Shigella pathogenesis is that this organism invades the colonic epithelia from the basolateral pole. Therefore, it has evolved the ability to disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier to reach the basolateral surface. We have shown previously that the secreted serine protease A (SepA), which belongs to the family of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae, is responsible for the initial destabilization of the intestinal epithelial barrier that facilitates Shigella invasion. However, the mechanisms used by SepA to regulate this process remain unknown. To investigate the protein targets cleaved by SepA in the intestinal epithelium, we incubated a sample of homogenized human colon with purified SepA or with a catalytically inactive mutant of this protease. We discovered that SepA targets an array of 18 different proteins, including alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a major circulating serine proteinase inhibitor in humans. In contrast to other serine proteases, SepA cleaved AAT without forming an inhibiting complex, which resulted in the generation of a neutrophil chemoattractant. We demonstrated that the products of the AAT-SepA reaction induce a mild but significant increase in neutrophil transepithelial migration in vitro. Moreover, the presence of AAT during Shigella infection stimulated neutrophil migration and dramatically enhanced the number of bacteria invading the intestinal epithelium in a SepA-dependent manner. We conclude that by cleaving AAT, SepA releases a chemoattractant that promotes neutrophil migration, which in turn disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier to enable Shigella invasion. IMPORTANCE Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal death globally. In this study, we identified the host protein targets of SepA, Shigella's major protein secreted in culture. We demonstrated that by cleaving AAT, a serine protease inhibitor important to protect surrounding tissue at inflammatory sites, SepA releases a neutrophil chemoattractant that enhances Shigella invasion. Moreover, SepA degraded AAT without becoming inhibited by the cleaved product, and SepA catalytic activity was enhanced at higher concentrations of AAT. Activation of SepA by an excess of AAT may be physiologically relevant at the early stages of Shigella infection, when the amount of synthesized SepA is very low compared to the concentration of AAT in the intestinal lumen. This observation may also help to explain the adeptness of Shigella infectivity at low dose, despite the requirement of reaching the basolateral side to invade and colonize the colonic epithelium.
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Nie JJ, Pian YY, Hu JH, Fan GQ, Zeng LT, Ouyang QG, Gao ZX, Liu Z, Wang CC, Liu Q, Cai JP. Increased systemic RNA oxidative damage and diagnostic value of RNA oxidative metabolites during Shigella flexneri-induced intestinal infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6248-6261. [PMID: 34712030 PMCID: PMC8515791 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i37.6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is a major pathogen causing acute intestinal infection, but the systematic oxidative damage incurred during the course of infection has not been investigated.
AIM To investigate the incurred systemic RNA oxidative damage and the diagnostic value of RNA oxidative metabolites during S. flexneri-induced intestinal infection.
METHODS In this study, a Sprague-Dawley rat model of acute intestinal infection was established by oral gavage with S. flexneri strains. The changes in white blood cells (WBCs) and cytokine levels in blood and the inflammatory response in the colon were investigated. We also detected the RNA and DNA oxidation in urine and tissues.
RESULTS S. flexneri infection induced an increase in WBCs, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in blood. Of note, a significant increase in urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxo-Gsn), an important marker of total RNA oxidation, was detected after intestinal infection (P = 0.03). The urinary 8-oxo-Gsn level returned to the baseline level after recovery from infection. In addition, the results of a correlation analysis showed that urinary 8-oxo-Gsn was positively correlated with the WBC count and the cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-17α. Further detection of the oxidation in different tissues showed that S. flexneri infection induced RNA oxidative damage in the colon, ileum, liver, spleen, and brain.
CONCLUSION Acute infection induced by S. flexneri causes increased RNA oxidative damage in various tissues (liver, spleen, and brain) and an increase of 8-oxo-Gsn, a urinary metabolite. Urinary 8-oxo-Gsn may be useful as a biomarker for evaluating the severity and prognosis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Nie
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ya-Ya Pian
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ji-Hong Hu
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guo-Qing Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lv-Tao Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiu-Geng Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen-Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Sarker P, Mily A, Ara A, Haque F, Maier N, Wierzba TF, Walker RI, Venkatesan MM, Raqib R. Functional antibodies and innate immune responses to WRSS1, a live oral Shigella sonnei vaccine candidate in Bangladeshi adults and children. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S829-S839. [PMID: 34374425 PMCID: PMC8687094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We demonstrated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial that WRSS1, a live oral Shigella sonnei vaccine candidate, is safe in Bangladeshi adults and children, and elicits antigen-specific antibodies. Here, we describe functional antibody and innate immune responses to WRSS1. Methods Adults (18–39 years) and children (5–9 years) received 3 doses of 3 × 105 or 3 × 106 colony forming units (CFU) of WRSS1 or placebo, 4 weeks apart; children additionally received 3 × 104 CFU. Blood and stool were collected at baseline and 7 days after each dose. Functional antibodies were measured using serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay. Cytokine/chemokine concentrations were measured in lymphocyte cultures. Host defense peptides LL-37, HBD-1, and HD-5 were analyzed in plasma and stool. Results Children showed increased SBA titers over baseline after the third dose of 3 × 106 CFU (P = .048). Significant increases of Th-17 and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, G-CSF, MIP-1β), and reduction of anti-inflammatory and Th2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, GM-CSF) were observed in children. Plasma HBD-1 and LL-37 decreased in children after vaccination but were increased/unchanged in adults. Conclusions Functional antibodies and Th1/Th17 cytokine responses in children may serve as important indicators of immunogenicity and protective potential of WRSS1. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01813071.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protim Sarker
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Anjuman Ara
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nicole Maier
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Thomas F Wierzba
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Richard I Walker
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Malabi M Venkatesan
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Maryland, USA
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Intranasal Immunization of Mice with Multiepitope Chimeric Vaccine Candidate Based on Conserved Autotransporters SigA, Pic and Sap, Confers Protection against Shigella flexneri. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040563. [PMID: 33019492 PMCID: PMC7712744 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease and the World Health Organization prompts the development of a vaccine against Shigella flexneri. The autotransporters SigA, Pic and Sap are conserved among Shigella spp. We previously designed an in silico vaccine with immunodominat epitopes from those autotransporters, and the GroEL protein of S. typhi as an adjuvant. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the chimeric multiepitope protein, named rMESF, in mice against lethal infection with S. flexneri. rMESF was administered to mice alone through the intranasal (i.n.) route or accompanied with Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) intradermically (i.d.), subcutaneously (s.c.), and intramuscular (i.m.), as well as with Imject alum (i.m.). All immunized mice increased IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgA and fecal IgA titers compared to PBS+CFA and PBS+alum control groups. Furthermore, i.n. immunization of mice with rMESF alone presented the highest titers of serum and fecal IgA. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-17) and lymphocyte proliferation increased in all experimental groups, with the highest lymphoproliferative response in i.n. mice immunized with rMESF alone, which presented 100% protection against S. flexneri. In summary, this vaccine vests protective immunity and highlights the importance of mucosal immunity activation for the elimination of S. flexneri.
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Afroze F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Sarmin M, Shaly NJ, Khan SH, Shahid ASMSB, Shahrin L, Saha H, Alam T, Faruque ASG, Shahunja KM, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T. Pathogen-specific risk of seizure in children with moderate-to-severe diarrhoea: Case control study with follow-up. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1032-1042. [PMID: 32428974 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pathogen-specific risk of seizure in under-five children hospitalised with moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (MSD) in rural settings. METHOD This was a prospective case-control study with follow-up, conducted in a sentinel facility of Global Enteric Multicenter Study in Mirzapur, a rural community of Bangladesh between 2007 and 2010. Children aged 0-59 months who presented with MSD and seizure constituted the cases whereas those who did not have seizure comprised the controls. MSD was defined if the episodes were associated with dehydration or dysentery or required hospitalisation with diarrhoea or dysentery. All enrolled children were followed up at home within 50-90 days of enrolment. A total of 64 cases and 128 randomly selected controls formed the analysable dataset. RESULTS The result of logistic regression analysis after adjusting for potential confounders revealed that shigellosis (Shigella species, OR = 5.34, 95% CI = 2.37-12.04) particularly S. flexneri (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.48-7.57), S. flexneri 6 (OR = 23.24, 95% CI = 2.79-193.85), S. sonnei (OR = 6.90, 95% CI = 2.34-19.85); norovirus (OR = 6.77, 95% CI = 1.69-27.11), fever (OR = 16.75, 95% CI = 1.81-154.70) and loss of consciousness (OR = 35.25, 95% CI = 1.71-726.20) were the independent risk factors for seizure in MSD children. At enrolment, cases had lower WHZ (P = 0.006) compared to their peers, follow-up anthropometrics showed significant improvement in WHZ (P < 0.001) and WAZ (P < 0.05), whereas deterioration in HAZ (P < 0.001) in both cases and controls. CONCLUSION Childhood MSD episodes particularly due to Shigella and norovirus are often associated with seizure. Prompt identification and appropriate management of children with shigellosis may reduce occurrence and adverse consequences of seizure linked with MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Afroze
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Kumar Das
- Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Lubaba Shahrin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Haimanti Saha
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Alam
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Kuehl CJ, D'Gama JD, Warr AR, Waldor MK. An Oral Inoculation Infant Rabbit Model for Shigella Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e03105-19. [PMID: 31964739 PMCID: PMC6974573 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03105-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella species cause diarrheal disease globally. Shigellosis is typically characterized by bloody stools and colitis with mucosal damage and is the leading bacterial cause of diarrheal death worldwide. After the pathogen is orally ingested, it invades and replicates within the colonic epithelium through mechanisms that rely on its type III secretion system (T3SS). Currently, oral infection-based small animal models to study the pathogenesis of shigellosis are lacking. Here, we found that orogastric inoculation of infant rabbits with Shigella flexneri resulted in diarrhea and colonic pathology resembling that found in human shigellosis. Fasting animals prior to S. flexneri inoculation increased the frequency of disease. The pathogen colonized the colon, where both luminal and intraepithelial foci were observed. The intraepithelial foci likely arise through S. flexneri spreading from cell to cell. Robust S. flexneri intestinal colonization, invasion of the colonic epithelium, and epithelial sloughing all required the T3SS as well as IcsA, a factor required for bacterial spreading and adhesion in vitro Expression of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), detected with in situ mRNA labeling, was higher in animals infected with wild-type S. flexneri versus mutant strains deficient in icsA or T3SS, suggesting that epithelial invasion promotes expression of this chemokine. Collectively, our findings suggest that oral infection of infant rabbits offers a useful experimental model for studies of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and for testing of new therapeutics.IMPORTANCEShigella species are the leading bacterial cause of diarrheal death globally. The pathogen causes bacillary dysentery, a bloody diarrheal disease characterized by damage to the colonic mucosa and is usually spread through the fecal-oral route. Small animal models of shigellosis that rely on the oral route of infection are lacking. Here, we found that orogastric inoculation of infant rabbits with S. flexneri led to a diarrheal disease and colonic pathology reminiscent of human shigellosis. Diarrhea, intestinal colonization, and pathology in this model were dependent on the S. flexneri type III secretion system and IcsA, canonical Shigella virulence factors. Thus, oral infection of infant rabbits offers a feasible model to study the pathogenesis of shigellosis and to develop and test new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J Kuehl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan D D'Gama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alyson R Warr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Metagenomic analysis of the effects of toll-like receptors on bacterial infection in the peritoneal cavity following cecum ligation and puncture in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220398. [PMID: 31348811 PMCID: PMC6660085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish the composition of bacteria in mice following cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) through metagenomic analysis and investigate the role of TLRs on the composition of bacteria. Methods Total DNA extraction was done from the ascites, blood, and fecal samples from C57BL/6 mice sacrificed at 0, 4, 8, and 16 h, as well as from Tlr2–/–, Tlr4–/–, Tlr5–/–, and NF-κB–/–mice sacrificed at 16 h following CLP. Amplification of the V3–V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR and the Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for deep sequencing. Hierarchical clustering of the isolates was performed with Ward’s method using Euclidean distances. The relative abundance according to operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number or taxa was used to compare the richness among subgroups in the experiments. Results There were 18 taxa that had significantly different abundances among the different samples of the C57BL/6 mice at 16 h following CLP. Various dynamic changes in the infectious bacteria inside the peritoneal cavity after CLP were found. While knockout of Tlr5 and NF-κB impaired the ability of bacterial clearance inside the peritoneal cavity for some kinds of bacteria found in the C57BL/6 mice, the knockout of Tlr4 enhanced clearance for other kinds of bacteria, and they presented excessive abundance in the peritoneal cavity despite their scarce abundance in the stool. Conclusion NF-κB and TLRs are involved in bacterial clearance and in the expression pattern of the bacterial abundance inside the peritoneal cavity during polymicrobial infection.
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12
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Liu G, Pilla G, Tang CM. Shigella host: Pathogen interactions: Keeping bacteria in the loop. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13062. [PMID: 31134722 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are Gram-negative enteric pathogens and the leading cause of bacterial dysentery worldwide. Since the discovery more than three decades ago that the large virulence plasmid of Shigella is essential for pathogenesis, our understanding of how the bacterium orchestrates inflammation and tissue destruction at the mucosal surface has been informed by studies employing the rabbit ileal loop model. Here, we outline how Phillippe Sansonetti, together with his co-workers and collaborators, exploited this model to provide a holistic view of how Shigella survives in the intestinal tract, traverses the intestinal epithelial barrier, and manipulates the host immune system to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulia Pilla
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph M Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Mani S, Toapanta FR, McArthur MA, Qadri F, Svennerholm AM, Devriendt B, Phalipon A, Cohen D, Sztein MB. Role of antigen specific T and B cells in systemic and mucosal immune responses in ETEC and Shigella infections, and their potential to serve as correlates of protection in vaccine development. Vaccine 2019; 37:4787-4793. [PMID: 31230883 PMCID: PMC7413037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The generation of robust systemic and mucosal antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses that are protective, long-lasting, and can quickly be recalled upon subsequent re-exposure to the cognate antigen is the key to the development of effective vaccine candidates. These responses, whether they represent mechanistic or non-mechanistic immunological correlates of protection, usually entail the activation of T cell memory and effector subsets (T-CMI) and induction of long-lasting memory B cells. However, for ETEC and Shigella, the precise role of these key immune cells in primary and secondary (anamnestic) immune responses remains ill-defined. A workshop to address immune correlates for ETEC and Shigella, in general, and to elucidate the mechanistic role of T-cell subsets and B-cells, both systemically and in the mucosal microenvironment, in the development of durable protective immunity against ETEC and Shigella was held at the recent 2nd Vaccines against Shigella and ETEC (VASE) conference in June 2018. This report is a summary of the presentations and the discussion that ensued at the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Brunner K, Samassa F, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. Shigella-mediated immunosuppression in the human gut: subversion extends from innate to adaptive immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1317-1325. [PMID: 30964713 PMCID: PMC6663138 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1594132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteropathogen, Shigella, is highly virulent and remarkably adjusted to the intestinal environment of its almost exclusive human host. Key for Shigella pathogenicity is the injection of virulence effectors into the host cell via its type three secretion system (T3SS), initiating disease onset and progression by the vast diversity of the secreted T3SS effectors and their respective cellular targets. The multifaceted modulation of host signaling pathways exerted by Shigella T3SS effectors, which include the subversion of host innate immune defenses and the promotion of intracellular bacterial survival and dissemination, have been extensively reviewed in the recent past. This review focuses on the human species specificity of Shigella by discussing some possible evasion mechanisms towards the human, but not non-human or rodent gut innate defense barrier, leading to the lack of a relevant animal infection model. In addition, subversion mechanisms of the adaptive immune response are highlighted summarizing research advances of the recent years. In particular, the new paradigm of Shigella pathogenicity constituted of invasion-independent T3SS effector-mediated targeting of activated, human lymphocytes is discussed. Along with consequences on vaccine development, these findings offer new directions for future research endeavors towards a better understanding of immunity to Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brunner
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Fatoumata Samassa
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
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15
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Mukherjee R, Dutta D, Patra M, Chatterjee B, Basu T. Nanonized tetracycline cures deadly diarrheal disease 'shigellosis' in mice, caused by multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri 2a bacterial infection. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 18:402-413. [PMID: 30448527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier about nano-formulation of tetracycline through its entrapment within calcium-phosphate nano-particle (CPNP) and about killing of pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexnari 2a, resistant to tetracycline (and 9 other antibiotics), by the nanonized antibiotic (Tet-CPNP). Here, we report on therapeutic role of Tet-CPNP against deadly diarrheal disease 'shigellosis' in mice, caused by Shigella infection. Our findings revealed that occurrence of mushy-stool excretion, colon-length shortening, weight-loss and bacterial colonization in gastrointestinal tract of mice due to shigellosis was significantly reduced by Tet-CPNP treatment. Histo- and immuno-logical studies showed that changes in morphology and level of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in intestinal tissue of Shigella-infected mice were reverted to almost normal features by Tet-CPNP treatment. Bulk tetracycline had no anti-shigellosis action. Thus, nanonization of tetracycline rejuvenated the old, cheap, broad-spectrum antibiotic from obsolescence (due to resistance generation), making it highly beneficial for diarrhea-prone developing countries with limited health-care budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarakdas Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
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16
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Toapanta FR, Bernal PJ, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Sztein MB. T cell mediated immunity induced by the live-attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate CVD 1208S in humans. J Transl Med 2018. [PMID: 29534721 PMCID: PMC5851169 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigellosis persists as a public health problem worldwide causing ~ 165,000 deaths every year, of which ~ 55,000 are in children less than 5 years of age. No vaccine against shigellosis is currently licensed. The live-attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate CVD 1208S (S. flexneri 2a; ΔguaBA, Δset, Δsen) demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Earlier reports focused on humoral immunity. However, Shigella is an intracellular pathogen and therefore, T cell mediated immunity (T-CMI) is also expected to play an important role. T-CMI responses after CVD 1208S immunization are the focus of the current study. Methods Consenting volunteers were immunized orally (3 doses, 108 CFU/dose, 28 days apart) with CVD 1208S. T-CMI to IpaB was assessed using autologous EBV-transformed B-Lymphocytic cell lines as stimulator cells. T-CMI was assessed by the production of 4 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17A and TNF-α) and/or expression of the degranulation marker CD107a in 14 volunteers (11 vaccine and 3 placebo recipients). Results Following the first immunization, T-CMI was detected in CD8 and CD4 T cells obtained from CVD 1208S recipients. Among CD8 T cells, the T effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) subsets were the main cytokine/CD107a producers/expressors. Multifunctional (MF) cells were also detected in CD8 TEM cells. Cells with 2 and 3 functions were the most abundant. Interestingly, TNF-α appeared to be dominant in CD8 TEM MF cells. In CD4 T cells, TEM responses predominated. Following subsequent immunizations, no booster effect was detected. However, production of cytokines/expression of CD107a was detected in individuals who had previously not responded. After three doses, production of at least one cytokine/CD107a was detected in 8 vaccinees (73%) in CD8 TEM cells and in 10 vaccinees (90%) in CD4 TEM cells. Conclusions CVD 1208S induces diverse T-CMI responses, which likely complement the humoral responses in protection from disease. Trial registration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT01531530) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1439-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R Toapanta
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Paula J Bernal
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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17
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In silico analysis to identify vaccine candidates common to multiple serotypes of Shigella and evaluation of their immunogenicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180505. [PMID: 28767653 PMCID: PMC5540609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery is an important cause of diarrhea, with the majority of the cases occurring in developing countries. Considering the high disease burden, increasing antibiotic resistance, serotype-specific immunity and the post-infectious sequelae associated with shigellosis, there is a pressing need of an effective vaccine against multiple serotypes of the pathogen. In the present study, we used bio-informatics approach to identify antigens shared among multiple serotypes of Shigella spp. This approach led to the identification of many immunogenic peptides. The five most promising peptides based on MHC binding efficiency were a putative lipoprotein (EL PGI I), a putative heat shock protein (EL PGI II), Spa32 (EL PGI III), IcsB (EL PGI IV) and a hypothetical protein (EL PGI V). These peptides were synthesized and the immunogenicity was evaluated in BALB/c mice by ELISA and cytokine assays. The putative heat shock protein (HSP) and the hypothetical protein elicited good humoral response, whereas putative lipoprotein, Spa32 and IcsB elicited good T-cell response as revealed by increased IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine levels. The patient sera from confirmed cases of shigellosis were also evaluated for the presence of peptide specific antibodies with significant IgG and IgA antibodies against the HSP and the hypothetical protein, bestowing them as potential future vaccine candidates. The antigens reported in this study are novel and have not been tested as vaccine candidates against Shigella. This study offers time and cost-effective way of identifying unprecedented immunogenic antigens to be used as potential vaccine candidates. Moreover, this approach should easily be extendable to find new potential vaccine candidates for other pathogenic bacteria.
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18
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Mitobe J, Sinha R, Mitra S, Nag D, Saito N, Shimuta K, Koizumi N, Koley H. An attenuated Shigella mutant lacking the RNA-binding protein Hfq provides cross-protection against Shigella strains of broad serotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005728. [PMID: 28727722 PMCID: PMC5544247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few live attenuated vaccines protect against multiple serotypes of bacterial pathogen because host serotype-specific immune responses are limited to the serotype present in the vaccine strain. Here, immunization with a mutant of Shigella flexneri 2a protected guinea pigs against subsequent infection by S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. sonnei strains. This deletion mutant lacked the RNA-binding protein Hfq leading to increased expression of the type III secretion system via loss of regulation, resulting in attenuation of cell viability through repression of stress response sigma factors. Such increased antigen production and simultaneous attenuation were expected to elicit protective immunity against Shigella strains of heterologous serotypes. Thus, the vaccine potential of this mutant was tested in two guinea pig models of shigellosis. Animals vaccinated in the left eye showed fewer symptoms upon subsequent challenge via the right eye, and even survived subsequent intestinal challenge. In addition, oral vaccination effectively induced production of immunoglobulins without severe side effects, again protecting all animals against subsequent intestinal challenge with S. dysenteriae type 1 or S. sonnei strains. Antibodies against common virulence proteins and the O-antigen of S. flexneri 2a were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Reaction of antibodies with various strains, including enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, suggested that common virulence proteins induced protective immunity against a range of serotypes. Therefore, vaccination is expected to cover not only the most prevalent serotypes of S. sonnei and S. flexneri 2a, but also various Shigella strains, including S. dysenteriae type 1, which produces Shiga toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Mitobe
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ritam Sinha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Mitra
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Noriko Saito
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Shimuta
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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19
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The Orchestra and Its Maestro: Shigella's Fine-Tuning of the Inflammasome Platforms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 397:91-115. [PMID: 27460806 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agents of bacillary dysentery, leading to extensive mortality and morbidity worldwide. These facultative intracellular bacteria invade the epithelium of the colon and the rectum, inducing a severe inflammatory response from which the symptoms of the disease originate. Shigella are human pathogens able to manipulate and subvert the innate immune system surveillance. Shigella dampens inflammasome activation in epithelial cells. In infected macrophages, inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 release lead to massive neutrophil recruitment and greatly contribute to inflammation. Here, we describe how Shigella hijacks and finely tunes inflammasome activation in the different cell populations involved in pathogenesis: epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, DCs, and B and T lymphocytes. Shigella emerges as a "sly" pathogen that switches on/off the inflammasome mechanisms in order to optimize the interaction with the host and establish a successful infection.
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20
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Islam D, Lombardini E, Ruamsap N, Imerbsin R, Khantapura P, Teo I, Neesanant P, Gonwong S, Yongvanitchit K, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ, Shaunak S. Controlling the cytokine storm in severe bacterial diarrhoea with an oral Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist. Immunology 2015; 147:178-89. [PMID: 26496144 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella dysenteriae causes the most severe of all infectious diarrhoeas and colitis. We infected rhesus macaques orally and also treated them orally with a small and non-absorbable polypropyletherimine dendrimer glucosamine that is a Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) antagonist. Antibiotics were not given for this life-threatening infection. Six days later, the clinical score for diarrhoea, mucus and blood was 54% lower, colon interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 were both 77% lower, and colon neutrophil infiltration was 75% less. Strikingly, vasculitis did not occur and tissue fibrin thrombi were reduced by 67%. There was no clinical toxicity or adverse effect of dendrimer glucosamine on systemic immunity. This is the first report in non-human primates of the therapeutic efficacy of a small and orally bioavailable TLR antagonist in severe infection. Our results show that an oral TLR4 antagonist can enable controlled resolution of the infection-related-inflammatory response and can also prevent neutrophil-mediated gut wall necrosis in severe infectious diarrhoeas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Islam
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eric Lombardini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Imerbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchariya Khantapura
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ian Teo
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Immunity, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Pimmnapar Neesanant
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Gonwong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kosol Yongvanitchit
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunil Shaunak
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Immunity, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Pathology, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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21
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Stoycheva M, Murdjeva M. Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-1RA Serum and Stool Levels in the Course of Salmonellosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2003.10819205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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22
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Islam D, Ruamsap N, Aksomboon A, Khantapura P, Srijan A, Mason CJ. Immune responses to Campylobacter (C. jejuni or C. coli) infections: a two-year study of US forces deployed to Thailand. APMIS 2014; 122:1102-13. [PMID: 24730456 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is a leading cause of diarrheal disease among US troops deployed to Thailand for exercise. We investigated the importance of immunological analysis and immune responses against Campylobacter infection in US troops deployed to Thailand. Blood and fecal samples were collected from volunteered soldiers with diarrhea and from healthy controls. Stool culture was performed to identify the pathogens. Campylobacter-specific antibodies, antibody secreting cells and cytokines were measured. Several bacterial protein fragments in the outer membrane extract of Campylobacter spp., were identified by an immunoblot analysis with plasma and fecal antibodies. Among all of the diarrheal cases, 35% were Campylobacter-positive. Based on antibody titers in plasma and in fecal extract and antibody secreting cells: 6% of healthy controls, 32% of the Campylobacter culture-negative diarrheal cases, and 85% of the Campylobacter culture-positive diarrheal cases were positive for Campylobacter. Our results indicate that the measurement of Campylobacter-specific antibodies in plasma and fecal extract samples is a good marker of exposure to Campylobacter, and this test may be a useful diagnostic tool for seroepidemiological studies. Elicited antibodies against several bacterial outer membrane protein fragments suggest that these protein fragments are vital in providing protective immunity against Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Islam
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
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Giogha C, Lung TWF, Pearson JS, Hartland EL. Inhibition of death receptor signaling by bacterial gut pathogens. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Camacho A, Irache J, de Souza J, Sánchez-Gómez S, Gamazo C. Nanoparticle-based vaccine for mucosal protection against Shigella flexneri in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:3288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Renewed awareness of the substantial morbidity and mortality that Shigella infection causes among young children in developing countries, combined with technological innovations in vaccinology, has led to the development of novel vaccine strategies in the past 5 years. Along with advancement of classic vaccines in clinical trials and new sophisticated measurements of immunological responses, much new data has been produced, lending promise to the potential for production of safe and effective Shigella vaccines. Herein, we review the latest progress in Shigella vaccine development within the framework of persistent obstacles.
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Namachivayam K, Blanco CL, MohanKumar K, Jagadeeswaran R, Vasquez M, McGill-Vargas L, Garzon SA, Jain SK, Gill RK, Freitag NE, Weitkamp JH, Seidner SR, Maheshwari A. Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-β2 in intestinal epithelial cells in baboon necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G167-80. [PMID: 23154975 PMCID: PMC3543645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00141.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants may be at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) due to deficiency of transforming growth factor-β 2 (TGF-β(2)) in the developing intestine. We hypothesized that low epithelial TGF-β(2) expression in preterm intestine and during NEC results from diminished autocrine induction of TGF-β(2) in these cells. Premature baboons delivered at 67% gestation were treated per current norms for human preterm infants. NEC was diagnosed by clinical and radiological findings. Inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β(2), Smad7, Ski, and strawberry notch N (SnoN)/Ski-like oncoprotein (SKIL) was measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Smad7 effects were examined in transfected IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Findings were validated in archived human tissue samples of NEC. NEC was recorded in seven premature baboons. Consistent with existing human data, premature baboon intestine expressed less TGF-β(2) than term intestine. TGF-β(2) expression was regulated in epithelial cells in an autocrine fashion, which was interrupted in the premature intestine and during NEC due to increased expression of Smad7. LPS increased Smad7 binding to the TGF-β(2) promoter and was associated with dimethylation of the lysine H3K9, a marker of transcriptional silencing, on the nucleosome of TGF-β(2). Increased Smad7 expression in preterm intestine was correlated with the deficiency of SnoN/SKIL, a repressor of the Smad7 promoter. Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-β(2) in intestinal epithelial cells in the normal premature intestine and during NEC. Increased Smad7 expression in the developing intestine may be due to a developmental deficiency of the SnoN/SKIL oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopperuncholan Namachivayam
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Cynthia L. Blanco
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Krishnan MohanKumar
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Ramasamy Jagadeeswaran
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Margarita Vasquez
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Lisa McGill-Vargas
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Steven A. Garzon
- 2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,4Pathology,
| | - Sunil K. Jain
- 5Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,6Medicine (Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition),
| | | | - Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- 8Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Steven R. Seidner
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,9Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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Teo I, Toms SM, Marteyn B, Barata TS, Simpson P, Johnston KA, Schnupf P, Puhar A, Bell T, Tang C, Zloh M, Matthews S, Rendle PM, Sansonetti PJ, Shaunak S. Preventing acute gut wall damage in infectious diarrhoeas with glycosylated dendrimers. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:866-81. [PMID: 22887873 PMCID: PMC3491821 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal pathogens use the host's excessive inflammatory cytokine response, designed to eliminate dangerous bacteria, to disrupt epithelial gut wall integrity and promote their tissue invasion. We sought to develop a non-antibiotic-based approach to prevent this injury. Molecular docking studies suggested that glycosylated dendrimers block the TLR4-MD-2-LPS complex, and a 13.6 kDa polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer glucosamine (DG) reduced the induction of human monocyte interleukin (IL)-6 by Gram-negative bacteria. In a rabbit model of shigellosis, PAMAM-DG prevented epithelial gut wall damage and intestinal villous destruction, reduced local IL-6 and IL-8 expression, and minimized bacterial invasion. Computational modelling studies identified a 3.3 kDa polypropyletherimine (PETIM)-DG as the smallest likely bioactive molecule. In human monocytes, high purity PETIM-DG potently inhibited Shigella Lipid A-induced IL-6 expression. In rabbits, PETIM-DG prevented Shigella-induced epithelial gut wall damage, reduced local IL-6 and IL-8 expression, and minimized bacterial invasion. There was no change in β-defensin, IL-10, interferon-β, transforming growth factor-β, CD3 or FoxP3 expression. Small and orally delivered DG could be useful for preventing gut wall tissue damage in a wide spectrum of infectious diarrhoeal diseases. –>See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201201668
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Teo
- Departments of Medicine, Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
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Schnupf P, Sansonetti PJ. Quantitative RT-PCR profiling of the rabbit immune response: assessment of acute Shigella flexneri infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36446. [PMID: 22675469 PMCID: PMC3366964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis is an important tool to monitor changes in gene expression in animal models. The rabbit is a widely accepted and commonly used animal model in the study of human diseases and infections by viral, fungal, bacterial and protozoan pathogens. Only a limited number of rabbit genes have, however, been analyzed by this method as the rabbit genome sequence remains unfinished. Recently, increasing coverage of the genome has permitted the prediction of a growing number of genes that are relevant in the context of the immune response. We hereby report the design of twenty-four quantitative PCR primer pairs covering common cytokines, chemoattractants, antimicrobials and enzymes for a rapid, sensitive and quantitative analysis of the rabbit immune response. Importantly, all primer pairs were designed to be used under identical experimental conditions, thereby enabling the simultaneous analysis of all genes in a high-throughput format. This tool was used to analyze the rabbit innate immune response to infection with the human gastrointestinal pathogen Shigella flexneri. Beyond the known inflammatory mediators, we identified IL-22, IL-17A and IL-17F as highly upregulated cytokines and as first responders to infection during the innate phase of the host immune response. This set of qPCR primers also provides a convenient tool for monitoring the rabbit immune response during infection with other pathogens and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schnupf
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Raqib R, Sarker P, Mily A, Alam NH, Arifuzzaman ASM, Rekha RS, Andersson J, Gudmundsson GH, Cravioto A, Agerberth B. Efficacy of sodium butyrate adjunct therapy in shigellosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:111. [PMID: 22574737 PMCID: PMC3447723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of shigellosis in rabbits with butyrate reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (CAP-18) in the large intestinal epithelia. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether butyrate can be used as an adjunct to antibiotics in the treatment of shigellosis in patients. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group designed clinical trial was conducted. Eighty adult patients with shigellosis were randomized to either the Intervention group (butyrate, n = 40) or the Placebo group (normal saline, n = 40). The Intervention group was given an enema containing sodium butyrate (80 mM), twice daily for 3 days, while the Placebo group received the same dose of normal saline. The primary endpoint of the trial was to assess the efficacy of butyrate in improving clinical, endoscopic and histological features of shigellosis. The secondary endpoint was to study the effect of butyrate on the induction of antimicrobial peptides in the rectum. Clinical outcomes were assessed and concentrations of antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, human beta defensin1 [HBD-1] and human beta defensin 3 [HBD-3]) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and interleukin-8 [IL-8]) were measured in the stool. Sigmoidoscopic and histopathological analyses, and immunostaining of LL-37 in the rectal mucosa were performed in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Compared with placebo, butyrate therapy led to the early reduction of macrophages, pus cells, IL-8 and IL-1β in the stool and improvement in rectal histopathology. Butyrate treatment induced LL-37 expression in the rectal epithelia. Stool concentration of LL-37 remained significantly higher in the Intervention group on days 4 and 7. CONCLUSION Adjunct therapy with butyrate during shigellosis led to early reduction of inflammation and enhanced LL-37 expression in the rectal epithelia with prolonged release of LL-37 in the stool. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00800930.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Chen CC, Chang CJ, Lin TY, Lai MW, Chao HC, Kong MS. Usefulness of fecal lactoferrin in predicting and monitoring the clinical severity of infectious diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4218-24. [PMID: 22072854 PMCID: PMC3208367 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i37.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the value of fecal lactoferrin in predicting and monitoring the clinical severity of infectious diarrhea.
METHODS: Patients with acute infectious diarrhea ranging from 3 mo to 10 years in age were enrolled, and one to three stool samples from each subject were collected. Certain parameters, including white blood cells /differential count, C-reactive protein, fecal mucus, fecal pus cells, duration of fever, vomiting, diarrhea and severity (indicated by Clark and Vesikari scores), were recorded and analyzed. Fecal lactoferrin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared in different pathogen and disease activity. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were also used for analysis.
RESULTS: Data included 226 evaluations for 117 individuals across three different time points. Fecal lactoferrin was higher in patients with Salmonella (11.17 μg/g ± 2.73 μg/g) or Campylobacter (10.32 μg/g ± 2.94 μg/g) infections and lower in patients with rotavirus (2.82 μg/g ± 1.27 μg/g) or norovirus (3.16 μg/g ± 1.18 μg/g) infections. Concentrations of fecal lactoferrin were significantly elevated in patients with severe (11.32 μg/g ± 3.29 μg/g) or moderate (3.77 μg/g ± 2.08 μg/g) disease activity compared with subjects with mild (1.51 μg/g ± 1.36 μg/g) disease activity (P < 0.05). GEE analysis suggests that this marker could be used to monitor the severity and course of gastrointestinal infections and may provide information for disease management.
CONCLUSION: Fecal lactoferrin increased during bacterial infection and with greater disease severity and may be a good marker for predicting and monitoring intestinal inflammation in children with infectious diarrhea.
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Gupta P, Singh MK, Singh Y, Gautam V, Kumar S, Kumar O, Dhaked RK. Recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit elicits protection against Shiga toxin via mixed Th type immune response in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:8094-100. [PMID: 21856355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of the third commonest bacterial disease for childhood diarrhoea and responsible for millions of deaths per year. It produces potent toxin termed Shiga toxin which is listed in category B biological warfare agent of CDC, USA. Earlier we have reported production of recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit that produced antibodies which neutralized Shiga toxin toxicity in HeLa cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of rStxB protein in Balb/c mice using Freunds adjuvants. Animal protection with recombinant StxB was conferred through both humoral and cellular immune responses as indicated by an increased antibody titre with predominance of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes along with elevated levels of IgG1 subtype. Cytokine profile of the mice antiserum and splenocyte also indicates Th2 and Th1 type of immune responses where former dominates in early stage of immunization. Histopathology study of kidneys of vaccinated mice showed remarkable differences when compared to the animals infected with Shigella dysenteriae type1. The present study indicates that recombinant StxB is a promising vaccine candidate and can be used for production of therapeutic antibodies to counter Shiga intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gupta
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, MP, India
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Pore D, Mahata N, Pal A, Chakrabarti MK. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Shigella flexneri 2a, induces protective immune response in a mouse model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22663. [PMID: 21818362 PMCID: PMC3144247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In our earlier studies 34 kDa outer membrane protein (OMP) of Shigella flexneri 2a has been identified as an efficient immunostimulant. Key Results In the present study MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the purified 34 kDa OMP of Shigella flexneri 2a shows considerable sequence homology (Identity 65%) with the OmpA of S. flexneri 2a. By using the specific primers, the gene of interest has been amplified from S. flexneri 2a (N.Y-962/92) genomic DNA, cloned in pET100/D-TOPO® vector and expressed using induction with isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG) for the first time. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the recombinant OmpA has been evaluated in an intranasally immunized murine pulmonary model. The recombinant protein induces significantly enhanced protein specific IgG and IgA Abs in both mucosal and systemic compartments and IgA secreting cells in the systemic compartment (spleen). The mice immunized with OmpA have been protected completely from systemic challenge with a lethal dose of virulent S. flexneri 2a. Immunization with the protein causes mild polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration in the lung, without inducing the release of large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion These results suggest that the OmpA of S. flexneri 2a can be an efficacious mucosal immunogen inducing protective immune responses. Our findings also demonstrate that antibodies and Th1 immune response may be associated with the marked protective efficacy of immunized mice after intranasal shigellae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Pore
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nibedita Mahata
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Pal
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj K. Chakrabarti
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa following oral immunization and the cross-talk between mucosal and systemic immunity should expedite the development of vaccines to diminish the global burden caused by enteric pathogens. Identifying an immunological correlate of protection in the course of field trials of efficacy, animal models (when available), or human challenge studies is also invaluable. In industrialized country populations, live attenuated vaccines (e.g. polio, typhoid, and rotavirus) mimic natural infection and generate robust protective immune responses. In contrast, a major challenge is to understand and overcome the barriers responsible for the diminished immunogenicity and efficacy of the same enteric vaccines in underprivileged populations in developing countries. Success in developing vaccines against some enteric pathogens has heretofore been elusive (e.g. Shigella). Different types of oral vaccines can selectively or inclusively elicit mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and a variety of cell-mediated immune responses. Areas of research that require acceleration include interaction between the gut innate immune system and the stimulation of adaptive immunity, development of safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants, better understanding of homing to the mucosa of immunologically relevant cells, and elicitation of mucosal immunologic memory. This review dissects the immune responses elicited in humans by enteric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ahmed S, Khoda SME, Rekha RS, Gardner RM, Ameer SS, Moore S, Ekström EC, Vahter M, Raqib R. Arsenic-associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune disruption in human placenta and cord blood. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:258-64. [PMID: 20940111 PMCID: PMC3040615 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic (As) exposure during pregnancy induces oxidative stress and increases the risk of fetal loss and low birth weight. OBJECTIVES In this study we aimed to elucidate the effects of As exposure on immune markers in the placenta and cord blood, and the involvement of oxidative stress. METHODS Pregnant women were enrolled around gestational week (GW) 8 in our longitudinal, population-based, mother-child cohort in Matlab, an area in rural Bangladesh with large variations in As concentrations in well water. Women (n = 130) delivering at local clinics were included in the present study. We collected maternal urine twice during pregnancy (GW8 and GW30) for measurements of As, and placenta and cord blood at delivery for assessment of immune and inflammatory markers. Placental markers were measured by immunohistochemistry, and cord blood cytokines by multiplex cytokine assay. RESULTS In multivariable adjusted models, maternal urinary As (U-As) exposure both at GW8 and at GW30 was significantly positively associated with placental markers of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β); U-As at GW8, with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ); and U-As at GW30, with leptin; U-As at GW8 was inversely associated with CD3+ T cells in the placenta. Cord blood cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFNγ, TNFα) showed a U-shaped association with U-As at GW30. Placental 8-oxoG was significantly positively associated with placental proinflammatory cytokines. Multivariable adjusted analyses suggested that enhanced placental cytokine expression (TNFα and IFNγ) was primarily influenced by oxidative stress, whereas leptin expression appeared to be mostly mediated by As, and IL-1β appeared to be influenced by both oxidative stress and As. CONCLUSION As exposure during pregnancy appeared to enhance placental inflammatory responses (in part by increasing oxidative stress), reduce placental T cells, and alter cord blood cytokines. These findings suggest that effects of As on immune function may contribute to impaired fetal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renee M. Gardner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syeda Shegufta Ameer
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sophie Moore
- Medical Research Council International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Charlotte Ekström
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Address correspondence to R. Raqib, Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. Telephone: 880-2-8860523-32, Ext. 2404. Fax: 880-28823116/880-28812529. E-mail:
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Jeong KI, Zhang Q, Nunnari J, Tzipori S. A piglet model of acute gastroenteritis induced by Shigella dysenteriae Type 1. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:903-11. [PMID: 20136414 PMCID: PMC2826551 DOI: 10.1086/650995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a standardized laboratory animal model that mimics key aspects of human shigellosis remains a major obstacle to addressing questions about pathogenesis, screening therapeutics, and evaluation of vaccines. METHODS We characterized a piglet model for Shigella dysenteriae type 1. RESULTS Piglets developed acute diarrhea, anorexia, and dehydration, which could often be fatal, with symptom severity depending on age and dose. Bacteria were apparent in the lumen and on the surface epithelium throughout the gut initially, but severe mucosal damage and bacterial cellular invasion were most profound in the colon. Detached necrotic colonocytes were present in the lumen, with inflammatory cells outpouring from damaged mucosa. High levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-12 were followed by high levels of other proinflammatory cytokines. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 were detected in feces and in gut segments from infected animals. Bacteria were present inside epithelial cells and within colonic lamina propria. In contrast, an isogenic strain lacking Shiga toxin induced similar but milder symptoms, with moderate mucosal damage and lower cytokine levels. CONCLUSION We conclude that piglets are highly susceptible to shigellosis, providing a useful tool with which to compare vaccine candidates for immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and response to challenge; investigate the role of virulence factors; and test the efficacy of microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Kaminski RW, Oaks EV. Inactivated and subunit vaccines to prevent shigellosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1693-704. [PMID: 19943764 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a formidable disease globally, with children of the developing world bearing the greatest number of infections. The need for an affordable, safe and efficacious vaccine has persisted for decades. Vaccines to prevent shigellosis can be divided into living and nonliving approaches. Several nonliving Shigella vaccines are currently at different stages of development and show substantial promise. Outlined here is an overview of multiple nonliving vaccine technologies, highlighting their current status and recent advances in testing. In addition, gaps in the knowledge base regarding immune mechanisms of protection are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Kaminski
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Sellge G, Magalhaes JG, Konradt C, Fritz JH, Salgado-Pabon W, Eberl G, Bandeira A, Di Santo JP, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. Th17 cells are the dominant T cell subtype primed by Shigella flexneri mediating protective immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2076-85. [PMID: 20089698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell response to Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, remains poorly understood. Using a murine model of infection, we report that Shigella flexneri primes predominately IL-17A- and IL-22-producing Th17 cells. Shigella-specific Th1 cells are only significantly induced on secondary infection, whereas specific Th2 and CD8(+) T cells are undetectable. Apart from Th17 cells that are primed in a MHC class II- and IL-6-dependent, but IL12/23p40-independent manner, we identified gammadelta T cells as an additional but minor source of IL-17A. Priming of IL-17A(+) gammadelta T cells is dependent on IL12/23p40, but independent of MHC-class II and IL-6. Th17 cells have emerged as important players in inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. Among the yet unresolved questions is their role in long-term immunity to pathogens. In this study, we show that the elicited S. flexneri-specific Th17 pool gives rise to an enhanced recall response up to 12 mo after priming, suggesting the presence of a long-term memory state. The clearance of primary infection is impaired in the absence of T cells, but independently of IL-17A. However, after reinfection, IL-17A produced by S. flexneri-specific Th17 cells becomes important to ultimately restrict bacterial growth. These findings bring new insights into the adaptive immune response to Shigella infection and highlight the importance of pathogen-specific Th17 cell immunity for secondary immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Sellge
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Selective Deletion of CD8+ Cells Upregulated by Caspases-1 via IL-18 in Mice Immunized with Major Outer Membrane Protein of Shigella dysenteriae 1 Following Infection. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:408-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sarker P, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Alam NH, Wretlind B, Bishop AE, Mathan M, Agerberth B, Andersson J, Raqib R. Differential expression of enteric neuroimmune-network in invasive and acute watery diarrhoea. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:70-8, e29. [PMID: 19650770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the changes of nerve morphology and distribution of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the rectum of Shigella flexneri-infected patients and in the duodenum of Vibrio cholerae O1-infected patients. Nerve morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructural analysis of intestinal biopsy revealed persisting axons degeneration throughout the study period in all patients. Regeneration was already evident at the acute stage with marked increase at late convalescence. Both acute shigellosis and cholera were accompanied by increased expression of NGF and histamine and decreased expression of serotonin that was restored at convalescence. Immunoreactivity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was increased during acute cholera, whereas in shigellosis VIP- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves appeared at early convalescence. Both shigellosis and cholera induced long-lasting degeneration of enteric neuronal axons, despite the presence of ongoing proliferation and regeneration processes. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may play differential roles in invasive and watery diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Boullier S, Tanguy M, Kadaoui KA, Caubet C, Sansonetti P, Corthésy B, Phalipon A. Secretory IgA-mediated neutralization of Shigella flexneri prevents intestinal tissue destruction by down-regulating inflammatory circuits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5879-85. [PMID: 19828639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shigella, a Gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, causes the rupture, invasion, and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic mucosa. We explored the mechanisms of protection mediated by Shigella LPS-specific secretory IgA (SIgA), the major mucosal Ab induced upon natural infection. Bacteria, SIgA, or SIgA-S. flexneri immune complexes were administered into rabbit ligated intestinal loops containing a Peyer's patch. After 8 h, localizations of bacteria, SIgA, and SIgA-S. flexneri immune complexes were examined by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy imaging. We found that anti-Shigella LPS SIgA, mainly via immune exclusion, prevented Shigella-induced inflammation responsible for the destruction of the intestinal barrier. Besides this luminal trapping, a small proportion of SIgA-S. flexneri immune complexes were shown to enter the rabbit Peyer's patch and were internalized by dendritic cells of the subepithelial dome region. Local inflammatory status was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR using newly designed primers for rabbit pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator genes. In Peyer's patches exposed to immune complexes, limited up-regulation of the expression of proinflammatory genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6, Cox-2, and IFN-gamma, was observed, consistent with preserved morphology. In contrast, in Peyer's patches exposed to Shigella alone, high expression of the same mediators was measured, indicating that neutralizing SIgA dampens the proinflammatory properties of Shigella. These results show that in the form of immune complexes, SIgA guarantees both immune exclusion and neutralization of translocated bacteria, thus preserving the intestinal barrier integrity by preventing bacterial-induced inflammation. These findings add to the multiple facets of the noninflammatory properties of SIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Boullier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1225, Toulouse, France
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Sears CL, Islam S, Saha A, Arjumand M, Alam NH, Faruque ASG, Salam MA, Shin J, Hecht D, Weintraub A, Sack RB, Qadri F. Association of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis infection with inflammatory diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 47:797-803. [PMID: 18680416 DOI: 10.1086/591130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal illnesses remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with increasing recognition of long-term sequelae, including postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and growth faltering, as well as cognitive deficits in children. Identification of specific etiologic agents is often lacking. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) may contribute to the burden of colonic inflammatory diarrheal disease. The study goal was to investigate the pathogenesis of ETBF diarrheal illnesses. METHODS We performed an observational study of children and adults with acute diarrheal illnesses in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2004 through November 2005, to define the clinical presentation, intestinal inflammatory responses, and systemic and intestinal antibody responses to ETBF. Other enteric pathogens were also evaluated. RESULTS ETBF was identified to cause a clinical syndrome with marked abdominal pain and nonfebrile inflammatory diarrhea in both children (age, >1 year) and adults. Fecal leukocytes, lactoferrin, and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha)-as well as B. fragilis toxin systemic antitoxin responses-increased rapidly in ETBF-infected patients. Evidence of intestinal inflammation often persisted for at least 3 weeks, despite antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS ETBF infection is a newly recognized cause of inflammatory diarrhea in children and adults. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of ETBF in persistent colonic inflammation and other morbid sequelae of acute diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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Correlation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels with histopathological changes in an adult mouse lung model of Campylobacter jejuni infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1780-7. [PMID: 18827187 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00193-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrhea in humans. A mouse lung model of infection was previously established for C. jejuni. We used this model to study cytokine production in the lungs and correlated it with pathological changes. C. jejuni strain 81-176 or sterile phosphate-buffered saline was intranasally inoculated into adult BALB/c mice. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta], IL-2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), in addition to those of IL-6, were assessed on days 1, 3, and 5 postinfection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the ratios of proinflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory cytokines were calculated. Since IL-6 is unique in that it is both a proinflammatory cytokine and a TH2 cytokine, it was considered to be both in the determination of these ratios. The significance of the cytokine levels and ratios were determined by the Mann-Whitney U test (P<or=0.05). The induction of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs of infected mice, as indicated by the cytokine levels and ratios, coincided with the accumulation of neutrophils and activated macrophages, in addition to the clearance of the bacterial load and bacteriumlike structures that we have previously shown in the same groups of mice. This was followed by increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the resolution of inflammation and pathology in the lungs. This study demonstrates the dynamics of cytokine production and their correlation with tissue inflammation and the resolution of infection. This model is useful for further studies of the pathogenesis of C. jejuni infection and vaccine evaluation.
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Chamekh M, Phalipon A, Quertainmont R, Salmon I, Sansonetti P, Allaoui A. Delivery of biologically active anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1ra in vivo by the Shigella type III secretion apparatus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4292-8. [PMID: 18322242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria relies on a type III secretion (T3S) apparatus, which is used for delivery of bacterial effectors into the host cell cytoplasm allowing the bacteria to manipulate host cell cytoskeleton network as well as to interfere with intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the potential of the Shigella flexneri T3SA as an in vivo delivery system for biologically active molecules such as cytokines. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were genetically fused to the first 30 or 60 residues of the Shigella T3S effector IpaH9.8 or to the first 50 residues of the Yersinia enterocolitica effector YopE and the recombinant fusion proteins were expressed in S. flexneri. YopE(50)-IL-10, IpaH(60)-IL-10, and IpaH(60)-IL-1ra were efficiently secreted via the T3S apparatus of Shigella. Moreover, these recombinant proteins did not impair the invasive ability of the bacteria in vitro. In a murine model, Shigella strains expressing YopE(50)-IL-10, IpaH(60)-IL-10, and IpaH(60)-IL-1ra induced a lower mortality in mice that was associated with reduced inflammation and a restricted localization of bacteria within the lung tissues as compared with wild-type Shigella. Moreover, the level of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA were reduced in the lungs following infection by IL-10- and IL-1ra-secreting Shigella, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the Shigella T3S apparatus can deliver biologically active cytokines in vivo, thus opening new avenues for the use of attenuated bacteria to deliver proteins for immunomodulation or gene therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Chamekh
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pulimood AB, Ramakrishna BS, Rita AB, Srinivasan P, Mohan V, Gupta S, Perakath B, Kang G, Chandy G, Balasubramanian KA. Early activation of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages in acute Campylobacter colitis and cholera: An in vivo study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:752-8. [PMID: 18410609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Macrophages and dendritic cells are closely related mononuclear phagocytic cells. Little is known about their in vivo role in acute intestinal bacterial infections in humans. We undertook to evaluate these cells in rectal mucosal biopsies of patients with acute colitis. METHODS All mucosal mononuclear phagocytic cells in rectal biopsies of patients with acute Campylobacter colitis (n = 5), shigellosis (n = 5), and cholera (n = 10) were evaluated ultrastructurally and compared with those in controls (n = 5). RESULTS Mononuclear phagocytic cells in the superficial rectal mucosa showed a higher prevalence of ultrastructural features of activation in Campylobacter colitis and cholera than in controls. A lower prevalence of features of activation with increased monocytes was seen in shigellosis. Cells with the ultrastructural morphology of activated dendritic cells constituted 41% and 45% of all mononuclear phagocytic cells in two of five patients with Campylobacter colitis and 4-22% of cells in four of 10 patients with cholera. Their presence in patients with Campylobacter colitis was associated with significant surface epithelial damage and prominent acute inflammatory changes in the mucosa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first ultrastructural study to show activated macrophages and dendritic cells in vivo in acute Campylobacter colitis and cholera. Dendritic cell activation occurred early in the clinical course of these infections. Surface epithelial damage may play a role in the activation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Pulimood
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Barry EM, Pasetti MF, Sztein MB. Clinical trials of Shigella vaccines: two steps forward and one step back on a long, hard road. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:540-53. [PMID: 17558427 PMCID: PMC3771495 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 years of research has yielded numerous Shigella vaccine candidates that have exemplified both the promise of vaccine-induced prevention of shigellosis and the impediments to developing a safe and effective vaccine for widespread use, a goal that has yet to be attained. This Review discusses the most advanced strategies for Shigella vaccine development, the immune responses that are elicited following disease or vaccination, the factors that have accelerated or impeded Shigella vaccine development and our ideas for the way forward.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Child, Preschool
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/immunology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/prevention & control
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Infant
- Shigella/classification
- Shigella/immunology
- Shigella Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Shigella Vaccines/adverse effects
- Shigella Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Nilsson J, Kinloch-de-Loes S, Granath A, Sönnerborg A, Goh LE, Andersson J. Early immune activation in gut-associated and peripheral lymphoid tissue during acute HIV infection. AIDS 2007; 21:565-74. [PMID: 17314518 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3280117204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study innate and adaptive immune responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) as well as peripheral lymphoid tissue (pLT) obtained from individuals with acute HIV-1 infection syndrome. DESIGN The expression of chemokines [regulated upon activation: normal T cell expressed/secreted (RANTES), macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha/beta], cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-gamma) and cytotoxic effector molecules (granzyme A, perforin) and cell marker (CD8) were analysed at the single cell level in GALT and pLT of patients experiencing acute HIV-1 infection (day -3 to 48 days from onset of acute symptoms). RESULTS Substantial pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12) and expansion in the CD8 T-cell population were noted in both compartments compared with uninfected controls. This was associated with an early increased expression of beta-chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1alpha/beta) and granzyme, but not with an increase in the expression of perforin. The upregulation of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-4 was noted in both pLT and GALT, whereas IL-10 expression was mainly increased in GALT. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings demonstrate that there was a broad and early immune activation in GALT and pLT during acute HIV-1 infection. The relative lack of perforin expression in both GALT and pLT, however, questions the functional efficacy of the observed immune activation in generating cytotoxic T cells that were able to eliminate HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nilsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Shim DH, Suzuki T, Chang SY, Park SM, Sansonetti PJ, Sasakawa C, Kweon MN. New Animal Model of Shigellosis in the Guinea Pig: Its Usefulness for Protective Efficacy Studies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2476-82. [PMID: 17277155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been difficult to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella spp. infection, because of the lack of suitable animal models. To develop a proper animal model representing human bacillary dysentery, guinea pigs were challenged with virulent Shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strains 2457T or YSH6000) or S. flexneri 5a (strain M90T) by the intrarectal (i.r.) route. Interestingly, all guinea pigs administered these Shigella strains developed severe and acute rectocolitis. They lost approximately 20% of their body weight and developed tenesmus by 24 h after Shigella infection. Shigella invasion and colonization of the distal colon were seen at 24 h but disappeared by 48 h following i.r. infection. Histopathological approaches demonstrated significant damage and destruction of mucosal and submucosal layers, thickened intestinal wall, edema, erosion, infiltration of neutrophils, and depletion of goblet cells in the distal colon. Furthermore, robust expression of IL-8, IL-1beta, and inducible NO synthase mRNA was detected in the colon from 6 to 24 h following Shigella infection. Most importantly, in our new shigellosis model, guinea pigs vaccinated with an attenuated S. flexneri 2a SC602 strain possessing high levels of mucosal IgA Abs showed milder symptoms of bacillary dysentery than did animals receiving PBS alone after Shigella infection. In the guinea pig, administration of Shigella by i.r. route induces acute inflammation, making this animal model useful for assessing the protective efficacy of Shigella vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hee Shim
- Mucosal Immunology Section, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Phalipon A, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella’
s ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival? Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:119-29. [PMID: 17213832 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb7100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Shigella, a Gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium, causes the rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. This complex and aggressive process accounts for the symptoms of bacillary dysentery. The so-called invasive phenotype of Shigella is linked to expression of a type III secretory system (TTSS) injecting effector proteins into the epithelial cell membrane and cytoplasm, thereby inducing local but massive changes in the cell cytoskeleton that lead to bacterial internalization into non-phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. The invasive phenotype also accounts for the potent pro-inflammatory capacity of the microorganism. Recent evidence indicates that a large part of the mucosal inflammation is initiated by intracellular sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan by cytosolic leucine-rich receptors of the NOD family, particularly NOD1, in epithelial cells. This causes activation of the nuclear factor kappa B and c-JunNH(2)-terminal-kinase pathways, with interleukin-8 appearing as a major chemokine mediating the inflammatory burst that is dominated by massive infiltration of the mucosa by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Not unexpectedly, this inflammatory response, which is likely to be very harmful for the invading microbe, is regulated by the bacterium itself. A group of proteins encoded by Shigella, which are injected into target cells by the TTSS, has been recently recognized as a family of potent regulators of the innate immune response. These enzymes target key cellular functions that are essential in triggering the inflammatory response, and more generally defense responses of the intestinal mucosa. This review focuses on the mechanisms employed by Shigella to manipulate the host innate response in order to escape early bacterial killing, thus ensuring establishment of its infectious process. The escape strategies, the possible direct effect of Shigella on B and T lymphocytes, their impact on the development of adaptive immunity, and how they may help explain the limited protection induced by natural infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U786, Institut Pasteur 25, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France.
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Bhutta ZA. Effect of infections and environmental factors on growth and nutritional status in developing countries. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43 Suppl 3:S13-21. [PMID: 17204974 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000255846.77034.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances and improvements in child health globally, malnutrition remains a major problem and underlies a significant proportion of child deaths. A large proportion of the hidden burden of malnutrition is represented by widespread single and multiple micronutrient deficiencies. A number of factors may influence micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, including poor body stores at birth, dietary deficiencies and high intake of inhibitors of absorption such as phytates and increased losses from the body. Although the effects of poor intake and increased micronutrient demands are well described, the potential effects of acute and chronic infections on the body's micronutrient status are less well appreciated. Even more obscure is the potential effect of immunostimulation and intercurrent infections on the micronutrient distribution and homeostasis. The association therefore of relatively higher rates of micronutrient deficiencies with infectious diseases may be reflective of both increased predisposition to infections in deficient populations as well as a direct effect of the infection itself on micronutrient status indicators. Recently the association of increased micronutrient losses such as those of zinc and copper with acute diarrhea has been recognized and a net negative balance of zinc has been shown in zinc metabolic studies in children with persistent diarrhea. It is also recognized that children with shigellosis can lose a significant amount of vitamin A in the urine, thus further aggravating preexisting subclinical vitamin A deficiency. Given the epidemiological association between micronutrient deficiencies and diarrhea, supplementation strategies in endemic areas are logical. The growing body of evidence on the key role of zinc supplementation in accelerating recovery from diarrheal illnesses in developing countries supports its use in public health strategies.
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Moon DO, Choi SR, Lee CM, Kim GY, Lee HJ, Park YM. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses galactose-alpha1,4-galactose-1beta,4-glucose ceramide expression in TNF-alpha stimulated human intestinal epithelial cells through inhibition of MAPKs and NF-kappaB. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:548-54. [PMID: 16100442 PMCID: PMC2782146 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have been known to produce galactose-alpha1,4-galactose-beta1,4-glucose ceramide (Gb3) that play an important role in the mucosal immune response. The regulation of Gb3 is important to prevent tissue damage causing shiga like toxin. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been studied as anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, and anti-viral activities, and anti-diabetic. However, little is known between the expressions of Gb3 on IECs. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effect of EGCG, a major ingredient of green tea, on Gb3 production via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the TNF-alpha stimulated human colon epithelial cells, HT29. To investigate how Gb3 is regulated, ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGT), lactosylceramide synthase (GalT2), and Gb3 synthase (GalT6) were analyzed by RT-PCR in HT 29 cells exposed to TNF-alpha in the presence or absence of EGCG. EGCG dose-dependently manner, inhibits TNF-alpha induced Gb3 expression by blocking in both the MAPKs and NF-kappaB pathways in HT29 cells. TNF-alpha enhanced CGT, GalT2 and GalT6 mRNA levels and EGCG suppressed the level of these enzymes enhanced by TNF-alpha treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medical Research Institute, and Laboratory of Dendritic Differentiation & Regulation, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Se-Rim Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medical Research Institute, and Laboratory of Dendritic Differentiation & Regulation, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medical Research Institute, and Laboratory of Dendritic Differentiation & Regulation, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- School of Applied Marine Science, College of Ocean Science, Cheju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medical Research Institute, and Laboratory of Dendritic Differentiation & Regulation, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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