1
|
Hefny ZA, Ji B, Elsemman IE, Nielsen J, Van Dijck P. Transcriptomic meta-analysis to identify potential antifungal targets in Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:66. [PMID: 38413885 PMCID: PMC10898158 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen causing human infections. Here we investigated differential gene expression patterns and functional enrichment in C. albicans strains grown under different conditions. METHODS A systematic GEO database search identified 239 "Candida albicans" datasets, of which 14 were selected after rigorous criteria application. Retrieval of raw sequencing data from the ENA database was accompanied by essential metadata extraction from dataset descriptions and original articles. Pre-processing via the tailored nf-core pipeline for C. albicans involved alignment, gene/transcript quantification, and diverse quality control measures. Quality assessment via PCA and DESeq2 identified significant genes (FDR < = 0.05, log2-fold change > = 1 or <= -1), while topGO conducted GO term enrichment analysis. Exclusions were made based on data quality and strain relevance, resulting in the selection of seven datasets from the SC5314 strain background for in-depth investigation. RESULTS The meta-analysis of seven selected studies unveiled a substantial number of genes exhibiting significant up-regulation (24,689) and down-regulation (18,074). These differentially expressed genes were further categorized into 2,497 significantly up-regulated and 2,573 significantly down-regulated Gene Ontology (GO) IDs. GO term enrichment analysis clustered these terms into distinct groups, providing insights into the functional implications. Three target gene lists were compiled based on previous studies, focusing on central metabolism, ion homeostasis, and pathogenicity. Frequency analysis revealed genes with higher occurrence within the identified GO clusters, suggesting their potential as antifungal targets. Notably, the genes TPS2, TPS1, RIM21, PRA1, SAP4, and SAP6 exhibited higher frequencies within the clusters. Through frequency analysis within the GO clusters, several key genes emerged as potential targets for antifungal therapies. These include RSP5, GLC7, SOD2, SOD5, SOD1, SOD6, SOD4, SOD3, and RIM101 which exhibited higher occurrence within the identified clusters. CONCLUSION This comprehensive study significantly advances our understanding of the dynamic nature of gene expression in C. albicans. The identification of genes with enhanced potential as antifungal drug targets underpins their value for future interventions. The highlighted genes, including TPS2, TPS1, RIM21, PRA1, SAP4, SAP6, RSP5, GLC7, SOD2, SOD5, SOD1, SOD6, SOD4, SOD3, and RIM101, hold promise for the development of targeted antifungal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdelmoghis Hefny
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Boyang Ji
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim E Elsemman
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computers and Information, Assiut University, Assiut, 2071515, Egypt
| | - Jens Nielsen
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark.
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, SE41296, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kabir AR, Chaudhary AA, Aladwani MO, Podder S. Decoding the host-pathogen interspecies molecular crosstalk during oral candidiasis in humans: an in silico analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1245445. [PMID: 37900175 PMCID: PMC10603195 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1245445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study is to investigate the interaction between Candida albicans and human proteins during oral candidiasis, with the aim of identifying pathways through which the pathogen subverts host cells. Methods: A comprehensive list of interactions between human proteins and C. albicans was obtained from the Human Protein Interaction Database using specific screening criteria. Then, the genes that exhibit differential expression during oral candidiasis in C. albicans were mapped with the list of human-Candida interactions to identify the corresponding host proteins. The identified host proteins were further compared with proteins specific to the tongue, resulting in a final list of 99 host proteins implicated in oral candidiasis. The interactions between host proteins and C. albicans proteins were analyzed using the STRING database, enabling the construction of protein-protein interaction networks. Similarly, the gene regulatory network of Candida proteins was reconstructed using data from the PathoYeastract and STRING databases. Core module proteins within the targeted host protein-protein interaction network were identified using ModuLand, a Cytoscape plugin. The expression levels of the core module proteins under diseased conditions were assessed using data from the GSE169278 dataset. To gain insights into the functional characteristics of both host and pathogen proteins, ontology analysis was conducted using Enrichr and YeastEnrichr, respectively. Result: The analysis revealed that three Candida proteins, HHT21, CYP5, and KAR2, interact with three core host proteins, namely, ING4 (in the DNMT1 module), SGTA, and TOR1A. These interactions potentially impair the immediate immune response of the host against the pathogen. Additionally, differential expression analysis of fungal proteins and their transcription factors in Candida-infected oral cell lines indicated that Rob1p, Tye7p, and Ume6p could be considered candidate transcription factors involved in instigating the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis during host infection. Conclusion: Our study provides a molecular map of the host-pathogen interaction during oral candidiasis, along with potential targets for designing regimens to overcome oral candidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rejwan Kabir
- Computational and System Biology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak O Aladwani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumita Podder
- Computational and System Biology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhanasekaran S, Selvadoss PP, Manoharan SS. Anti-Fungal Potential of Structurally Diverse FDA-Approved Therapeutics Targeting Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase (SAP) of Candida albicans: an In Silico Drug Repurposing Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1983-1998. [PMID: 36401722 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, candidiasis attains major clinical importance due to its unique pathogenic strategy, which distinguishes it from other nosocomial infections. Secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) is a hydrolytic enzyme secreted by Candida species that mediate versatile biological activity including hyphal formation, adherence, biofilm formation, phenotypic adaptation, etc. Emerging clinical evidence strongly suggested that conventional anti-fungal agent's are often prone to high level of resistance upon repeated exposure. Drug repurposing is an ideal strategy that shall impose the additional clinical benefits of the already approved molecules. Hence, through this realistic pathway, the potential of the suitable lead candidates will be explored in order to prolong the life span of existing molecules thereby need for newer therapeutics shall be avoided. The main aim of the present investigation is to determine the enzyme inhibitory potential of certain FDA-approved antibiotics and to validate its efficacy against the virulent enzyme secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) of Candida albicans via the AutoDock simulation program. The outcome of in silico dynamic simulations depicts that the drugs such as gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem, metronidazole, and aztreonam emphasize superior binding affinity in terms of demonstrating considerable interaction with the core catalytic residues (Asp 32, Asp86, Asp 218, Gly220, Thr 221, and Thr 222). Data further indicates that the drug gentamicin exhibited best binding affinity of - 14.16 kcal/mol followed by meropenem (- 9.20 kcal/mol), clindamycin (- 9.00 kcal/mol), ciprofloxacin (- 8.95 kcal/mol), and imipenem (- 8.00 kcal/mol). In conclusion, repurposed antibiotics like gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem, metronidazole, and aztreonam shall be considered an alternate drug of choice for the clinical management of drug resistant candida infections in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Dhanasekaran
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
| | - Pradeep Pushparaj Selvadoss
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Solomon Sundar Manoharan
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taverne-Ghadwal L, Kuhns M, Buhl T, Schulze MH, Mbaitolum WJ, Kersch L, Weig M, Bader O, Groß U. Epidemiology and Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in HIV Patients From Chad in the Post-HAART Era. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844069. [PMID: 35250957 PMCID: PMC8891798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis remains a common problem in HIV-infected individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we performed the first study in Chad on the prevalence of oral yeasts carriage and oral candidiasis in HIV-positive subjects from southern Chad and analyzed the influence of HAART, CD4+ T-cell numbers, and antimycotics in 589 patients. These patients were recruited from a specialized medical center for HIV patients in Sarh and from a rural medical health dispensary in the vicinity, including a total of 384 HIV-positive and 205 HIV-negative individuals. Yeasts obtained from oral specimen were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and their antifungal susceptibility profiles determined. The overall prevalence of yeast colonization and symptomatic oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients was 25.1%. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was higher in untreated than in HAART-treated HIV-positive patients (16% vs. 2%; p < 0.01). Oral candidiasis was furthermore associated with high fungal burdens of Candida albicans and a CD4+ T-cell number <200/μl. A shift toward non-albicans Candida species was observed under nucleoside-based HAART therapy. Azole antifungal drug resistance was only observed for the intrinsically resistant species Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. Prevalence of oral candidiasis in the studied area was very low. The species distribution was similar to other countries around the world, with C. albicans being dominant. Candida dubliniensis was not isolated. Nucleoside-based HAART therapy significantly reduced oral colonization as well as occurrence of oral candidiasis caused by C. albicans and led to a species shift toward non-albicans species. Antifungal resistance was not yet a concern in Chad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Taverne-Ghadwal
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Kuhns
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Clinic for Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco H. Schulze
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lydia Kersch
- Medical Health Center of Maingara, Belacd de Sarh, Chad
| | - Michael Weig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Uwe Groß,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aspartyl Proteinase and Phospholipase Activities of Candida albicans Isolated From Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is one of the most important members of the human normal flora that can cause opportunistic fungal infections. Hydrolytic enzymes are one of the main virulence factors in the pathogenesis of Candida species. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine proteolytic activities, and their related gene expressions in C. albicans isolates obtained from oropharyngeal candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients. Methods: Thirty-two C. albicans clinical isolates were included in this study. Secreted aspartyl protease and phospholipase activities were analyzed by appropriate agar media and precipitation zones. The expression levels of SAP1, 3 and PLB1, 2 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: All the 32 isolates exhibited proteinase activity while 28 of them showed phospholipase activity. All the strains possessed all SAPs genes; however, PLBs genes were not expressed in four isolates. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the clinical strains of C. albicans had strong proteolytic activity and high expression levels of the pertaining genes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Orlandini RK, Bepu DAN, Saraiva MDCP, Bollela VR, Motta ACF, Lourenço AG. Are Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients more virulent than from non-HIV-infected patients? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104477. [PMID: 32920148 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main causative agent of oral lesions in HIV-infected patients and its oral colonization is a potential source of systemic dissemination. Although the high prevalence of lesions in HIV patients can be explained by the immunosuppressive condition, several studies have reported that natural selection can make C. albicans more virulent in this group of patients. Comparisons of the activity of exoenzymes (phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin) in C. albicans isolated from HIV-infected and uninfected patients have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, to answer the question: "Is the hydrolytic enzymatic activity of C. albicans, isolated from the oral cavity, different in individuals infected and not infected with HIV?" The question was addressed using the PECO framework: P (Population): children and adults, E (Exposure): HIV infection, C (Comparator): non-HIV-infected patients; O (Outcomes): exoenzymes activity i.e. phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin. We conducted a systematic search on Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Livivo, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases, and Google Scholar. The MAStARI tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the selected studies. From 2259 studies, 19 were included in this review and 11 comprised the meta-analysis. The activity of phospholipase (M-H = 0.15; Z = 2,76; p = 0.0006) and hemolysin exoenzymes (M-H = 0.07; z = 1,94; p = 0.05) was higher in C. albicans isolated from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients, whereas the levels of protease activity were not different compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. This study showed a higher phospholipase and hemolysin activity in C. albicans isolates from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Klemp Orlandini
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Ariel Nobuo Bepu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Grupioni Lourenço
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lamichhane K, Adhikari N, Bastola A, Devkota L, Bhandari P, Dhungel B, Thapa Shrestha U, Adhikari B, Banjara MR, Rijal KR, Ghimire P. Biofilm-Producing Candida Species Causing Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2020; 12:211-220. [PMID: 32606995 PMCID: PMC7304782 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s255698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Oropharyngeal candidiasis are the commonest fungal infections among HIV-positive patients. The main objective of this study was to explore biofilm-producing Candida species causing oropharyngeal infections among HIV patients attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital (STIDH) in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from the HIV-positive patients between July and December 2019. A total of 174 oropharyngeal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). All samples were inoculated on SDA slants supplemented with chloramphenicol and underwent incubation at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Any visible growth reported was processed for the identification of the species. Candida species were differentiated based on the growth and colour of the isolates on CHROM agar candida. Biofilm production in Candida species was determined by the microtiter plate method (MPM). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Results Among 174 oropharyngeal samples, 23.6% (n=41/174) of them had oropharyngeal infections and 36.6% of the oropharyngeal infections (15/41) had CD4 T-lymphocytes count below 200 cells/mm3 who were also active tobacco users (p<0.05). Among Candidial growth, 61% (25/41) were Candida albicans and 39% (16/41) were non-albicans. Of 41 Candida spp., 65% (27/41) were biofilm producers. An equal proportion of Candida albicans (4 isolates) and non-albicans (4 isolates) were strong biofilm producers. C. albicans isolates were sensitive towards clotrimazole (96%; 24/25) and fluconazole (92%; 23/25), whereas sensitivity towards ketoconazole was only 48% (12/25). Non-albicans Candida was highly sensitive to amphotericin-B (62.5%; 10/16) followed by clotrimazole (56.2%; 9/16). The biofilm-producing Candida isolates showed the highest resistivity (51.9%; 14/27) to ketoconazole and lowest (22.2%; 6/27) to clotrimazole. Conclusion Oropharyngeal candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection among HIV-infected individuals. The majority of cases of oropharyngeal candidiasis are caused by biofilm producers Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. Biofilm producers Candida were more resistant towards commonly used antifungal drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Lamichhane
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nabaraj Adhikari
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anup Bastola
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lina Devkota
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Binod Dhungel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bipin Adhikari
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Komal Raj Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lara-Hidalgo CE, Dorantes-Álvarez L, Hernández-Sánchez H, Santoyo-Tepole F, Martínez-Torres A, Villa-Tanaca L, Hernández-Rodríguez C. Isolation of Yeasts from Guajillo Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fermentation and Study of Some Probiotic Characteristics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:748-764. [PMID: 29696516 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three yeast strains were isolated from the spontaneous fermentation of guajillo pepper: Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, which were identified by amplification of the ITS/5.8S ribosomal DNA. Some probiotic characteristics of these strains were evaluated and compared with one commercial probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii). The survival percentage of all the yeasts was similar to that of the commercial product. They showed different hydrophobicity characteristics with hydrocarbons, autoaggregation > 90%, and characteristics of co-aggregation with pathogenic microorganisms. The adhesion capacity to mucin of the three yeast samples was similar to the reference yeast. The antioxidant activity of the yeasts varied between 155 and 178 μM Trolox equivalents. All exhibited cholesterol reduction capacity, and W. anomalus was able to decrease up to 83% of cholesterol after 48 h of incubation. The 7.5-fold concentrated H. opuntiae supernatant had antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Candida albicans ENCBDM2; tests suggest this activity against S. Typhimurium is due to a proteinaceous metabolite with a weight between 10 and 30 kDa. Among the yeasts, P. kudriavzevii exhibited the highest protective effect on the viability of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in gastric and intestinal conditions. These results suggest that yeasts isolated from guajillo pepper may have a probiotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Lara-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Manuel L. Stampa s/n, C.P. 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Dorantes-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Manuel L. Stampa s/n, C.P. 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - H Hernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Manuel L. Stampa s/n, C.P. 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - F Santoyo-Tepole
- Departamento de Investigación, Central de Instrumentación de Espectroscopía, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Villa-Tanaca
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C Hernández-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh DK, Tóth R, Gácser A. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Candida Species to Evade the Host Complement Attack. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:94. [PMID: 32232011 PMCID: PMC7082757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common colonizers of the human skin, vagina, and the gut. As human commensals, Candida species do not cause any notable damage in healthy individuals; however, in certain conditions they can initiate a wide range of diseases such as chronic disseminated candidiasis, endocarditis, vaginitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis. The incidence of Candida caused infections has increased worldwide, with mortality rates exceeding 70% in certain patient populations. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are responsible for more than 90% of Candida-related infections. Interestingly, the host immune response against these closely related fungi varies. As part of the innate immune system, complement proteins play a crucial role in host defense, protecting the host by lysing pathogens or by increasing their phagocytosis by phagocytes through opsonization. This review summarizes interactions of host complement proteins with pathogenic Candida species, including C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species such as C. parapsilosis. We will also highlight the various ways of complement activation, describe the antifungal effects of complement cascades and explore the mechanisms adopted by members of pathogenic Candida species for evading complement attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Najafi S, Sheykhbahaei N, Khayamzadeh M, Gholizadeh N. The effect of low level laser on number of Candida albicans colonies in-vitro: a new finding. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:104. [PMID: 31196043 PMCID: PMC6567648 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a commensal organism that causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. One of these diseases is oral candidiasis, which occurs at a high recurrence rate in spite of available treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with the use of nystatin on in-vitro growth of Candida albicans. Method We prepared two samples of Candida albicans at different concentrations: 104 viable cells/ml and 106 viable cells/ml. Specimens from each sample were divided into a control group, a nystatin-treated group, and a group treated with LLLT. The control group was cultured without any intervention. The second group was treated with nystatin and the solution was vibrated for 30 s or 60 s. The third group was irradiated with a gallium-aluminum-argon (Ga-Al-Ar) diode laser (Epic 10; Biolase Inc.)in continuous mode using a wavelength of 940 nm and a power of 1 W for 30 s or 60 s (38 J/cm2 and 76 J/cm2). The specimens from the nystatin group and the LLLT group were cultured and the number of colony-forming units (CFU/ml) for each group was counted and compared. Results Nystatin completely eliminated the colonies (0 colonies) in all specimens. There was an increase in the number of colonies in the LLLT group for both cell concentrations at 30 s and at 60 s. However, this increase was statistically significant only for a concentration of 104 viable cells/ml at an exposure time of 30s. The increase in the concentration of 106 viable cells/ml at both 30 s and 60 s was statistically significant compared with the control group, although the highest number of colonies remained after an exposure time of 60s. Conclusion LLLT led to an increase in the growth of Candida colonies. However, there was no significant difference related to the exposure time between the different cell concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsoulmolouk Najafi
- Dental research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sheykhbahaei
- Dental research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khayamzadeh
- Dental research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Gholizadeh
- Dental research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. .,Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barbosa AH, Damasceno JL, Casemiro LA, Martins CHG, Pires RH, Candido RC. Susceptibility to Oral Antiseptics and Virulence Factors Ex Vivo Associated with Candida spp. Isolated from Dental Prostheses. J Prosthodont 2019; 28:398-408. [PMID: 30768738 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To isolate Candida spp. from dental prosthesis users' saliva and to evaluate the isolates for the presence of several virulence factors. This research also aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of 3 commercial mouthwashes/oral antiseptic formulations containing 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.07% cetylpyridinium, or 0.075% cetylpyridinium against planktonic and sessile (biofilm mode) yeast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three Candida yeasts were isolated from 32 of 70 selected patients, and the virulence factors of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis species were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and proteinase in plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and in vitro biofilm assay evaluated the antifungal activity of antiseptics. RESULTS C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were detected in mono and mixed cultures. Only C. albicans displayed genes related to adhesion and proteinases (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3). The aspartate proteinase activity was found in 60.46% of isolates. The tested antiseptic formulations exhibited a MIC less than 1.25% toward yeasts in the planktonic mode. According to XTT ((2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay results, most Candida isolates and all mixed cultures formed biofilms within 24 hours. The evaluated antiseptic formulations were also active against biofilms. CONCLUSION Most virulence factors investigated here (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3) occurred in the majority of the Candida spp. isolates, especially in C. albicans. The tested mouthwash formulations were effective against all the yeast isolates in both the planktonic and sessile growth modes. Developing alternative therapies that can avoid or control biofilm formation is necessary to prevent oral candidiasis and other Candida spp. infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology (LAPEMA), University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Candido
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Candida-Epithelial Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010022. [PMID: 29419738 PMCID: PMC5872325 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of intricate and dynamic molecular interactions occur between microbes and the epithelial cells that form the mucosal surfaces of the human body. Fungi, particularly species of Candida, are commensal members of our microbiota, continuously interacting with epithelial cells. Transient and localised perturbations to the mucosal environment can facilitate the overgrowth of fungi, causing infection. This minireview will examine the direct and indirect mechanisms by which Candida species and epithelial cells interact with each other, and explore the factors involved in the central processes of adhesion, invasion, and destruction of host mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zanni PCMD, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Negri M, Nakamura SS, Donatti L, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Virulence factors and genetic variability of vaginal Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected women in the post-highly active antiretroviral era. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e44. [PMID: 28793015 PMCID: PMC5626220 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-infected (HIV+) women is a serious public
health problem. However, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of vaginal
Candida albicans from HIV+ women in the post-highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the
expression of key virulence factors and genetic variability of 26 vaginal C.
albicans strains isolated from HIV+ women undergoing HAART and 18 from
HIV-uninfected (HIV-) women. In general, we observed that C.
albicans from HIV+ women receiving HAART showed lower expression of
virulence factors compared with C. albicans from HIV- women, except
for the proteinase activity which is highly expressed. The results in HIV-women
further suggest that virulence factors appear to be expressed in response to the
yeast stress, in the presence of an adequate immune response. Furthermore, the RAPD
results showed a high heterogeneity among isolates from both groups of women. These
findings in HIV+ women using HAART will help to improve the monitoring of vaginal
yeast infections and the quality of life of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Cristina Mastellaro Delvas Zanni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nakamura
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lahkar V, Saikia L, Patgiri SJ, Nath R, Das PP. Estimation of biofilm, proteinase & phospholipase production of the Candida species isolated from the oropharyngeal samples in HIV-infected patients. Indian J Med Res 2017; 145:635-640. [PMID: 28948954 PMCID: PMC5644298 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1773_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Candida, the most common opportunistic infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), attributes its pathogenicity to its virulence factors, mainly the biofilms, the proteinases and the phospholipases. There is a significant interplay of these factors during the HIV infection. This study was aimed to estimate the biofilm, proteinase and phospholipase production in Candida species isolated from the oropharyngeal samples in the HIV-infected patients. METHODS A total of 126 consecutive HIV-positive patients were screened for Candida growth using oropharyngeal swabs. Identification was done by Gram staining, germ tube test, chlamydospore identification, chromagar and biochemical tests on Vitek 2. Biofilm production was observed on Sabouraud's dextrose broth with glucose, phospholipase production in egg yolk agar medium and proteinase production in bovine serum albumin agar medium. RESULTS Of a total of 126 patients, 53 (42.06%) showed Candida growth: Candida albicans (n=46, 86.8%) was most common followed by the non-albicans Candida (NAC) (n=7, 13.93%). Of a total 33 (62.3%) biofilm positive isolates, significant production was observed in the NAC species (P <0.05). C. albicans reported the highest phospholipase (n=37/41, 90.24%) and proteinase (n=37/43, 86%) activities in a total of 41 (77%) phospholipase positive and 43 (81.1%) proteinase positive isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Although C. albicans was the most common Candida species identified in HIV positive patients, the emergence of NAC was of special concern. Virulence factors such as biofilms, proteinases and phospholipases were noted in both these groups. Further research is required for better understanding of the pathogenic role of Candida species so as to aid in therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Lahkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Narayana Hrudayalaya Superspeciality Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Lahari Saikia
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Saurav J. Patgiri
- Department of Multidisciplinary Research Unit-ICMR, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Reema Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Partha Pratim Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Silva S, Henriques M. Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E11. [PMID: 29371530 PMCID: PMC5715960 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida species have been increasing in the last decades and can result in local or systemic infections, with high morbidity and mortality. After Candida albicans, Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent pathogenic fungi in humans. In addition to the high antifungal drugs resistance and inability to form hyphae or secret hydrolases, C. glabrata retain many virulence factors that contribute to its extreme aggressiveness and result in a low therapeutic response and serious recurrent candidiasis, particularly biofilm formation ability. For their extraordinary organization, especially regarding the complex structure of the matrix, biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments. Thus, new approaches to the treatment of C. glabrata's biofilms are emerging. In this article, the knowledge available on C. glabrata's resistance will be highlighted, with a special focus on biofilms, as well as new therapeutic alternatives to control them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia F Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Silva
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Oral mucosal infections, especially candidiasis, are a feature of HIV disease, suggesting that compromised mucosal immunity within the oral cavity is a consequence of the viral infection. However, how this mucosal immunity is compromised and at what stage of HIV infection this occurs are unclear. Better understanding of the protection of the oral cavity against infection has allowed us to gain some insight into the local consequences of HIV infection. From a humoral perpective, IgA2 subclasses are reduced in HIV infection in saliva, and total secretory IgA levels are reduced in later disease. Similarly, mucosal antibody responses appear near normal in early HIV infection but reduced in AIDS. There is now convincing evidence that salivary IgA can be neutralizing to HIV 1 and HIV 2, as well as block epithelial transmigration. Oral cellular immunity is also affected by HIV infection. Transmission of HIV from one oral cell type to another appears to be confirmed by work showing that HIV can bind to or infect epithelial cells, Langerhans cells, and other mucosal cells. CXCR4 tropic ( via GalCer and CXCR4) and dual tropic HIV strains have been shown to be able to infect normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs), and infectious HIV virions can also be conveyed from NHOKs to activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggesting a potential role of oral epithelial cells in the transmission of HIV infection. There is evidence of up-regulation of various receptors, including HIV receptors, on the surface of oral epithelium, and the epithelium may become more permeable. HIV may exploit this antigen uptake mechanism to cross epithelial barriers during co-infection with damage-inducing pathogens such as Candida. Immune responsiveness to many of the co-pathogens associated with HIV has been demonstrated to depend on a family of innate recognition molecules, known as Toll-like receptors (TLR), and recognition of a single pathogen can involve activation of multiple TLRs. Consequently, TLR-pathogen interactions could play an indirect but major role in regulating HIV-associated disease in the oral cavity. Thus, HIV infection appears to have both direct and indirect effects on oral mucosal immunity, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity as well as both specific and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Challacombe
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Guys, Kings & St Thomas' Dental Institute, King's College London, Floor 28, Guys Tower, Guys Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arzmi MH, Alnuaimi AD, Dashper S, Cirillo N, Reynolds EC, McCullough M. Polymicrobial biofilm formation by Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans is Candida albicans strain and medium dependent. Med Mycol 2016; 54:856-64. [PMID: 27354487 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms comprise of extracellular polysaccharides and polymicrobial microorganisms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans on biofilm formation with the hypotheses that biofilm biomass and metabolic activity are both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent. To study monospecific biofilms, C. albicans, A. naeslundii, and S. mutans were inoculated into artificial saliva medium (ASM) and RPMI-1640 in separate vials, whereas to study polymicrobial biofilm formation, the inoculum containing microorganisms was prepared in the same vial prior inoculation into a 96-well plate followed by 72 hours incubation. Finally, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were measured using crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. Our results showed variability of monospecies and polymicrobial biofilm biomass between C. albicans strains and growth medium. Based on cut-offs, out of 32, seven RPMI-grown biofilms had high biofilm biomass (HBB), whereas, in ASM-grown biofilms, 14 out of 32 were HBB. Of the 32 biofilms grown in RPMI-1640, 21 were high metabolic activity (HMA), whereas in ASM, there was no biofilm had HMA. Significant differences were observed between ASM and RPMI-grown biofilms with respect to metabolic activity (P <01). In conclusion, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ali D Alnuaimi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar RS, Ramesh S. Novel intein-containing DNA specific primers for rapid identification of Candida glabrata using Real-Time PCR assays. J Mycol Med 2014; 24:337-40. [PMID: 25282343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human pathogen known to cause systemic and vaginal candidiasis. Rapid detection of Candida glabrata is indispensable for appropriate selection of antifungal drugs for chemotherapy. The study describes a unique intein-containing DNA fragment for specific detection of C. glabrata. The designed oligonucleotides detected C. glabrata (Ct mean: 24.75 ± 1.1 and Tm: 70.08 ± 0.23°C) in Real-Time PCR assays. The fluorescent signals were negative when the primers were tested for cross-species and cross-genera amplifications. In conclusion, our study recommends a novel primer set for developing a quick identification system which does not require laborious and time-consuming experimentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Satish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, PRIST University, Thanjavur 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ramesh
- Department of Microbiology, PRIST University, Thanjavur 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Candida and candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: where commensalism, opportunistic behavior and frank pathogenicity lose their borders. AIDS 2012; 26:1457-72. [PMID: 22472853 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283536ba8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this era of efficacious antiretroviral therapy and consequent immune reconstitution, oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis (OPC and OEC) still remain two clinically relevant presentations in the global HIV setting. Both diseases are predominantly caused by Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus which is a commensal microbe in the healthy individual but can become an aggressive pathogen in a debilitated host. Actually, C. albicans commensalism is not the result of a benign behavior of one of the many components of human microbiota, but rather the result of host's potent innate and adaptive immune responses that restrict the growth of a potentially dangerous microrganism on the epithelia. An important asset guarding against the fungus is the Th17 functional subset of T helper cells. The selective loss of these cells with the progression of HIV infection causes the decay of fungal containment on the oral epithelium and allows C. albicans to express its pathogenic potential. An important part of this potential is represented by mechanisms to evade host immunity and enhance inflammation and immunoactivation. In C. albicans, these mechanisms are mostly incorporated into and expressed by characteristic morphogenic transitions such as the yeast-to-hyphal growth and the white-to-opaque switch. In addition, HIV infection generates an 'environment' selecting for overexpression of the virulence potential by the fungus, particularly concerning the secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps). These enzymes can degrade critical host defense components such as complement and epithelial defensive proteins such as histatin-5 and E-cadherin. It appears that part of this enhanced Candida virulence could be induced by the binding of the fungus to HIV and/or induced by HIV proteins such as GP160 and tat. Both OPC and OEC can be controlled by old and new antimycotics, but in the absence of host collaboration, anticandidal therapy may become ineffective in the long run. For these reasons, new therapeutics targeting virulence factors and specific immune interventions are being addressed. Among these new approaches, vaccination is a promising one. Two subunit vaccines based on antigens dominantly expressed by C. albicans in vivo, that is the Als3 adhesin and Sap2, have recently undergone phase 1 clinical trials. Overall, studies of Candida and candidiasis in the HIV-positive patient while certainly contributing to a more effective control of the microorganism may also provide useful information on HIV-host relationship itself that can assist the fight against the virus.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kasper LH, Buzoni-Gatel D. Some Opportunistic Parasitic Infections in AIDS: Candidiasis, Pneumocystosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:150-6. [PMID: 17040733 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(97)01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Almost 80% of patients with AIDS die from infections other than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These infections usually occur late in the course of disease when CD4(+) T-cell count has fallen below 200 permm(3) cells per milliliter. Most of these infections are caused by organisms that do not normally afflict healthy individuals and are thus considered to be opportunistic. In this article, Lloyd Kasper and Dominique Buzoni-Gatel review the host-parasite interaction for four important pathogens: Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii (usually non-invasive pathogens), Cryptosporidium parvum (invades the cells but remains localized in the gut) and Toxoplasma gondii (penetrates through the gut to cause systemic infection). These organisms, which generally cause limited or even insignificant clinical evidence of infection in the normal host, were chosen because of their high prevalence in AIDS patients and because they exhibit different invasive abilities. The reason why individuals with AIDS are susceptible to this particular group of pathogens is uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Kasper
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Role of HIV-1 Tat in AIDS pathogenesis: its effects on cytokine dysregulation and contributions to the pathogenesis of opportunistic infection. AIDS 2010; 24:1609-23. [PMID: 20588103 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833ac6a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
The effect of gentian violet on virulent properties of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:279-85. [PMID: 19937129 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gentian violet (GV) on phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation rate of Candida albicans. Both 12 phospholipase-positive and 12 proteinase-positive C. albicans isolates with Pz values <or=0.89 were obtained. A yeast suspension (1-3 x 10(7) cfu/ml) of each isolate was prepared. After a brief exposure (60 min) to sub-therapeutic concentrations (0.5 or 2 microg/ml) of GV, Pz value of phospholipase, Pz value of proteinase and germ tube formation rate were determined. Phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation rate in two groups exposed to GV were significantly lower than those in the group unexposed (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that sub-therapeutic concentrations of GV may lead to reduction in phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation, and then may suppress virulence and pathogenicity of C. albicans.
Collapse
|
23
|
Witzel AL, Silveira FRXD, Pires MDFC, Lotufo MA. Oral candidiasis in HIV+ patients under treatment with protease inhibitors. Braz Oral Res 2009; 22:371-7. [PMID: 19148395 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of Protease Inhibitors (PI) on the occurrence of oral candidiasis in 111 HIV+ patients under PI therapy (Group A). The controls consisted of 56 patients that were not using PI drugs (Group B) and 26 patients that were not using any drugs for HIV therapy (Group C). The patient's cd4 cell counts were taken in account for the correlations. One hundred and ninety three patients were evaluated. The PI did not affect the prevalence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.158) or the frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.133). Patients with lower cd4 cell counts showed a higher frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.046) and a greater occurrence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.036).
Collapse
|
24
|
Patel M, Gulube Z, Dutton M. The effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia on Candida albicans proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to oral epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:562-565. [PMID: 19450675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated effect of a crude extract of Dodonaea viscosa on the proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to epithelial cells by Candida albicans isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and 20 from HIV negative patients were investigated. The isolates were exposed to subinhibitory concentration of crude plant extract and adherence, proteinase and phospholipase production were assessed. The results were analysed using Student's t-test and a two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells (p=<0.01) but no significant effect of the plant extract on proteinase and phospholipase production was observed. Results from Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients were similar. CONCLUSIONS Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells, which is the initial step of colonization in the infection process. This plant has a therapeutic potential at subinhibitory concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Patel
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Meiller TF, Hube B, Schild L, Shirtliff ME, Scheper MA, Winkler R, Ton A, Jabra-Rizk MA. A novel immune evasion strategy of candida albicans: proteolytic cleavage of a salivary antimicrobial peptide. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5039. [PMID: 19352427 PMCID: PMC2661360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is an opportunistic infection considered to be a harbinger of AIDS. The etiologic agent Candida albicans is a fungal species commonly colonizing human mucosal surfaces. However, under conditions of immune dysfunction, colonizing C. albicans can become an opportunistic pathogen causing superficial or even life-threatening infections. The reasons behind this transition, however, are not clear. In the oral cavity, salivary antimicrobial peptides are considered to be an important part of the host innate defense system in the prevention of microbial colonization. Histatin-5 specifically has exhibited potent activity against C. albicans. Our previous studies have shown histatin-5 levels to be significantly reduced in the saliva of HIV+ individuals, indicating an important role for histatin-5 in keeping C. albicans in its commensal stage. The versatility in the pathogenic potential of C. albicans is the result of its ability to adapt through the regulation of virulence determinants, most notably of which are proteolytic enzymes (Saps), involved in tissue degradation. In this study, we show that C. albicans cells efficiently and rapidly degrade histatin-5, resulting in loss of its anti-candidal potency. In addition, we demonstrate that this cellular activity is due to proteolysis by a member of the secreted aspartic proteases (Sap) family involved in C. albicans pathogenesis. Specifically, the proteolysis was attributed to Sap9, in turn identifying histatin-5 as the first host-specific substrate for that isoenzyme. These findings demonstrate for the first time the ability of a specific C. albicans enzyme to degrade and deactivate a host antimicrobial peptide involved in the protection of the oral mucosa against C. albicans, thereby providing new insights into the factors directing the transition of C. albicans from commensal to pathogen, with important clinical implications for alternative therapy. This report characterizes the first defined mechanism behind the enhanced susceptibility of HIV+ individuals to oral candidiasis since the emergence of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F. Meiller
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Schild
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Scheper
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Amy Ton
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland – Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pinto E, Ribeiro IC, Ferreira NJ, Fortes CE, Fonseca PA, Figueiral MH. Correlation between enzyme production, germ tube formation and susceptibility to fluconazole in Candida species isolated from patients with denture-related stomatitis and control individuals. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:587-92. [PMID: 18764856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phospholipase and proteinase secretion in yeasts of the genus Candida has been described as a relevant virulence factor. Also, germ tube formation by Candida albicans is associated with its invasive capacity and is considered an important pathogenic mechanism. METHODS To link the production of hydrolytic enzymes with the capacity to produce infection, 232 clinical isolates of yeasts from the oral cavity of 140 individuals wearing removable maxillary protheses were studied. The sample was composed of 70 patients with denture-related stomatitis (DRS) and 70 individuals with normal palatal mucosa. For strains identified as C. albicans, the correlation between germ tube formation and their capacity to cause infection was studied and the presence of Candida dubliniensis was investigated. Susceptibility to fluconazole was evaluated. RESULTS Candida albicans was the only species producing phospholipase and germ tube. We observed a higher level of production of phospholipase in cases of infection compared with commensals. Significant differences between the two groups of C. albicans isolates were observed as to germ tube production. Only, Candida glabrata showed lower susceptibility to fluconazole. CONCLUSION The results reinforced the idea that C. albicans is the most frequent and can be the most pathogenic yeast in oral candidosis. However, the strains isolated from DRS patients and healthy individuals showed the same virulence factors. It seems that several virulence attributes are involved in the infective process but no single factor contributes to Candida virulence. Candida dubliniensis was absent in the oral cavity of individuals with and without DRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugénia Pinto
- Department of Microbiology/CEQOFF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pinti M, Orsi CF, Gibellini L, Esposito R, Cossarizza A, Blasi E, Peppoloni S, Mussini C. Identification and characterization of an aspartyl protease from Cryptococcus neoformans. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3882-6. [PMID: 17651737 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is an invasive infection often occurring in AIDS patients. Potent therapy against HIV, which includes protease inhibitors (PIs), has beneficial effects also on opportunistic infections by pathogens such as C. neoformans and C. albicans. PIs inhibit growth of C. albicans by affecting the activity of its aspartyl proteases. We identified, cloned and sequenced a cDNA from C. neoformans encoding for a putative aspartyl protease (CnAP1), and the corresponding genomic region. The gene cnap1 codifies for a protein of 505 aa, with a canonical aspartyl protease structure. We purified the recombinant protein and analyzed its activity in the presence of PIs (Indinavir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir), but did not evidence any inhibition of protease activity. The transcriptional level of cnap1 in C. neoformans is constant in different media. The absence of any inhibition activity by PIs suggests that other targets for PIs might exist in C. neoformans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pinti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chair of Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Costa CR, Cohen AJ, Fernandes OFL, Miranda KC, Passos XS, Souza LKH, do Rosário Rodrigues Silva M. Asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 48:257-61. [PMID: 17086312 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. CD4+ lymphocytes count and the quantification of viral RNA in blood plasma have been found to be the main markers of HIV disease progression. The present study was conducted to evaluate Candida sp. diversity in the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients and to determine whether there was association of CD4+ cell count and viral load with asymptomatic oral Candida carriage. Out of 99 HIV-positive patients studied, 62 (62.6%) had positive culture for Candida (oral carriage) and 37 patients (37.4%) had Candida negative culture (no oral carriage). The etiologic agents most common were C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The range of CD4+ was 6-2305 cells/mm3 in colonized patients and 3-839 cells/mm3 for non-colonized patients, while the viral load was 60-90016 copies/mL for colonized patients and 75-110488 copies/mL for non colonized patients. The viral load was undetectable in 15 colonized patients and in 12 non colonized patients. Our results showed that there was no significant difference of the variables CD4+ cell count and viral load between oral candida carriage and no oral candida carriage patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, and Hospital de Doenças Tropicais de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Panasiti V, Devirgiliis V, Borroni RG, Spataro A, Melis L, Petrella MC, Pala S. Atypical cutaneous manifestation of HSV-2 with Candida albicans co-infection in a patient with HIV-1. J Infect 2007; 54:e55-7. [PMID: 16716405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was one of the first opportunistic infections identified among patients with AIDS. In the literature there are many data suggesting that the natural history of HSV-2 infection is altered in HIV-HSV-2 co-infected patients. Furthermore, a relationship between HIV seropositivity and HBV infection because of their analogous way of transmission is also described. We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who suffered from multiple painful ulcerative lesions of the perianal region. Laboratory examination showed positivity for HIV and HBV infections. In HIV-positive patients perianal HSV-2 can have atypical manifestations, especially if co-infection by Candida albicans occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Panasiti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome La Sapienza Viale del Policlinico, 155 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar CPG, Kumar SSJ, Menon T. Phospholipase and proteinase activities of clinical isolates of Candida from immunocompromised patients. Mycopathologia 2006; 161:213-8. [PMID: 16552483 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-one isolates of Candida recovered from HIV seropositive and cancer patients were studied for elaboration of putative virulence determinants--phospholipase (PL) and secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap). Forty two (68.85%) isolates examined were PL producers and 51 (83.6%) were positive for Sap. 57.37% (35/61) isolates produced both enzymes. Enzymatic activity was more pronounced in Candida albicans with 100% PL and 94.1% Sap activity. In contrast, non-C. albicans species demonstrated only 29.6% PL and 70.3% Sap activity, indicating interplay of other virulence determinants in these yeasts in colonization and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Girish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu Y, Farah CS, Ashman RB. Isolates of Candida albicans that differ in virulence for mice elicit strain-specific antibody-mediated protective responses. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:612-20. [PMID: 16503182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three distinct isolates of Candida albicans were used to establish systemic and oral infections in inbred mice that are genetically resistant or susceptible to tissue damage. Patterns of infection differed significantly between both yeasts and mouse strains. Systemic infection conferred significant protection against re-challenge with the homologous, but not the heterologous yeast; however, the protective effect was more evident in the tissue-susceptible CBA/CaH mice than in the resistant BALB/c strain. In contrast, oral infection induced protection against both homologous and heterologous oral challenge, although this was significant only in the CBA/CaH mice. CBA/CaH mice produced antibodies of both IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, whereas BALB/c mice produced predominantly IgG1. Western blotting demonstrated considerable differences between epitopes recognised by serum antibodies from mice of both strains after immunisation with each of the three yeasts. Thus, different strains of yeast show considerable specificity in antibody responses elicited by either systemic or oral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
HIV infection affects residents of all countries of the world, but the greater majority of affected individuals reside in the developing world. In the past decade there have been substantial changes in the management of HIV disease, particularly the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Such agents have reduced significantly the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV disease, however, they are not available for most HIV-infected individuals in the developing world. There is now considerable understanding of the molecular epidemiology, transmission and therapy of the common opportunistic oral infections of HIV disease, and as a consequence of improved anti-HIV strategies, the frequency and severity of oral disease associated with HIV infection have reduced considerably, although HAART may predispose to human papilloma virus infection of the mouth and potentially increase the risk of later oral squamous cell carcinoma. Despite advances in clinical care the majority of individuals with HIV disease worldwide will continue to develop oral disease, as they are resident in the developing world and do not have ready access to even simple therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Frezzini
- Oral Medicine Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic, Medical and Surgical Sciences, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, UCL, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Menotti J, Santillana-Hayat M, Cassinat B, Sarfati C, Derouin F, Molina JM. Inhibitory activity of human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl protease inhibitors against Encephalitozoon intestinalis evaluated by cell culture-quantitative PCR assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2362-6. [PMID: 15917534 PMCID: PMC1140512 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2362-2366.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reconstitution might not be the only factor contributing to the low prevalence of microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors, as these drugs may exert a direct inhibitory effect against fungi and protozoa. In this study, we developed a cell culture-quantitative PCR assay to quantify Encephalitozoon intestinalis growth in U-373-MG human glioblastoma cells and used this assay to evaluate the activities of six HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors against E. intestinalis. A real-time quantitative PCR assay targeted the E. intestinalis small-subunit rRNA gene. HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors were tested over serial concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10 mg/liter, with albendazole used as a control. Ritonavir, lopinavir, and saquinavir were able to inhibit E. intestinalis growth, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 1.5, 2.2, and 4.6 mg/liter, respectively, whereas amprenavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir had no inhibitory effect. Pepstatin A, a reference aspartyl protease inhibitor, could also inhibit E. intestinalis growth, suggesting that HIV protease inhibitors may act through the inhibition of an E. intestinalis-encoded aspartyl protease. These results showed that some HIV protease inhibitors can inhibit E. intestinalis growth at concentrations that are achievable in vivo and that the real-time quantitative PCR assay that we used is a valuable tool for the in vitro assessment of the activities of drugs against E. intestinalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Menotti
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sánchez-Vargas LO, Ortiz-López NG, Villar M, Moragues MD, Aguirre JM, Cashat-Cruz M, Lopez-Ribot JL, Gaitán-Cepeda LA, Quindós G. Point prevalence, microbiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of oral Candida isolates colonizing or infecting Mexican HIV/AIDS patients and healthy persons. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005; 22:83-92. [PMID: 16107165 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(05)70014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have conducted a longitudinal study over a 3-year period to address the point prevalence, microbiological characteristics and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeast isolates colonizing or infecting the oral cavities of 111 HIV-infected (51 adults, 60 children) and 201 non HIV-infected (109 adults, 92 children) Mexican persons. Regarding the epidemiology of oral candidiasis, Candida albicans was the most frequent species isolated. Seventy-one out of 85 isolates from colonized persons were C. albicans (83.5%), 27 isolates of them were from HIV-infected children and 44 from non HIV-infected patients. Sixty-two isolates belonged to serotype A which was the most prevalent serotype of C. albicans. Non-albicans species (Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were isolated from 16.5% of colonized patients and from 38.5% patients with candidiasis or Candida-related lesions. There were nine episodes of infection or colonization by at least 2 different yeast species. In the case of HIV/AIDS patients, it was determined that yeast carriage was not associated with the number of CD4+ cells or the viral load, but HAART reduced the prevalence of oral candidiasis. Overall, most patients harbored strains in vitro susceptible to fluconazole, however 10.8% of the yeasts were resistant to one or more azole antifungal agents and 29% were intermediate susceptible to them. On the contrary, 5-fluorocytosine was very active against all isolates tested, and amphotericin B was active against 97.9% of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tosun I, Aydin F, Kaklikkaya N, Erturk M. Induction of secretory aspartyl proteinase of Candida albicans by HIV-1 but not HSV-2 or some other microorganisms associated with vaginal environment. Mycopathologia 2005; 159:213-8. [PMID: 15770446 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-004-2226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common type of candidiasis involves mucosal sites such as the oral cavity, the gastrointestinal tract and the vagina. Among many of virulence factors, the production of secretory aspartyl proteinase (Sap) by Candida albicans (C. albicans) has gained much attention, and factors leading to Sap induction are thus under intense study. The aim of this study was to examine whether some microorganisms such as Lactobacillus, Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis), human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and human herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) had any Sap inducing effect on C. albicans. Here we showed that among the microorganisms tested in vitro only HIV-1 induced Sap production from C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Tosun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fotedar R, Al-Hedaithy SSA. Comparison of phospholipase and proteinase activity in Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis. Mycoses 2005; 48:62-7. [PMID: 15679669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the production of virulence enzymes by Candida albicans has been extensively explored, little attention has been given to the virulence factors of C. dubliniensis. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate phospholipase activity (Pz value) and secretory aspartyl proteinase production of C. dubliniensis and compare it with C. albicans. None of the 87 C. dubliniensis isolates tested, produced phosholipases whereas, in contrast all the 52 (100%) C. albicans isolates tested demonstrated varying degree of phospholipase activity (Pz value: 0.37-0.74), with 35 (67.3%) of them eliciting a higher phospholipase activity (Pz values between 0.37 and 0.50). Only 32% of the C. dubliniensis isolates exhibited moderate activity (score of 1+) of secretory aspartyl proteinase whereas a vast majority (68%) of them were non-proteolytic. On the contrary, a strong proteinase activity (score of 2+) was observed for 79% of C. albicans while the remaining 21% isolates showed moderate proteinase activity (score of 1+). As phospholipases and aspartyl proteinases of C. albicans are considered important virulence factors, the absence or lowered expression of these enzymes in C. dubliniensis may indicate the less virulent nature of this novel yeast species when compared with C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fotedar
- Department of Pathology, The Medical Mycology Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tavanti A, Pardini G, Campa D, Davini P, Lupetti A, Senesi S. Differential expression of secretory aspartyl proteinase genes (SAP1-10) in oral Candida albicans isolates with distinct karyotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4726-34. [PMID: 15472333 PMCID: PMC522325 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4726-4734.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two karyotypes of oral Candida albicans isolates, named b and c, constituted >80% of a collection from healthy carriers (22 b and 16 c isolates) and oral candidiasis patients who were either infected (31 b and 16 c isolates) or uninfected (13 b and 38 c isolates) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prevalence of the b and c karyotypes within HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, respectively, who were suffering from oral candidiasis (P < or = 0.0001) suggested that these two types possessed different virulence potentials. Since C. albicans proteinases (Saps) are virulence factors in oral candidiasis, we evaluated whether the b and c karyotypes secreted different levels of Saps and expressed different patterns of Sap-encoding genes (SAP1-10). We found that the mean value of Sap activity was significantly lower (P = 0.003) in the commensal type than in the infectious b karyotype, whereas Sap activity in the commensal c type was as high as that registered for the infectious c strains. Marked differences in SAP mRNA expression were observed in commensal strains under non-Sap-inducing conditions, with all SAP genes being expressed only by strains with the c karyotype; interestingly, none of the commensal b strains expressed SAP2. In addition, while all of the SAP1-10 genes were detectable under Sap-inducing conditions, the timing of their expression during growth differed significantly, with mRNAs of SAP1-10 genes detected at 8 and 24 h postinoculation in c and b commensal strains, respectively. This provides the first evidence that commensal oral C. albicans isolates with distinct karyotypes are characterized by different patterns of SAP1-10 gene expression and different levels of Sap secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Tavanti
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:729-59, table of contents. [PMID: 15489345 PMCID: PMC523562 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.729-759.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4(+) cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients under treatment with protease inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
40
|
Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Clark TA, Pujol C, Chandra J, Hajjeh RA, Warnock DW, Soll DR, Ghannoum MA. Candida parapsilosis characterization in an outbreak setting. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1074-81. [PMID: 15207060 PMCID: PMC3323144 DOI: 10.3201/eid1006.030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an important non-albicans species which infects hospitalized patients. No studies have correlated outbreak infections of C. parapsilosis with multiple virulence factors. We used DNA fingerprinting to determine genetic variability among isolates from a C. parapsilosis outbreak and from our clinical database. We compared phenotypic markers of pathogenesis, including adherence, biofilm formation, and protein secretion (secretory aspartic protease [SAP] and phospholipase). Adherence was measured as colony counts on silicone elastomer disks immersed in agar. Biofilms formed on disks were quantified by dry weight. SAP expression was measured by hydrolysis of bovine albumin; a colorimetric assay was used to quantitate phospholipase. DNA fingerprinting indicated that the outbreak isolates were clonal and genetically distinct from our database. Biofilm expression by the outbreak clone was greater than that of sporadic isolates (p < 0.0005). Adherence and protein secretion did not correlate with strain pathogenicity. These results suggest that biofilm production plays a role in C. parapsilosis outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan M. Kuhn
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pranab K. Mukherjee
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A. Clark
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jyotsna Chandra
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rana A. Hajjeh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David W. Warnock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vilanova M, Teixeira L, Caramalho I, Torrado E, Marques A, Madureira P, Ribeiro A, Ferreira P, Gama M, Demengeot J. Protection against systemic candidiasis in mice immunized with secreted aspartic proteinase 2. Immunology 2004; 111:334-42. [PMID: 15009435 PMCID: PMC1782415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted aspartic proteinases (Sap) have been described as virulence factors implicated in the mechanisms of host colonization by the yeast Candida albicans in different types of candidiasis. Intraperitoneal inoculation of C. albicans into BALB/c mice rapidly leads to systemic candidiasis, with significant colonization of the kidneys measurable in the following week. In this study we assessed the potential of vaccination with C. albicans secreted aspartic proteinase 2 (Sap2) in preventing systemic candidiasis in BALB/c mice. Intradermal injection of highly purified native Sap2 protein incorporated in alum adjuvant provided efficient immune protection, as indicated by a 20-fold decrease in the colonization of kidneys. The protective effect of Sap2 immunization with alum adjuvant was also observed in mice infected with a lethal inoculum of C. albicans. Immunization with the native Sap2 alone, as well as with a denatured recombinant form of the protein, also conferred protection, albeit to a lesser level. In all cases, protection correlated with an increase in serum antibodies to Sap2. Moreover, passive transfer of anti-Sap2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) significantly decreased the yeast burden in kidneys of C. albicans-infected mice. This result shows that immune protection against systemic candidiasis in mice immunized with Sap2 is antibody-mediated. Taken together, these analyses demonstrate that Sap2 can be successfully used as a vaccination target in systemic candidiasis and reveals the potential immunomodulatory role of Sap2 on C. albicans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vilanova
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Borst A, Fluit AC. High levels of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by Candida albicans isolates involved in respiratory infections. J Med Microbiol 2004; 52:971-974. [PMID: 14532341 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in production of two putative virulence factors of Candida albicans, phospholipase and proteinase, were determined for a large panel of clinical C. albicans isolates (n = 186) obtained from the European SENTRY programme. Seventy-two per cent of isolates produced detectable amounts of phospholipase and 95 % of isolates produced detectable amounts of proteinase. There was no clear correlation between the results of the phospholipase and proteinase assays and the geographical distribution of the isolates. However, isolates that originated from respiratory infections produced significantly higher amounts of phospholipase than isolates obtained from blood, the urinary tract or wounds/skin/soft tissue and also appeared to produce more proteinase. These virulent isolates involved in respiratory infections may originate from the oral cavity. Whether these results are caused by selection for these highly virulent isolates remains to be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Borst
- Eijkman-Winkler Center for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad C Fluit
- Eijkman-Winkler Center for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kuriyama T, Williams DW, Lewis MAO. In vitro
secreted aspartyl proteinase activity of Candida albicans
isolated from oral diseases and healthy oral cavities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 18:405-7. [PMID: 14622349 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2002.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) activity of Candida albicans isolated from a variety of oral conditions, including healthy oral cavities, was determined. SAP activity (units/10(6) cells/ml, +/-SD) was 0.28 +/- 0.33 for pseudomembranous candidosis isolates (n = 18), 0.35 +/- 0.46 for chronic erythematous candidosis isolates (n = 21) and 0.30 +/- 0.32 for chronic hyperplastic candidosis isolates (n = 50). SAP activity of 0.19 +/- 0.22 was recorded for isolates from squamous cell carcinoma (n = 18), 0.26 +/- 0.37 for burning mouth syndrome isolates (n = 29), 0.25 +/- 0.38 for isolates from xerostomia (n = 15) and 0.39 +/- 0.50 for isolates from lichen planus (n = 13). The SAP activity of isolates from oral disease states was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that recorded for 28 isolates from healthy mouths (activity of 0.04 +/- 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in the SAP activity between the three forms of clinical oral candidosis (P > 0.05). SAP activity was inhibited in control samples containing the SAP inhibitor, pepstatin A. These results indicate that C. albicans strains associated with oral disease have inherently higher SAP activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kuriyama
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
de Brito Costa EMM, dos Santos ALS, Cardoso AS, Portela MB, Abreu CM, Alviano CS, Hagler AN, de Araújo Soares RM. Heterogeneity of metallo and serine extracellular proteinases in oral clinical isolates of Candida albicans in HIV-positive and healthy children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 38:173-80. [PMID: 13129652 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida yeasts frequently cause life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. In the present study, gelatin-SDS-PAGE analysis was used to characterize extracellular proteinases in 44 oral clinical isolates of Candida albicans from HIV-positive (29/50) and healthy children (15/50). Our survey indicates that these oral clinical isolates of C. albicans have complex extracellular proteolytic activity profiles, which illustrates the heterogeneity of this species. We showed four distinct proteolytic patterns composed of distinct serine (30-58 kDa) and metalloproteinase (64-95 kDa) activities, based on the inhibition profile with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively. This is the first report on secreted serine and metalloproteinases present in the culture supernatant fluids of C. albicans; however, we did not observe a significant correlation between proteolytic profile expressed by the C. albicans isolates from HIV-positive children and CD4(+) T cell count and plasma viral load.
Collapse
|
45
|
Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003; 67:400-28, table of contents. [PMID: 12966142 PMCID: PMC193873 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.67.3.400-428.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 774] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans and has developed an extensive repertoire of putative virulence mechanisms that allows successful colonization and infection of the host under suitable predisposing conditions. Extracellular proteolytic activity plays a central role in Candida pathogenicity and is produced by a family of 10 secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap proteins). Although the consequences of proteinase secretion during human infections is not precisely known, in vitro, animal, and human studies have implicated the proteinases in C. albicans virulence in one of the following seven ways: (i) correlation between Sap production in vitro and Candida virulence, (ii) degradation of human proteins and structural analysis in determining Sap substrate specificity, (iii) association of Sap production with other virulence processes of C. albicans, (iv) Sap protein production and Sap immune responses in animal and human infections, (v) SAP gene expression during Candida infections, (vi) modulation of C. albicans virulence by aspartyl proteinase inhibitors, and (vii) the use of SAP-disrupted mutants to analyze C. albicans virulence. Sap proteins fulfill a number of specialized functions during the infective process, which include the simple role of digesting molecules for nutrient acquisition, digesting or distorting host cell membranes to facilitate adhesion and tissue invasion, and digesting cells and molecules of the host immune system to avoid or resist antimicrobial attack by the host. We have critically discussed the data relevant to each of these seven criteria, with specific emphasis on how this proteinase family could contribute to Candida virulence and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, GKT Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gruber A, Lell CP, Spruth M, Lass-Flörl C, Speth C, Stoiber H, Hube B, Coleman D, Polonelli L, Dierich MP, Würzner R. HIV-1 and its transmembrane protein gp41 bind to different Candida species modulating adhesion. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 37:77-83. [PMID: 12770763 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral candidiasis in HIV-1-infected individuals is widely believed to be triggered by the acquired T-lymphocyte immunodeficiency. Recently, binding of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp160 and its subunit gp41, and also of the whole virus itself, to Candida albicans has been shown. The present study shows that, in addition to C. albicans, HIV-1 gp41 also binds to yeast and hyphal forms of Candida dubliniensis, a species which is closely related to C. albicans, and to Candida tropicalis but not to Candida krusei, Candida glabrata or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The previous finding that gp41 binding to C. albicans augments fungal virulence in vitro is supported by the observation that the yeast showed an enhanced adhesion to HIV-infected H9 cells in comparison to uninfected cells. In line with these results soluble gp41 itself reduced binding of C. albicans to both endothelial and epithelial cell lines, confirming a dominant role of the gp41 binding moiety on the surface of Candida for adhesion. Surface-associated secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) play an important role in candidial adhesion, but are not likely to be involved in the interaction as gp41 binding to the C. albicans parental wild-type strain was comparable to that of three different isogenic Sap deletion mutants. Furthermore, gp41 binding to the yeast killer toxin-susceptible C. albicans strain 10S was not inhibitable by an anti-YKT receptor antibody. In conclusion, HIV-1 interacts with different clinically important Candida spp., and may thereby affect the outcome of the respective fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gruber
- Institute for Hygiene and Social Medicine, University of Innsbruck, and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for AIDS Research, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Millon L, Piarroux R, Monod M, Meillet D. Physiopathologie de la candidose oropharyngée au cours de l’infection par le VIH. Med Mal Infect 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(02)00458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
48
|
Samaranayake LP, Fidel PL, Naglik JR, Sweet SP, Teanpaisan R, Coogan MM, Blignaut E, Wanzala P. Fungal infections associated with HIV infection. Oral Dis 2002; 8 Suppl 2:151-60. [PMID: 12164650 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.8.s2.6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is perhaps the commonest infection seen in HIV disease. The aim of this workshop was to provide a sketch of the multifarious aspects of the disease from a global perspective. To this end the panellists addressed issues such as the virulence of Candida, emergence of antifungal resistance, management of candidiasis and other exotic, oral mycotic diseases. An all-pervasive theme was the dramatic differences in the management of fungal infections consequential to the availability (or the lack) of anti-HIV drugs in the developed and the developing world. Further, the social stigmata associated with the HIV disease in many developing regions in Africa and Asia appears to modify the therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the lesser-known regional variations in the disease manifestations and therapeutic approaches were stark. Further work is direly needed to address these issues.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
HIV-positive patients receiving combination therapy (highly active anti-retroviral treatment, HAART) suffer significantly fewer oral infections with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans than non-HAART-treated patients. One component of HAART is an inhibitor of the HIV proteinase, the enzyme required for correct processing of retroviral precursor proteins. It would appear that HIV proteinase inhibitors also have a direct effect on one of the key virulence factors of C. albicans, the secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps). This suggests that the reduction in C. albicans infections in HIV-positive patients might not be solely the result of improved immunological status but could also be caused by the HAART treatment directly inhibiting Candida proteinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Munro
- Dept of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kretschmar M, Felk A, Staib P, Schaller M, Hess D, Callapina M, Morschhäuser J, Schäfer W, Korting HC, Hof H, Hube B, Nichterlein T. Individual acid aspartic proteinases (Saps) 1-6 of Candida albicans are not essential for invasion and colonization of the gastrointestinal tract in mice. Microb Pathog 2002; 32:61-70. [PMID: 11812212 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2001.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether there is a role for individual secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) of Candida albicans in gastrointestinal infection of mice we compared the differential expression of SAP1-6 genes and production of Sap1-6 proteins with invasion and persistence of SAP knockout strains in the gastrointestinal tract. Using an in vivo expression technology (IVET) we found a high percentage of expression of SAP4-6 genes which increased steadily in the course of infection. Expression of SAP1-3 genes was detected occasionally and in lower percentages than that of SAP4-6 genes. With reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA for SAP 4 and SAP6 were detected in the stomach of all mice, whereas SAP2, SAP3 and SAP5 mRNA were detected not in all animals and SAP1 mRNA was not detectable. Also with immunoelectron microscopy we demonstrated production of Saps1-3 as well as Saps4-6 with antibodies cross-reacting with either Saps1-3 or Saps4-6. In contrast to the fact that gene expression and production of Saps were readily detectable, we were unable to demonstrate differences in the ability to invade the stomach, to disseminate to the brain as well as in the duration of faecal shedding and the number of fungi persisting in the faeces of mice infected with SAP knockout strains in comparison to control strains. We conclude that although Saps were produced, individual Saps were not indispensable factors for virulence during gastrointestinal infection of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kretschmar
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|