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Yadav M, Akhtar MN, Mishra M, Kumar S, Kumar R, Shubham, Nandal A, Sen P. Leishmania donovani Attenuates Dendritic Cell Trafficking to Lymph Nodes by Inhibiting C-Type Lectin Receptor 2 Expression via Transforming Growth Factor-β. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0412222. [PMID: 37125906 PMCID: PMC10269552 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To initiate an antileishmanial adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) must carry Leishmania antigens from peripheral tissues to local draining lymph nodes. However, the migratory capacity of DCs is largely compromised during Leishmania donovani infection. The molecular mechanism underlying this defective DC migration is not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that L. donovani infection impaired the lymph node homing ability of DCs by decreasing C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2) expression. L. donovani exerted this inhibitory effect by inducing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion from DCs. Indeed, TGF-β produced in this manner inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated CLEC-2 expression on DCs by activating c-Src. Notably, suppression of c-Src expression significantly improved the arrival of DCs in draining lymph nodes by preventing L. donovani-induced CLEC-2 downregulation on DCs. These findings reveal a unique mechanism by which L. donovani inhibits DC migration to lymph nodes and suggest a key role for TGF-β, c-Src, and CLEC-2 in regulating this process. IMPORTANCE Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating T cell-mediated protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the second most lethal parasitic disease in the world. However, the T cell-inducing ability of DCs critically depends on the extent of DC migration to regional lymph nodes. Notably, the migration of DCs is reported to be impaired during VL. The cause of this impaired DC migration, however, remains ill-defined. Here, we provide the first evidence that L. donovani, the causative agent of VL, attenuates the lymph node homing capacity of DCs by decreasing C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2) expression on DCs. Additionally, we have demonstrated how L. donovani mediates this inhibitory effect. Overall, our work has revealed a unique mechanism underlying L. donovani-induced impairment of DC migration and suggests a potential strategy to improve antileishmanial T cell activity by increasing DC arrival in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Md. Naushad Akhtar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Mishra
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shubham
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anil Nandal
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradip Sen
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Anand A, Singh R, Saini S, Mahapatra B, Singh A, Singh S, Singh RK. Leishmania donovani induces CD300a expression to dampen effector properties of CD11c + dendritic and antigen activated CD8 + T cells. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106826. [PMID: 36610528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are an important regiment of adaptive immunity that play a decisive role in elimination of many species of Leishmania parasite from the host. In visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani, the loss of CD8+ T cells function has been found associated with augmented pathogenesis. The factors determining CD8+ T cells activation and function against Leishmania antigens are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of an immune inhibitory receptor, CD300a, on the effector properties of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells. We observed that the Leishmania regulates the effectors function of CD8+ T cells by increasing CD300a expression on CD11c+ dendritic cells. The abrogation of CD300a signaling in parasites infected animals induced CD8+ T cell abilities to produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and also helped them to acquire desired multifunctionality. The CD300a receptor blocking also enhanced the number of CD8+ T cells memory phenotypes at the early days of infection, suggesting its potential beneficial role in vaccine induced immunity. We also observed significantly enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spleen of CD300a blocked infected animals with concomitant reduced spleen parasite load. Additionally, the abrogation of CD300a signals in the infected animals helped in establishing Th1 type protective humoral immunity with significantly elevated levels of IgG2a antibodies. Since CD8+ T cells are an important determinant of vaccine induced immunity against leishmaniasis, the findings corroborate the potential of CD300a in vaccine induced immunity and thus require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Teh CE, Preston SP, Robbins AK, Stutz MD, Cooney J, Clark MP, Policheni AN, Allison CC, Mackiewicz L, Arandjelovic P, Ebert G, Doerflinger M, Tan T, Rankin LC, Teh PP, Belz GT, Kallies A, Strasser A, Pellegrini M, Gray DHD. Caspase-8 has dual roles in regulatory T cell homeostasis balancing immunity to infection and collateral inflammatory damage. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn8041. [PMID: 35333545 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the potent immunosuppressive properties of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) has substantial therapeutic potential for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Yet, the molecular mechanisms controlling Treg homeostasis, particularly during inflammation, remain unclear. We report that caspase-8 is a central regulator of Treg homeostasis in a context-specific manner that is decisive during immune responses. In mouse genetic models, targeting caspase-8 in Tregs led to accumulation of effector Tregs resistant to apoptotic cell death. Conversely, inflammation induced the MLKL-dependent necroptosis of caspase-8-deficient lymphoid and tissue Tregs, which enhanced immunity to a variety of chronic infections to promote clearance of viral or parasitic pathogens. However, improved immunity came at the risk of lethal inflammation in overwhelming infections. Caspase-8 inhibition using a clinical-stage compound revealed that human Tregs have heightened sensitivity to necroptosis compared with conventional T cells. These findings reveal a fundamental mechanism in Tregs that could be targeted to manipulate the balance between immune tolerance versus response for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis E Teh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon P Preston
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alissa K Robbins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D Stutz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James Cooney
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle P Clark
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonia N Policheni
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cody C Allison
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liana Mackiewicz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Arandjelovic
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregor Ebert
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania Tan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucille C Rankin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peggy P Teh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Carneiro MB, Peters NC. The Paradox of a Phagosomal Lifestyle: How Innate Host Cell- Leishmania amazonensis Interactions Lead to a Progressive Chronic Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728848. [PMID: 34557194 PMCID: PMC8452962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular phagosomal pathogens represent a formidable challenge for innate immune cells, as, paradoxically, these phagocytic cells can act as both host cells that support pathogen replication and, when properly activated, are the critical cells that mediate pathogen elimination. Infection by parasites of the Leishmania genus provides an excellent model organism to investigate this complex host-pathogen interaction. In this review we focus on the dynamics of Leishmania amazonensis infection and the host innate immune response, including the impact of the adaptive immune response on phagocytic host cell recruitment and activation. L. amazonensis infection represents an important public health problem in South America where, distinct from other Leishmania parasites, it has been associated with all three clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral. Experimental observations demonstrate that most experimental mouse strains are susceptible to L. amazonensis infection, including the C57BL/6 mouse, which is resistant to other species such as Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum. In general, the CD4+ T helper (Th)1/Th2 paradigm does not sufficiently explain the progressive chronic disease established by L. amazonensis, as strong cell-mediated Th1 immunity, or a lack of Th2 immunity, does not provide protection as would be predicted. Recent findings in which the balance between Th1/Th2 immunity was found to influence permissive host cell availability via recruitment of inflammatory monocytes has also added to the complexity of the Th1/Th2 paradigm. In this review we discuss the roles played by innate cells starting from parasite recognition through to priming of the adaptive immune response. We highlight the relative importance of neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and resident macrophages for the establishment and progressive nature of disease following L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Carneiro
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Kaufer A, Ellis J, Stark D, Barratt J. The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:287. [PMID: 28595622 PMCID: PMC5463341 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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6
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Ashok D, Acha-Orbea H. Timing is everything: dendritic cell subsets in murine Leishmania infection. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:499-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Lecoeur H, Giraud E, Prévost MC, Milon G, Lang T. Reprogramming neutral lipid metabolism in mouse dendritic leucocytes hosting live Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2276. [PMID: 23785538 PMCID: PMC3681733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After loading with live Leishmania (L) amazonensis amastigotes, mouse myeloid dendritic leucocytes/DLs are known to undergo reprogramming of their immune functions. In the study reported here, we investigated whether the presence of live L. amazonensis amastigotes in mouse bone marrow-derived DLs is able to trigger re-programming of DL lipid, and particularly neutral lipid metabolism. Methodology/Principal Findings Affymetrix-based transcriptional profiles were determined in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse bone marrow-derived DLs that had been sorted from cultures exposed or not to live L. amazonensis amastigotes. This showed that live amastigote-hosting DLs exhibited a coordinated increase in: (i) long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and cholesterol uptake/transport, (ii) LCFA and cholesterol (re)-esterification to triacyl-sn-glycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE), respectively. As these neutral lipids are known to make up the lipid body (LB) core, oleic acid was added to DL cultures and LB accumulation was compared in live amastigote-hosting versus amastigote-free DLs by epi-fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. This showed that LBs were both significantly larger and more numerous in live amastigote-hosting mouse dendritic leucocytes. Moreover, many of the larger LB showed intimate contact with the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuoles hosting the live L. amazonensis amastigotes. Conclusions/Significance As leucocyte LBs are known to be more than simple neutral lipid repositories, we set about addressing two related questions. Could LBs provide lipids to live amastigotes hosted within the DL parasitophorous vacuole and also deliver? Could LBs impact either directly or indirectly on the persistence of L. amazonensis amastigotes in rodent skin? Once they have gained entry to mammals, live Leishmania (L) amazonensis amastigotes are known to subvert both macrophages and dendritic leucocytes (DLs) as host cells. These L. amazonensis amastigotes then may or may not proliferate in these two phagocytic leucocyte lineages, but in both cases the otherwise versatile differentiation program of these lineages is known to be rapidly remodeled. Here, we describe the rapid reprogramming of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse bone marrow-derived DLs, with a special focus on cytosolic lipid bodies (LBs) that are known to store neutral lipids such as triacyl-sn-glycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE). After extracting RNA from carefully sorted amastigote-free DLs and L. amazonensis amastigote-hosting DLs, an Affymetrix-based analysis clearly showed a singular and coordinated increase in DL transcripts involved in (i) long-chain fatty acid uptake, transport and esterification to TAG and (ii) cholesterol uptake and esterification to cholesteryl esters. Oleic acid was added to check that neutral lipid metabolism was both rapidly increased and reprogrammed in amastigote-hosting DLs. It should be noted that the LBs in live amastigote-hosting DLs were more numerous, and that the largest of these LBs were in contact with live amastigote- hosting parasitophorous vacuoles. We further discuss these findings in the context of live L. amazonensis amastigote-rodent host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoeur
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (TL)
| | - Emilie Giraud
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Prévost
- Institut Pasteur, Département Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Plateforme de Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (TL)
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Giraud E, Lecoeur H, Soubigou G, Coppée JY, Milon G, Prina E, Lang T. Distinct transcriptional signatures of bone marrow-derived C57BL/6 and DBA/2 dendritic leucocytes hosting live Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1980. [PMID: 23272268 PMCID: PMC3521701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The inoculation of a low number (10(4)) of L. amazonensis metacyclic promastigotes into the dermis of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse ear pinna results in distinct outcome as assessed by the parasite load values and ear pinna macroscopic features monitored from days 4 to 22-phase 1 and from days 22 to 80/100-phase 2. While in C57BL/6 mice, the amastigote population size was increasing progressively, in DBA/2 mice, it was rapidly controlled. This latter rapid control did not prevent intracellular amastigotes to persist in the ear pinna and in the ear-draining lymph node/ear-DLN. The objectives of the present analysis was to compare the dendritic leukocytes-dependant immune processes that could account for the distinct outcome during the phase 1, namely, when phagocytic dendritic leucocytes of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice have been subverted as live amastigotes-hosting cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Being aware of the very low frequency of the tissues' dendritic leucocytes/DLs, bone marrow-derived C57BL/6 and DBA/2 DLs were first generated and exposed or not to live DsRed2 expressing L. amazonensis amastigotes. Once sorted from the four bone marrow cultures, the DLs were compared by Affymetrix-based transcriptomic analyses and flow cytometry. C57BL/6 and DBA/2 DLs cells hosting live L. amazonensis amastigotes do display distinct transcriptional signatures and markers that could contribute to the distinct features observed in C57BL/6 versus DBA/2 ear pinna and in the ear pinna-DLNs during the first phase post L. amazonensis inoculation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The distinct features captured in vitro from homogenous populations of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 DLs hosting live amastigotes do offer solid resources for further comparing, in vivo, in biologically sound conditions, functions that range from leukocyte mobilization within the ear pinna, the distinct emigration from the ear pinna to the DLN of live amastigotes-hosting DLs, and their unique signalling functions to either naive or primed T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Giraud
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lecoeur
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Plateforme Transcriptome et Epigénome, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Milon
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Ogata M, Ito T, Shimamoto K, Nakanishi T, Satsutani N, Miyamoto R, Nomura S. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have a cytokine-producing capacity to enhance ICOS ligand-mediated IL-10 production during T-cell priming. Int Immunol 2012; 25:171-82. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Kautz-Neu K, Schwonberg K, Fischer MR, Schermann AI, von Stebut E. Dendritic cells in Leishmania major infections: mechanisms of parasite uptake, cell activation and evidence for physiological relevance. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:581-92. [PMID: 22983754 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide; a vaccine is still not available. Infected dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the initiation of protective Th1 immunity against Leishmania major. Phagocytosis of L. major by DC leads to cell activation, IL-12 release and (cross-) presentation of Leishmania antigens by DC. Here, we review the role of Fcγ receptor- and B cell-mediated processes for parasite internalization by DC. In addition, the early events after parasite inoculation that consist of mast cell activation, parasite uptake by skin-resident macrophages (MΦ), followed by neutrophil and monocyte immigration and DC activation are described. All these events contribute significantly to antigen processing in infected DC and influence resulting T cell priming in vivo. A detailed understanding of the role of DC for the development of efficient anti-Leishmania immunity will aid the development of potent anti-parasite drugs and/or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordula Kautz-Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Liu D, Uzonna JE. The early interaction of Leishmania with macrophages and dendritic cells and its influence on the host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:83. [PMID: 22919674 PMCID: PMC3417671 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The complicated interactions between Leishmania and the host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have fundamental effects on the final outcome of the disease. Two major APCs, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play critical roles in mediating resistance and susceptibility during Leishmania infection. Macrophages are the primary resident cell for Leishmania: they phagocytose and permit parasite proliferation. However, these cells are also the major effector cells to eliminate infection. The effective clearance of parasites by macrophages depends on activation of appropriate immune response, which is usually initiated by DCs. Here, we review the early interaction of APCs with Leishmania parasites and how these interactions profoundly impact on the ensuing adaptive immune response. We also discuss how the current knowledge will allow further refinement of our understanding of the interplay between Leishmania and its hosts that leads to resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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12
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Barthelmann J, Nietsch J, Blessenohl M, Laskay T, van Zandbergen G, Westermann J, Kalies K. The protective Th1 response in mice is induced in the T-cell zone only three weeks after infection with Leishmania major and not during early T-cell activation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:25-35. [PMID: 21547563 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. causes clinical pictures ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin ulcers to systemic disease. The immune response associated with healing involves the differentiation of IFNγ-producing Th1 cells, whereas the non-healing phenotype is associated with IL4-producing Th2 cells. The widespread assumption has been that the T-cell differentiation that leads to a healing or non-healing phenotype is established at the time of T-cell activation early after infection. By selectively analyzing the expression of cytokine genes in the T-cell zones of lymph nodes of resistant (Th1) C57BL/6 mice and susceptible (Th2) BALB/c mice during an infection with Leishmania major in vivo, we show that the early T-cell response does not differ between C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice. Instead, Th1/Th2 polarization appears suddenly 3 weeks after infection. At the same time point, the number of parasites increases in lymph nodes of both mouse strains, but about 100-fold more in susceptible BALB/c mice. We conclude that the protective Th1 response in C57BL/6 mice is facilitated by the capacity of their innate effector cells to keep parasite numbers at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barthelmann
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Kautz-Neu K, Meyer RG, Clausen BE, von Stebut E. Leishmaniasis, contact hypersensitivity and graft-versus-host disease: understanding the role of dendritic cell subsets in balancing skin immunity and tolerance. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:760-71. [PMID: 20590820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key elements of the immune system. In peripheral tissues, they function as sentinels taking up and processing antigens. After migration to the draining lymph nodes, the DC either present antigenic peptides by themselves or transfer them to lymph node-resident DC. The skin is the primary interface between the body and the environment and host's various DC subsets, including dermal DC (dDC) and Langerhans cells (LC). Because of their anatomical position in the epidermis, LC are believed to be responsible for induction of adaptive cutaneous immune responses. The functions of LC and dDC in the skin immune system in vivo are manifold, and it is still discussed controversially whether the differentiation of T-cell subtypes (e.g. effector T cells and regulatory T cells) may be initiated by distinct DC subtypes. As skin DC are able to promote or downmodulate immune responses, we chose different skin diseases (cutaneous leishmaniasis, contact hypersensitivity, UV radiation-induced suppression, and graft-versus-host disease) to describe the biological interactions between different DC subtypes and T cells that lead to the development of efficient or unwanted immune responses. A detailed knowledge about the immune modulatory capacity of different cutaneous DC subsets might be helpful to specifically target these cells through the skin during therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordula Kautz-Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Muraille E, Gounon P, Cazareth J, Hoebeke J, Lippuner C, Davalos-Misslitz A, Aebischer T, Muller S, Glaichenhaus N, Mougneau E. Direct visualization of peptide/MHC complexes at the surface and in the intracellular compartments of cells infected in vivo by Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001154. [PMID: 20976202 PMCID: PMC2954901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa and bacteria infect various types of phagocytic cells including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and eosinophils. However, it is not clear which of these cells process and present microbial antigens in vivo and in which cellular compartments parasite peptides are loaded onto Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules. To address these issues, we have infected susceptible BALB/c (H-2d) mice with a recombinant Leishmania major parasite expressing a fluorescent tracer. To directly visualize the antigen presenting cells that present parasite-derived peptides to CD4+ T cells, we have generated a monoclonal antibody that reacts to an antigenic peptide derived from the parasite LACK antigen bound to I-Ad Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecule. Immunogold electron microscopic analysis of in vivo infected cells showed that intracellular I-Ad/LACK complexes were present in the membrane of amastigote-containing phagosomes in dendritic cells, eosinophils and macrophages/monocytes. In both dendritic cells and macrophages, these complexes were also present in smaller vesicles that did not contain amastigote. The presence of I-Ad/LACK complexes at the surface of dendritic cells, but neither on the plasma membrane of macrophages nor eosinophils was independently confirmed by flow cytometry and by incubating sorted phagocytes with highly sensitive LACK-specific hybridomas. Altogether, our results suggest that peptides derived from Leishmania proteins are loaded onto Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecules in the phagosomes of infected phagocytes. Although these complexes are transported to the cell surface in dendritic cells, therefore allowing the stimulation of parasite-specific CD4+ T cells, this does not occur in other phagocytic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecules bound to peptides derived from a parasite protein have been visualized within and at the surface of cells that were infected in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097, Valbonne, France
| | - Johan Hoebeke
- UPR 9021 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Toni Aebischer
- Parasitology laboratory, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylviane Muller
- UPR 9021 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Evelyne Mougneau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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15
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Zahn S, Kirschsiefen P, Jonuleit H, Steinbrink K, Von Stebut E. Human primary dendritic cell subsets differ in their IL-12 release in response to Leishmania major infection. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:924-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Bohannon J, Cui W, Sherwood E, Toliver-Kinsky T. Dendritic cell modification of neutrophil responses to infection after burn injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2847-53. [PMID: 20679533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Burn patients are highly susceptible to infections due to increased exposure through wounds and impairments in a number of immune functions. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in activation of numerous immune responses that are essential for the clearance of infections. We have found that prophylactic treatment of burn-injured mice with the DC growth factor FLT3 ligand (FL) significantly increases resistance to burn wound infections in a DC-dependent manner that is correlated closely with enhanced bacterial clearance. However, as DCs are not typically microbicidal, the mechanisms by which DC modulation enhances bacterial clearance are not known. Due to the rapid response of neutrophils to cutaneous wounds, and the reported interactions between DCs and neutrophils, we investigated the role of neutrophils in FL-mediated resistance to burn wound infection. This was examined both in vivo and in vitro through neutrophil depletion, supplementation of neutrophils, and assessment of neutrophil chemotaxis following FL treatment. To test the involvement of DCs, CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice were used to deplete DCs during FL treatment. Studies revealed that neutrophils do play a critical role in FL-mediated resistance to a burn wound infection. Additionally, treatment with FL after a burn injury enhances neutrophil-mediated control of bacterial spread, neutrophil migratory capacity, and myeloperoxidase production in a DC-dependent manner. The results of this study provide new insight into immunological mechanisms that can offer protection against infection after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0591, USA.
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17
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Charmoy M, Brunner-Agten S, Aebischer D, Auderset F, Launois P, Milon G, Proudfoot AEI, Tacchini-Cottier F. Neutrophil-derived CCL3 is essential for the rapid recruitment of dendritic cells to the site of Leishmania major inoculation in resistant mice. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000755. [PMID: 20140197 PMCID: PMC2816696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited to sites of microbial infection, where they can influence the recruitment of dendritic cells. Here, we have analyzed the role of neutrophil released chemokines in the early recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) in an experimental model of Leishmania major infection. We show in vitro, as well as during infection, that the parasite induced the expression of CCL3 selectively in neutrophils from L. major resistant mice. Neutrophil-secreted CCL3 was critical in chemotaxis of immature DCs, an effect lost upon CCL3 neutralisation. Depletion of neutrophils prior to infection, as well as pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CCL3, resulted in a significant decrease in DC recruitment at the site of parasite inoculation. Decreased DC recruitment in CCL3(-/-) mice was corrected by the transfer of wild type neutrophils at the time of infection. The early release of CCL3 by neutrophils was further shown to have a transient impact on the development of a protective immune response. Altogether, we identified a novel role for neutrophil-secreted CCL3 in the first wave of DC recruitment to the site of infection with L. major, suggesting that the selective release of neutrophil-secreted chemokines may regulate the development of immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Brunner-Agten
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - David Aebischer
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Unité d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausannne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Leishmania major phosphoglycans influence the host early immune response by modulating dendritic cell functions. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3272-83. [PMID: 19487470 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01447-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role of Leishmania glycoconjugate molecules including phosphoglycans (PGs) and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) on host cellular responses is still poorly defined. Here, we investigated the interaction of Leishmania major LPG2 null mutant (lpg2(-)), which lacks both PGs and LPG, with dendritic cells (DCs) and the subsequent early immune response in infected mice. Surprisingly, the absence of phosphoglycans did not influence expression pattern of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), CD40, CD80, and CD86 on DCs in vitro and in vivo. However, lpg2(-) L. major induced significantly higher production of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) by infected bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) than wild-type (WT) parasites in vitro. Furthermore, the production of IL-12p40 by draining lymph node cells from lpg2(-) mutant-infected mice was higher than those from WT L. major-infected mice. In model antigen presentation experiments, DCs from lpg2(-) mutant-infected mice induced more gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 production by Leishmania-specific T cells than those from WT-infected mice. Lymphocytes isolated from mice infected for 3 days with lpg2(-) parasites produce similar levels of IFN-gamma, but significantly less IL-4 and IL-10 than WT controls. Decreased IL-4 production was also seen in another general PG-deficient mutant lacking the Golgi UDP-galactose transporters (lpg5A(-) lpg5B(-)), but not with the lpg1(-) mutant lacking only LPG, thereby implicating PGs generally in the reduction of IL-4 production. Thus, Leishmania PGs influence host early immune response by modulating DC functions in a way that inhibits antigen presentation and promotes early IL-4 response, and their absence may impact the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
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19
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What determines the success or failure of intracellular cutaneous parasites? Lessons learned from leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2009; 198:137-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-009-0114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Sojka DK, Lazarski CA, Huang YH, Bromberg I, Hughson A, Fowell DJ. Regulation of immunity at tissue sites of inflammation. Immunol Res 2009; 45:239-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Ng LG, Hsu A, Mandell MA, Roediger B, Hoeller C, Mrass P, Iparraguirre A, Cavanagh LL, Triccas JA, Beverley SM, Scott P, Weninger W. Migratory dermal dendritic cells act as rapid sensors of protozoan parasites. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000222. [PMID: 19043558 PMCID: PMC2583051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), including those of the skin, act as sentinels for intruding microorganisms. In the epidermis, DC (termed Langerhans cells, LC) are sessile and screen their microenvironment through occasional movements of their dendrites. The spatio-temporal orchestration of antigen encounter by dermal DC (DDC) is not known. Since these cells are thought to be instrumental in the initiation of immune responses during infection, we investigated their behavior directly within their natural microenvironment using intravital two-photon microscopy. Surprisingly, we found that, under homeostatic conditions, DDC were highly motile, continuously crawling through the interstitial space in a Galpha(i) protein-coupled receptor-dependent manner. However, within minutes after intradermal delivery of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, DDC became immobile and incorporated multiple parasites into cytosolic vacuoles. Parasite uptake occurred through the extension of long, highly dynamic pseudopods capable of tracking and engulfing parasites. This was then followed by rapid dendrite retraction towards the cell body. DDC were proficient at discriminating between parasites and inert particles, and parasite uptake was independent of the presence of neutrophils. Together, our study has visualized the dynamics and microenvironmental context of parasite encounter by an innate immune cell subset during the initiation of the immune response. Our results uncover a unique migratory tissue surveillance program of DDC that ensures the rapid detection of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Guan Ng
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alice Hsu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Mandell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ben Roediger
- The Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus Mrass
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amaya Iparraguirre
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lois L. Cavanagh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James A. Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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23
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Xin L, Li K, Soong L. Down-regulation of dendritic cell signaling pathways by Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3371-82. [PMID: 18538399 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a link between a deficient Th1 response to Leishmania amazonensis (La) parasites and profound impairments in the cytokine/chemokine network at early stages of the infection. To define the molecular basis of these deficiencies, we focused on early and intracellular events in La-infected dendritic cells (DCs) in this study. La amastigote-infected DCs were less mature and less potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) than their promastigote-infected counterparts, as judged by the lower expression of CD40 and CD83, suppressed cytokine expression (IL-12p40 and IL-10), reduced effectiveness for priming CD4+ T cells from naïve or infected mice. Infection with La promastigotes, but not amastigotes, triggered transient expression of IL-12p40 by DC. Both forms of parasites markedly suppressed IL-12p40, IL-12p70, and IL-6 production and increased IL-10 production when DCs were treated with LPS, IFN-gamma/LPS or IFN-alpha/LPS as positive stimuli. Of note, pre-infection of DCs with live amastigotes resulted in multiple alterations in innate signaling pathways, including degradation of STAT2, decreased phosphorylation of STAT1, 2, 3 and ERK1/2, and markedly reduced expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and IRF-8, some of which were partially reversed by pretreatment of parasites with proteasome or protease inhibitors. The impaired IL-12 production in infected DCs was not attributed to increased IL-10 production. Together, our data suggest that La parasites, especially in their intracellular forms, have evolved unique strategies to actively down-regulate early innate signaling events, resulting in impaired DC function and Th1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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24
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Mathers AR, Larregina AT. Professional antigen-presenting cells of the skin. Immunol Res 2007; 36:127-36. [PMID: 17337773 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin functions as an important pro-inflammatory and immune organ. Accordingly, the epidermis and dermis are highly populated by dendritic cells (DC), which are potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) with important immunostimulatory and migratory activities. Whereas the biological characteristics and immunological functions of epidermal DC known as Langernahs cells (LC) have been the focus of intense research in the past, less is known regarding their dermal counterparts named dermal dendritic cells (DDC). Although it has been widely accepted that LC are the more relevant skin-resident APC, recent experimental evidence challenges this concept and proposes a different role for these important cell populations. In this article we compile recent scientific advances regarding the function of different skin-resident DC and we try to reconcile the new observations with the previously established paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Mathers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Abstract
Cutaneous dendritic cells (DC) include epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), interstitial/dermal dendritic cells (DDC), as well as plasmacytoid DC (pDC) that occur under pathological conditions. These immune cells have a spectrum of different functions with implications that extend far beyond the skin. They have the potential to internalize particulate agents and macromolecules, and display migratory properties that endow them with the unique capacity to journey between skin and draining lymph nodes where they encounter antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Herein, we will review the features of human and mouse cutaneous DC, emphasizing characteristics representative of their life-cycle stages that occur within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valladeau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Dermatologie-Pavillon R, EA 3732, Hopital Ed Herriot, Pav R, 69437 Lyon cedex, France.
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26
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León B, López-Bravo M, Ardavín C. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells formed at the infection site control the induction of protective T helper 1 responses against Leishmania. Immunity 2007; 26:519-31. [PMID: 17412618 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection-induced inflammatory reactions involve a strong increase in dendritic cells (DCs) at the infection site and draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Whether inflammatory DCs are recruited to these locations or differentiate locally, and what their functional relevance is, remain unclear. Here we showed that during Leishmania infection, monocytes were recruited to the dermis and differentiated into "dermal monocyte-derived DCs," which subsequently migrated into the dLNs. In addition, monocyte recruitment to the dLNs resulted in the differentiation into "LN monocyte-derived DCs." Analysis of the kinetics of monocyte differentiation into DCs, susceptibility to infection, IL-12 production, and L. major-specific T cell stimulation potential suggest that dermal monocyte-derived DCs controlled the induction of protective T helper 1 responses against Leishmania. Thus, the demonstration of monocyte differentiation potential into DCs during in vivo infection and of local DC differentiation in inflammatory foci suggests that de novo formed monocyte-derived DCs are essential in T cell immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
Studies in murine experimental Leishmania major infection have helped to understand the requirements for efficient development of T helper (Th)1/cytotoxic T (Tc)1-mediated protection against the parasite. As such they have revealed that Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)I and Fc gamma RIII-mediated uptake of L. major amastigotes by dendritic cells (DC) is an important prerequisite for Th1 development. In addition, DC-derived cytokines contribute to adequate T-cell education. DC-based vaccines may thus provide an important tool for both the development of a prophylactic vaccine against leishmaniasis and - together with leishmanicidal drugs - for eliciting immune-deviating functions towards protective immunity in non-healing leishmaniasis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of DC for the induction of Th1/Tc1-predominant immunity against L. major and how this knowledge may translate into clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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28
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Schleicher U, Liese J, Knippertz I, Kurzmann C, Hesse A, Heit A, Fischer JAA, Weiss S, Kalinke U, Kunz S, Bogdan C. NK cell activation in visceral leishmaniasis requires TLR9, myeloid DCs, and IL-12, but is independent of plasmacytoid DCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:893-906. [PMID: 17389237 PMCID: PMC2118560 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are sentinel components of the innate response to pathogens, but the cell types, pathogen recognition receptors, and cytokines required for their activation in vivo are poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), myeloid DCs (mDCs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and of NK cell stimulatory cytokines for the induction of an NK cell response to the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. In vitro, pDCs did not endocytose Leishmania promastigotes but nevertheless released interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta and interleukin (IL)-12 in a TLR9-dependent manner. mDCs rapidly internalized Leishmania and, in the presence of TLR9, produced IL-12, but not IFN-alpha/beta. Depletion of pDCs did not impair the activation of NK cells in L. infantum-infected mice. In contrast, L. infantum-induced NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production were abolished in mDC-depleted mice. The same phenotype was observed in TLR9(-/-) mice, which lacked IL-12 expression by mDCs, and in IL-12(-/-) mice, whereas IFN-alpha/beta receptor(-/-) mice showed only a minor reduction of NK cell IFN-gamma expression. This study provides the first direct evidence that mDCs are essential for eliciting NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma release in vivo and demonstrates that TLR9, mDCs, and IL-12 are functionally linked to the activation of NK cells in visceral leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schleicher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Giarratana N, Daniel KC, Vulcano M, Sozzani S, Adorini L. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively modulates tolerogenic properties in myeloid but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:145-53. [PMID: 17182549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is an immunomodulatory agent inducing dendritic cells (DCs) to become tolerogenic. To further understand its mechanisms of action, we have examined the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on tolerogenic properties of blood myeloid (M-DCs) and plasmacytoid (P-DCs) human DC subsets. Exposure of M-DCs to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) up-regulated production of CCL22, a chemokine attracting regulatory T cells, whereas production of CCL17, the other CCR4 ligand, was reduced. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) also decreased IL-12p75 production by M-DCs, as expected, and inhibited CCR7 expression. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment markedly increased CD4(+) suppressor T cell activity while decreasing the capacity of M-DCs to induce Th1 cell development. Surprisingly, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) did not exert any discernible effect on tolerogenic properties of P-DCs, and even their high production of IFN-alpha was not modulated. In particular, the intrinsically high capacity of P-DCs to induce CD4(+) suppressor T cells was unaffected by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Both DC subsets expressed similar levels of the vitamin D receptor, and its ligation by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) similarly activated the primary response gene cyp24. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in M-DCs but not P-DCs, suggesting a mechanism for the inability of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to modulate tolerogenic properties in P-DCs.
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Moreno J. Changing views on Langerhans cell functions in leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:86-8. [PMID: 17229590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The different functions of skin dendritic cell subsets during Leishmania infection were recently reviewed by Ritter and Osterloh. In their article, they propose a new role for epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells to explain the events that take place after inoculation by Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Ito T, Yang M, Wang YH, Lande R, Gregorio J, Perng OA, Qin XF, Liu YJ, Gilliet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells prime IL-10-producing T regulatory cells by inducible costimulator ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:105-15. [PMID: 17200410 PMCID: PMC2118437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence for distinct roles of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs [mDCs]) and plasmacytoid pre-DCs (pDCs) in regulating T cell–mediated adaptive immunity, the concept of functional DC subsets has been questioned because of the lack of a molecular mechanism to explain these differences. In this study, we provide direct evidence that maturing mDCs and pDCs express different sets of molecules for T cell priming. Although both maturing mDCs and pDCs upregulate the expression of CD80 and CD86, only pDCs upregulate the expression of inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) and maintain high expression levels upon differentiation into mature DCs. High ICOS-L expression endows maturing pDCs with the ability to induce the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells to produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) but not the T helper (Th)2 cytokines IL-4, -5, and -13. These IL-10–producing T cells are T regulatory cells, and their generation by ICOS-L is independent of pDC-driven Th1 and Th2 differentiation, although, in the later condition, some contribution from endogenous IL-4 cannot be completely ruled out. Thus, in contrast to mDCs, pDCs are poised to express ICOS-L upon maturation, which leads to the generation of IL-10–producing T regulatory cells. Our findings demonstrate that mDC and pDCs are intrinsically different in the expression of costimulatory molecules that drive distinct types of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ito
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kumkate S, Jenkins GR, Paveley RA, Hogg KG, Mountford AP. CD207+ Langerhans cells constitute a minor population of skin-derived antigen-presenting cells in the draining lymph node following exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:209-20. [PMID: 17157855 PMCID: PMC1847335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni gain entry to the mammalian host through the skin where they induce a transient inflammatory influx of mononuclear cells. Some of these cells have antigen-presenting cell function (MHCII+) and have been reported to migrate to the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN) where they have the potential to prime CD4+ cells of the acquired immune response. Here, in mice exposed to vaccinating radiation-attenuated schistosome larvae, which induce high levels of protective immunity to challenge infection, we describe the parasite-induced migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) from the epidermal site of immunisation to the sdLN using a specific monoclonal antibody that recognises langerin (CD207). CD207+ cells with dendritic morphology were abundant in the epidermis at all times and their migration into the dermis was detected soon after vaccination. All CD207+ LCs were MHCII+ but not all MHCII+ cells in the skin were CD207+. LCs migrated from the dermis in enhanced numbers after vaccination, as detected in dermal exudate populations recovered after in vitro culture of skin biopsies. Elevated numbers of CD207+ LCs were also detected in the sdLN from 24 h to 4 days after vaccination. However, compared with other dermal-derived antigen-presenting cells that were CD207−MHCII+ or CD207−CD11c+, the relative numbers of CD207+ cells in the dermal exudate population and in the sdLN were very small. Furthermore, the migration of CD207+ cells after exposure to ‘protective’ radiation-attenuated, compared with ‘non-protective’ normal cercariae, was similar in terms of numbers and kinetics. Together, these studies suggest that CD207+ LCs are only a minor component of the antigen-presenting cell population that migrates from the epidermis and they are unlikely to be important in the priming of protective CD4+ cells in the sdLN.
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Lahoud MH, Proietto AI, Gartlan KH, Kitsoulis S, Curtis J, Wettenhall J, Sofi M, Daunt C, O'keeffe M, Caminschi I, Satterley K, Rizzitelli A, Schnorrer P, Hinohara A, Yamaguchi Y, Wu L, Smyth G, Handman E, Shortman K, Wright MD. Signal regulatory protein molecules are differentially expressed by CD8- dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:372-82. [PMID: 16785533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A normalized subtracted gene expression library was generated from freshly isolated mouse dendritic cells (DC) of all subtypes, then used to construct cDNA microarrays. The gene expression profiles of the three splenic conventional DC (cDC) subsets were compared by microarray hybridization and two genes encoding signal regulatory protein beta (Sirpbeta1 and Sirpbeta4) molecules were identified as differentially expressed in CD8(-) cDC. Genomic sequence analysis revealed a third Sirpbeta member localized in the same gene cluster. These Sirpbeta genes encode cell surface molecules containing extracellular Ig domains and short intracytoplasmic domains that have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region which can potentially interact with ITAM-bearing molecules to mediate signaling. Indeed, we demonstrated interactions between Sirpbeta1 and beta2 with the ITAM-bearing signaling molecule Dap12. Real-time PCR analysis showed that all three Sirpbeta genes were expressed by CD8(-) cDC, but not by CD8(+) cDC or plasmacytoid pre-DC. The related Sirpalpha gene showed a similar expression profile on cDC subtypes but was also expressed by plasmacytoid pre-DC. The differential expression of Sirpalpha and Sirpbeta1 molecules on DC was confirmed by staining with mAbs, including a new mAb recognizing Sirpbeta1. Cross-linking of Sirpbeta1 on DC resulted in a reduction in phagocytosis of Leishmania major parasites, but did not affect phagocytosis of latex beads, perhaps indicating that the regulation of phagocytosis by Sirpbeta1 is a ligand-dependent interaction. Thus, we postulate that the differential expression of these molecules may confer the ability to regulate the phagocytosis of particular ligands to CD8(-) cDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille H Lahoud
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Abe M, Wang Z, de Creus A, Thomson AW. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors induce allogeneic T-cell hyporesponsiveness and prolong heart graft survival. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1808-19. [PMID: 15996227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) precursors were propagated from C57BL/10 (B10; H2b) mouse bone marrow in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. Cosignaling molecule (B7-1/B7-2 and B7-H1) expression and stimulatory capacity of precursor (pre)-plasmacytoid (p)DC (CD11c+B220+CD11b-CD19-) and classic myeloid DC (MDC) for allogeneic (C3H; H2k) T cells were compared. Unstimulated pre-pDC exhibited very low levels of surface MHC class II and classic costimulatory molecules (B7-1/B7-2), whereas a minor population expressed B7-H1 at levels higher than on MDC. The pre-pDC were ineffective T-cell stimulators and induced nonspecific hyporesponsiveness to rechallenge with donor alloantigens in vitro and in vivo. Following stimulation with CpG-oligonucleotide (CpG-ODN), B7 molecule expression was upregulated on pre-pDC, however the ratio between coinhibitory (B7-H1) and costimulatory (B7-1/B7-2) signals was much higher (five- to six-fold) on pre-pDC than MDC. Blockade of B7-H1 expression on pDC increased their T-cell allostimulatory capacity significantly. A single preoperative infusion of C3H hosts with pre-pDC prolonged B10 heart graft survival significantly but nonspecifically compared with untreated mice (median survival times 22 vs. 9 days, respectively). Thus, pre-pDC of donor origin have potential to regulate T-cell responses to alloantigens and can prolong organ graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Abe
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Liu YJ. IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23:275-306. [PMID: 15771572 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferon-(alpha, beta, omega)-producing cells (IPCs), also known as plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors (pDCs), represent 0.2%-0.8% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in both humans and mice. IPCs display plasma cell morphology, selectively express Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and TLR9, and are specialized in rapidly secreting massive amounts of type 1 interferon following viral stimulation. IPCs can promote the function of natural killer cells, B cells, T cells, and myeloid DCs through type 1 interferons during an antiviral immune response. At a later stage of viral infection, IPCs differentiate into a unique type of mature dendritic cell, which directly regulates the function of T cells and thus links innate and adaptive immune responses. After more than two decades of effort by researchers, IPCs finally claim their place in the hematopoietic chart as the most important cell type in antiviral innate immunity. Understanding IPC biology holds future promise for developing cures for infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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37
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Abadie V, Badell E, Douillard P, Ensergueix D, Leenen PJM, Tanguy M, Fiette L, Saeland S, Gicquel B, Winter N. Neutrophils rapidly migrate via lymphatics after Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermal vaccination and shuttle live bacilli to the draining lymph nodes. Blood 2005; 106:1843-50. [PMID: 15886329 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The early innate response after Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is poorly characterized but probably decisive for subsequent protective immunity against tuberculosis. Therefore, we vaccinated mice with fluorescent BCG strains in the ear dorsum, as a surrogate of intradermal vaccination in humans. During the first 3 days, we tracked BCG host cells migrating out of the dermis to the auricular draining lymph nodes (ADLNs). Resident skin dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages did not play a predominant role in early BCG capture and transport to ADLNs. The main BCG host cells rapidly recruited both in the dermis and ADLNs were neutrophils. Fluorescent green or red BCG strains injected into nonoverlapping sites were essentially sheltered by distinct neutrophils in the ADLN capsule, indicating that neutrophils had captured bacilli in peripheral tissue and transported them to the lymphoid organ. Strikingly, we observed BCG-infected neutrophils in the lumen of lymphatic vessels by confocal microscopy on ear dermis. Fluorescence-labeled neutrophils injected into the ears accumulated exclusively into the ipsilateral ADLN capsule after BCG vaccination. Thus, we provide in vivo evidence that neutrophils, like DCs or inflammatory monocytes, migrate via afferent lymphatics to lymphoid tissue and can shuttle live microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 7724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Abstract
For a long time, the family of type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) has received little attention outside the fields of virology and tumor immunology. In recent years, IFN-alpha/beta regained the interest of immunologists, due to the phenotypic and functional characterization of IFN-alpha/beta-producing cells, the definition of novel immunomodulatory functions and signaling pathways of IFN-alpha/beta, and the observation that IFN-alpha/beta not only exerts antiviral effects but is also relevant for the pathogenesis or control of certain bacterial and protozoan infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the production and function of IFN-alpha/beta during non-viral infections in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Antoine JC, Prina E, Courret N, Lang T. Leishmania spp.: on the interactions they establish with antigen-presenting cells of their mammalian hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2005; 58:1-68. [PMID: 15603761 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(04)58001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification of macrophages as host cells for the mammalian stage of Leishmania spp. traces back to about 40 years ago, but many questions concerning the ways these parasites establish themselves in these cells, which are endowed with potent innate microbicidal mechanisms, are still unanswered. It is known that microbicidal activities of macrophages can be enhanced or induced by effector T lymphocytes following the presentation of antigens via MHC class I or class II molecules expressed at the macrophage plasma membrane. However, Leishmania spp. have evolved mechanisms to evade or to interfere with antigen presentation processes, allowing parasites to partially resist these T cell-mediated immune responses. Recently, the presence of Leishmania amastigotes within dendritic cells has been reported suggesting that they could also be host cells for these parasites. Dendritic cells have been described as the only cells able to induce the activation of naive T lymphocytes. However, certain Leishmania species infect dendritic cells without inducing their maturation and impair the migration of these cells, which could delay the onset of the adaptive immune responses as both processes are required for naive T cell activation. This review examines how Leishmania spp. interact with these two cell types, macrophages and dendritic cells, and describes some of the strategies used by Leishmania spp. to survive in these inducible or constitutive antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Antoine
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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40
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Ponce LV, Corado J, Díaz NL, Tapia FJ. Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells modulates immunogenesis and tolerogenesis in a neonatal model of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2005; 4:2. [PMID: 15670331 PMCID: PMC548294 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the adoptive transfer of DCs on Leishmania (L.) mexicana-infected neonatal BALB/c mice. DCs were isolated and purified from the spleens of the following donor groups: a) Adult BALB/c mice infected during adulthood with L. (L) mexicana; b) Adult BALB/c mice infected during neonatal life; c) Healthy neonatal BALB/c mice; d) Healthy adult BALB/c mice. A neonatal model of infection, generated after inoculation with 5 × 105 promastigotes of L. (L) mexicana, was used as the infection control group. Sixteen hours after intraperitoneal transfer of DCs (1 × 103, 1 × 105, or 1 × 106 cells/ml), neonatal recipient BALB/c mice were infected. The adoptive transfer of DCs diminished disease progression in neonatal mice. This reduction depends on the quantity and provenance of transferred DCs, since the effect was more evident with high numbers of DCs from adult mice infected during adulthood and healthy neonatal mice. Protection was significantly reduced in animals receiving DCs from healthy adult mice but it was absent in mice receiving DCs from adult mice infected during neonatal life. These results suggest that genetic susceptibility to Leishmania infection can be modified during neonatal life, and that the period of life when antigens are encountered is crucial in influencing the capacity of DCs to induce resistance or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loida V Ponce
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
| | - José Corado
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Nilka L Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
| | - Felix J Tapia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
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41
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Larregina AT, Falo LD. Changing Paradigms in Cutaneous Immunology: Adapting with Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:1-12. [PMID: 15654947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1747.2004.23554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana T Larregina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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Abstract
Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two highly specific hosts, the sandfly where they grow as motile, flagellated promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow intracellularly as non-flagellated amastigotes. Leishmaniasis is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms which ensure survival and transmission in the population. The spectrum of disease manifestations and severity reflects the interaction between the genome of the host and that of the parasite, and the pathology is caused by a combination of host and parasite molecules. This chapter examines the genetic basis of host susceptibility to disease in humans and animal models. It describes the genetic tools used to map and identify susceptibility genes, and the lessons learned from murine and human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Handman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Kissenpfennig A, Aït-Yahia S, Clair-Moninot V, Stössel H, Badell E, Bordat Y, Pooley JL, Lang T, Prina E, Coste I, Gresser O, Renno T, Winter N, Milon G, Shortman K, Romani N, Lebecque S, Malissen B, Saeland S, Douillard P. Disruption of the langerin/CD207 gene abolishes Birbeck granules without a marked loss of Langerhans cell function. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:88-99. [PMID: 15601833 PMCID: PMC538791 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.1.88-99.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerin is a C-type lectin expressed by a subset of dendritic leukocytes, the Langerhans cells (LC). Langerin is a cell surface receptor that induces the formation of an LC-specific organelle, the Birbeck granule (BG). We generated a langerin(-/-) mouse on a C57BL/6 background which did not display any macroscopic aberrant development. In the absence of langerin, LC were detected in normal numbers in the epidermis but the cells lacked BG. LC of langerin(-/-) mice did not present other phenotypic alterations compared to wild-type littermates. Functionally, the langerin(-/-) LC were able to capture antigen, to migrate towards skin draining lymph nodes, and to undergo phenotypic maturation. In addition, langerin(-/-) mice were not impaired in their capacity to process native OVA protein for I-A(b)-restricted presentation to CD4(+) T lymphocytes or for H-2K(b)-restricted cross-presentation to CD8(+) T lymphocytes. langerin(-/-) mice inoculated with mannosylated or skin-tropic microorganisms did not display an altered pathogen susceptibility. Finally, chemical mutagenesis resulted in a similar rate of skin tumor development in langerin(-/-) and wild-type mice. Overall, our data indicate that langerin and BG are dispensable for a number of LC functions. The langerin(-/-) C57BL/6 mouse should be a valuable model for further functional exploration of langerin and the role of BG.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Blastocyst/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinogens
- Cell Movement
- Cell Physiological Phenomena
- Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electroporation
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunohistochemistry
- Islets of Langerhans/cytology
- Islets of Langerhans/physiology
- Kinetics
- Langerhans Cells/cytology
- Lectins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Models, Genetic
- Mutagenesis
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Université de la Méditerranee, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key elements of the immune system, which function as sentinel in the periphery and alert T lymphocytes about the type of invading antigen and address their polarisation, in order to mount an efficacious immune response. Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa which may cause severe disease in humans and domestic animals. In this work, the main studies concerning the role of DCs in Leishmania infection are reviewed, in both the murine and human models. In particular, the importance of the genetic status of the hosts and of the different Leishmania species in modulating DC-mediated immune response is examined. In addition, different approaches of DC-based vaccination against experimental leishmaniasis, which could have important future applications, are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brandonisio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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