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Roca TP, Queiroz JAS, Passos-Silva AM, Araújo A, Lago BV, Mello FCA, Salcedo JMV, Vieira D, Villar LM. Genetic Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Western Brazilian Amazon. Viruses 2024; 16:1690. [PMID: 39599805 PMCID: PMC11598896 DOI: 10.3390/v16111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian Amazon region is a highly endemic area for hepatitis Delta and has areas that are difficult to access. Understanding the dynamics of HDV transmission in these remote locations is important for elucidating the routes of infection. To investigate this, a molecular analysis of HDV was conducted to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of HDV cases. Between 2010 and 2023, 35 patients were recruited from the Viral Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic in Rondônia, Brazil. Conventional PCR was used to amplify the complete HDV genome followed by nucleotide sequencing via the Sanger method. The HDV genotype was determined using maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. A Skygrid coalescent approach with a Relaxed Random Walk phylogeographic model was used for the spatio-temporal analysis. Most individuals were males (21/35), with a median age of 39 years. HDV-3 was identified in all samples (35/35; 100%). The tMRCA was estimated to be 1824, with a substitution rate of 8.2 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. The results suggest that HDV likely entered Brazil around 1820, in the state of Amazonas, subsequently spreading to Acre and Rondônia. Notable migration events were observed starting from 2010. This study suggests that HDV-3 has a complex evolutionary history spanning over two centuries, with intricate transmission routes in different locations in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tárcio P. Roca
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (T.P.R.); (B.V.L.); (F.C.A.M.)
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Jackson A. S. Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Passos-Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
| | - Adrhyan Araújo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
| | - Barbara V. Lago
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (T.P.R.); (B.V.L.); (F.C.A.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco C. A. Mello
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (T.P.R.); (B.V.L.); (F.C.A.M.)
| | - Juan M. V. Salcedo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical-CEPEM, Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil
| | - Deusilene Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (J.A.S.Q.); (A.M.P.-S.); (A.A.); (J.M.V.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Livia M. Villar
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (T.P.R.); (B.V.L.); (F.C.A.M.)
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Baruti K, Choga WT, Motshosi PC, Phinius BB, Phakedi B, Bhebhe LN, Mpebe GGA, Tsayang CD, Ratsoma T, Gaolathe T, Mosepele M, Makhema J, Shapiro R, Lockman S, Moyo S, Jongman M, Anderson M, Gaseitsiwe S. Hepatitis Delta Virus Clade 8 Is the Predominant Clade Circulating in Botswana amongst People Living with HIV. Viruses 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 39459902 PMCID: PMC11512356 DOI: 10.3390/v16101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) co-infections more often result in severe hepatitis compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections alone. Despite a high HDV prevalence (7.1%), information regarding circulating HDV clades is very limited in Botswana. We extracted total nucleic acid from confirmed HDV-positive samples and quantified their viral load. We then sequenced the large hepatitis delta antigen (L-HDAg) using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT). Genotyping was performed using the HDV Database, and HDV mutation profiling was performed on AliView. All participants with HBV genotypic information belonged to sub-genotype A1, and 80% (4/5) of them had a higher HDV viral load and a lower HBV viral load. We sequenced 75% (9/12) of the HDV-positive samples, which belonged to HDV clade 8. A total of 54 mutations were discovered, with the most prevalent being Q148R (16%), D149P (16%) and G151D (16%). Known mutations such as S117A, K131R, R139K and G151D were detected, while the other mutations were novel. Our results reveal that HDV clade 8 is the predominant clade in Botswana. The significance of all mutations remains unclear. Future studies with a larger sample size to detect other HDV clades that might be circulating in Botswana and functionally characterize the detected mutations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabo Baruti
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Wonderful T. Choga
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Patience C. Motshosi
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Bonolo B. Phinius
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Basetsana Phakedi
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Lynnette N. Bhebhe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Gorata G. A. Mpebe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Chanana D. Tsayang
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Tsholofelo Ratsoma
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Tendani Gaolathe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag UB 0022, Botswana
| | - Mosepele Mosepele
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag UB 0022, Botswana
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Mosimanegape Jongman
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Motswedi Anderson
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4013, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana; (K.B.); (W.T.C.); (P.C.M.); (B.P.); (L.N.B.); (G.G.A.M.); (C.D.T.); (T.R.); (T.G.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.A.)
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ding Y, Guo H, Hong X, Li Q, Miao Z, Pan Q, Zheng K, Wang W. The distinct spatiotemporal evolutionary landscape of HBV and HDV largely determines the unique epidemic features of HDV globally. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 197:108114. [PMID: 38825156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis. Due to the dependence on HBV, HDV was deemed to co-evolve and co-migrate with HBV. However, we previously found that the naturally occurred HDV/HBV combinations do not always reflect the most efficient virological adaptation (Wang et al., 2021). Moreover, regions with heavy HBV burden do not always correlate with high HDV prevalence (e.g., East Asia), and vice versa (e.g., Central Asia). Herein, we systematically elucidated the spatiotemporal evolutionary landscape of HDV to understand the unique epidemic features of HDV. We found that the MRCA of HDV was from South America around the late 13th century, was globally dispersed mainly via Central Asia, and evolved into eight genotypes from the 19th to 20th century. In contrast, the MRCA of HBV was from Europe ∼23.7 thousand years ago (Kya), globally dispersed mainly via Africa and East Asia, and evolved into eight genotypes ∼1100 years ago. When HDV stepped in, all present-day HBV genotypes had already formed and its global genotypic distribution had stayed stable geographically. Nevertheless, regionalized HDV adapted to local HBV genotypes and human lineages, contributing to the global geographical separation of HDV genotypes. Additionally, a sharp increase in HDV infections was observed after the 20th century. In conclusion, HDV exhibited a distinct spatiotemporal distribution path compared with HBV. This unique evolutionary relationship largely fostered the unique epidemic features we observe nowadays. Moreover, HDV infections may continue to ramp up globally, thus more efforts are urgently needed to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Ding
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Xinfang Hong
- Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiudi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Nagata S, Kiyohara R, Toh H. Constraint of Base Pairing on HDV Genome Evolution. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122350. [PMID: 34960619 PMCID: PMC8708965 DOI: 10.3390/v13122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis delta virus is a single-stranded circular RNA virus, which is characterized by high self-complementarity. About 70% of the genome sequences can form base-pairs with internal nucleotides. There are many studies on the evolution of the hepatitis delta virus. However, the secondary structure has not been taken into account in these studies. In this study, we developed a method to examine the effect of base pairing as a constraint on the nucleotide substitutions during the evolution of the hepatitis delta virus. The method revealed that the base pairing can reduce the evolutionary rate in the non-coding region of the virus. In addition, it is suggested that the non-coding nucleotides without base pairing may be under some constraint, and that the intensity of the constraint is weaker than that by the base pairing but stronger than that on the synonymous site.
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Comment: Mis-Genotyping of Some Hepatitis D Virus Genotype 2 and 5 Sequences Using HDVdb. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101066. [PMID: 32977660 PMCID: PMC7598266 DOI: 10.3390/v12101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence that Hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotype is involved in HDV infection pathogenesis is increasing. Indeed, HDV genotypes have been shown to be linked to different outcomes in terms of liver fibrosis and treatment response. Herein, we show that the promising HDVdb genotyping tool available online can lead to wrong genotyping results. The current HDVdb algorithm should be carefully considered as a “beta-version” and warrants algorithm core corrections, as soon as possible, for an optimal and beneficial use.
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Coppola N, Alessio L, Onorato L, Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Pisaturo M. HDV infection in immigrant populations. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2049-2058. [PMID: 31429940 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Little data have been published so far on the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in immigrant populations and even poorer is the information on the virological, phylogenetic, and clinical aspects of this infection in these populations. This review article, aimed primarily at physicians caring for immigrants, summarizes the information available on HDV infection and analyzes data on this topic concerning the immigrant populations. METHODS AND RESULTS The prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg-positive immigrants varies according to the country of origin. For example, in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, this prevalence is higher in those born in Equatorial Guinea (24.4%) than those from other African countries (10.3%). The epidemiological impact of HDV infection linked to migratory flows is a function of the different endemicity between countries of origin and countries in which a new existence has been established. This impact is high when immigrants from areas endemic to HDV infection (eg, Equatorial Guinea) settle in areas of low endemicity (eg, Germany or England, with a prevalence of around 4%), while the impact is lesser or nonexistent if the migratory flows are directed toward countries with intermediate endemicity (eg, Italy and Greece, with a prevalence of around 10%). CONCLUSION This impact of immigration on HDV epidemiology can be strong when HDV endemicity is high in the country of origin and low in the host country and slight when immigrants move to high or medium endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Infectious Disease Unit, AORN Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Onorato
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Infectious Disease Unit, AORN Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Lin CC, Lee CC, Lin SH, Huang PJ, Li HP, Chang YS, Tang P, Chao M. RNA recombination in Hepatitis delta virus: Identification of a novel naturally occurring recombinant. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:771-780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Botelho-Souza LF, Vasconcelos MPA, Dos Santos ADO, Salcedo JMV, Vieira DS. Hepatitis delta: virological and clinical aspects. Virol J 2017; 14:177. [PMID: 28903779 PMCID: PMC5597996 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 400 million chronic carriers of HBV worldwide; between 15 and 20 million have serological evidence of exposure to HDV. Traditionally, regions with high rates of endemicity are central and northern Africa, the Amazon Basin, eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, the Middle East and parts of Asia. There are two types of HDV/HBV infection which are differentiated by the previous status infection by HBV for the individual. Individuals with acute HBV infection contaminated by HDV is an HDV/HBV co-infection, while individuals with chronic HBV infection contaminated by HDV represent an HDV/HBV super-infection. The appropriate treatment for chronic hepatitis delta is still widely discussed since it does not have an effective drug. Alpha interferon is currently the only licensed therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis D. The most widely used drug is pegylated interferon but only approximately 25% of patients maintain a sustained viral response after 1 year of treatment. The best marker of therapeutic success would be the clearance of HBsAg, but this data is rare in clinical practice. Therefore, the best way to predict a sustained virologic response is the maintenance of undetectable HDV RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Felipo Botelho-Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil.
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil.
| | | | - Alcione de Oliveira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
| | - Juan Miguel Villalobos Salcedo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
| | - Deusilene Souza Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
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Nguyen HM, Sy BT, Trung NT, Hoan NX, Wedemeyer H, Velavan TP, Bock CT. Prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis delta virus among chronic hepatitis B carriers in Central Vietnam. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175304. [PMID: 28403190 PMCID: PMC5389633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection plays an important role in liver diseases. However, the molecular epidemiology and impact of HDV infection in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain uncertain in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HDV among HBsAg-positive patients in Central Vietnam. 250 CHB patients were tested for HDV using newly established HDV-specific RT-PCR techniques. HDV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. Of the 250 patients 25 (10%) had detectable copies of HDV viral RNA. HDV-2 was predominant (20/25; 80%) followed by HDV-1 (5/25; 20%). Proven HDV genotypes share the Asian nomenclature. Chronic hepatitis B patients with concomitant HDV-1 showed higher HBV loads as compared to HDV-2 infected patients [median log10 (HBV-DNA copies/ml): 8.5 vs. 4.4, P = 0.036]. Our findings indicate that HDV infection is highly prevalent and HDV-2 is predominant in Central Vietnam. The data will add new information to the management of HBsAg-positive patients in a highly HBV endemic region to in- or exclude HDV infection in terms of diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Minh Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Department of Molecular Biology, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Trung
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- German Center for Infection Research, Department for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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10
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The hepatitis delta genotype 8 in Northeast Brazil: The North Atlantic slave trade as the potential route for infection. Virus Res 2016; 224:6-11. [PMID: 27515509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is not well known, even though HDV and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection leads to severe forms of acute and chronic liver diseases. HDV is endemic in the Western Amazon region. Recently, the HDV genotype 8 was found in chronic patients followed at the center for liver studies in the Northeast Brazil, Maranhão. Previous studies suggested that this genotype was introduced in Maranhão during the slave trade. The presence of HDV in that study, which was done outside the Amazon region, led us to investigate whether the virus is found infecting individuals in other regions of Maranhão as well. Thus, we screened ninety-two HBsAg positive individuals from five Municipalities of Maranhão for anti-HD antibody and eight were found positive (8.7%). These eight positive individuals were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate active HDV infection. Half of them were positive for a fragment sequence of the delta antigen; their sequence samples were submitted to genotype characterization by phylogenetic analysis. All sequences clustered in a unique branch of the tree separated from the other branch described in Africa. Our study confirmed the presence of HDV-8 in Maranhão. These infected individuals had no evidence of contact with African people. Furthermore, we found individuals infected with HDV-8 in two more different municipalities. More studies like ours are urgent because the co-infection HBV/HDV is more difficult to treat. Identification of the endemic regions and implementation of healthy policies for preventing this infection are urgent in this region.
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11
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Chao M, Lin CC, Lin FM, Li HP, Iang SB. Whole-genome analysis of genetic recombination of hepatitis delta virus: molecular domain in delta antigen determining trans-activating efficiency. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3460-3469. [PMID: 26407543 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the only animal RNA virus that has an unbranched rod-like genome with ribozyme activity and is replicated by host RNA polymerase. HDV RNA recombination was previously demonstrated in patients and in cultured cells by analysis of a region corresponding to the C terminus of the delta antigen (HDAg), the only viral-encoded protein. Here, a whole-genome recombination map of HDV was constructed using an experimental system in which two HDV-1 sequences were co-transfected into cultured cells and the recombinants were analysed by sequencing of cloned reverse transcription-PCR products. Fifty homologous recombinants with 60 crossovers mapping to 22 junctions were identified from 200 analysed clones. Small HDAg chimeras harbouring a junction newly detected in the recombination map were then constructed. The results further indicated that the genome-replication level of HDV was sensitive to the sixth amino acid within the N-terminal 22 aa of HDAg. Therefore, the recombination map established in this study provided a tool for not only understanding HDV RNA recombination, but also elucidating the related mechanisms, such as molecular elements responsible for the trans-activation levels of the small HDAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chao
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lin
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ming Lin
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pai Li
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Bei Iang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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12
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Sy BT, Nguyen HM, Toan NL, Song LH, Tong HV, Wolboldt C, Binh VQ, Kremsner PG, Velavan TP, Bock CT. Identification of a natural intergenotypic recombinant hepatitis delta virus genotype 1 and 2 in Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:55-63. [PMID: 24548489 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is acquired as a co- /superinfection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can modulate the pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis B and related liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the eight distinct HDV genotypes reported, relatively few studies have attempted to investigate the prevalence of HDV mixed genotypes and RNA recombination of HDV. With a recorded prevalence of 10-20% HBV infection in Vietnam, this study investigated the HDV variability, HDV genotypes and HDV recombination among twenty-one HDV isolates in Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients. HDV subgenomic and full-length genome sequences were obtained using newly established HDV-specific RT-PCR techniques. The nucleotide homology was observed from 74.6% to 99.4% among the investigated full-length genome of the HDV isolates. We observed HDV genotype 1 and HDV genotype 2 in the investigated Vietnamese patients. Although no HDV genotype mixtures were observed, we report here a newly identified recombinant of HDV genotypes (HDV 1 and HDV 2). The identified recombinant HDV isolate C03 revealed sequence homology to both HDV genotype 1 (nt1 to nt907) and HDV genotype 2 (nt908 to nt1675; HDAg coding region) with a breakpoint at nt908. Our findings demonstrate the prevalence of intergenotypic recombination between HDV genotypes 1 and 2 in a Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patient. Extended investigation on the distribution and prevalence of HDV, HDV mixed genotypes and recombinant HDV genotypes in a larger Vietnamese population offers vital insights into understanding of the micro-epidemiology of HDV and subsequent pathophysiology in chronic HBV- /HDV-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Sy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
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Shirvani-Dastgerdi E, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Alavian SM, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Comprehensive analysis of mutations in the hepatitis delta virus genome based on full-length sequencing in a nationwide cohort study and evolutionary pattern during disease progression. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:510.e11-23. [PMID: 25656625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Delta hepatitis, caused by co-infection or super-infection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) -infected patients, is the most severe form of chronic hepatitis, often progressing to liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Although 15 million individuals are affected worldwide, molecular data on the HDV genome and its proteins, small and large delta antigen (S-/L-HDAg), are limited. We therefore conducted a nationwide study in HBV-HDV-infected patients from Iran and successfully amplified 38 HDV full genomes and 44 L-HDAg sequences from 34 individuals. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length HDV and L-HDAg isolates revealed that all strains clustered with genotype 1 and showed high genotypic distances to HDV genotypes 2 to 8, with a maximal distance to genotype 3. Longitudinal analyses in individual patients indicated a reverse evolutionary trend, especially in L-HDAg amino acid composition, over time. Besides multiple sequence variations in the hypervariable region of HDV, nucleotide substitutions preferentially occurred in the stabilizing P4 domain of the HDV ribozyme. A high rate of single amino acid changes was detected in structural parts of L-HDAg, whereas its post-translational modification sites were highly conserved. Interestingly, several non-synonymous mutations were positively selected that affected immunogenic epitopes of L-HDAg towards CD8 T-cell- and B-cell-driven immune responses. Hence, our comprehensive molecular analysis comprising a nationwide cohort revealed phylogenetic relationships and provided insight into viral evolution within individual hosts. Moreover, preferential areas of frequent mutations in the HDV ribozyme and antigen protein were determined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Centre for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - C Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Lin CC, Yang ZW, Iang SB, Chao M. Reduced genetic distance and high replication levels increase the RNA recombination rate of hepatitis delta virus. Virus Res 2014; 195:79-85. [PMID: 25172581 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication is carried out by host RNA polymerases. Since homologous inter-genotypic RNA recombination is known to occur in HDV, possibly via a replication-dependent process, we hypothesized that the degree of sequence homology and the replication level should be related to the recombination frequency in cells co-expressing two HDV sequences. To confirm this, we separately co-transfected cells with three different pairs of HDV genomic RNAs and analyzed the obtained recombinants by RT-PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analyses. The sequence divergence between the clones ranged from 24% to less than 0.1%, and the difference in replication levels was as high as 100-fold. As expected, significant differences were observed in the recombination frequencies, which ranged from 0.5% to 47.5%. Furthermore, varying the relative amounts of parental RNA altered the dominant recombinant species produced, suggesting that template switching occurs frequently during the synthesis of genomic HDV RNA. Taken together, these data suggest that during the host RNA polymerase-driven RNA recombination of HDV, both inter- and intra-genotypic recombination events are important in shaping the genetic diversity of HDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Lin
- Division of Mcrobiology, Graduate Institue of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Wei Yang
- Division of Mcrobiology, Graduate Institue of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan.
| | - Shan-Bei Iang
- Division of Mcrobiology, Graduate Institue of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan.
| | - Mei Chao
- Division of Mcrobiology, Graduate Institue of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan.
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15
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Hepatitis delta virus genotype-1 alone cocirculates with hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D in Pakistan. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:319-24. [PMID: 24129252 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified as major causes of morbidity and mortality in Pakistan because HDV causes infection only in the presence of HBV. Coinfection with both hepatitis viruses can lead to a more severe acute form of disease and to an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis. HDV infection differs in its distribution and severity depending on the geographical distribution, and several genotypes of HDV have been identified so far. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to establish the HDV and HBV genotypes in chronically infected Pakistani patients and to determine whether there is any correlation between HDV and HBV genotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied samples from a total of 46 chronically infected HBV and HDV patients for HBV and HDV genotype analysis out of a total of 75 chronic HBV carriers enrolled. HBV and HDV genotypes were determined using type-specific PCR, followed by sequencing of PCR amplified products. RESULTS The results of HBV genotyping showed that 33 of 46 (71.7%) patients had genotype D, five (10.9%) had A+D mixed genotypes, whereas eight (17.3) samples were untypable. We could detect only one HDV genotype (HDV-1) prevalent in the Pakistani population. The HDV-1 genotype isolate was associated with HBV genotype D alone or in combination with A (HBV-A+D). CONCLUSION The present study concludes that HDV/HBV coinfection is very high in the Pakistani population and was previously underestimated. The most prevalent circulating genotypes of HBV and HDV are HDV-1 and HBV-D, respectively, in the studied area. There is no specific interaction between HBV and HDV genotypes as suggested by HDV-1/HBV-D or HDV-1/HBV-A+D coinfection. Coinfection of HDV-1 and HBV-D simply reflects the most frequent genotypes circulating in this specific geographical region of the world.
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16
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Lunemann S, Grabowski J, Wedemeyer H. Immunopathogenesis of Hepatitis D. LIVER IMMUNOLOGY 2014:231-241. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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17
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Sy BT, Ratsch BA, Toan NL, Song LH, Wollboldt C, Bryniok A, Nguyen HM, Luong HV, Velavan TP, Wedemeyer H, Kremsner PG, Bock CT. High prevalence and significance of hepatitis D virus infection among treatment-naïve HBsAg-positive patients in Northern Vietnam. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78094. [PMID: 24205106 PMCID: PMC3799775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is considered to cause more severe hepatitis than hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. With more than 9.5 million HBV-infected people, Vietnam will face an enormous health burden. The prevalence of HDV in Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients is speculative. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of HDV in Vietnamese patients, determined the HDV-genotype distribution and compared the findings with the clinical outcome. METHODS 266 sera of well-characterized HBsAg-positive patients in Northern Vietnam were analysed for the presence of HDV using newly developed HDV-specific RT-PCRs. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed for HDV-genotyping. RESULTS The HDV-genome prevalence observed in the Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients was high with 15.4% while patients with acute hepatitis showed 43.3%. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a predominance of HDV-genotype 1 clustering in an Asian clade while HDV-genotype 2 could be also detected. The serum aminotransferase levels (AST, ALT) as well as total and direct bilirubin were significantly elevated in HDV-positive individuals (p<0.05). HDV loads were mainly low (<300 to 4.108 HDV-copies/ml). Of note, higher HDV loads were mainly found in HBV-genotype mix samples in contrast to single HBV-infections. In HBV/HDV-coinfections, HBV loads were significantly higher in HBV-genotype C in comparison to HBV-genotype A samples (p<0.05). CONCLUSION HDV prevalence is high in Vietnamese individuals, especially in patients with acute hepatitis B. HDV replication activity showed a HBV-genotype dependency and could be associated with elevated liver parameters. Besides serological assays molecular tests are recommended for diagnosis of HDV. Finally, the high prevalence of HBV and HDV prompts the urgent need for HBV-vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Tien Sy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Ha Dong, Viet Nam
| | - Boris A. Ratsch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Ha Dong, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Song
- 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tran Hung Dao Hospital, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Agnes Bryniok
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hung Minh Nguyen
- Center of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Van Luong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Ha Dong, Viet Nam
| | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C.-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinho JRR. Epidemiological update of hepatitis B, C and delta in Latin America. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:429-33. [PMID: 23792375 DOI: 10.3851/imp2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis B, C and delta still remain a serious problem in Latin America. Data from the 1980s indicated that HBV and HDV infection are the main causes of chronic hepatitis. However, the spread of HBV infection could be controlled through the implementation of immunization programmes. Different countries from Mexico to Argentina display marked differences in terms of HBV genotype distribution. HBV genotype F has been identified as the most frequent in most Latin America countries, except for Mexico and Brazil, where genotypes H and A are the most frequent, respectively. In Latin America, the overall prevalence of HCV antibody is estimated to be 1.5%. Latin American countries have been very proactive in screening their blood supplies, thus minimizing risk of HCV transmission through transfusion. The number of diagnosed and treated patients is still low, thereby increasing the burden of complications such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The most prevalent HCV genotype is 1, which is the genotype with the greatest worldwide spread, but it is a different genotype from other regions like Africa and Asia. HDV is present worldwide but its distribution pattern is not uniform. HDV was recently detected in novel geographic regions, reinforcing that it is a very serious health threat in under-developed countries. The main prevalence areas are the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, central and northern Asia, western and central Africa, the Amazonian basin (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela and Colombia) and the Pacific islands. Novel strategies to increase HBV immunization in the Latin American population are needed to warrant thorough coverage in the rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 'João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves', Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Singh S, Gupta SK, Nischal A, Khattri S, Nath R, Pant KK, Seth PK. Design of potential siRNA molecules for hepatitis delta virus gene silencing. Bioinformation 2012; 8:749-57. [PMID: 23055625 PMCID: PMC3449391 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D is a liable reason of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is caused by an RNA virus known as Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV). Genetic studies of HDV have shown that delta antigen protein is responsible for replication of genome and play a foremost role in viral infection. Therefore, delta antigen protein may be used as suitable target for disease diagnosis. Viral activity can be restrained through RNA interference (RNAi) technology, an influential method for post transcriptional gene silencing in a sequence specific manner. However, there is a genetic variability in different viral isolates; it is a great challenge to design potential siRNA molecules which can silence the respective target genes rather than any other viral gene simultaneously. In current study two effective siRNA molecules for silencing of HDV were rationally designed and validated using computational methods, which may lead to knockdown the activity of virus. Thus, this approach may provide an insight for the chemical synthesis of antiviral RNA molecule for the treatment of hepatitis D, at genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector-G, Jankipuram, Lucknow-226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector-G, Jankipuram, Lucknow-226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Nischal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prahlad Kishore Seth
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector-G, Jankipuram, Lucknow-226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hepatitis D virus isolates with low replication and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-inducing activity are associated with disease remission. J Virol 2012; 86:9044-54. [PMID: 22674995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of hepatitis D virus (HDV) viremia leads to disease remission. Large hepatitis delta antigen (L-HDAg) has been reported to activate transforming growth factor β, which may induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrogenesis. This study analyzed serum HDV RNA "quasispecies" in HDV-infected patients at two stages of infection: before and after alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations. Included in the study were four patients who went into remission after ALT elevation and three patients who did not go into remission and progressed to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Full-length HDV cDNA clones were obtained from the most abundant HDV RNA species at the pre- and post-ALT elevation stages. Using an in vitro model consisting of Huh-7 cells transfected with cloned HDV cDNAs, the pre- or post-ALT elevation dominant HDV RNA species were characterized for (i) their replication capacity by measuring HDV RNA and HDAg levels in transfected cells and (ii) their capacity to induce EMT by measuring the levels of the mesenchymal-cell-specific protein vimentin, the EMT regulators twist and snail, and the epithelial-cell-specific protein E-cadherin. Results show that in patients in remission, the post-ALT elevation dominant HDV RNA species had a lower replication capacity in vitro and lower EMT activity than their pre-ALT elevation counterparts. This was not true of patients who did not go into remission. The expression of L-HDAg, but not small HDAg, increased the expression of the EMT-related proteins. It is concluded that in chronically infected patients, HDV quasispecies with a low replication capacity and low EMT activity are associated with disease remission.
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Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a small, defective RNA virus that can infect only individuals who have hepatitis B virus (HBV); worldwide more than 15 million people are co-infected. There are eight reported genotypes of HDV with unexplained variations in their geographical distribution and pathogenicity. The hepatitis D virion is composed of a coat of HBV envelope proteins surrounding the nucleocapsid, which consists of a single-stranded, circular RNA genome complexed with delta antigen, the viral protein. HDV is clinically important because although it suppresses HBV replication, it causes severe liver disease with rapid progression to cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation. The range of clinical presentation is wide, varying from mild disease to fulminant liver failure. The prevalence of HDV is declining in some endemic areas but increasing in northern and central Europe because of immigration. Treatment of HDV is with pegylated interferon alfa; however, response rates are poor. Increased understanding of the molecular virology of HDV will identify novel therapeutic targets for this most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hughes
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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22
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Dynamics of hepatitis D (delta) virus genotype 3 in the Amazon region of South America. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1462-8. [PMID: 21645647 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is widely distributed and associated with fulminant hepatitis epidemics in areas with high prevalence of HBV. Several studies performed in the 1980s showed data on HDV infection in South America, but there are no studies on the viral dynamics of this virus. The aim of this study was to conduct an evolutionary analysis of hepatitis delta genotype 3 (HDV/3) prevalent in South America: estimate its nucleotide substitution rate, determine the time of most recent ancestor (TMRCA) and characterize the epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics. Furthermore, we characterized the presence of HBV/HDV infection in seven samples collected from patients who died due to fulminant hepatitis from Amazon region in Colombia and included them in the evolutionary analysis. This is the first study reporting HBV and HDV sequences from the Amazon region of Colombia. Of the seven Colombian patients, five were positive for HBV-DNA and HDV-RNA. Of them, two samples were successfully sequenced for HBV (subgenotypes F3 and F1b) and the five samples HDV positive were classified as HDV/3. By using all HDV/3 available reference sequences with sampling dates (n=36), we estimated the HDV/3 substitution rate in 1.07 × 10(-3) substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), which resulted in a time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 85 years. Also, it was determined that HDV/3 spread exponentially from early 1950s to the 1970s in South America. This work discusses for the first time the viral dynamics for the HDV/3 circulating in South America. We suggest that the measures implemented to control HBV transmission resulted in the control of HDV/3 spreading in South America, especially after the important raise in this infection associated with a huge mortality during the 1950s up to the 1970s. The differences found among HDV/3 and the other HDV genotypes concerning its diversity raises the hypothesis of a different origin and/or a different transmission route.
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Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection involves a distinct subgroup of individuals simultaneously infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and characterized by an often severe chronic liver disease. HDV is a defective RNA agent needing the presence of HBV for its life cycle. HDV is present worldwide, but the distribution pattern is not uniform. Different strains are classified into eight genotypes represented in specific regions and associated with peculiar disease outcome. Two major specific patterns of infection can occur, i.e. co-infection with HDV and HBV or HDV superinfection of a chronic HBV carrier. Co-infection often leads to eradication of both agents, whereas superinfection mostly evolves to HDV chronicity. HDV-associated chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis D) is characterized by necro-inflammation and relentless deposition of fibrosis, which may, over decades, result in the development of cirrhosis. HDV has a single-stranded, circular RNA genome. The virion is composed of an envelope, provided by the helper HBV and surrounding the RNA genome and the HDV antigen (HDAg). Replication occurs in the hepatocyte nucleus using cellular polymerases and via a rolling circle process, during which the RNA genome is copied into a full-length, complementary RNA. HDV infection can be diagnosed by the presence of antibodies directed against HDAg (anti-HD) and HDV RNA in serum. Treatment involves the administration of pegylated interferon-α and is effective in only about 20% of patients. Liver transplantation is indicated in case of liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pascarella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Shih HH, Shih C, Wang HW, Su CW, Sheen IJ, Wu JC. Pro-205 of large hepatitis delta antigen and Pro-62 of major hepatitis B surface antigen influence the assembly of different genotypes of hepatitis D virus. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:1004-12. [PMID: 19940060 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is essential for the assembly and infection of hepatitis D virus (HDV). The assembly efficiency of genotype 1 HDV is higher than that of genotype 2, whilst the P62L substitution of major HBsAg further compromises the assembly of genotype 2 and 4 HDV. This study investigated the influence of proline residues in the carboxyl end of the large hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg-L) on the assembly of HDV of different genotypes. Expression vectors containing the HDAg-L gene or full-length HDV genome of genotype 1, 2 or 4 were co-transfected with plasmids expressing HBsAg proteins that bore either proline or leucine residues at position 62. Of the eight HDV genotypes, only genotype 1 has Pro-205 in HDAg-L, whereas genotypes 2 and 4 have Arg-205. The Arg-205 to Pro-205 substitution in HDV-2 and -4 markedly increased the assembly efficiencies of HDAg-L and whole HDV genomes, even in the presence of HBsAg with Leu-62. In contrast, secretion of genotype 1 HDV or HDAg-L was reduced significantly when arginine or alanine replaced Pro-205. When HBsAg contained Pro-62, the influence of Pro-205 on assembly decreased. In conclusion, both Pro-205 of the HDAg-L and Pro-62 of the major HBsAg play critical roles in the assembly of HDV of different genotypes. The presence of Pro-205 in genotype 1 HDV may account for its higher assembly efficiencies and wider distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Hui Shih
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Smedile A, Ciancio A, Rizzetto M. Hepatitis D Virus. CLINICAL VIROLOGY 2009:1291-1306. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
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26
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Hepatitis D and B virus genotypes in chronically infected patients from the Eastern Amazon Basin. Acta Trop 2008; 106:149-55. [PMID: 18420172 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective hepatotropic virus whose infectivity is dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV super- or co-infection leads to an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis or progression to severe chronic liver disease in HBV infected patients. The Brazilian Amazon Basin has been reported to be endemic for HBV and HDV, especially in the Western Amazon Basin. In this region, HDV infection is frequently associated with acute fulminant hepatitis with characteristic histologic features. HDV is classified into seven major clades (HDV-1 to HDV-7) and HBV is subdivided into eight genotypes (A-H). HDV and HBV genotypes have been shown to have a distinct geographic distribution. The aim of this study was to determine the HBV and HDV genotypes harbored by chronically infected patients from the Eastern Amazon Basin, Brazil. We studied 17 serum samples from HBV and HDV chronically infected patients admitted to a large public hospital (Santa Casa de Misericórdia) at Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, between 1994 and 2002. HDV-3 and HBV genotype A (subtype adw2) have been identified in all cases, in contrast to previous studies from other regions of the Amazon, where HBV genotype F has been found co-infecting patients that harbored HDV-3. The HDV-3/HBV-A co-infection suggests that there is not a specific interaction between HBV and HDV genotypes, and co-infection might merely reflect the most frequent genotypes found in a particular geographic area. The analysis of the carboxy-terminal region of the large hepatitis D antigen (L-HDAg), which interacts with the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is essential for HDV assembly, showed some diversity between the different isolates from the Eastern Amazon. This diversity is not observed among HDV-3 sequences from other South American regions.
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Hepatitis B surface antigen levels and sequences of natural hepatitis B virus variants influence the assembly and secretion of hepatitis d virus. J Virol 2007; 82:2250-64. [PMID: 18094179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02155-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various domains of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are essential for the assembly and secretion of hepatitis D virus (HDV). This study investigated the influences of the levels and sequences of HBsAg of naturally occurring HBV variants on the assembly and secretion of HDV. Six hepatitis B virus (HBV)-producing plasmids (three genotype B and three genotype C) and six HBsAg expression plasmids that expressed various HBsAg levels were constructed from the sera of HDV-infected patients. These plasmids were cotransfected with six expression plasmids of HDV of genotype 1, 2, or 4 into the Huh-7 hepatoma cell line. Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were correlated with HDV RNA levels and outcomes of chronic hepatitis D (CHD) patients. The secretion of genotype 1, 2, or 4 HDV generally correlated with HBsAg levels but not with HBV genotypes or HBV DNA levels. Swapping and residue mutagenesis experiments of HBsAg-coding sequences revealed that the residue Pro-62 in the cytosolic domain-I affects the assembly and secretion of genotype 2 and 4 HDV and not those of genotype 1. The pre-S2 N-terminal deletion HBV mutant adversely affects secretion of the three HDV genotypes. In patients, serum HDV RNA levels correlated with HBsAg levels but not with HBV DNA levels. Viremia of HDV or HBV correlated with poor outcomes. In conclusion, the assembly and secretion of HDV were influenced by the amounts and sequences of HBsAg. For an effective treatment of CHD, reduction of HBsAg production in addition to the suppression of HBV and HDV replication might be crucial.
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28
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Domingo E, Gomez J. Quasispecies and its impact on viral hepatitis. Virus Res 2007; 127:131-50. [PMID: 17349710 PMCID: PMC7125676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quasispecies dynamics mediates adaptability of RNA viruses through a number of mechanisms reviewed in the present article, with emphasis on the medical implications for the hepatitis viruses. We discuss replicative and non-replicative molecular mechanisms of genome variation, modulating effects of mutant spectra, and several modes of viral evolution that can affect viral pathogenesis. Relevant evolutionary events include the generation of minority virus variants with altered functional properties, and alterations of mutant spectrum complexity that can affect disease progression or response to treatment. The widespread occurrence of resistance to antiviral drugs encourages new strategies to control hepatic viral disease such as combination therapies and lethal mutagenesis. In particular, ribavirin may be exerting in some cases its antiviral activity with participation of its mutagenic action. Despite many unanswered questions, here we document that quasispecies dynamics has provided an interpretation of the adaptability of the hepatitis viruses, with features conceptually similar to those observed with other RNA viruses, a reflection of the common underlying Darwinian principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault MP, Serpaggi J, Trinchet JC, Gordien E, Dény P. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1447-50. [PMID: 17073101 PMCID: PMC3294742 DOI: 10.3201/eid1209.060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus is the only representative of the Deltavirus genus, which consists of 7 differentiated major clades. In this study, an eighth clade was identified from 3 distinct strains. Deltavirus genetic variability should be considered for diagnostic purposes. Clinical consequences of the diversity have yet to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Le Gal
- Hôpital Avicenne and EA3406, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Elyanne Gault
- Hôpital Avicenne and EA3406, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Jeanne Serpaggi
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Gordien
- Hôpital Avicenne and EA3406, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Paul Dény
- Hôpital Avicenne and EA3406, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
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30
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Wu JC. Functional and clinical significance of hepatitis D virus genotype II infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307:173-86. [PMID: 16903226 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29802-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is one of the important etiologies of fulminant hepatitis and may aggravate the clinical course of chronic HBV infection to cirrhosis and liver failure. HDV was classified into three genotypes. Recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of HDV suggests at least seven major clades. The genotype I HDV is widely spread, genotype II is found in East Asia and genotype III HDV is prevalent in South America. The genomic size is 1682-1685 nucleotides (nt) for genotype II, and 1676 nt for genotype IV (IIb). The divergence in HDV nucleic acid sequences between genotype II and other genotypes varies from 13.8% to 35.3%. The divergences in the HDAg-coding region may range from 17.8% to 29.8% between genotype II and other genotypes. There is no genotypic or size restriction on the interactions of either the small or the large hepatitis delta antigens (HDAgs) between genotypes I and II, and there is also no genotypic incompatibility during co-package of HDAgs of different genotypes into virus like particles. There appears no apparent universal genotypic restriction of the transactivation of genotype I HDV RNA replication by small HDAg of genotype II. In contrast, there appears more genotypic restriction for genotype I small HDAgs to transactivate genotype II HDV RNA replication. Of the functional domains of HDAg, the 19 amino acids at the carboxyl-end of the large HDAg show the greatest divergences (70%-80%) between genotypes I and II. The viral packaging efficiencies of genotype I HDV isolates are usually higher than those of genotype II. The 19 amino acids at the carboxyl-end seem to be the most important determinant for viral packaging efficiencies. The editing efficiencies of the genotype I HDV are also higher than those of the genotype II. Genotype II HDV infection is relatively less frequently associated with fulminant hepatitis at the acute stage and less unfavorable outcomes [cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] at the chronic stage as compared to genotype I. It appears that the clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients with genotype IV (IIb) HDV infection are more like those of patients with genotype II HDV infection. Persistent replication of HBV or HDV was associated with higher adverse outcomes (cirrhosis, HCC or mortality) compared to those who cleared both viruses from the sera. HBV of the genotype C is also a significant factor associated with adverse outcomes (cirrhosis, HCC or mortality) in patients with chronic hepatitis D in addition to genotype I HDV and age. However, most patients with chronic HDV infection have low or undetectable hepatitis B virus DNA levels. During longitudinal follow-up, genotype I HDV is the most important determinant associated with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
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31
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Dény P. Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability: from genotypes I, II, III to eight major clades? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307:151-71. [PMID: 16903225 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29802-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for transmission and propagation, and infects nearly 20 million people worldwide. The HDV genome is composed of a compact circular single-stranded negative RNA genome with extensive intramolecular complementarity. Along with epidemiological, geographic distribution and pathological patterns, the variability of HDV has been limited to three genotypes and two subtypes that have been characterized to date. Recently, extensive phylogenetic reconstructions based on the delta antigen gene and full-length genome sequence data, have shown a wide and probably ancient radiation of African lineages, suggesting that the genetic variability of HDV is much more complex than previously thought. Indeed, sequences previously affiliated with genotype IIb should now be considered as belonging to clade 4 (HDV-4) and African HDV sequences segregate within four additional clades: HDV-5, HDV-6, HDV-7 and HDV-8. These results bring the geographic distribution of HDV closer to the genetic variability of its helper HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dény
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie, Hygiène, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B et C, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.
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32
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Abstract
The Eastern woodchuck, Marmota monax, has been a useful model system for the study of the natural history of hepadnavirus infection and for the development and preclinical testing of antiviral therapies. The model has also been used for hepatitis delta virus (HDV). In this chapter several new applications of the woodchuck model of HDV infection are presented and discussed. The development of a woodchuck HDV inoculum derived from a molecular clone has facilitated the analysis of viral genetic changes occurring during acute and chronic infection. This analysis has provided insights into one of the more important aspects of the natural history of HDV infection-whether a superinfection becomes chronic. These results could renew interest in further vaccine development. An effective therapy for chronic HDV infection remains an important clinical goal for this agent, particularly because of the severity of the disease and the inability of current hepadnaviral therapies to ameliorate it. The recent application of the woodchuck model of chronic HDV infection to therapeutic development has yielded promising results which indicate that targeting the hepadnavirus surface protein may be a successful therapeutic strategy for HDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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33
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Casey JL, Tennant BC, Gerin JL. Genetic changes in hepatitis delta virus from acutely and chronically infected woodchucks. J Virol 2006; 80:6469-77. [PMID: 16775334 PMCID: PMC1488942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00245-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A woodchuck-derived hepatitis delta virus (HDV) inoculum was created by transfection of a genotype I HDV cDNA clone directly into the liver of a woodchuck that was chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. All woodchucks receiving this inoculum became positive for HDV RNA in serum, and 67% became chronically infected, similar to the rate of chronic HDV infection in humans. Analysis of HDV sequences obtained at 73 weeks postinfection indicated that changes had occurred at a rate of 0.5% per year; many of these modifications were consistent with editing by host RNA adenosine deaminase. The appearance of sequence changes, which were not evenly distributed on the genome, was correlated with the course of HDV infection. A limited number of modifications occurred in the consensus sequence of the viral genome that altered the sequence of the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg). All chronically infected animals examined exhibited these changes 73 weeks following infection, but at earlier times, only one of the HDV carriers exhibited consensus sequence substitutions. On the other hand, sequence modifications in animals that eventually recovered from HDV infection were apparent after 27 weeks. The data are consistent with a model in which HDV sequence changes are selected by host immune responses. Chronic HDV infection in woodchucks may result from a delayed and weak immune response that is limited to a small number of epitopes on HDAg.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adenosine Deaminase/immunology
- Adenosine Deaminase/metabolism
- Animals
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Genome, Viral/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/genetics
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/metabolism
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/blood
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/veterinary
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/genetics
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/immunology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Marmota/immunology
- Marmota/virology
- RNA Editing/genetics
- RNA Editing/immunology
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Chang J, Gudima SO, Taylor JM. Evolution of hepatitis delta virus RNA genome following long-term replication in cell culture. J Virol 2005; 79:13310-6. [PMID: 16227253 PMCID: PMC1262577 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13310-13316.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have defined a novel cell culture system in which a modified RNA genome of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is able to maintain a low level of continuous replication for at least 1 year, using a separate and limited DNA-directed source of mRNA for the essential small delta protein. This mode of replication is analogous to that used by plant viroids. An examination was made of the nucleotide changes that accumulated on the HDV RNA during 1 year of replication. The length of the RNA genome was maintained, except for some single-nucleotide deletions and insertions. There was an abundance of single-nucleotide substitutions, with a 22-fold excess of these being base transitions rather than transversions. Of the detected transitions, at least 70% were consistent with being the consequences of posttranscriptional RNA editing by an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. The remainder of the changes, including the single-nucleotide insertions and deletions, are likely to be the consequence of misincorporation during transcription. In addition, an intermolecular competition assay was used to show that the majority of the genomes present after 1 year of replication were essentially as competent in replication as the original single HDV RNA sequence that was used to initiate the genome replication. A model is provided to explain how, in this experimental system, the observed single-nucleotide changes were essentially neutral in terms of their effect on the ability of the HDV genome to carry out continued rounds of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-2497.
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35
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Moriyama M, Taira M, Matsumura H, Aoki H, Arakawa Y, Kaneko M, Shioda A, Tanaka N, Arakawa Y. Full Genomic Analysis of Hepatitis Delta Virus Prevalent on Miyako Island, Japan. Intervirology 2005; 48:246-54. [PMID: 15920349 DOI: 10.1159/000084602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the full-length genome sequences of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in HDV RNA-positive subjects, and to elucidate the molecular specificity of the HDVs that are clustered on a distant island in Japan. This study included 3 subjects with chronic hepatitis who were positive for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen and HDV RNA, and who were admitted to the Okinawa Prefectural Miyako Hospital in 1998. The full-length genome sequence of HDV was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using four kinds of primer sets. The genomic length of HDV was 1,675, 1,679 and 1,681 base pairs, respectively. There was 90-92% nucleotide homology between each pair of isolates. In comparison with HDV isolates in geographically neighboring regions, the nucleotide homology of the 3 HDV isolates were 73-75% with the China isolate of genotype I; 77-78% with the Taiwan isolate of genotype I; 83-84% with a Japan isolate of genotype IIa; 85-87% with the Taiwan isolate of genotype IIa, and 87-88% with the Taiwan isolates of genotype IIb. Therefore, the Miyako Island isolates had high homology with the Taiwan isolate of genotype IIa and IIb. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome sequences of HDV revealed that the two Miyako Island isolates were classified into a genotype IIb'. The other one was classified as genotype IIb. In conclusion, the HDV of Miyako Island isolates can be classified as a novel subgroup of genotype IIb, designated type IIb', and genotype IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-machi, Itabashiku, Tokyo 173-8640, Japan.
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36
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Wu JC, Hsu SC, Wang SY, Huang YH, Sheen IJ, Shih HH, Syu WJ. “Defective” mutations of hepatitis D viruses in chronic hepatitis D patients. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1658-62. [PMID: 15786545 PMCID: PMC4305949 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To verify whether “defective” mutations existed in hepatitis D virus (HDV).
METHODS: Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg)-coding sequences were amplified using Pfu DNA polymerases with proof-reading activities from sera of five patients with chronic hepatitis D. Multiple colonies were sequenced for each patient. Pfu analyzed a total of 270 HDV clones. Three representative defective HDV clones were constructed in expression plasmids and transfected into a human hepatoma cell line. Cellular proteins were extracted and analyzed by Western blot.
RESULTS: Four of five cases (80%) showed defective HDV genomes in their sera. The percentage of defective genomes was 3.7% (10/270). The majority (90%) of the defective mutations were insertions or deletions that resulted in frameshift and abnormal stop translation of the HDAg. The predicted mutated HDAg ranged from 45 amino acids to >214 amino acids in length. Various domains of HDAg associated with viral replication or packaging were affected in different HDV isolates. Western blot analysis showed defected HDAg in predicted positions.
CONCLUSION: “Defective” viruses do exist in chronic HDV infected patients, but represented as minor strains. The clinical significance of the “defected” HDV needs further study to evaluate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaw-Ching Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, China.
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Hsu SC, Wu JC, Sheen IJ, Syu WJ. Interaction and replication activation of genotype I and II hepatitis delta antigens. J Virol 2004; 78:2693-700. [PMID: 14990689 PMCID: PMC353722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.2693-2700.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of hepatitis D viruses (HDV) vary 5 to 14% among isolates of the same genotype and 23 to 34% among different genotypes. The only viral-genome-encoded antigen, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), has two forms that differ in size. The small HDAg (HDAg-S) trans-activates viral replication, while the large form (HDAg-L) is essential for viral assembly. Previously, it has been shown that the packaging efficiency of HDAg-L is higher for genotype I than for genotype II. In this study, the question of whether other functional properties of the HDAgs are affected by genotype differences is addressed. By coexpression of the two antigens in HuH-7 cells followed by specific antibody precipitation, it was found that HDAgs of different origins interacted without genotypic discrimination. Moreover, in the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, HDAg-S was incorporated into virion-like particles through interaction with HDAg-L without genotype restriction. As to the differences in replication activation of genotype I HDV RNA, all HDAg-S clones tested had some trans-activation activity, and this activity varied greatly among isolates. As to the support of HDV genotype II replication, only clones of HDAg-S from genotype II showed trans-activation activity, and this activity also varied among isolates. In conclusion, genotype has no effect on HDAg interaction and genotype per se only partly predicts how much the HDAg-S of an HDV isolate affects the replication of a second HDV isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Hsu
- Institutes of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lin FM, Lee CM, Wang TC, Chao M. Initiation of RNA replication of cloned Taiwan-3 isolate of hepatitis delta virus genotype II in cultured cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:966-72. [PMID: 12821137 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genotype II is the predominant genotype in Taiwan and is associated with less progressive disease than genotype I. Although the Taiwan-3 (T3) clone was the first genotype II HDV isolated in Taiwan, its replication in cultured cells has not previously been established. Here, we demonstrate that cloned T3 HDV is capable of replicating in cultured cells. Furthermore, we show that: (1). the replication level of T3 clones is 100-fold lower than that of a genotype I HDV prototype of Italian origin; (2). both forms of the genotype II T3 delta antigen are expressed; and (3). T3 HDV undergoes RNA editing during replication, with 4.8% of the T3 genomes showing evidence of editing. The low level of RNA replication may be related to the milder clinical outcomes of genotype II HDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ming Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-yang 333, Taiwan
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Lu SN, Chen TM, Lee CM, Wang JH, Tung HD, Wu JC. Molecular epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis D virus in a unique triple hepatitis viruses (B, C, D) endemic community in Taiwan. J Med Virol 2003; 70:74-80. [PMID: 12629646 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis D virus (HDV) in a unique HBV, HCV, and HDV triple virus endemic community in southern Taiwan were investigated. A total of 2,909 residents aged 45 or older were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV antibody, and anti-HDV antibody (specifically for HBsAg-positive carriers). Factors that might be associated with HDV infection, viral nucleic acid detection, and genotyping of HBV, HCV, and HDV were investigated. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV were 12.6% (366/2,909) and 41.6% (1,227/2,909), respectively. For HBsAg carriers, 15.3% (56/366) were positive for anti-HDV assay. Living in a higher endemic district of HCV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-6.3), male gender (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1-3.6) and co-infection with HCV (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.0-3.3) were significantly independent factors associated with HDV infection. The detection rate of HDV RNA among anti-HDV-positive patients was only 12.7% (7/55). The mean HBV titer of triple infection group was significantly lower than in the HBV/HDV co-infection group (2.23 vs 3.05 in log(10), copies/ml, P = 0.046). HCV RNA detection among the triple infection group showed 47.4% (9/19) viremia rate and viral loads of 579,121 IU/ml in median (16,803-1,551,190 IU/ml). The prevalent genotype of HBV was type B (23/25); HCV was 1b (7/9) and HDV was IIa/IIb (4/4). Only the presence of HCV RNA predicted the presence of elevated ALT significantly (OR = 25.0; 95% CI = 3.39-184.6). In conclusion, the geographical aggregation of HDV infection paralleled that of HCV infection in this community. HCV suppressed the replication of HBV among triple vital infection patients. HBV and HDV lapsed into a remission or nonreplicative phase in most cases, and HCV acted as a dominant factor in triple viral-infected individuals. Only the presence of HCV RNA was associated with elevated ALT values, but not HBV or HDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Lu
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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40
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Hsu SC, Syu WJ, Sheen IJ, Liu HT, Jeng KS, Wu JC. Varied assembly and RNA editing efficiencies between genotypes I and II hepatitis D virus and their implications. Hepatology 2002; 35:665-72. [PMID: 11870382 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.31777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that link genotypes of hepatitis D virus (HDV) with clinical outcomes have not yet been elucidated. Genotypic variations are unevenly distributed along the sequences of hepatitis delta antigens (HDAgs). Of these variations, the packaging signal at the C-terminus has a divergence of 74% between genotypes I and II. In this report, we address the issue of whether these high variations between genotypes affect assembly efficiency of HDV particles and editing efficiency of RNA. Viral package systems of transfection with expression plasmids of hepatitis B surface antigen and HDAgs or whole genomes of HDV consistently indicate that the package efficiency of genotype I HDV is higher than that of genotype II. Segment swapping of large-form HDAg indicates that the C-terminal 19-residue region plays a key role for the varied assembly efficiencies. Also, the editing efficiency of genotype I HDV is higher than that of genotype II. The nucleotide and structural changes surrounding the editing site may explain why genotype II HDV has a low RNA editing efficiency. The findings of in vitro assembly systems were further supported by the observations that patients infected with genotype II had significantly lower alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, more favorable outcomes (P <.05), and a trend to have lower serum HDV RNA levels as compared with those infected with genotype I HDV (P =.094). In conclusion, genotype II HDV secretes fewer viral particles than genotype I HDV does, which in turn may reduce the extent of infection of hepatocytes and result in less severe hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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41
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Ivaniushina V, Radjef N, Alexeeva M, Gault E, Semenov S, Salhi M, Kiselev O, Dény P. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2709-2718. [PMID: 11602783 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, three genotypes of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are described. The most common, genotype I, has a worldwide distribution; in contrast, genotype II has been found previously only in Japan and Taiwan, while genotype III is found exclusively in South America. Considering the high prevalence of HDV in Northern Siberia (Russia), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyse HDV genotypes from 29 infected patients living in Yakutia. Of these isolates, 11 were characterized by partial nucleotide sequencing and two isolates were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic inference methods included maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance analyses. A restriction pattern consistent with HDV genotype I was found in 14 samples, while the remaining 15 showed a different restriction pattern, inconsistent with any known genotype. Five Yakutian HDV isolates with the type I restriction pattern were sequenced and confirmed to be affiliated with genotype I, although the phylogenetic results indicate that they were heterogeneous and did not cluster together. Sequencing of eight isolates with the new RFLP pattern revealed that these isolates were most closely related to HDV genotype II. In contrast to HDV Yakutian genotype I sequences, all of these type II sequences formed a well-defined clade on phylogenetic trees. Comparison of clinical presentations during hospitalization between patients infected with HDV type I (n=14) and type II (n=15) did not reveal any differences in the severity of infection. These data indicate that the distribution of genotype II is not restricted to Taiwan or Japan, but spreads over Northern Asia, appearing in the native population of Yakutia. Type II Yakutian strains appeared to form a well-defined subclade and could be associated with severe chronic hepatitis in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ivaniushina
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie - Hygiène, Equipe d'Accueil 'Agents Transmissibles et Hôtes, Signalisation Cellulaire, Oncogenèse', Hôpital Avicenne, UFR Santé Médecine Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France3
- Influenza Institute, St Petersburg, Russia1
| | - Nadjia Radjef
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie - Hygiène, Equipe d'Accueil 'Agents Transmissibles et Hôtes, Signalisation Cellulaire, Oncogenèse', Hôpital Avicenne, UFR Santé Médecine Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France3
| | | | - Elyanne Gault
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie - Hygiène, Equipe d'Accueil 'Agents Transmissibles et Hôtes, Signalisation Cellulaire, Oncogenèse', Hôpital Avicenne, UFR Santé Médecine Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France3
| | | | - Mohammed Salhi
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie - Hygiène, Equipe d'Accueil 'Agents Transmissibles et Hôtes, Signalisation Cellulaire, Oncogenèse', Hôpital Avicenne, UFR Santé Médecine Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France3
| | | | - Paul Dény
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie - Hygiène, Equipe d'Accueil 'Agents Transmissibles et Hôtes, Signalisation Cellulaire, Oncogenèse', Hôpital Avicenne, UFR Santé Médecine Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France3
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Mu JJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ. The conserved serine 177 in the delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus is one putative phosphorylation site and is required for efficient viral RNA replication. J Virol 2001; 75:9087-95. [PMID: 11533172 PMCID: PMC114477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9087-9095.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) small delta antigen (S-HDAg) plays a critical role in virus replication. We previously demonstrated that the S-HDAg phosphorylation occurs on both serine and threonine residues. However, their biological significance and the exact phosphorylation sites of S-HDAg are still unknown. In this study, phosphorylated S-HDAg was detected only in the intracellular compartment, not in viral particles. In addition, the number of phosphorylated isoforms of S-HDAg significantly increased with the extent of viral replication in transfection system. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that alanine replacement of serine 177, which is conserved among all the known HDV strains, resulted in reduced phosphorylation of S-HDAg, while the mutation of the other two conserved serine residues (2 and 123) had little effect. The S177A mutant dramatically decreased its capability in assisting HDV RNA replication, with a preferential and profound impairment of the antigenomic RNA replication. Furthermore, the viral RNA editing, a step relying upon antigenomic RNA replication, was also abolished by this mutation. These results suggested that phosphorylation of S-HDAg, with serine 177 as a presumable site, plays a critical role in viral RNA replication, especially in augmenting the replication of antigenomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Goto T, Kato N, Ono-Nita SK, Yoshida H, Otsuka M, Shiratori Y, Omata M. Large isoform of hepatitis delta antigen activates serum response factor-associated transcription. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37311-37316. [PMID: 10961986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002947200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus infection sometimes causes severe and fulminant hepatitis as a coinfection or superinfection along with the hepatitis B virus. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of injury caused by hepatitis delta virus, we examined whether two isoforms of the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) had any effect on five well defined intracellular signal transduction pathways: serum response factor (SRF)-, serum response element (SRE)-, nuclear factor kappaB-, activator protein 1-, and cyclic AMP response element-dependent pathways. Reporter assays revealed that large HDAg (LHDAg) activated the SRF- and SRE-dependent pathways. In contrast, small HDAg (SHDAg) did not activate any of five pathways. LHDAg enhanced the transcriptional ability of SRF without changing its DNA binding affinity in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, LHDAg activated a rat SM22alpha promoter containing SRF binding site and a human c-fos promoter containing SRE. In conclusion, LHDAg, but not SHDAg, enhances SRF-associated transcriptions. Despite structural similarities between the two HDAgs, there are significant differences in their effects on intracellular signal transduction pathways. These results may provide clues that will aid in the clarification of functional differences between LHDAg and SHDAg and the pathogenesis of delta hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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44
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Abstract
Determination of hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotypes is epidemiologically and clinically important. Phylogenic analysis based on sequencing analysis of multiple HDV strains isolated from sera of patients is not convenient for mass screening in routine laboratories. This study was designed to develop genotype-specific antibodies against hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) and to apply these antibodies for immunohistochemical differentiation of HDV genotypes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsies of patients. Divergence in the carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids of the large HDAg between genotypes I and II is more than 70%. Peptides covering these residues were conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and were used for immunization. The generated antibodies were confirmed for their specificity by binding to type-specific HDAgs expressed in DNA-transfected Huh-7 hepatoma cells. Liver biopsies from 6 patients who had dominant genotype I HDV and 33 patients who had dominant genotype II HDV in sera were stained with these antibodies. The accuracy for these antibodies was 94.9%, and the agreement between dominant HDV genotypes in serum and dominant hepatic HDV genotypes based on HDAg staining was nearly perfect (kappa = 0.83). In summary, the carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids of the large HDAg can be used as immunogens to generate genotype-specific antibodies. These antibodies were proven to be useful in immunohistochemical differentiation of HDV genotypes in liver biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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45
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Arakawa Y, Moriyama M, Taira M, Hayashi N, Tanaka N, Okubo H, Sugitani M. Molecular analysis of hepatitis D virus infection in Miyako Island, a small Japanese island. J Viral Hepat 2000; 7:375-81. [PMID: 10971826 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2000.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation attempted to determine the exact prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection among inhabitants of Miyako Island (a remote island in the Okinawa Prefecture) and the molecular characteristics of the HDV genome that was isolated. Among the 4728 inhabitants, 375 (7.9%) were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. Antibody to HDV (anti-HDV) was present in 32 (8. 5%) of these 375 subjects, and liver function tests were normal in most subjects. The presence of HDV RNA was analysed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirteen out of the 32 anti-HDV antibody-positive subjects were HDV RNA positive. Thus, 3.5% of HBsAg-positive subjects on Miyako Island were HDV RNA positive. Among the HDV RNA-positive subjects, liver function tests were within normal limits or were mildly abnormal. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the HDV genomes on Miyako Island were similar to the Japanese and Taiwan isolates of HDV genotype II. Taiwan is geographically close to Miyako Island. Even though the races are different, a geographical factor was revealed to be significant with regard to HDV infection, which was spread in a closed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arakawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Flodgren E, Bengtsson S, Knutsson M, Strebkova EA, Kidd AH, Alexeyev OA, Kidd-Ljunggren K. Recent high incidence of fulminant hepatitis in Samara, Russia: molecular analysis of prevailing hepatitis B and D virus strains. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3311-6. [PMID: 10970376 PMCID: PMC87379 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3311-3316.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until 1991, the Russian city of Samara was largely isolated from other parts of Russia and the rest of the world. Very recently, Samara has seen an alarming increase in the incidence of hepatitis. The proportion of fulminant cases is unusually high. We wanted to assess the roles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) in acute viral hepatitis in this region by analyzing the prevailing strains of both and by determining their genotypes and possible origin. Serum samples were screened for different serological markers and by PCR followed by direct sequencing. Of the 94 HBV-positive samples (80% of which were acute infections), 37 (39%) were also HDV positive. Sixty-seven percent of the patients had anti-HCV antibodies. Twenty-five percent of all patients in the study had fulminant hepatitis. Statistically significant sex differences were found among fulminant cases. For HBV, the core promoter sequences of 62 strains were determined and all but one were found to be of genotype D. None of these had any deletions. Only one strain, from a patient with fulminant fatal hepatitis, showed multiple mutations. The pre-S2 region sequences of 31 HBV strains were also compared. Phylogenetically, these fell into two distinct groups within genotype D, suggesting different origins. For HDV, part of the region encoding the delta-antigen was sequenced from four strains. All proved to be of genotype I and were similar to Far Eastern and Eastern European strains. The contribution of intravenous drug use to the sharp increase in viral hepatitis in this unique setting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flodgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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47
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Gavrilin GV, Cherkasova EA, Lipskaya GY, Kew OM, Agol VI. Evolution of circulating wild poliovirus and of vaccine-derived poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient: a unifying model. J Virol 2000; 74:7381-90. [PMID: 10906191 PMCID: PMC112258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7381-7390.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined nucleotide sequences of the VP1 and 2AB genes and portions of the 2C and 3D genes of two evolving poliovirus lineages: circulating wild viruses of T geotype and Sabin vaccine-derived isolates from an immunodeficient patient. Different regions of the viral RNA were found to evolve nonsynchronously, and the rate of evolution of the 2AB region in the vaccine-derived population was not constant throughout its history. Synonymous replacements occurred not completely randomly, suggesting the need for conservation of certain rare codons (possibly to control translation elongation) and the existence of unidentified constraints in the viral RNA structure. Nevertheless the major contribution to the evolution of the two lineages came from linear accumulation of synonymous substitutions. Therefore, in agreement with current theories of viral evolution, we suggest that the majority of the mutations in both lineages were fixed as a result of successive sampling, from the heterogeneous populations, of random portions containing predominantly neutral and possibly adverse mutations. As a result of such a mode of evolution, the virus fitness may be maintained at a more or less constant level or may decrease unless more-fit variants are stochastically generated. The proposed unifying model of natural poliovirus evolution has important implications for the epidemiology of poliomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Gavrilin
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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48
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Abstract
Infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is associated with severe and sometimes fulminant hepatitis. The traditional methods for the diagnosis of HDV infection, such as detection of serum anti-HD antibodies, are sufficient for the clinical diagnosis of delta infection. However, such techniques lack the sensitivity and specificity required to more accurately characterize the nature of HDV infection and to assess the efficacy of therapies. Recent improvements in molecular techniques, such as HDV RNA hybridization and RT-PCR, have provided increased diagnostic precision and a more thorough understanding of the natural course of HDV infection. These advances have enhanced the clinician's ability to accurately evaluate the stage of HDV infection, response to therapy, and occurrence of reinfection after orthotopic liver transplant. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of HDV and in the laboratory diagnosis of HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Modahl
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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49
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Mu JJ, Wu HL, Chiang BL, Chang RP, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. J Virol 1999; 73:10540-5. [PMID: 10559375 PMCID: PMC113112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10540-10545.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication requires both the cellular RNA polymerase and one virus-encoded protein, small delta antigen (S-HDAg). S-HDAg has been shown to be a phosphoprotein, but its phosphorylation status is not yet clear. In this study, we employed three methods to address this question. A special two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, namely, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, was used to separate the very basic S-HDAg. By carefully adjusting the pH of solubilization solution, the ampholyte composition, and the appropriate electrophoresis time periods, we were able to clearly resolve S-HDAg into two phosphorylated isoforms and one unphosphorylated form. In contrast, the viral large delta antigen (L-HDAg) can only be separated into one phosphorylated and one unphosphorylated form. By metabolic (32)P labeling, both immunoprecipitated S-HDAg and L-HDAg were found to incorporate radioactive phosphate. The extent of S-HDAg phosphorylation was increased upon 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment, while that of L-HDAg was not affected. Finally, phosphoamino acid analysis identified serine and threonine as the phospho residues in the labeled S-HDAg and only serine in the L-HDAg. Therefore, HDV S- and L-HDAgs differ in their phosphorylation patterns, which may account for their distinct biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Robertson HD, Neel OD. Virus Origins. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF VIRUSES 1999. [PMCID: PMC7155586 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012220360-2/50003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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