1
|
Parsons LM, Zoueva O, Grubbs G, Plant E, Jankowska E, Xie Y, Song H, Gao GF, Ye Z, Khurana S, Cipollo JF. Glycosylation of H4 influenza strains with pandemic potential and susceptibilities to lung surfactant SP-D. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1207670. [PMID: 37383151 PMCID: PMC10296771 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1207670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that members of group 1 influenza A virus (IAV) containing H2, H5, H6, and H11 hemagglutinins (HAs) are resistant to lung surfactant protein D (SP-D). H3 viruses, members of group 2 IAV, have high affinity for SP-D, which depends on the presence of high-mannose glycans at glycosite N165 on the head of HA. The low affinity of SP-D for the group 1 viruses is due to the presence of complex glycans at an analogous glycosite on the head of HA, and replacement with high-mannose glycan at this site evoked strong interaction with SP-D. Thus, if members of group 1 IAV were to make the zoonotic leap to humans, the pathogenicity of such strains could be problematic since SP-D, as a first-line innate immunity factor in respiratory tissues, could be ineffective as demonstrated in vitro. Here, we extend these studies to group 2 H4 viruses that are representative of those with specificity for avian or swine sialyl receptors, i.e., those with receptor-binding sites with either Q226 and G228 for avian or recent Q226L and G228S mutations that facilitate swine receptor specificity. The latter have increased pathogenicity potential in humans due to a switch from avian sialylα2,3 to sialylα2,6 glycan receptor preference. A better understanding of the potential action of SP-D against these strains will provide important information regarding the pandemic risk of such strains. Our glycomics and in vitro analyses of four H4 HAs reveal SP-D-favorable glycosylation patterns. Therefore, susceptibilities to this first-line innate immunity defense respiratory surfactant against such H4 viruses are high and align with H3 HA glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Parsons
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Olga Zoueva
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ewan Plant
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Yijia Xie
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Surender Khurana
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - John F. Cipollo
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yau E, Yang L, Chen Y, Umstead TM, Atkins H, Katz ZE, Yewdell JW, Gandhi CK, Halstead ES, Chroneos ZC. Surfactant protein A alters endosomal trafficking of influenza A virus in macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:919800. [PMID: 36960051 PMCID: PMC10028185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.919800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection (IAV) often leads to acute lung injury that impairs breathing and can lead to death, with disproportionate mortality in children and the elderly. Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) is a calcium-dependent opsonin that binds a variety of pathogens to help control pulmonary infections by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages play critical roles in host resistance and susceptibility to IAV infection. The effect of SP-A on IAV infection and antiviral response of macrophages, however, is not understood. Here, we report that SP-A attenuates IAV infection in a dose-dependent manner at the level of endosomal trafficking, resulting in infection delay in a model macrophage cell line. The ability of SP-A to suppress infection was independent of its glycosylation status. Binding of SP-A to hemagglutinin did not rely on the glycosylation status or sugar binding properties of either protein. Incubation of either macrophages or IAV with SP-A slowed endocytic uptake rate of IAV. SP-A interfered with binding to cell membrane and endosomal exit of the viral genome as indicated by experiments using isolated cell membranes, an antibody recognizing a pH-sensitive conformational epitope on hemagglutinin, and microscopy. Lack of SP-A in mice enhanced IFNβ expression, viral clearance and reduced mortality from IAV infection. These findings support the idea that IAV is an opportunistic pathogen that co-opts SP-A to evade host defense by alveolar macrophages. Our study highlights novel aspects of host-pathogen interactions that may lead to better understanding of the local mechanisms that shape activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses to viral infection in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PA, Hershey, United States
| | - Zoe E. Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - E. Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zissis C. Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zissis C. Chroneos,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Rattan A, White CL, Nelson S, Eismann M, Padilla-Quirarte H, Glover MA, Dileepan T, Marathe BM, Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, Richards KA, Sant AJ. Development of a Mouse Model to Explore CD4 T Cell Specificity, Phenotype, and Recruitment to the Lung after Influenza B Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:251. [PMID: 35215193 PMCID: PMC8875387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive T cell response to influenza B virus is understudied, relative to influenza A virus, for which there has been considerable attention and progress for many decades. Here, we have developed and utilized the C57BL/6 mouse model of intranasal infection with influenza B (B/Brisbane/60/2008) virus and, using an iterative peptide discovery strategy, have identified a series of robustly elicited individual CD4 T cell peptide specificities. The CD4 T cell repertoire encompassed at least eleven major epitopes distributed across hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, neuraminidase, and non-structural protein 1 and are readily detected in the draining lymph node, spleen, and lung. Within the lung, the CD4 T cells are localized to both lung vasculature and tissue but are highly enriched in the lung tissue after infection. When studied by flow cytometry and MHC class II: peptide tetramers, CD4 T cells express prototypical markers of tissue residency including CD69, CD103, and high surface levels of CD11a. Collectively, our studies will enable more sophisticated analyses of influenza B virus infection, where the fate and function of the influenza B-specific CD4 T cells elicited by infection and vaccination can be studied as well as the impact of anti-viral reagents and candidate vaccines on the abundance, functionality, and localization of the elicited CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Chantelle L. White
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Sean Nelson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Max Eismann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Herbey Padilla-Quirarte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Maryah A. Glover
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chakrabarti A, Nguyen A, Newhams MM, Ohlson MB, Yang X, Ulufatu S, Liu S, Park S, Xu M, Jiang J, Halpern WG, Anania VG, McBride JM, Rosenberger CM, Randolph AG. Surfactant protein D is a biomarker of influenza-related pediatric lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:519-528. [PMID: 34842360 PMCID: PMC8792225 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers that can risk-stratify children with influenza virus lower respiratory infection may identify patients for targeted intervention. Early elevation of alveolar-related proteins in the bloodstream in these patients could indicate more severe lung damage portending worse outcomes. METHODS We used a mouse model of human influenza infection and evaluated relationships between lung pathophysiology and surfactant protein D (SP-D), SP-A, and Club cell protein 16 (CC16). We then measured SP-A, SP-D, and CC16 levels in plasma samples from 94 children with influenza-associated acute respiratory failure (PICFLU cohort), excluding children with underlying conditions explaining disease severity. We tested for associations between levels of circulating proteins and disease severity including the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), mechanical ventilator, intensive care unit and hospital days, and hospital mortality. RESULTS Circulating SP-D showed a greater increase than SP-A and CC16 in mice with increased alveolar-vascular permeability following influenza infection. In the PICFLU cohort, SP-D was associated with moderate-severe ARDS diagnosis (p = 0.01) and with mechanical ventilator (r = 0.45, p = 0.002), ICU (r = 0.44, p = 0.002), and hospital days (r = 0.37, p = 0.001) in influenza-infected children without bacterial coinfection. Levels of SP-D were lower in children with secondary bacterial pneumonia (p = 0.01) and not associated with outcomes. CC16 and SP-A levels did not differ with bacterial coinfection and were not consistently associated with severe outcomes. CONCLUSIONS SP-D has potential as an early circulating biomarker reflecting a degree of lung damage caused directly by influenza virus infection in children. Secondary bacterial pneumonia alters SP-D biomarker performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen Nguyen
- Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maikke B Ohlson
- Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shannon Liu
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Summer Park
- Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jenny Jiang
- Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wendy G Halpern
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Veronica G Anania
- Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghanty S, Mandi M, Ganguly A, Das K, Dutta A, Nanda S, Biswas G, Rajak P. Lung surfactant proteins as potential targets of prallethrin: An in silico approach. TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 14:89-100. [PMCID: PMC8788395 DOI: 10.1007/s13530-021-00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Object Prallethrin is a pyrethroid-based insecticide, commonly used as a liquid vaporizer in household, schools, and offices to repel mosquitoes. Due to worldwide application, human beings are exposed to this compound via inhalation. Inhalation of prallethrin can expose lung surfactant proteins (SPs) to this compound. SPs such as SP-A and SP-D have anti-microbial activities, whereas SP-B and SP-C prevent alveolar collapse during exhalation by reducing surface pressure in alveolar walls. The present study aimed to investigate the binding affinities of prallethrin for the pulmonary SPs and the possible interactions involved in it. Methods In this study, molecular docking was performed using prallethrin as ligand and lung SPs as target molecules. The three-dimensional structure of prallethrin (PubChem CID: 9839306) was retrieved from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ), whereas the same for SPs were retrieved from RCSB Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/ ). AutoDock 4.2 employing Lamarckian genetic algorithm was used to calculate binding affinities between the target protein and the ligand. Polar and nonpolar interactions between the amino acids of SPs and Prallethrin were studied utilizing Chimera X and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results Results demonstrated that, prallethrin can bind with the four SPs using several interactions such as hydrogen bonds, alkyl bonds, Pi–Pi interaction, Van der Waals interaction and other. Prallethrin interacted with two binding pockets of SP-A and SP-C, whereas the prallethrin interacted with three binding pockets of SP-B and SP-D, respectively. Conclusion Findings of the study indicated that prallethrin can bind with the pulmonary SPs employing hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. Such interactions could impair critical functions of SPs in lungs. This might increase susceptibility of lungs towards a range of respiratory illness, pathogenic infections, as well as malignancy. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Ghanty
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal India
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal India
| | - Kanchana Das
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Anik Dutta
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal India
| | - Sayantani Nanda
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal India
| | - Gopal Biswas
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In silico study reveals binding potential of rotenone at multiple sites of pulmonary surfactant proteins: A matter of concern. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:411-423. [PMID: 34917955 PMCID: PMC8666459 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of rotenone exposes lung surfactant proteins (SP) to this pesticide. SP-A and SP-D provides protection from microbial infection. SP-B and SP-C maintain structure and respiratory function of lungs. Rotenone has potential to bind SPs at multiple sites. Such binding can subvert functions of SPs & may invite respiratory ailments.
Rotenone is a broad-spectrum pesticide employed in various agricultural practices all over the world. Human beings are exposed to this chemical through oral, nasal, and dermal routes. Inhalation of rotenone exposes bio-molecular components of lungs to this chemical. Biophysical activity of lungs is precisely regulated by pulmonary surfactant to facilitate gaseous exchange. Surfactant proteins (SPs) are the fundamental components of pulmonary surfactant. SPs like SP-A and SP-D have antimicrobial activities providing a crucial first line of defense against infections in lungs whereas SP-B and SP-C are mainly involved in respiratory cycle and reduction of surface tension at air–water interface. In this study, molecular docking analysis using AutoDock Vina has been conducted to investigate binding potential of rotenone with the four SPs. Results indicate that, rotenone can bind with carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of SP-A, N-, and C- terminal peptide of SP-B, SP-C, and CRD of SP-D at multiples sites via several interaction mediators such as H bonds, C–H bonds, alkyl bonds, pi-pi stacked, Van der Waals interaction, and other. Such interactions of rotenone with SPs can disrupt biophysical and anti-microbial functions of SPs in lungs that may invite respiratory ailments and pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALA, Alanine
- ARG, Arginine
- ASN, Asparagine
- ASP, Aspartic acid
- CYS, Cysteine
- Carbohydrate recognition domain
- GLN, Glutamine
- GLU, Glutamic acid
- GLY, Glycine
- HIS, Histidine
- ILE, Isoleucine
- LEU, Leucine
- LYS, Lysine
- Lungs
- MET, Methionine
- Molecular docking
- PHE, Phenylalanine
- PRO, Proline
- Rotenone
- SER, Serine
- Surfactant protein
- THR, Threonine
- TRP, Tryptophan
- TYR, Tyrosine
- VAL, Valine
Collapse
|
8
|
White MR, Nikolaidis NM, McCormack F, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL. Viral Evasion of Innate Immune Defense: The Case of Resistance of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus to Human Mannose-Binding Proteins. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:774711. [PMID: 34956139 PMCID: PMC8692257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.774711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectins effectively inhibit most seasonal strains of influenza A virus and contribute to the innate host defense vs. these viruses. In contrast, pandemic IAV strains are largely resistant to these lectins, likely contributing to increased spread and worse outcomes. In this paper, we evaluated the inhibition of IAV by mannose-binding lectins of human, bacterial, and fungal origin to understand and possibly increase activity vs. the pandemic IAV. A modified version of the human surfactant protein D (SP-D) neck and carbohydrate recognition domain (NCRD) with combinatorial substitutions at the 325 and 343 positions, previously shown to inhibit pandemic H3N2 IAV in vitro and in vivo, and to inhibit pandemic H1N1 in vitro, failed to protect mice from pandemic H1N1 in vivo in the current study. We attempted a variety of maneuvers to improve the activity of the mutant NCRDs vs. the 2009 pandemic H1N1, including the formation of full-length SP-D molecules containing the mutant NCRD, cross-linking of NCRDs through the use of antibodies, combining SP-D or NCRDs with alpha-2-macroglobulin, and introducing an additional mutation to the double mutant NCRD. None of these substantially increased the antiviral activity for the pandemic H1N1. We also tested the activity of bacterial and algal mannose-binding lectins, cyanovirin, and griffithsin, against IAV. These had strong activity against seasonal IAV, which was largely retained against pandemic H1N1. We propose mechanisms to account for differences in activity of SP-D constructs against pandemic H3N2 and H1N1, and for differences in activity of cyanovirin vs. SP-D constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. White
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos M. Nikolaidis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Francis McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erika C. Crouch
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kevan L. Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Kevan L. Hartshorn,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102090. [PMID: 34696520 PMCID: PMC8541359 DOI: 10.3390/v13102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the host's first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Watson A, Madsen J, Clark HW. SP-A and SP-D: Dual Functioning Immune Molecules With Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622598. [PMID: 33542724 PMCID: PMC7851053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are soluble innate immune molecules which maintain lung homeostasis through their dual roles as anti-infectious and immunomodulatory agents. SP-A and SP-D bind numerous viruses including influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enhancing their clearance from mucosal points of entry and modulating the inflammatory response. They also have diverse roles in mediating innate and adaptive cell functions and in clearing apoptotic cells, allergens and other noxious particles. Here, we review how the properties of these first line defense molecules modulate inflammatory responses, as well as host-mediated immunopathology in response to viral infections. Since SP-A and SP-D are known to offer protection from viral and other infections, if their levels are decreased in some disease states as they are in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this may confer an increased risk of viral infection and exacerbations of disease. Recombinant molecules of SP-A and SP-D could be useful in both blocking respiratory viral infection while also modulating the immune system to prevent excessive inflammatory responses seen in, for example, RSV or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recombinant SP-A and SP-D could have therapeutic potential in neutralizing both current and future strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus as well as modulating the inflammation-mediated pathology associated with COVID-19. A recombinant fragment of human (rfh)SP-D has recently been shown to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Further work investigating the potential therapeutic role of SP-A and SP-D in COVID-19 and other infectious and inflammatory diseases is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Madsen
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Howard William Clark
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital (UCLH), University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Depicolzuane L, Phelps DS, Floros J. Surfactant Protein-A Function: Knowledge Gained From SP-A Knockout Mice. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:799693. [PMID: 35071140 PMCID: PMC8777267 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.799693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant proteins have many roles in surfactant- related functions and innate immunity. One of these proteins is the surfactant protein A (SP-A) that plays a role in both surfactant-related processes and host defense and is the focus in this review. SP-A interacts with the sentinel host defense cell in the alveolus, the alveolar macrophage (AM), to modulate its function and expression profile under various conditions, as well as other alveolar epithelial cells such as the Type II cell. Via these interactions, SP-A has an impact on the alveolar microenvironment. SP-A is also important for surfactant structure and function. Much of what is understood of the function of SP-A and its various roles in lung health has been learned from SP-A knockout (KO) mouse experiments, as reviewed here. A vast majority of this work has been done with infection models that are bacterial, viral, and fungal in nature. Other models have also been used, including those of bleomycin-induced lung injury and ozone-induced oxidative stress either alone or in combination with an infectious agent, bone marrow transplantation, and other. In addition, models investigating the effects of SP-A on surfactant components or surfactant structure have contributed important information. SP-A also appears to play a role in pathways involved in sex differences in response to infection and/or oxidative stress, as well as at baseline conditions. To date, this is the first review to provide a comprehensive report of the functions of SP-A as learned through KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Floros
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hartshorn KL. Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:563850. [PMID: 33194802 PMCID: PMC7642997 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) is highly complex and plays a key role in protection against IAV induced infection and illness. Unfortunately it also clear that aspects of innate immunity can lead to severe morbidity or mortality from IAV, including inflammatory lung injury, bacterial superinfection, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. We review broadly the virus and host factors that result in adverse outcomes from IAV and show evidence that inflammatory responses can become damaging even apart from changes in viral replication per se, with special focus on the positive and adverse effects of neutrophils and monocytes. We then evaluate in detail the role of soluble innate inhibitors including surfactant protein D and antimicrobial peptides that have a potential dual capacity for down-regulating viral replication and also inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses and how these innate host factors could possibly be harnessed to treat IAV infection. Where appropriate we draw comparisons and contrasts the SARS-CoV viruses and IAV in an effort to point out where the extensive knowledge existing regarding severe IAV infection could help guide research into severe COVID 19 illness or vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Groeger D, Schiavi E, Grant R, Kurnik-Łucka M, Michalovich D, Williamson R, Beinke S, Kiely B, Akdis CA, Hessel EM, Shanahan F, O' Mahony L. Intranasal Bifidobacterium longum protects against viral-induced lung inflammation and injury in a murine model of lethal influenza infection. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102981. [PMID: 32927273 PMCID: PMC7495089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic strategies are urgently needed for prevention of severe inflammatory responses to respiratory viral infections. Bacterial-host interactions may modify the immune response to viral infections. Methods We examined the contribution of Intranasal administration of two different Bifidobacterium longum strains or its isolated cell wall in controlling viral induced inflammation using a murine model of influenza infection. We monitored mortality and morbidity over a 10-day period and viral load, differential broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid inflammatory cell counts, Lung tissue histology, BAL and serum cytokines, markers of vascular damage and cell death were quantified. Findings Intranasal administration of Bifidobacterium longum35624® or its isolated cell wall prior to virus inoculation significantly reduced viral load within the lungs and significantly improved survival. Reduced viral load was associated with reduced lung injury as suggested by cell death and vascular leakage markers, a shift from neutrophil to macrophage recruitment, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels (including IL-6), reduced type 1 and 2 interferon levels, but increased levels of interferon-λ and surfactant protein D. These protective effects were maintained when the bifidobacterial cell wall preparation was administered 24 h after viral inoculation. The protective effects were also observed for the Bifidobacterium longumPB-VIR™ strain. Interpretation Exposure to these bifidobacterial strains protect against the inflammatory sequelae and damage associated with uncontrolled viral replication within the lung. Funding This work has been funded, in part, by a research grant from GlaxoSmithKline, PrecisionBiotics Group Ltd., Swiss National Science Foundation grants (project numbers CRSII3_154488, 310030_144219, 310030_127356 and 310030_144219) and Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Groeger
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland; PrecisionBiotics Group Ltd., Cork, Ireland; Lead contact.
| | - Elisa Schiavi
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ray Grant
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liam O' Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ohyama Y, Nakajima K, Renfrow MB, Novak J, Takahashi K. Mass spectrometry for the identification and analysis of highly complex glycosylation of therapeutic or pathogenic proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:275-296. [PMID: 32406805 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1769479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein glycosylation influences characteristics such as folding, stability, protein interactions, and solubility. Therefore, glycan moieties of therapeutic proteins and proteins that are likely associated with disease pathogenesis should be analyzed in-depth, including glycan heterogeneity and modification sites. Recent advances in analytical methods and instrumentation have enabled comprehensive characterization of highly complex glycosylated proteins. AREA COVERED The following aspects should be considered when analyzing glycosylated proteins: sample preparation, chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry (MS) and fragmentation methods, and bioinformatics, such as software solutions for data analyses. Notably, analysis of glycoproteins with heavily sialylated glycans or multiple glycosylation sites requires special considerations. Here, we discuss recent methodological advances in MS that provide detailed characterization of heterogeneous glycoproteins. EXPERT OPINION As characterization of complex glycosylated proteins is still analytically challenging, the function or pathophysiological significance of these proteins is not fully understood. To reproducibly produce desired forms of therapeutic glycoproteins or to fully elucidate disease-specific patterns of protein glycosylation, a highly reproducible and robust analytical platform(s) should be established. In addition to advances in MS instrumentation, optimization of analytical and bioinformatics methods and utilization of glycoprotein/glycopeptide standards is desirable. Ultimately, we envision that an automated high-throughput MS analysis will provide additional power to clinical studies and precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ohyama
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murugaiah V, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. Collectins: Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:75-127. [PMID: 32152944 PMCID: PMC7120701 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Collectins are collagen-containing C-type (calcium-dependent) lectins which are important pathogen pattern recognising innate immune molecules. Their primary structure is characterised by an N-terminal, triple-helical collagenous region made up of Gly-X-Y repeats, an a-helical coiled-coil trimerising neck region, and a C-terminal C-type lectin or carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Further oligomerisation of this primary structure can give rise to more complex and multimeric structures that can be seen under electron microscope. Collectins can be found in serum as well as in a range of tissues at the mucosal surfaces. Mannanbinding lectin can activate the complement system while other members of the collectin family are extremely versatile in recognising a diverse range of pathogens via their CRDs and bring about effector functions designed at the clearance of invading pathogens. These mechanisms include opsonisation, enhancement of phagocytosis, triggering superoxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Collectins can also potentiate the adaptive immune response via antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells through modulation of cytokines and chemokines, thus they can act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. This chapter describes the structure-function relationships of collectins, their diverse functions, and their interaction with viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The respiratory tract is tasked with responding to a constant and vast influx of foreign agents. It acts as an important first line of defense in the innate immune system and as such plays a crucial role in preventing the entry of invading pathogens. While physical barriers like the mucociliary escalator exert their effects through the clearance of these pathogens, diverse and dynamic cellular mechanisms exist for the activation of the innate immune response through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are expressed on a number of myeloid cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils found in the respiratory tract. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are PRRs that play a pivotal role in the innate immune response and its regulation to a variety of respiratory pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. This chapter will describe the function of both activating and inhibiting myeloid CLRs in the recognition of a number of important respiratory pathogens as well as the signaling events initiated by these receptors.
Collapse
|
17
|
van Eijk M, Hillaire MLB, Rimmelzwaan GF, Rynkiewicz MJ, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Hessing M, Koolmees PA, Tersteeg MH, van Es MH, Meijerhof T, Huckriede A, Haagsman HP. Enhanced Antiviral Activity of Human Surfactant Protein D by Site-Specific Engineering of the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2476. [PMID: 31749796 PMCID: PMC6842947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical in the early containment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection and surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays a crucial role in innate defense against IAV in the lungs. Multivalent lectin-mediated interactions of SP-D with IAVs result in viral aggregation, reduced epithelial infection, and enhanced IAV clearance by phagocytic cells. Previous studies showed that porcine SP-D (pSP-D) exhibits distinct antiviral activity against IAV as compared to human SP-D (hSP-D), mainly due to key residues in the lectin domain of pSP-D that contribute to its profound neutralizing activity. These observations provided the basis for the design of a full-length recombinant mutant form of hSP-D, designated as “improved SP-D” (iSP-D). Inspired by pSP-D, the lectin domain of iSP-D has 5 amino acids replaced (Asp324Asn, Asp330Asn, Val251Glu, Lys287Gln, Glu289Lys) and 3 amino acids inserted (326Gly-Ser-Ser). Characterization of iSP-D revealed no major differences in protein assembly and saccharide binding selectivity as compared to hSP-D. However, hemagglutination inhibition measurements showed that iSP-D expressed strongly enhanced activity compared to hSP-D against 31 different IAV strains tested, including (pandemic) IAVs that were resistant for neutralization by hSP-D. Furthermore, iSP-D showed increased viral aggregation and enhanced protection of MDCK cells against infection by IAV. Importantly, prophylactic or therapeutic application of iSP-D decreased weight loss and reduced viral lung titers in a murine model of IAV infection using a clinical isolate of H1N1pdm09 virus. These studies demonstrate the potential of iSP-D as a novel human-based antiviral inhalation drug that may provide immediate protection against or recovery from respiratory (pandemic) IAV infections in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin van Eijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael J Rynkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mitchell R White
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Martin Hessing
- U-Protein Express B.V., Life Science Incubator, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter A Koolmees
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique H Tersteeg
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campos CF, Leite L, Pereira P, Vaz CP, Branca R, Campilho F, Freitas F, Ligeiro D, Marques A, Torrado E, Silvestre R, Lacerda JF, Campos A, Cunha C, Carvalho A. PTX3 Polymorphisms Influence Cytomegalovirus Reactivation After Stem-Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:88. [PMID: 30766534 PMCID: PMC6365436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) predisposes to several clinical complications and is therefore a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although pentraxin-3 (PTX3) has been previously described to bind both human and murine CMV and mediate several host antiviral mechanisms, whether genetic variation in the PTX3 locus influences the risk of CMV infection is currently unknown. Methods: To dissect the contribution of genetic variation within PTX3 to the development of CMV infection, we analyzed described loss-of-function variants at the PTX3 locus in 394 recipients of HSCT and their corresponding donors and assessed the associated risk of CMV reactivation. Results: We report that the donor, but not recipient, h2/h2 haplotype in PTX3 increased the risk of CMV reactivation after 24 months following transplantation, with a significant effect on survival. Among recipients with h2/h2 donors, CMV seropositive patients as well as those receiving grafts from unrelated donors, regardless of the CMV serostatus, were more prone to develop viral reactivation after transplantation. Most importantly, the h2/h2 haplotype was demonstrated to display an influence toward risk of CMV reactivation comparable to that conferred by the unrelated status of the donor alone. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the important contribution of genetic variation in donor PTX3 to the risk of CMV reactivation in patients undergoing HSCT, highlighting a promising prognostic value of donor PTX3 to predict risk of CMV reactivation in this clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia F Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luís Leite
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pinho Vaz
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Branca
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Campilho
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Freitas
- Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação, IP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação, IP, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Serviço de Imuno-Hemoterapia, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Lacerda
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
Collapse
|
20
|
Watson A, Phipps MJS, Clark HW, Skylaris CK, Madsen J. Surfactant Proteins A and D: Trimerized Innate Immunity Proteins with an Affinity for Viral Fusion Proteins. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:13-28. [PMID: 30293076 PMCID: PMC6738215 DOI: 10.1159/000492974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate recognition of viruses is an essential part of the immune response to viral pathogens. This is integral to the maintenance of healthy lungs, which are free from infection and efficient at gaseous exchange. An important component of innate immunity for identifying viruses is the family of C-type collagen-containing lectins, also known as collectins. These secreted, soluble proteins are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including viral glycoproteins. These innate immune proteins are composed of trimerized units which oligomerise into higher-order structures and facilitate the clearance of viral pathogens through multiple mechanisms. Similarly, many viral surface proteins form trimeric configurations, despite not showing primary protein sequence similarities across the virus classes and families to which they belong. In this review, we discuss the role of the lung collectins, i.e., surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) in viral recognition. We focus particularly on the structural similarity and complementarity of these trimeric collectins with the trimeric viral fusion proteins with which, we hypothesise, they have elegantly co-evolved. Recombinant versions of these innate immune proteins may have therapeutic potential in a range of infectious and inflammatory lung diseases including anti-viral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Watson
- Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maximillian J S Phipps
- Computational Chemistry, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Howard W Clark
- Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- Computational Chemistry, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Madsen
- Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United .,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United .,National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hsieh IN, De Luna X, White MR, Hartshorn KL. The Role and Molecular Mechanism of Action of Surfactant Protein D in Innate Host Defense Against Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1368. [PMID: 29951070 PMCID: PMC6008380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to pose major risks of morbidity and mortality during yearly epidemics and periodic pandemics. The genomic instability of IAV allows it to evade adaptive immune responses developed during prior infection. Of particular concern are pandemics which result from wholesale incorporation of viral genome sections from animal sources. These pandemic strains are radically different from circulating human strains and pose great risk for the human population. For these reasons, innate immunity plays a strong role in the initial containment of IAV infection. Soluble inhibitors present in respiratory lining fluids and blood provide a level of early protection against IAV. In general, these inhibitors act by binding to the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Surfactant protein D (SP-D) and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) attach to mannosylated glycans on the HA in a calcium dependent manner. In contrast, surfactant protein A, ficolins, and other inhibitors present sialic acid rich ligands to which the HA can bind. Among these inhibitors, SP-D seems to be the most potent due to its specific mode of binding to viral carbohydrates and its ability to strongly aggregate viral particles. We have studied specific properties of the N-terminal and collagen domain of SP-D that enable formation of highly multimerized molecules and cooperative binding among the multiple trimeric lectin domains in the protein. In addition, we have studied in depth the lectin activity of SP-D through expression of isolated lectin domains and targeted mutations of the SP-D lectin binding site. Through modifying specific residues around the saccharide binding pocket, antiviral activity of isolated lectin domains of SP-D can be markedly increased for seasonal strains of IAV. Wild-type SP-D causes little inhibition of pandemic IAV, but mutated versions of SP-D were able to inhibit pandemic IAV through enhanced binding to the reduced number of mannosylated glycans present on the HA of these strains. Through collaborative studies involving crystallography of isolated lectin domains of SP-D, glycomics analysis of the HA, and molecular modeling, the mechanism of binding of wild type and mutant forms of SP-D have been determined. These studies could guide investigation of the interactions of SP-D with other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ni Hsieh
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xavier De Luna
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Expression, Distribution, and Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors in the Human and Animal Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040734. [PMID: 29565818 PMCID: PMC6017961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear (ME), regardless of cause or pathological mechanism. Among the molecular biological studies assessing the pathology of OM are investigations into the expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLR) in the ME and Eustachian tube (ET). To date, nine studies have evaluated CLR expression in the ME and ET. The expression of individual CLRs in mammalian ME and ET varies by species and model of OM. Assessments have shown that the patterns of CLR expression in the ME and ET vary; that CLR expression may vary by type of OM; and that the distribution and levels of expression of CLRs may depend on the presence or absence of inflammation, with variations even within the same species and same tissue. Infection of the ME and ET with various pathogens is a common cause of all types of OM, with host responses to pathogens mediated initially by the innate immune system. CLRs are important factors in the innate immune system because they act as both adhesion molecules and as pathogen recognition receptors. The expression of CLRs in OM tissues suggests that CLRs are associated with the pathogenesis of various types of OM.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mitogenic stimulation accelerates influenza-induced mortality by increasing susceptibility of alveolar type II cells to infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6613-E6622. [PMID: 28739896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621172114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of pneumonia is the most lethal consequence of influenza, increasing mortality more than 50-fold compared with uncomplicated infection. The spread of viral infection from conducting airways to the alveolar epithelium is therefore a pivotal event in influenza pathogenesis. We found that mitogenic stimulation with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) markedly accelerated mortality after infectious challenge with influenza A virus (IAV). Coadministration of KGF with IAV markedly accelerated the spread of viral infection from the airways to alveoli compared with challenge with IAV alone, based on spatial and temporal analyses of viral nucleoprotein staining of lung tissue sections and dissociated lung cells. To better define the temporal relationship between KGF administration and susceptibility to IAV infection in vivo, we administered KGF 120, 48, 24, and 0 h before intrapulmonary IAV challenge and assessed the percentages of proliferating and IAV-infected, alveolar type II (AECII) cells in dispersed lung cell populations. Peak AECII infectivity coincided with the timing of KGF administration that also induced peak AECII proliferation. AECII from mice that were given intrapulmonary KGF before isolation and then infected with IAV ex vivo exhibited the same temporal pattern of proliferation and infectious susceptibility. KGF-induced increases in mortality, AECII proliferation, and enhanced IAV susceptibility were all reversed by pretreatment of the animals with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin before mitogenic stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest mTOR signaling-dependent, mitogenic conditioning of AECII is a determinant of host susceptibility to infection with IAV.
Collapse
|
24
|
McKenzie Z, Kendall M, Mackay RM, Whitwell H, Elgy C, Ding P, Mahajan S, Morgan C, Griffiths M, Clark H, Madsen J. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) inhibits agglomeration and macrophage uptake of toxic amine modified nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2017; 9:952-62. [PMID: 25676620 PMCID: PMC4486002 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.992487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lung provides the main route for nanomaterial exposure. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important respiratory innate immune molecule with the ability to bind or opsonise pathogens to enhance phagocytic removal from the airways. We hypothesised that SP-A, like surfactant protein D, may interact with inhaled nanoparticulates, and that this interaction will be affected by nanoparticle (NP) surface characteristics. In this study, we characterise the interaction of SP-A with unmodified (U-PS) and amine-modified (A-PS) polystyrene particles of varying size and zeta potential using dynamic light scatter analysis. SP-A associated with both 100 nm U-PS and A-PS in a calcium-independent manner. SP-A induced significant calcium-dependent agglomeration of 100 nm U-PS NPs but resulted in calcium-independent inhibition of A-PS self agglomeration. SP-A enhanced uptake of 100 nm U-PS into macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner but in contrast inhibited A-PS uptake. Reduced association of A-PS particles in RAW264.7 cells following pre-incubation of SP-A was also observed with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Consistent with these findings, alveolar macrophages (AMs) from SP-A(-/-) mice were more efficient at uptake of 100 nm A-PS compared with wild type C57Bl/6 macrophages. No difference in uptake was observed with 500 nm U-PS or A-PS particles. Pre-incubation with SP-A resulted in a significant decrease in uptake of 100 nm A-PS in macrophages isolated from both groups of mice. In contrast, increased uptake by AMs of U-PS was observed after pre-incubation with SP-A. Thus we have demonstrated that SP-A promotes uptake of non-toxic U-PS particles but inhibits the clearance of potentially toxic A-PS particles by blocking uptake into macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zofi McKenzie
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Michaela Kendall
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Rose-Marie Mackay
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Harry Whitwell
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Christine Elgy
- b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ping Ding
- c Facility for Environmental Nanoscience Analysis and Characterisation (FENAC), School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,e Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK
| | - Cliff Morgan
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Mark Griffiths
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Howard Clark
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
| | - Jens Madsen
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang Q, Wang K, Pan L, Qi K, Liu H, Chen H. Co-infection of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus decreases SP-A expression level in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:110-116. [PMID: 28619132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chicken surfactant protein A (cSP-A) is a collectin believed to play an important role in antiviral immunity. However, cSP-A expression in the respiratory tract of chickens after viral co-infection remains unclear. The aim of this study was the detection and characterization of cSP-A in co-infected chickens. For this purpose, four-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were divided into five groups and inoculated intranasally with H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Chickens were sacrificed at three days post inoculation, and the lung, trachea, and air sac samples were taken to determine histological changes and expression levels of cSP-A mRNA and cSP-A protein. The cSP-A mRNA and its protein were detected separately using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA), and an immunohistochemistry assay (IHC). In comparison, for the PBS group as the negative group and the NDV-infected group as the positive group, the histological changes showed that the lesions of the AIV+ IBV co-infected group were more serious compared to the AIV-infected group and the IBV-infected group. Consequently, the expression level of cSP-A in the AIV+IBV co-infected group significantly decreased when compared to the AIV-infected group and the IBV-infected group by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and IHC analysis. The mechanism of the downregulation of SP-A expression level will be addressed in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 PR China
| | - Ling Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Kezong Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
White MR, Tripathi S, Verma A, Kingma P, Takahashi K, Jensenius J, Thiel S, Wang G, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL. Collectins, H-ficolin and LL-37 reduce influence viral replication in human monocytes and modulate virus-induced cytokine production. Innate Immun 2016; 23:77-88. [PMID: 27856789 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916678470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating activated monocytes are important mediators of damaging inflammation during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We show that soluble respiratory proteins [collectins, surfactant proteins D (SP-D) and mannose binding lectin (MBL), H-ficolin and LL-37] inhibit replication of seasonal IAV in human monocytes. The collectins and H-ficolin also increased viral uptake by the cells, while LL-37 did not. H-ficolin was able to inhibit replication of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain (Cal09) in monocytes, but SP-D and LL-37 had significantly fewer inhibitory effects on this strain than on seasonal IAV. All of these proteins reduced IAV-induced TNF-α production, even in instances when viral replication was not reduced. We used modified recombinant versions of SP-D, MBL and ficolin to elucidate mechanisms through which these proteins alter monocyte interactions with IAV. We demonstrate the importance of the multimeric structure, and of binding properties of the lectin domain, in mediating antiviral and opsonic activity of the proteins. Hence, soluble inhibitors present in airway lining fluid may aid clearance of IAV by promoting monocyte uptake of the virus, while reducing viral replication and virus-induced TNF-α responses in these cells. However, SP-D and LL-37 have reduced ability to inhibit replication of pandemic IAV in monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- 1 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- 1 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anamika Verma
- 1 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Kingma
- 2 University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kazue Takahashi
- 3 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jens Jensenius
- 4 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- 4 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guangshun Wang
- 5 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Erika C Crouch
- 6 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- 1 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khatri K, Klein JA, White MR, Grant OC, Leymarie N, Woods RJ, Hartshorn KL, Zaia J. Integrated Omics and Computational Glycobiology Reveal Structural Basis for Influenza A Virus Glycan Microheterogeneity and Host Interactions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1895-912. [PMID: 26984886 PMCID: PMC5083086 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sustained biomedical research effort, influenza A virus remains an imminent threat to the world population and a major healthcare burden. The challenge in developing vaccines against influenza is the ability of the virus to mutate rapidly in response to selective immune pressure. Hemagglutinin is the predominant surface glycoprotein and the primary determinant of antigenicity, virulence and zoonotic potential. Mutations leading to changes in the number of HA glycosylation sites are often reported. Such genetic sequencing studies predict at best the disruption or creation of sequons for N-linked glycosylation; they do not reflect actual phenotypic changes in HA structure. Therefore, combined analysis of glycan micro and macro-heterogeneity and bioassays will better define the relationships among glycosylation, viral bioactivity and evolution. We present a study that integrates proteomics, glycomics and glycoproteomics of HA before and after adaptation to innate immune system pressure. We combined this information with glycan array and immune lectin binding data to correlate the phenotypic changes with biological activity. Underprocessed glycoforms predominated at the glycosylation sites found to be involved in viral evolution in response to selection pressures and interactions with innate immune-lectins. To understand the structural basis for site-specific glycan microheterogeneity at these sites, we performed structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. We observed that the presence of immature, high-mannose type glycans at a particular site correlated with reduced accessibility to glycan remodeling enzymes. Further, the high mannose glycans at sites implicated in immune lectin recognition were predicted to be capable of forming trimeric interactions with the immune-lectin surfactant protein-D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Khatri
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joshua A Klein
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; §Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Mitchell R White
- ¶Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Oliver C Grant
- ‖Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Nancy Leymarie
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Robert J Woods
- ‖Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- ¶Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; §Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Job ER, Pizzolla A, Nebl T, Short KR, Deng YM, Carolan L, Laurie KL, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Neutralizing inhibitors in the airways of naïve ferrets do not play a major role in modulating the virulence of H3 subtype influenza A viruses. Virology 2016; 494:143-57. [PMID: 27110707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Many insights regarding the pathogenesis of human influenza A virus (IAV) infections have come from studies in mice and ferrets. Surfactant protein (SP)-D is the major neutralizing inhibitor of IAV in mouse airway fluids and SP-D-resistant IAV mutants show enhanced virus replication and virulence in mice. Herein, we demonstrate that sialylated glycoproteins, rather than SP-D, represent the major neutralizing inhibitors against H3 subtype viruses in airway fluids from naïve ferrets. Moreover, while resistance to neutralizing inhibitors is a critical factor in modulating virus replication and disease in the mouse model, it does not appear to be so in the ferret model, as H3 mutants resistant to either SP-D or sialylated glycoproteins in ferret airway fluids did not show enhanced virulence in ferrets. These data have important implications for our understanding of pathogenesis and immunity to human IAV infections in these two widely used animal models of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mackay RMA, Grainge CL, Lau LC, Barber C, Clark HW, Howarth PH. Airway Surfactant Protein D Deficiency in Adults With Severe Asthma. Chest 2016; 149:1165-72. [PMID: 26836907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an essential component of the innate immune defense against pathogens within the airways. SP-D also regulates allergic inflammation and promotes the removal of apoptotic cells. SP-D dysregulation is evident in several pulmonary diseases. Our aim was to investigate whether airway and serum levels of SP-D are altered in treatment-resistant severe asthma. METHODS SP-D concentrations were measured in matched serum and BAL samples collected from 10 healthy control subjects (HC) and 50 patients with asthma (22 with mild asthma [MA] and 28 with severe asthma [SA]). These samples were also evaluated by using Western blot analysis to investigate variations in SP-D size. RESULTS SP-D levels in BAL samples were significantly lower in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001) and inversely correlated with BAL eosinophil cationic protein concentrations in SA (P < .01). Serum SP-D was significantly increased in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001), and BAL/serum ratios were significantly lower in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001). Reduced SP-D levels in BAL samples, with concomitant increases in serum in SA, were associated with degraded fragments of SP-D in the serum and increased BAL neutrophil counts and lipopolysaccharide levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest defective innate immunity within the airways in SA, as reflected by low BAL SP-D concentrations and altered bacterial presence with airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, BAL SP-D leakage into the serum in patients with SA may provide a peripheral blood biomarker, reflecting increased epithelial damage and/or epithelial permeability within the peripheral airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie A Mackay
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher L Grainge
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurie C Lau
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Clair Barber
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Howard W Clark
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter H Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Innate Immune Molecule Surfactant Protein D Attenuates Sepsis-induced Acute Pancreatic Injury through Modulating Apoptosis and NF-κB-mediated Inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17798. [PMID: 26634656 PMCID: PMC4669466 DOI: 10.1038/srep17798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis causes multiple-organ dysfunction including pancreatic injury, thus resulting in high mortality. Innate immune molecule surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays a critical role in host defense and regulating inflammation of infectious diseases. In this study we investigated SP-D functions in the acute pancreatic injury (API) with C57BL/6 Wild-type (WT) and SP-D knockout (KO) mice in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Our results confirm SP-D expression in pancreatic islets and intercalated ducts and are the first to explore the role of pancreatic SP-D in sepsis. CLP decreased pancreatic SP-D levels and caused severe pancreatic injury with higher serum amylase 24 h after CLP. Apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration were increased in the pancreas of septic KO mice (p < 0.05, vs septic WT mice), with lower Bcl-2 and higher caspase-3 levels in septic KO mice (p < 0.05). Molecular analysis revealed increased NF-κB-p65 and phosphorylated IκB-α levels along with higher serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in septic KO mice compared to septic WT mice (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in vitro islet cultures stimulated with LPS produced higher TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05) from KO mice compared to WT mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate SP-D plays protective roles by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating NF-κB-mediated inflammation in CLP-induced API.
Collapse
|
31
|
Foo SS, Reading PC, Jaillon S, Mantovani A, Mahalingam S. Pentraxins and Collectins: Friend or Foe during Pathogen Invasion? Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:799-811. [PMID: 26482345 PMCID: PMC7127210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity serves as the frontline defence against invading pathogens. Despite decades of research, new insights are constantly challenging our understanding of host-elicited immunity during microbial infections. Recently, two families of humoral innate immune proteins, pentraxins and collectins, have become a major focus of research in the field of innate immunity. Pentraxins and collectins are key players in activating the humoral arm of innate immunity, taking centre stage in immunoregulation and disease modulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that pentraxins and collectins can also mediate pathogenic effects during some infections. Herein, we discuss the protective and pathogenic effects of pentraxins and collectins, as well as their therapeutic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suan-Sin Foo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sébastien Jaillon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy; Humanitas University, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) play a critical role in host defense and regulate inflammation during infection. Recent studies indicate SP-A and SP-D are expressed in the kidney. The current study examines the role of SP-A and SP-D in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced AKI. Wild-type (WT) and SP-A/SP-D double-knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were treated by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery. Histological, cellular, and molecular indices of kidney injury were investigated in septic mice 6 and 24 h after CLP. Twenty-four hours after CLP, kidney injury was more severe, renal function was decreased, and blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were higher in septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.05, versus septic WT mice). Kidney edema and vascular permeability were increased in septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.01, versus septic WT mice). Apoptotic cells increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice compared with septic WT mice. Molecular analysis revealed levels of Bcl-2 (an inhibitor of apoptosis) were lower and levels of caspase 3 (a biomarker of apoptosis) were higher in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.01, versus septic WT mice). Furthermore, levels of nuclear factor κB and phosphorylated IκB-α increased significantly in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice compared with septic WT mice, suggesting SP-A/SP-D KO mice have a more pronounced inflammatory response to sepsis. We conclude SP-A and SP-D attenuate kidney injury by modulating inflammation and apoptosis in sepsis-induced AKI.
Collapse
|
33
|
Herrera-Ramos E, López-Rodríguez M, Ruíz-Hernández JJ, Horcajada JP, Borderías L, Lerma E, Blanquer J, Pérez-González MC, García-Laorden MI, Florido Y, Mas-Bosch V, Montero M, Ferrer JM, Sorlí L, Vilaplana C, Rajas O, Briones M, Aspa J, López-Granados E, Solé-Violán J, de Castro FR, Rodríguez-Gallego C. Surfactant protein A genetic variants associate with severe respiratory insufficiency in pandemic influenza A virus infection. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R127. [PMID: 24950659 PMCID: PMC4229788 DOI: 10.1186/cc13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inherited variability in host immune responses influences susceptibility and outcome of Influenza A virus (IAV) infection, but these factors remain largely unknown. Components of the innate immune response may be crucial in the first days of the infection. The collectins surfactant protein (SP)-A1, -A2, and -D and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) neutralize IAV infectivity, although only SP-A2 can establish an efficient neutralization of poorly glycosylated pandemic IAV strains. Methods We studied the role of polymorphic variants at the genes of MBL (MBL2), SP-A1 (SFTPA1), SP-A2 (SFTPA2), and SP-D (SFTPD) in 93 patients with H1N1 pandemic 2009 (H1N1pdm) infection. Results Multivariate analysis showed that two frequent SFTPA2 missense alleles (rs1965708-C and rs1059046-A) and the SFTPA2 haplotype 1A0 were associated with a need for mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The SFTPA2 haplotype 1A1 was a protective variant. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression also showed that diplotypes not containing the 1A1 haplotype were associated with a significantly shorter time to ICU admission in hospitalized patients. In addition, rs1965708-C (P = 0.0007), rs1059046-A (P = 0.0007), and haplotype 1A0 (P = 0.0004) were associated, in a dose-dependent fashion, with lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio, whereas haplotype 1A1 was associated with a higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P = 0.001). Conclusions Our data suggest an effect of genetic variants of SFTPA2 on the severity of H1N1pdm infection and could pave the way for a potential treatment with haplotype-specific (1A1) SP-A2 for future IAV pandemics.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nikolaidis NM, White MR, Allen K, Tripathi S, Qi L, McDonald B, Taubenberger J, Seaton BA, McCormack FX, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL. Mutations flanking the carbohydrate binding site of surfactant protein D confer antiviral activity for pandemic influenza A viruses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L1036-44. [PMID: 24705721 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a trimeric neck and carbohydrate recognition domain (NCRD) fragment of human surfactant protein D (SP-D), a host defense lectin, with combinatorial substitutions at the 325 and 343 positions (D325A+R343V) exhibits markedly increased antiviral activity for seasonal strains of influenza A virus (IAV). The NCRD binds to glycan-rich viral envelope proteins including hemagglutinin (HA). We now show that replacement of D325 with serine to create D325S+R343V provided equal or increased neutralizing activity compared with D325A+R343V. The activity of the double mutants was significantly greater than that of either single mutant (D325A/S or R343V). D325A+R343V and D325S+R343V also strongly inhibited HA activity, and markedly aggregated, the 1968 pandemic H3N2 strain, Aichi68. D325S+R343V significantly reduced viral loads and mortality of mice infected with Aichi68, whereas wild-type SP-D NCRD did not. The pandemic H1N1 strains of 1918 and 2009 have only one N-linked glycan side on the head region of the HA and are fully resistant to inhibition by native SP-D. Importantly, we now show that D325A+R343V and D325S+R343V inhibited Cal09 H1N1 and related strains, and reduced uptake of Cal09 by epithelial cells. Inhibition of Cal09 was mediated by the lectin activity of the NCRDs. All known human pandemic strains have at least one glycan attachment on the top or side of the HA head, and our results indicate that they may be susceptible to inhibition by modified host defense lectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mitchell R White
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Qi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | | | - Barbara A Seaton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tate MD, Job ER, Deng YM, Gunalan V, Maurer-Stroh S, Reading PC. Playing hide and seek: how glycosylation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin can modulate the immune response to infection. Viruses 2014; 6:1294-316. [PMID: 24638204 PMCID: PMC3970151 DOI: 10.3390/v6031294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza A viruses (IAV) originate from pandemic IAV and have undergone changes in antigenic structure, including addition of glycans to the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The viral HA is the major target recognized by neutralizing antibodies and glycans have been proposed to shield antigenic sites on HA, thereby promoting virus survival in the face of widespread vaccination and/or infection. However, addition of glycans can also interfere with the receptor binding properties of HA and this must be compensated for by additional mutations, creating a fitness barrier to accumulation of glycosylation sites. In addition, glycans on HA are also recognized by phylogenetically ancient lectins of the innate immune system and the benefit provided by evasion of humoral immunity is balanced by attenuation of infection. Therefore, a fine balance must exist regarding the optimal pattern of HA glycosylation to offset competing pressures associated with recognition by innate defenses, evasion of humoral immunity and maintenance of virus fitness. In this review, we examine HA glycosylation patterns of IAV associated with pandemic and seasonal influenza and discuss recent advancements in our understanding of interactions between IAV glycans and components of innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
| | - Emma R Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671, Singapore.
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671, Singapore.
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
White MR, Doss M, Boland P, Tecle T, Hartshorn KL. Innate immunity to influenza virus: implications for future therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:497-514. [PMID: 19756245 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical in the early containment of influenza virus infection. The innate response is surprisingly complex. A variety of soluble innate inhibitors in respiratory secretions provide an initial barrier to infection. Dendritic cells, phagocytes and natural killer cells mediate viral clearance and promote further innate and adaptive responses. Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 and cytoplasmic RNA sensors are critical for activating these responses. In general, the innate response restricts viral replication without injuring the lung; however, the 1918 pandemic and H5N1 strains cause more profound, possibly harmful, innate responses. In this review, we discuss the implications of burgeoning knowledge of innate immunity for therapy of influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, EBRC 414, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adam D, Perotin JM, Lebargy F, Birembaut P, Deslée G, Coraux C. [Regeneration of airway epithelium]. Rev Mal Respir 2013; 31:300-11. [PMID: 24750950 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial regeneration is a complex process. It can lead to the remodeling of the airway epithelium as in asthma, COPD or cystic fibrosis. BACKGROUND The development of in vivo and in vitro models has allowed the analysis of remodeling mechanisms and showed the role of components of extracellular matrix, proteases, cytokines and growth factors. Airway epithelial progenitors and stems cells have been studied in these models. However, their identification remains difficult. CONCLUSION Identification and characterization of airway epithelial progenitor/stem-cells, and a better knowledge of the regeneration process may allow the development of new therapeutic strategies for airway epithelial reconstitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Adam
- Inserm UMRS 903, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France
| | - J-M Perotin
- Inserm UMRS 903, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France; Service des maladies respiratoires, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - F Lebargy
- Service des maladies respiratoires, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - P Birembaut
- Inserm UMRS 903, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France; Laboratoire d'histologie Pol Bouin, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France
| | - G Deslée
- Inserm UMRS 903, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France; Service des maladies respiratoires, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - C Coraux
- Inserm UMRS 903, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Van Breedam W, Pöhlmann S, Favoreel HW, de Groot RJ, Nauwynck HJ. Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan-lectin interactions in virus biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 38:598-632. [PMID: 24188132 PMCID: PMC7190080 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are carbohydrate modifications typically found on proteins or lipids, and can act as ligands for glycan-binding proteins called lectins. Glycans and lectins play crucial roles in the function of cells and organs, and in the immune system of animals and humans. Viral pathogens use glycans and lectins that are encoded by their own or the host genome for their replication and spread. Recent advances in glycobiological research indicate that glycans and lectins mediate key interactions at the virus-host interface, controlling viral spread and/or activation of the immune system. This review reflects on glycan–lectin interactions in the context of viral infection and antiviral immunity. A short introduction illustrates the nature of glycans and lectins, and conveys the basic principles of their interactions. Subsequently, examples are discussed highlighting specific glycan–lectin interactions and how they affect the progress of viral infections, either benefiting the host or the virus. Moreover, glycan and lectin variability and their potential biological consequences are discussed. Finally, the review outlines how recent advances in the glycan–lectin field might be transformed into promising new approaches to antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wander Van Breedam
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goh BC, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cafarella TR, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Allen K, Crouch EC, Calin O, Seeberger PH, Schulten K, Seaton BA. Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of influenza by surfactant protein D revealed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8527-38. [PMID: 24224757 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a mammalian C-type lectin, is the primary innate inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung. Interactions of SP-D with highly branched viral N-linked glycans on hemagglutinin (HA), an abundant IAV envelope protein and critical virulence factor, promote viral aggregation and neutralization through as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Two truncated human SP-D forms, wild-type (WT) and double mutant D325A+R343V, representing neck and carbohydrate recognition domains are compared in this study. Whereas both WT and D325A+R343V bind to isolated glycosylated HA, WT does not inhibit IAV in neutralization assays; in contrast, D325A+R343V neutralization compares well with that of full-length native SP-D. To elucidate the mechanism for these biochemical observations, we have determined crystal structures of D325A+R343V in the presence and absence of a viral nonamannoside (Man9). On the basis of the D325A+R343V-Man9 structure and other crystallographic data, models of complexes between HA and WT or D325A+R343V were produced and subjected to molecular dynamics. Simulations reveal that whereas WT and D325A+R343V both block the sialic acid receptor site of HA, the D325A+R343V complex is more stable, with stronger binding caused by additional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with HA residues. Furthermore, the blocking mechanism of HA differs for WT and D325A+R343V because of alternate glycan binding modes. The combined results suggest a mechanism through which the mode of SP-D-HA interaction could significantly influence viral aggregation and neutralization. These studies provide the first atomic-level molecular view of an innate host defense lectin inhibiting its viral glycoprotein target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chong Goh
- Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tripathi S, White MR, Hartshorn KL. The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection. Innate Immun 2013; 21:73-98. [PMID: 24217220 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a major health threat and a prime example of the significance of innate immunity. Our understanding of innate immunity to IAV has grown dramatically, yielding new concepts that change the way we view innate immunity as a whole. Examples include the role of p53, autophagy, microRNA, innate lymphocytes, endothelial cells and gut commensal bacteria in pulmonary innate immunity. Although the innate response is largely beneficial, it also contributes to major complications of IAV, including lung injury, bacterial super-infection and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. Research is beginning to dissect out which components of the innate response are helpful or harmful. IAV uses its limited genetic complement to maximum effect. Several viral proteins are dedicated to combating innate responses, while other viral structural or replication proteins multitask as host immune modulators. Many host innate immune proteins also multitask, having roles in cell cycle, signaling or normal lung biology. We summarize the plethora of new findings and attempt to integrate them into the larger picture of how humans have adapted to the threat posed by this remarkable virus. We explore how our expanded knowledge suggests ways to modulate helpful and harmful inflammatory responses, and develop novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
de Geus ED, Vervelde L. Regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:341-351. [PMID: 23542704 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (MPh) and dendritic cells (DC) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In chickens, markers to distinguish MPh from DC are lacking, but whether MPh and DC can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. Mucosal MPh and DC are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. This review addresses our current understanding of DC and MPh function, the receptors expressed by MPh and DC involved in pathogen recognition, and the responses of DC and MPh against respiratory and intestinal pathogens in the chicken. Furthermore, potential opportunities are described to modulate MPh and DC responses to enhance disease resistance, highlighting modulation through nutraceuticals and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline D de Geus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Michael P, Brabant D, Bleiblo F, Ramana CV, Rutherford M, Khurana S, Tai T, Kumar A, Kumar A. Influenza A induced cellular signal transduction pathways. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5 Suppl 2:S132-41. [PMID: 23977434 PMCID: PMC3747532 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.07.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae Family. This enveloped virus contains 8 segments of viral RNA which encodes 11 viral proteins. Influenza A infects humans and is the causative agent of the flu. Annually it infects approximately 5% to 15% of the population world wide and results in an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 deaths a year. The nature of influenza A replication results in a high mutation rate which results in the need for seasonal vaccinations. In addition the zoonotic nature of the influenza virus allows for recombination of viral segments from different strains creating new variants that have not been encountered before. This type of mutation is the method by which pandemic strains of the flu arises. Infection with influenza results in a respiratory illness that for most individuals is self limiting. However in susceptible populations which include individuals with pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac conditions, the very young and the elderly fatal complications may arise. The most serious of these is the development of viral pneumonia which may be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections. Progression of pneumonia leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI) and potentially respiratory failure. This progression is a combined effect of the host immune system response to influenza infection and the viral infection itself. This review will focus on molecular aspects of viral replication in alveolar cells and their response to infection. The response of select innate immune cells and their contribution to viral clearance and lung epithelial damage will also be discussed. Molecular aspects of antiviral response in the cells in particular the protein kinase RNA dependent response, and the oligoadenylate synthetase RNAse L system in relation to influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Brabant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Farag Bleiblo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | - Michael Rutherford
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, P3E 5J1, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - T.C. Tai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Anand Kumar
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3A 1R9, MB, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Job ER, Bottazzi B, Gilbertson B, Edenborough KM, Brown LE, Mantovani A, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Serum amyloid P is a sialylated glycoprotein inhibitor of influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59623. [PMID: 23544079 PMCID: PMC3609861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the pentraxin family, including PTX3 and serum amyloid P component (SAP), have been reported to play a role in innate host defence against a range of microbial pathogens, yet little is known regarding their antiviral activities. In this study, we demonstrate that human SAP binds to human influenza A virus (IAV) strains and mediates a range of antiviral activities, including inhibition of IAV-induced hemagglutination (HA), neutralization of virus infectivity and inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the viral neuraminidase (NA). Characterization of the anti-IAV activity of SAP after periodate or bacterial sialidase treatment demonstrated that α(2,6)-linked sialic acid residues on the glycosidic moiety of SAP are critical for recognition by the HA of susceptible IAV strains. Other proteins of the innate immune system, namely human surfactant protein A and porcine surfactant protein D, have been reported to express sialylated glycans which facilitate inhibition of particular IAV strains, yet the specific viral determinants for recognition of these inhibitors have not been defined. Herein, we have selected virus mutants in the presence of human SAP and identified specific residues in the receptor-binding pocket of the viral HA which are critical for recognition and therefore susceptibility to the antiviral activities of SAP. Given the widespread expression of α(2,6)-linked sialic acid in the human respiratory tract, we propose that SAP may act as an effective receptor mimic to limit IAV infection of airway epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Edenborough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Julien P, Thielens NM, Crouch E, Spehner D, Crance JM, Favier AL. Protective effect of surfactant protein d in pulmonary vaccinia virus infection: implication of A27 viral protein. Viruses 2013; 5:928-53. [PMID: 23518578 PMCID: PMC3705305 DOI: 10.3390/v5030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as a surrogate of variola virus (VARV) (genus Orthopoxvirus), the causative agent of smallpox, to study Orthopoxvirus infection. VARV is principally transmitted between humans by aerosol droplets. Once inhaled, VARV first infects the respiratory tract where it could encounter surfactant components, such as soluble pattern recognition receptors. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), constitutively present in the lining fluids of the respiratory tract, plays important roles in innate host defense against virus infection. We investigated the role of SP-D in VACV infection and studied the A27 viral protein involvement in the interaction with SP-D. Interaction between SP-D and VACV caused viral inhibition in a lung cell model. Interaction of SP-D with VACV was mediated by the A27 viral protein. Binding required Ca2+ and interactions were blocked in the presence of excess of SP-D saccharide ligands. A27, which lacks glycosylation, directly interacted with SP-D. The interaction between SP-D and the viral particle was also observed using electron microscopy. Infection of mice lacking SP-D (SP-D-/-) resulted in increased mortality compared to SP-D+/+ mice. Altogether, our data show that SP-D participates in host defense against the vaccinia virus infection and that the interaction occurs with the viral surface protein A27.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perino Julien
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées- Antenne du Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France; E-Mails: (J.P.); (J-M.C.); (A-L.F.)
| | - Nicole M. Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, CEA, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; E-Mail: (N-M.T.)
| | - Erika Crouch
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; E-Mail: (E.C.)
| | - Danièle Spehner
- IGBMC; CNRS, UMR 7104; Inserm U 596; Illkirch, F-67400 France; Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, F-67000 France; E-Mail: (D.S.)
| | - Jean-Marc Crance
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées- Antenne du Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France; E-Mails: (J.P.); (J-M.C.); (A-L.F.)
| | - Anne-Laure Favier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées- Antenne du Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France; E-Mails: (J.P.); (J-M.C.); (A-L.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (A-L.F.); Tel.: +33-4-76-63-97-72; Fax: +33-4-76-63-69-06
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Surfactant Protein D modulates HIV infection of both T-cells and dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59047. [PMID: 23527085 PMCID: PMC3601116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) is an oligomerized C-type lectin molecule with immunomodulatory properties and involvement in lung surfactant homeostasis in the respiratory tract. SP-D binds to the enveloped viruses, influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus and inhibits their replication in vitro and in vivo. SP-D has been shown to bind to HIV via the HIV envelope protein gp120 and inhibit infectivity in vitro. Here we show that SP-D binds to different strains of HIV (BaL and IIIB) and the binding occurs at both pH 7.4 and 5.0 resembling physiological relevant pH values found in the body and the female urogenital tract, respectively. The binding of SP-D to HIV particles and gp120 was inhibited by the presence of several hexoses with mannose found to be the strongest inhibitor. Competition studies showed that soluble CD4 and CVN did not interfere with the interaction between SP-D and gp120. However, soluble recombinant DC-SIGN was shown to inhibit the binding between SP-D and gp120. SP-D agglutinated HIV and gp120 in a calcium dependent manner. SP-D inhibited the infectivity of HIV strains at both pH values of 7.4 and 5.0 in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition of the infectivity was abolished by the presence of mannose. SP-D enhanced the binding of HIV to immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (iMDDCs) and was also found to enhance HIV capture and transfer to the T-cell like line PM1. These results suggest that SP-D can bind to and inhibit direct infection of T-cells by HIV but also enhance the transfer of infectious HIV particles from DCs to T-cells in vivo.
Collapse
|
46
|
Hillaire MLB, Haagsman HP, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Eijk M. Pulmonary surfactant protein D in first-line innate defence against influenza A virus infections. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:197-208. [PMID: 23391661 DOI: 10.1159/000346374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause respiratory tract infections annually associated with excess mortality and morbidity. Nonspecific, innate immune mechanisms play a key role in protection against viral invasion at early stages of infection. A soluble protein present in mucosal secretions of the lung, surfactant protein D (SP-D), is an important component of this initial barrier that helps to prevent and limit IAV infections of the respiratory epithelium. This collagenous C-type lectin binds IAVs and thereby inhibits attachment and entry of the virus but also contributes to enhanced clearance of SP-D-opsonized virus via interactions with phagocytic cells. In addition, SP-D modulates the inflammatory response and helps to maintain a balance between effective neutralization/killing of IAV, and protection against alveolar damage resulting from IAV-induced excessive inflammatory responses. The mechanisms of interaction between SP-D and IAV not only depend on the structure and binding properties of SP-D but also on strain-specific features of IAV, and both issues will be discussed. SP-D from pigs exhibits distinct anti-IAV properties and is discussed in more detail. Finally, the potential of SP-D as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic antiviral agent to protect humans against infections by IAV is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine L B Hillaire
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sarcandra glabra Extract Reduces the Susceptibility and Severity of Influenza in Restraint-Stressed Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:236539. [PMID: 23227098 PMCID: PMC3511833 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcandra glabra, as a type of “antipyretic-detoxicate drugs”, has always been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Sarcandra glabra extract (SGE) is applied frequently as anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious drug in folk medicine. However, relative experiment data supporting this effective clinical consequence was limited. In order to mimic the physiological conditions of the susceptible population, we employed restraint stress mouse model to investigate the effect of SGE against influenza. Mice were infected with influenza virus three days after restraint, while SGE was orally administrated for 10 consecutive days. Body weight, morbidity, and mortality were recorded daily. Histopathologic changes, susceptibility genes expressions and inflammatory markers in lungs were determined. Our results showed that restraint stress significantly increased susceptibility and severity of influenza virus. However, oral administration of SGE could reduce morbidity, mortality and significantly prolonged survival time. The results further showed that SGE had a crucial effect on improving susceptibility markers levels to recover the balance of host defense system and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines levels through down-regulation of NF-κB protein expression to ameliorate the lung injury. These data showed that SGE reduced the susceptibility and severity of influenza.
Collapse
|
48
|
Hillaire MLB, van Eijk M, Nieuwkoop NJ, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Haagsman HP, Rimmelzwaan GF. The number and position of N-linked glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin determine differential recognition of seasonal and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by porcine surfactant protein D. Virus Res 2012; 169:301-5. [PMID: 22921759 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins are important molecules of the innate immune system. These molecules, like surfactant protein D (SP-D) can recognize glycans on pathogens and neutralize these. Also influenza viruses are recognized by SP-D and their susceptibility to neutralization by SP-D is dependent on the number of N-linked glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin in particular. Porcine SP-D displayed stronger neutralizing activity to human influenza A viruses than to swine influenza A viruses. Although viruses from these species differ with regard to the number of glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin, the mechanism underlying the differential recognition by porcine SP-D is poorly understood. Here we investigated the molecular basis for the differential recognition of a seasonal H1N1 and a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus by porcine SP-D. We demonstrated that the number and position of glycosylation sites determine viral susceptibility to the neutralizing activity of porcine SP-D. However, predicting the effect remains difficult as it was shown to be dependent on the strain and the position of the glycosylation sites.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kendall M, Ding P, Mackay RM, Deb R, McKenzie Z, Kendall K, Madsen J, Clark H. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) alters cellular uptake of particles and nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:963-73. [PMID: 22551051 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.689880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is primarily expressed in the lungs and modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory processes to toxic challenge, maintaining lung homeostasis. We investigated the interaction between NPs and SP-D and subsequent uptake by cells involved in lung immunity. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measured NP aggregation, particle size and charge in native human SP-D (NhSP-D) and recombinant fragment SP-D (rfhSP-D). SP-D aggregated NPs, especially following the addition of calcium. Immunohistochemical analysis of A549 epithelial cells investigated the co-localization of NPs and rfhSP-D. rfhSP-D enhanced the co-localisation of NPs to epithelial A549 cells in vitro. NP uptake by alveolar macrophages (AMs) and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) from C57BL/6 and SP-D knock-out mice were compared. AMs and LDCs showed decreased uptake of NPs in SP-D deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. These data confirmed an interaction between SP-D and NPs, and subsequent enhanced NP uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kendall
- European Centre of Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter , Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD , UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
van Eijk M, Rynkiewicz MJ, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Zou X, Schulten K, Luo D, Crouch EC, Cafarella TR, Head JF, Haagsman HP, Seaton BA. A unique sugar-binding site mediates the distinct anti-influenza activity of pig surfactant protein D. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26666-77. [PMID: 22685299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs can act as intermediate hosts by which reassorted influenza A virus (IAV) strains can be transmitted to humans and cause pandemic influenza outbreaks. The innate host defense component surfactant protein D (SP-D) interacts with glycans on the hemagglutinin of IAV and contributes to protection against IAV infection in mammals. This study shows that a recombinant trimeric neck lectin fragment derived from porcine SP-D (pSP-D) exhibits profound inhibitory activity against IAV, in contrast to comparable fragments derived from human SP-D. Crystallographic analysis of the pSP-D fragment complexed with a viral sugar component shows that a unique tripeptide loop alters the lectin site conformation of pSP-D. Molecular dynamics simulations highlight the role of this flexible loop, which adopts a more stable conformation upon sugar binding and may facilitate binding to viral glycans through contact with distal portions of the branched mannoside. The combined data demonstrate that porcine-specific structural features of SP-D contribute significantly to its distinct anti-IAV activity. These findings could help explain why pigs serve as important reservoirs for newly emerging pathogenic IAV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|