1
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Krontira AC, Cruceanu C, Dony L, Kyrousi C, Link MH, Rek N, Pöhlchen D, Raimundo C, Penner-Goeke S, Schowe A, Czamara D, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Sammallahti S, Wolford E, Heinonen K, Roeh S, Sportelli V, Wölfel B, Ködel M, Sauer S, Rex-Haffner M, Räikkönen K, Labeur M, Cappello S, Binder EB. Human cortical neurogenesis is altered via glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of ZBTB16 expression. Neuron 2024; 112:1426-1443.e11. [PMID: 38442714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important for proper organ maturation, and their levels are tightly regulated during development. Here, we use human cerebral organoids and mice to study the cell-type-specific effects of glucocorticoids on neurogenesis. We show that glucocorticoids increase a specific type of basal progenitors (co-expressing PAX6 and EOMES) that has been shown to contribute to cortical expansion in gyrified species. This effect is mediated via the transcription factor ZBTB16 and leads to increased production of neurons. A phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis of an enhancer variant that moderates glucocorticoid-induced ZBTB16 levels reveals causal relationships with higher educational attainment and altered brain structure. The relationship with postnatal cognition is also supported by data from a prospective pregnancy cohort study. This work provides a cellular and molecular pathway for the effects of glucocorticoids on human neurogenesis that relates to lasting postnatal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi C Krontira
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Leander Dony
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department for Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens 15784, Greece; University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis", Athens 15601, Greece
| | - Marie-Helen Link
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Nils Rek
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Catarina Raimundo
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Signe Penner-Goeke
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Alicia Schowe
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sara Sammallahti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Elina Wolford
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Psychology/Welfare, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland; Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Simone Roeh
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Vincenza Sportelli
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Barbara Wölfel
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marta Labeur
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
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2
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Penner-Goeke S, Bothe M, Rek N, Kreitmaier P, Pöhlchen D, Kühnel A, Glaser LV, Kaya E, Krontira AC, Röh S, Czamara D, Ködel M, Monteserin-Garcia J, Diener L, Wölfel B, Sauer S, Rummel C, Riesenberg S, Arloth-Knauer J, Ziller M, Labeur M, Meijsing S, Binder EB. High-throughput screening of glucocorticoid-induced enhancer activity reveals mechanisms of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305773120. [PMID: 38011552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful life events increases the risk for psychiatric disorders. Mechanistic insight into the genetic factors moderating the impact of stress can increase our understanding of disease processes. Here, we test 3,662 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from preselected expression quantitative trait loci in massively parallel reporter assays to identify genetic variants that modulate the activity of regulatory elements sensitive to glucocorticoids, important mediators of the stress response. Of the tested SNP sequences, 547 were located in glucocorticoid-responsive regulatory elements of which 233 showed allele-dependent activity. Transcripts regulated by these functional variants were enriched for those differentially expressed in psychiatric disorders in the postmortem brain. Phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis in 4,439 phenotypes revealed potentially causal associations specifically in neurobehavioral traits, including major depression and other psychiatric disorders. Finally, a functional gene score derived from these variants was significantly associated with differences in the physiological stress response, suggesting that these variants may alter disease risk by moderating the individual set point of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Penner-Goeke
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Melissa Bothe
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Nils Rek
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Peter Kreitmaier
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Anne Kühnel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ezgi Kaya
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Anthi C Krontira
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Simone Röh
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Jose Monteserin-Garcia
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Laura Diener
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Barbara Wölfel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Stephan Riesenberg
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Janine Arloth-Knauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Michael Ziller
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Marta Labeur
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Meijsing
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
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3
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Porter BA, Frerich C, Lainé M, Clark AB, Durdana I, Lee J, Taya M, Sahoo S, Greene GL, Bennett L, Conzen SD. Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation in Lobular Breast Cancer Is Associated with Reduced Cell Proliferation and Promotion of Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4679. [PMID: 37835373 PMCID: PMC10571671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) comprises about ~15% of breast cancer. ILC's unique genotypic (loss of wild type E-cadherin expression) and phenotypic (small individual round cancer cells that grow in discontinuous nests) are thought to contribute to a distinctive pattern of metastases to serosal membranes. Unlike invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), ILC metastases often intercalate into the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum and other serosal surfaces. While ER activity is a known driver of ILC proliferation, very little is known about how additional nuclear receptors contribute to ILC's distinctive biology. In ER+ IDC, we showed previously that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity inhibits pro-proliferative gene expression and cell proliferation. Here we examined ER+ ILC models and found that GR activation similarly reduces S-phase entry gene expression and ILC proliferation. While slowing tumor growth rate, our data also suggest that GR activation results in an enhanced metastatic phenotype through increasing integrin-encoding gene expression, extracellular matrix protein adhesion, and mesothelial cell clearance. Moreover, in an intraductal mouse mammary gland model of ILC, we found that GR expression is associated with increased bone metastases despite slowed primary mammary tumor growth. Taken together, our findings suggest GR-mediated gene expression may contribute to the unusual characteristics of ILC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylee A. Porter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Candace Frerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Muriel Lainé
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail B. Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ishrat Durdana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Manisha Taya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sunati Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Greene
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lynda Bennett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Suzanne D. Conzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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4
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Clarisse D, Prekovic S, Vlummens P, Staessens E, Van Wesemael K, Thommis J, Fijalkowska D, Acke G, Zwart W, Beck IM, Offner F, De Bosscher K. Crosstalk between glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors boosts glucocorticoid-induced killing of multiple myeloma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:249. [PMID: 37578563 PMCID: PMC10425521 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a crucial drug target in multiple myeloma as its activation with glucocorticoids effectively triggers myeloma cell death. However, as high-dose glucocorticoids are also associated with deleterious side effects, novel approaches are urgently needed to improve GR action in myeloma. Here, we reveal a functional crosstalk between GR and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) that plays a role in improved myeloma cell killing. We show that the GR agonist dexamethasone (Dex) downregulates MR levels in a GR-dependent way in myeloma cells. Co-treatment of Dex with the MR antagonist spironolactone (Spi) enhances Dex-induced cell killing in primary, newly diagnosed GC-sensitive myeloma cells. In a relapsed GC-resistant setting, Spi alone induces distinct myeloma cell killing. On a mechanistic level, we find that a GR-MR crosstalk likely arises from an endogenous interaction between GR and MR in myeloma cells. Quantitative dimerization assays show that Spi reduces Dex-induced GR-MR heterodimerization and completely abolishes Dex-induced MR-MR homodimerization, while leaving GR-GR homodimerization intact. Unbiased transcriptomics analyses reveal that c-myc and many of its target genes are downregulated most by combined Dex-Spi treatment. Proteomics analyses further identify that several metabolic hallmarks are modulated most by this combination treatment. Finally, we identified a subset of Dex-Spi downregulated genes and proteins that may predict prognosis in the CoMMpass myeloma patient cohort. Our study demonstrates that GR-MR crosstalk is therapeutically relevant in myeloma as it provides novel strategies for glucocorticoid-based dose-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Vlummens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eleni Staessens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Van Wesemael
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Thommis
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Fijalkowska
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Acke
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Department of Health Sciences, Odisee University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Zhang J, Ge P, Liu J, Luo Y, Guo H, Zhang G, Xu C, Chen H. Glucocorticoid Treatment in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Overview on Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Benefit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12138. [PMID: 37569514 PMCID: PMC10418884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), triggered by various pathogenic factors inside and outside the lungs, leads to diffuse lung injury and can result in respiratory failure and death, which are typical clinical critical emergencies. Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which has a poor clinical prognosis, is one of the most common diseases that induces ARDS. When SAP causes the body to produce a storm of inflammatory factors and even causes sepsis, clinicians will face a two-way choice between anti-inflammatory and anti-infection objectives while considering the damaged intestinal barrier and respiratory failure, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of the diagnosis and treatment of SAP-ALI/ARDS. For a long time, many studies have been devoted to applying glucocorticoids (GCs) to control the inflammatory response and prevent and treat sepsis and ALI/ARDS. However, the specific mechanism is not precise, the clinical efficacy is uneven, and the corresponding side effects are endless. This review discusses the mechanism of action, current clinical application status, effectiveness assessment, and side effects of GCs in the treatment of ALI/ARDS (especially the subtype caused by SAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Haoya Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
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6
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Lammer NC, Ashraf HM, Ugay DA, Spencer SL, Allen MA, Batey RT, Wuttke DS. RNA binding by the glucocorticoid receptor attenuates dexamethasone-induced gene activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9385. [PMID: 37296231 PMCID: PMC10251336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a suite of genes through direct binding of GR to specific DNA promoter elements. GR also interacts with RNA, but the function of this RNA-binding activity remains elusive. Current models speculate that RNA could repress the transcriptional activity of GR. To investigate the function of the GR-RNA interaction on GR's transcriptional activity, we generated cells that stably express a mutant of GR with reduced RNA binding affinity and treated the cells with the GR agonist dexamethasone. Changes in the dexamethasone-driven transcriptome were quantified using 4-thiouridine labeling of RNAs followed by high-throughput sequencing. We find that while many genes are unaffected, GR-RNA binding is repressive for specific subsets of genes in both dexamethasone-dependent and independent contexts. Genes that are dexamethasone-dependent are activated directly by chromatin-bound GR, suggesting a competition-based repression mechanism in which increasing local concentrations of RNA may compete with DNA for binding to GR at sites of transcription. Unexpectedly, genes that are dexamethasone-independent instead display a localization to specific chromosomal regions, which points to changes in chromatin accessibility or architecture. These results show that RNA binding plays a fundamental role in regulating GR function and highlights potential functions for transcription factor-RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolaus C Lammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Humza M Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Daniella A Ugay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Mary A Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Robert T Batey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Deborah S Wuttke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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7
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Dwyer AR, Perez Kerkvliet C, Truong TH, Hagen KM, Krutilina RI, Parke DN, Oakley RH, Liddle C, Cidlowski JA, Seagroves TN, Lange CA. Glucocorticoid Receptors Drive Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Metabolic Reprogramming via PDK4. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad083. [PMID: 37224504 PMCID: PMC10251300 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids act on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1) to resolve inflammation and are routinely prescribed to breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment to alleviate side effects. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) account for 15% to 20% of diagnoses and lack expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as amplified HER2, but they often express high GR levels. GR is a mediator of TNBC progression to advanced metastatic disease; however, the mechanisms underpinning this transition to more aggressive behavior remain elusive. We previously showed that tissue/cellular stress (hypoxia, chemotherapies) as well as factors in the tumor microenvironment (transforming growth factor β [TGF-β], hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which phosphorylates GR on Ser134. In the absence of ligand, pSer134-GR further upregulates genes important for responses to cellular stress, including key components of the p38 MAPK pathway. Herein, we show that pSer134-GR is required for TNBC metastatic colonization to the lungs of female mice. To understand the mechanisms of pSer134-GR action in the presence of GR agonists, we examined glucocorticoid-driven transcriptomes in CRISPR knock-in models of TNBC cells expressing wild-type or phospho-mutant (S134A) GR. We identified dexamethasone- and pSer134-GR-dependent regulation of specific gene sets controlling TNBC migration (NEDD9, CSF1, RUNX3) and metabolic adaptation (PDK4, PGK1, PFKFB4). TNBC cells harboring S134A-GR displayed metabolic reprogramming that was phenocopied by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) knockdown. PDK4 knockdown or chemical inhibition also blocked cancer cell migration. Our results reveal a convergence of GR agonists (ie, host stress) with cellular stress signaling whereby pSer134-GR critically regulates TNBC metabolism, an exploitable target for the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Dwyer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Thu H Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kyla M Hagen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Raisa I Krutilina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Deanna N Parke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Robert H Oakley
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research and University of Sydney School of Medicine, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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8
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Vorontsova JE, Akishina AA, Cherezov RO, Simonova OB. A new insight into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/cytochrome 450 signaling pathway in MG63, HOS, SAOS2, and U2OS cell lines. Biochimie 2023; 207:102-112. [PMID: 36332717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of bone, with rapid progressive growth, early distant metastases, and frequent recurrence after surgical treatment. Osteosarcoma is characterized by changes in the ratio and expression of different cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms that can affect the effectiveness of anticancer therapies. The inducible expression of CYP1 genes depends on the ligand-dependent functionality of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In this study, we examined the AHR/CYP1 signaling pathway in four osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63, HOS, SAOS2, and U2OS) induced by the known AHR ligands: indirubin, indole-3-carbinol, and beta-naphthoflavone. Using qPCR and Western blot analysis, we explored the effects of these ligands on the expression of the CYP1 genes and studied the correlation between these responses and the changes in the mRNA and protein levels of AHR and the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) in these osteosarcoma cell lines. The results show that the AHR/CYP1 signaling pathway retains its function only in MG63 and HOS cells, and is impaired in SAOS2 and U2OS cells. Our data should be taken into account when recommending new strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma and when evaluating new drugs against osteosarcoma in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vorontsova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Angelina A Akishina
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Cherezov
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga B Simonova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Vrselja A, Pillow JJ, Bensley JG, Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh S, Noble PB, Black MJ. Dose-related cardiac outcomes in response to postnatal dexamethasone treatment in premature lambs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36924351 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postnatal corticosteroids are used in the critical care of preterm infants for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We aimed to investigate the effects of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy and dose on cardiac maturation and morphology in preterm lambs. METHODS Lambs were delivered prematurely at ~128 days of gestational age and managed postnatally according to best clinical practice. Preterm lambs were administered dexamethasone daily at either a low-dose (n = 9) or a high-dose (n = 7), or were naïve to steroid treatment and administered saline (n = 9), over a 7-day time-course. Hearts were studied at postnatal Day 7 for gene expression and assessment of myocardial structure. RESULTS High-dose dexamethasone treatment in the early postnatal period led to marked differences in cardiac gene expression, altered cardiomyocyte maturation and reduced cardiomyocyte endowment in the right ventricle, as well as increased inflammatory infiltrates into the left ventricle. Low-dose exposure had minimal effects on the preterm heart. CONCLUSION Neonatal dexamethasone treatment led to adverse effects in the preterm heart in a dose-dependent manner within the first week of life. The observed cardiac changes associated with high-dose postnatal dexamethasone treatment may influence postnatal growth and remodeling of the preterm heart and subsequent long-term cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Vrselja
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jane Pillow
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Bensley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Moliki JM, Nhundu TJ, Maritz L, Avenant C, Hapgood JP. Glucocorticoids and medroxyprogesterone acetate synergize with inflammatory stimuli to selectively upregulate CCL20 transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 563:111855. [PMID: 36646303 PMCID: PMC9892260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), is emerging as a therapeutic target for immune-based therapies. Cooperative regulation of CCL20 by glucocorticoids and progestins used in endocrine therapy and pro-inflammatory mediators could modulate immune function and affect disease outcomes. We show that glucocorticoids as well as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the progestin widely used in injectable contraception in sub-Saharan Africa, cooperate with pro-inflammatory mediators to upregulate CCL20 protein and/or mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human cervical cell lines. Changes in CCL20 mRNA levels were shown to be synergistic, as assessed by Chou analysis, cell- and gene-specific and to involve transcriptional regulation, with a requirement for a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) site and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) involvement. The novel results suggest a mechanism whereby MPA, like glucocorticoids, may impact inflammation both systemically and in the genital tract in patients using MPA and/or glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson M Moliki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tawanda J Nhundu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leo Maritz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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11
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Bensreti H, Alhamad DW, Gonzalez AM, Pizarro-Mondesir M, Bollag WB, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. Update on the Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes During Aging. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:32-44. [PMID: 36564571 PMCID: PMC9936962 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in the skeleton likely plays a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles that are not yet fully understood. In elucidating the complex relationship between bone and BMAT, glucocorticoids (GCs) are positioned to play a key role, as they have been implicated in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. The purpose of this review is to illuminate aspects of both endogenous and exogenous GC signaling, including the influence of GC receptors, in mechanisms of bone aging including relationships to BMAT. RECENT FINDINGS Harmful effects of GCs on bone mass involve several cellular pathways and events that can include BMSC differentiation bias toward adipogenesis and the influence of mature BMAT on bone remodeling through crosstalk. Interestingly, BMAT involvement remains poorly explored in GC-induced osteoporosis and warrants further investigation. This review provides an update on the current understanding of the role of glucocorticoids in the biology of osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Bensreti
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dima W Alhamad
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Marrero Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Pizarro-Mondesir
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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12
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Zogopoulos VL, Malatras A, Kyriakidis K, Charalampous C, Makrygianni EA, Duguez S, Koutsi MA, Pouliou M, Vasileiou C, Duddy WJ, Agelopoulos M, Chrousos GP, Iconomidou VA, Michalopoulos I. HGCA2.0: An RNA-Seq Based Webtool for Gene Coexpression Analysis in Homo sapiens. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030388. [PMID: 36766730 PMCID: PMC9913097 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes with similar expression patterns in a set of diverse samples may be considered coexpressed. Human Gene Coexpression Analysis 2.0 (HGCA2.0) is a webtool which studies the global coexpression landscape of human genes. The website is based on the hierarchical clustering of 55,431 Homo sapiens genes based on a large-scale coexpression analysis of 3500 GTEx bulk RNA-Seq samples of healthy individuals, which were selected as the best representative samples of each tissue type. HGCA2.0 presents subclades of coexpressed genes to a gene of interest, and performs various built-in gene term enrichment analyses on the coexpressed genes, including gene ontologies, biological pathways, protein families, and diseases, while also being unique in revealing enriched transcription factors driving coexpression. HGCA2.0 has been successful in identifying not only genes with ubiquitous expression patterns, but also tissue-specific genes. Benchmarking showed that HGCA2.0 belongs to the top performing coexpression webtools, as shown by STRING analysis. HGCA2.0 creates working hypotheses for the discovery of gene partners or common biological processes that can be experimentally validated. It offers a simple and intuitive website design and user interface, as well as an API endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios L. Zogopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Malatras
- Biobank.cy Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakidis
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Charalampous
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia A. Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphanie Duguez
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Marianna A. Koutsi
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marialena Pouliou
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Vasileiou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J. Duddy
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Marios Agelopoulos
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A. Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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13
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The Influence of Intracellular Glutathione Levels on the Induction of Nrf2-Mediated Gene Expression by α-Dicarbonyl Precursors of Advanced Glycation End Products. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071364. [PMID: 35405976 PMCID: PMC9003139 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Dicarbonyl compounds, particularly methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), are highly reactive precursors for the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). They are formed in vivo and during food processing. This study aimed to investigate the role of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in the induction of Nrf2-mediated gene expression by α-dicarbonyl compounds. The reactions between α-dicarbonyl compounds (MGO, GO, and 3-DG) and GSH were studied by LC-MS in a cell-free system. It was shown that these three α-dicarbonyl compounds react instantaneously with GSH, with the GSH-mediated scavenging decreasing in the order MGO > GO > 3DG. Furthermore, in a cell-based reporter gene assay MGO, GO, and 3-DG were able to induce Nrf2-mediated gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Modulation of intracellular GSH levels showed that the cytotoxicity and induction of the Nrf2-mediated pathway by MGO, GO and 3-DG was significantly enhanced by depletion of GSH, while a decrease in Nrf2-activation by MGO and GO but not 3-DG was observed upon an increase of the cellular GSH levels. Our results reveal subtle differences in the role of GSH in protection against the three typical α-dicarbonyl compounds and in their induction of Nrf2-mediated gene expression, and point at a dual biological effect of the α-dicarbonyl compounds, being reactive toxic electrophiles and -as a consequence- able to induce Nrf2-mediated protective gene expression, with MGO being most reactive.
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14
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Gado M, Baschant U, Hofbauer LC, Henneicke H. Bad to the Bone: The Effects of Therapeutic Glucocorticoids on Osteoblasts and Osteocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:835720. [PMID: 35432217 PMCID: PMC9008133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.835720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the continued development of specialized immunosuppressive therapies in the form of monoclonal antibodies, glucocorticoids remain a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatological and auto-inflammatory disorders. Therapeutic glucocorticoids are unmatched in the breadth of their immunosuppressive properties and deliver their anti-inflammatory effects at unparalleled speed. However, long-term exposure to therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids decreases bone mass and increases the risk of fractures - particularly in the spine - thus limiting their clinical use. Due to the abundant expression of glucocorticoid receptors across all skeletal cell populations and their respective progenitors, therapeutic glucocorticoids affect skeletal quality through a plethora of cellular targets and molecular mechanisms. However, recent evidence from rodent studies, supported by clinical data, highlights the considerable role of cells of the osteoblast lineage in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: it is now appreciated that cells of the osteoblast lineage are key targets of therapeutic glucocorticoids and have an outsized role in mediating their undesirable skeletal effects. As part of this article, we review the molecular mechanisms underpinning the detrimental effects of supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids on cells of the osteoblast lineage including osteocytes and highlight the clinical implications of recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Henneicke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Holger Henneicke,
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15
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Visoná de Figueiredo NS, Jardim AP, Mazetto L, Corso Duarte JT, Comper SM, Alonso NB, da Silva Noffs MH, Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA, Centeno RS, de Araújo Filho GM, Yacubian EMT. Do Hippocampal Neurons Really Count for Comorbid Depression in Patients With Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis? A Histopathological Study. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:747237. [PMID: 34916913 PMCID: PMC8669141 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.747237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity seen in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Moreover, the HS is the most frequent pathological hallmark in MTLE-HS. Although there is a well-documented hippocampal volumetric reduction in imaging studies of patients with major depressive disorder, in epilepsy with comorbid depression, the true role of the hippocampus is not entirely understood. This study aimed to verify if patients with unilateral MTLE-HS and the co-occurrence of depression have differences in neuronal density of the hippocampal sectors CA1-CA4. For this purpose, we used a histopathological approach. This was a pioneering study with patients having both clinical disorders. However, we found no difference in hippocampal neuronal density when depression co-occurs in patients with epilepsy. In this series, CA1 had the lowest counting in both groups, and HS ILAE Type 1 was the most prevalent. More studies using histological assessments are needed to clarify the physiopathology of depression in MTLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenon Mazetto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeana Torres Corso Duarte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Comper
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neide Barreira Alonso
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Alessandra Scorza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Silva Centeno
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Maria de Araújo Filho
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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16
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Cyclophosphamide Attenuates Fibrosis in Lupus Nephritis by Regulating Mesangial Cell Cycle Progression. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:3803601. [PMID: 34820026 PMCID: PMC8608492 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3803601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Most patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) develop lupus nephritis (LN) with severe kidney manifestations. Renal fibrosis can be primarily attributed to overproliferation of mesangial cells (MCs), which are subject to drug treatment. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. We sought to identify the effect of cyclophosphamide (CTX), a drug commonly used for LN treatment, on MC proliferation and explore its underlying mechanisms. Material/Methods. Cell proliferation and fibrosis in mouse kidney tissues were determined by histopathology staining techniques. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis. Cell cycle regulators were examined in vitro following treatment of immortalized human MCs with platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B). Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analyses were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of candidate cell cycle regulators, respectively. Results CTX inhibited cell overproliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor subunit B in vitro and in vivo. CTX (40 mg/l) was sufficient to induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. CTX treatment downregulated many critical cell cycle regulators including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases but upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Additionally, CTX-treated samples showed significantly reduced fibrosis, as indicated by lower expression of interleukin-1β and α-smooth muscle actin. Conclusion CTX inhibits proliferation of MCs by modulating cell cycle regulator and therefore arresting them at G1 phase. CTX treatment significantly alleviates the severity of renal fibrosis. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which CTX affects LN.
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17
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Bothe M, Buschow R, Meijsing SH. Glucocorticoid signaling induces transcriptional memory and universally reversible chromatin changes. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101080. [PMID: 34446533 PMCID: PMC8403771 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that elicit various cellular responses. These responses are typically reversible; however, in some instances, a previous exposure is “remembered” and influences the response to a subsequent hormone encounter. Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that elicit cellular responses by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor. The exposure of cells to this hormone induces wide-spread changes in the chromatin landscape and gene expression. Previous studies have suggested that some of these changes are reversible whereas others persist even when the hormone is no longer around. However, when we examined chromatin accessibility in human airway epithelial cells after hormone washout, we found that the hormone-induced changes were universally reversed after 1 d. Moreover, priming of cells by a previous exposure to hormone, in general, did not alter the transcriptional response to a subsequent encounter of the same cue except for one gene, ZBTB16, that displays transcriptional memory manifesting itself as a more robust transcriptional response upon repeated hormone stimulation. Single-cell analysis revealed that the more robust response is driven by a higher probability of primed cells to activate ZBTB16 and by a subset of cells that express the gene at levels that are higher than the induction levels observed for naïve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bothe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - René Buschow
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany .,Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Kulik M, Bothe M, Kibar G, Fuchs A, Schöne S, Prekovic S, Mayayo-Peralta I, Chung HR, Zwart W, Helsen C, Claessens F, Meijsing SH. Androgen and glucocorticoid receptor direct distinct transcriptional programs by receptor-specific and shared DNA binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3856-3875. [PMID: 33751115 PMCID: PMC8053126 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GR) and androgen (AR) receptors execute unique functions in vivo, yet have nearly identical DNA binding specificities. To identify mechanisms that facilitate functional diversification among these transcription factor paralogs, we studied them in an equivalent cellular context. Analysis of chromatin and sequence suggest that divergent binding, and corresponding gene regulation, are driven by different abilities of AR and GR to interact with relatively inaccessible chromatin. Divergent genomic binding patterns can also be the result of subtle differences in DNA binding preference between AR and GR. Furthermore, the sequence composition of large regions (>10 kb) surrounding selectively occupied binding sites differs significantly, indicating a role for the sequence environment in guiding AR and GR to distinct binding sites. The comparison of binding sites that are shared shows that the specificity paradox can also be resolved by differences in the events that occur downstream of receptor binding. Specifically, shared binding sites display receptor-specific enhancer activity, cofactor recruitment and changes in histone modifications. Genomic deletion of shared binding sites demonstrates their contribution to directing receptor-specific gene regulation. Together, these data suggest that differences in genomic occupancy as well as divergence in the events that occur downstream of receptor binding direct functional diversification among transcription factor paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kulik
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melissa Bothe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gözde Kibar
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alisa Fuchs
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Mayayo-Peralta
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ho-Ryun Chung
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Lambrou GI, Adamaki M, Hatziagapiou K, Vlahopoulos S. Gene Expression and Resistance to Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Brief Review and Update. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 12:131-149. [PMID: 32077838 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200220122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), is considered one of the major prognostic factors for the disease. Prednisolone is a corticosteroid and one of the most important agents in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The mechanics of GC resistance are largely unknown and intense ongoing research focuses on this topic. AIM The aim of the present study is to review some aspects of GC resistance in ALL, and in particular of Prednisolone, with emphasis on previous and present knowledge on gene expression and signaling pathways playing a role in the phenomenon. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by the authors from 1994 to June 2019. Original articles and systematic reviews selected, and the titles and abstracts of papers screened to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved. RESULTS Identification of gene targets responsible for glucocorticoid resistance may allow discovery of drugs, which in combination with glucocorticoids may increase the effectiveness of anti-leukemia therapies. The inherent plasticity of clinically evolving cancer justifies approaches to characterize and prevent undesirable activation of early oncogenic pathways. CONCLUSION Study of the pattern of intracellular signal pathway activation by anticancer drugs can lead to development of efficient treatment strategies by reducing detrimental secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
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20
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Transcriptional response of vaginal epithelial cells to medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment results in decreased barrier integrity. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103253. [PMID: 33285485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a frequently used hormonal contraceptive that has been shown to significantly increase HIV-1 susceptibility by approximately 40 %. However, the underlying mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Here, we examined the biological response to MPA by vaginal epithelial cells, the first cells to encounter HIV-1 during sexual transmission, in order to understand the potential mechanism(s) of MPA-mediated increase of HIV-1 infection. Using microarray analysis and in vitro assays, we characterized the response of vaginal epithelial cells, grown in biologically relevant air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures, to physiological levels of female sex hormones, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), or MPA. Transcriptional profiling of E2, P4 or MPA-treated vaginal epithelial cells indicated unique transcriptional profiles associated with each hormone. MPA treatment increased transcripts of genes related to cholesterol/sterol synthesis and decreased transcripts related to cell division and cell-cell adhesion, results not seen with E2 or P4 treatments. MPA treatment also resulted in unique gene expression indicative of decreased barrier integrity. Functional assays confirmed that MPA, but not E2 or P4 treatments, resulted in increased epithelial barrier permeability and inhibited cell cycle progression. The effects of MPA on vaginal epithelial cells seen in this study may help explain the increase of HIV-1 infection in women who use MPA as a hormonal contraceptive.
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21
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Clarisse D, Offner F, De Bosscher K. Latest perspectives on glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and resistance in lymphoid malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188430. [PMID: 32950642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are essential drugs in the treatment protocols of lymphoid malignancies. These steroidal hormones trigger apoptosis of the malignant cells by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Long term glucocorticoid treatment is limited by two major problems: the development of glucocorticoid-related side effects, which hampers patient quality of life, and the emergence of glucocorticoid resistance, which is a gradual process that is inevitable in many patients. This emphasizes the need to reevaluate and optimize the widespread use of glucocorticoids in lymphoid malignancies. To achieve this goal, a deep understanding of the mechanisms governing glucocorticoid responsiveness is required, yet, a recent comprehensive overview is currently lacking. In this review, we examine how glucocorticoids mediate apoptosis by detailing GR's genomic and non-genomic action mechanisms in lymphoid malignancies. We continue with a discussion of the glucocorticoid-related problems and how these are intertwined with one another. We further zoom in on glucocorticoid resistance by critically analyzing the plethora of proposed mechanisms and highlighting therapeutic opportunities that emerge from these studies. In conclusion, early detection of glucocorticoid resistance in patients remains an important challenge as this would result in a timelier treatment reorientation and reduced glucocorticoid-instigated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fritz Offner
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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Nie Z, Guo C, Das SK, Chow CC, Batchelor E, Simons SS, Levens D. Dissecting transcriptional amplification by MYC. eLife 2020; 9:52483. [PMID: 32715994 PMCID: PMC7384857 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiological MYC levels are oncogenic. Originally considered a typical transcription factor recruited to E-boxes (CACGTG), another theory posits MYC a global amplifier increasing output at all active promoters. Both models rest on large-scale genome-wide "-omics'. Because the assumptions, statistical parameter and model choice dictates the '-omic' results, whether MYC is a general or specific transcription factor remains controversial. Therefore, an orthogonal series of experiments interrogated MYC's effect on the expression of synthetic reporters. Dose-dependently, MYC increased output at minimal promoters with or without an E-box. Driving minimal promoters with exogenous (glucocorticoid receptor) or synthetic transcription factors made expression more MYC-responsive, effectively increasing MYC-amplifier gain. Mutations of conserved MYC-Box regions I and II impaired amplification, whereas MYC-box III mutations delivered higher reporter output indicating that MBIII limits over-amplification. Kinetic theory and experiments indicate that MYC activates at least two steps in the transcription-cycle to explain the non-linear amplification of transcription that is essential for global, supraphysiological transcription in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqin Nie
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Chunhua Guo
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Carson C Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Eric Batchelor
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - S Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - David Levens
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States
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23
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Sharma NS, Gnamlin P, Durden B, Gupta VK, Kesh K, Garrido VT, Dudeja V, Saluja A, Banerjee S. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 acts as proliferation "brakes" in CD133+ cells responsible for tumor recurrence. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:68. [PMID: 31740660 PMCID: PMC6861230 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of quiescent, therapy evasive population often described as cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor initiating cells (TIC) is often attributed to extreme metastasis and tumor recurrence. This population is typically enriched in a tumor as a result of microenvironment or chemotherapy induced stress. The TIC population adapts to this stress by turning on cell cycle arrest programs that is a “fail-safe” mechanism to prevent expansion of malignant cells to prevent further injury. Upon removal of the “stress” conditions, these cells restart their cell cycle and regain their proliferative nature thereby resulting in tumor relapse. Growth Arrest Specific 5 (GAS5) is a long-non-coding RNA that plays a vital role in this process. In pancreatic cancer, CD133+ population is a typical representation of the TIC population that is responsible for tumor relapse. In this study, we show for the first time that emergence of CD133+ population coincides with upregulation of GAS5, that reprograms the cell cycle to slow proliferation by inhibiting GR mediated cell cycle control. The CD133+ population further routed metabolites like glucose to shunt pathways like pentose phosphate pathway, that were predominantly biosynthetic in spite of being quiescent in nature but did not use it immediately for nucleic acid synthesis. Upon inhibiting GAS5, these cells were released from their growth arrest and restarted the nucleic acid synthesis and proliferation. Our study thus showed that GAS5 acts as a molecular switch for regulating quiescence and growth arrest in CD133+ population, that is responsible for aggressive biology of pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Prisca Gnamlin
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brittany Durden
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vineet K Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kousik Kesh
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa T Garrido
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Saluja
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Miller school of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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24
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Thormann V, Rothkegel MC, Schöpflin R, Glaser LV, Djuric P, Li N, Chung HR, Schwahn K, Vingron M, Meijsing SH. Genomic dissection of enhancers uncovers principles of combinatorial regulation and cell type-specific wiring of enhancer-promoter contacts. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2868-2882. [PMID: 29385519 PMCID: PMC5888794 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic binding of transcription factors, like the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is linked to the regulation of genes. However, as we show here, GR binding is a poor predictor of GR-dependent gene regulation even when taking the 3D organization of the genome into account. To connect GR binding sites to the regulation of genes in the endogenous genomic context, we turned to genome editing. By deleting GR binding sites, individually or in combination, we uncovered how cooperative interactions between binding sites contribute to the regulation of genes. Specifically, for the GR target gene GILZ, we show that the simultaneous presence of a cluster of GR binding sites is required for the activity of an individual enhancer and that the GR-dependent regulation of GILZ depends on multiple GR-bound enhancers. Further, by deleting GR binding sites that are shared between different cell types, we show how cell type-specific genome organization and enhancer-blocking can result in cell type-specific wiring of promoter–enhancer contacts. This rewiring allows an individual GR binding site shared between different cell types to direct the expression of distinct transcripts and thereby contributes to the cell type-specific consequences of glucocorticoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Thormann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maika C Rothkegel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schöpflin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petar Djuric
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Na Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ho-Ryun Chung
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Schwahn
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Vingron
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Thormann V, Glaser LV, Rothkegel MC, Borschiwer M, Bothe M, Fuchs A, Meijsing SH. Expanding the repertoire of glucocorticoid receptor target genes by engineering genomic response elements. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800283. [PMID: 30867223 PMCID: PMC6417287 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows that addition of a single transcription factor binding site can be sufficient to convert a gene into a glucocorticoid receptor target. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a hormone-activated transcription factor, binds to a myriad of genomic binding sites yet seems to regulate a much smaller number of genes. Genome-wide analysis of GR binding and gene regulation has shown that the likelihood of GR-dependent regulation increases with decreased distance of its binding to the transcriptional start site of a gene. To test if we can adopt this knowledge to expand the repertoire of GR target genes, we used CRISPR/Cas-mediated homology-directed repair to add a single GR-binding site directly upstream of the transcriptional start site of each of four genes. To our surprise, we found that the addition of a single GR-binding site can be enough to convert a gene into a GR target. The gain of GR-dependent regulation was observed for two of four genes analyzed and coincided with acquired GR binding at the introduced binding site. However, the gene-specific gain of GR-dependent regulation could not be explained by obvious differences in chromatin accessibility between converted genes and their non-converted counterparts. Furthermore, by introducing GR-binding sequences with different nucleotide compositions, we show that activation can be facilitated by distinct sequences without obvious differences in activity between the GR-binding sequence variants we tested. The approach to use genome engineering to build genomic response elements facilitates the generation of cell lines with tailored repertoires of GR-responsive genes and a framework to test and refine our understanding of the cis-regulatory logic of gene regulation by testing if engineered response elements behave as predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Thormann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Melissa Bothe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alisa Fuchs
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Schöne S, Bothe M, Einfeldt E, Borschiwer M, Benner P, Vingron M, Thomas-Chollier M, Meijsing SH. Synthetic STARR-seq reveals how DNA shape and sequence modulate transcriptional output and noise. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007793. [PMID: 30427832 PMCID: PMC6261644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of transcription factors to short recognition sequences plays a pivotal role in controlling the expression of genes. The sequence and shape characteristics of binding sites influence DNA binding specificity and have also been implicated in modulating the activity of transcription factors downstream of binding. To quantitatively assess the transcriptional activity of tens of thousands of designed synthetic sites in parallel, we developed a synthetic version of STARR-seq (synSTARR-seq). We used the approach to systematically analyze how variations in the recognition sequence of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) affect transcriptional regulation. Our approach resulted in the identification of a novel highly active functional GR binding sequence and revealed that sequence variation both within and flanking GR’s core binding site can modulate GR activity without apparent changes in DNA binding affinity. Notably, we found that the sequence composition of variants with similar activity profiles was highly diverse. In contrast, groups of variants with similar activity profiles showed specific DNA shape characteristics indicating that DNA shape may be a better predictor of activity than DNA sequence. Finally, using single cell experiments with individual enhancer variants, we obtained clues indicating that the architecture of the response element can independently tune expression mean and cell-to cell variability in gene expression (noise). Together, our studies establish synSTARR as a powerful method to systematically study how DNA sequence and shape modulate transcriptional output and noise. The expression level of genes is controlled by transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to genomic response elements that contain their recognition DNA sequence. Importantly, genes are not simply turned on but need to be expressed at the right level. This is, at least in part, assured by the sequence composition of genomic response elements. Here, we studied how the recognition DNA sequence influences gene regulation by a transcription factor called the glucocorticoid receptor. Specifically, we developed a method to test the activity of variants in a highly parallelized setting where everything is kept identical except for the sequence of the binding site. The systematic analysis of tens of thousands of sequence variants facilitated the identification of a previously unknown sequence variant with high activity. Moreover, we report how sequence variation of the response element influences cell-to-cell variability in expression levels. Finally, we observe similar activity profiles for distinct sequence variants that share similar three-dimensional DNA shape characteristics arguing that the three-dimensional perception of DNA by the glucocorticoid receptor, modulates its activity towards individual target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melissa Bothe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edda Einfeldt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Benner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Vingron
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Institut de biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
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27
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Chronic p27 Kip1 Induction by Dexamethasone Causes Senescence Phenotype and Permanent Cell Cycle Blockade in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Over-expressing Glucocorticoid Receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16006. [PMID: 30375484 PMCID: PMC6207728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex), co-administered to lung adenocarcinoma patients with pemetrexed chemotherapy, protects against pemetrexed cytotoxicity by inducing reversible G1 arrest, reflected by the effect of Dex on FLT-PET images of patient tumors. However, perioperative Dex treatment increases survival but the mechanism is unknown. In cells with glucocorticoid receptor-α (GR) expression corresponding to higher clinical tumor levels, Dex-induced growth arrest was followed by marked cell expansion, beta-galactosidase expression and Ki67 negativity, despite variable p53 and K-RAS status. Dex induced a transient early surge in p21Cip1. However, a progressive, irreversible loss of clonogenic growth, whose time of onset was dependent on GR level and Dex dose, was independent of p21Cip1and caused by gradual accumulation of p27Kip1 due to transcriptional activation of p27Kip1 by Dex. This effect was independent of canonical pathways of senescence or p27Kip1 regulation. The in vitro observations were reflected by growth suppression and P27Kip1 induction in GR-overexpressing tumor xenografts compared with isogenic low-GR tumors. Extended Dex treatment induces irreversible cell cycle blockade and a senescence phenotype through chronic activation of the p27Kip1 gene in GR overexpressing lung tumor cell populations and hence could improve outcome of surgery/pemetrexed chemotherapy and sensitize tumors to immunotherapy.
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28
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Lee BH, Stallcup MR. Different chromatin and DNA sequence characteristics define glucocorticoid receptor binding sites that are blocked or not blocked by coregulator Hic-5. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196965. [PMID: 29738565 PMCID: PMC5940187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates genes in many physiological pathways by binding to enhancer and silencer elements of target genes, where it recruits coregulator proteins that remodel chromatin and regulate the assembly of transcription complexes. The coregulator Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5 (Hic-5) is necessary for glucocorticoid (GC) regulation of one group of GR target genes, is irrelevant for a second group, and inhibits GR binding to a third gene set, thereby blocking their regulation by GC. Gene-specific characteristics that distinguish GR binding regions (GBR) at Hic-5 blocked genes from GBR at other GC-regulated genes are unknown. Here we show genome-wide that blocked GBR generally require CHD9 and BRM for GR occupancy in contrast to GBR that are not blocked by Hic-5. Hic-5 blocked GBR are enriched near Hic-5 blocked GR target genes but not near GR target genes that are not blocked by Hic-5. Furthermore blocked GBR are in a closed conformation prior to Hic-5 depletion, and require Hic-5 depletion and glucocorticoid treatment to create an open conformation necessary for GR occupancy. A transcription factor binding motif characteristic of the ETS family was enriched near blocked GBR and blocked genes but not near non-blocked GBR or non-blocked GR target genes. Thus, we identify specific differences in chromatin conformation, chromatin remodeler requirements, and local DNA sequence motifs that contribute to gene-specific actions of transcription factors and coregulators. These findings shed light on mechanisms that contribute to binding site selection by transcription factors, which vary in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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McNamara KM, Kannai A, Sasano H. Possible roles for glucocorticoid signalling in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:38-50. [PMID: 28687451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of breast cancer biology, and our ability to manipulate breast cancers have grown exponentially in the last 20 years. Much of that expansion has focused on the roles of steroids in driving these neoplasms. Initially this research focused on estrogens and progesterone receptors, and more recently on androgen actions in breast cancers. This review aims to make the case for glucocorticoids as the next essential steroid subclass that contributes significantly to our understanding of steroidogenic regulation of these neoplasms. Glucocorticoids have the potential to play multiple roles in the regulation of breast cancers including their control of cellular differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. Beyond this they also act as a master integrator of organ homeostats in relation to such as circadian rhythms and stress responses. Therefore a better understanding of glucocorticoids and breast cancer could help to explain some of the epidemiological links between circadian disruption and/or stress and breast cancer development. Finally glucocorticoids are currently used during chemotherapeutic treatment in breast cancer therapy and yet results of various studies suggest that this may have an adverse impact on treatment success. This review aims to summarise the current evidence for glucocorticoids as actors in breast cancer and then suggest future essential approaches in order to determine the roles of glucocorticoids in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ayako Kannai
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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30
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Pierre K, Rao RT, Hartmanshenn C, Androulakis IP. Modeling the Influence of Seasonal Differences in the HPA Axis on Synchronization of the Circadian Clock and Cell Cycle. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1808-1826. [PMID: 29444258 PMCID: PMC6044315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of biological functions to environmental signals enables organisms to anticipate and appropriately respond to daily external fluctuations and is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis. Misalignment of circadian rhythms with environmental cues is associated with adverse health outcomes. Cortisol, the downstream effector of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, facilitates synchronization of peripheral biological processes to the environment. Cortisol levels exhibit substantial seasonal rhythmicity, with peak levels occurring during the short-photoperiod winter months and reduced levels occurring in the long-photoperiod summer season. Seasonal changes in cortisol secretion could therefore alter its entraining capabilities, resulting in a season-dependent modification in the alignment of biological activities with the environment. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the influence of photoperiod-induced seasonal differences in the circadian rhythmicity of the HPA axis on the synchronization of the peripheral circadian clock and cell cycle in a heterogeneous cell population. Model simulations predict that the high-amplitude cortisol rhythms in winter result in the greatest entrainment of peripheral oscillators. Furthermore, simulations predict a circadian gating of the cell cycle with respect to the expression of peripheral clock genes. Seasonal differences in cortisol rhythmicity are also predicted to influence mitotic synchrony, with a high-amplitude winter rhythm resulting in the greatest synchrony and a shift in timing of the cell cycle phases, relative to summer. Our results highlight the primary interactions among the HPA axis, the peripheral circadian clock, and the cell cycle and thereby provide an improved understanding of the implications of circadian misalignment on the synchronization of peripheral regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rohit T Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Correspondence: Ioannis P. Androulakis, PhD, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854. E-mail:
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Maurice-Dror C, Perets R, Bar-Sela G. Glucocorticoids as an adjunct to oncologic treatment in solid malignancies - Not an innocent bystander. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:37-44. [PMID: 29759565 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroidal hormones which exert their action via genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. In the clinical setting, glucocorticoids are utilized for their anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and immunomodulatory effects and for their well-established, pro-apoptotic effects on hematological malignancies. In the treatment of solid tumors, glucocorticoids serve primarily for alleviation of tumor- and treatment-related symptoms and in most cases are not considered to have a direct effect on tumor growth and spread. However, significant pre-clinical data suggest that glucocorticoids have diverse effects on tumor progression, both pro- and anti- tumorigenic. In contrast, the clinical data regarding the pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects of glucocorticoids on solid tumors is scarce, and summarized in this review. The following review presents the suggested glucocorticoids mechanism of action and the effects of glucocorticoids on tumor cells, on the tumor microenvironment and on tumor response to cytotoxic therapy, in the pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Perets
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Israel; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Israel; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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miR-103 inhibits proliferation and sensitizes hemopoietic tumor cells for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:472-489. [PMID: 27888798 PMCID: PMC5352135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are an important ingredient of leukemia therapy since they are potent inducers of lymphoid cell apoptosis. However, the development of GC resistance remains an obstacle in GC-based treatment. In the present investigation we found that miR-103 is upregulated in GC-sensitive leukemia cells treated by the hormone. Transfection of GC resistant cells with miR-103 sensitized them to GC induced apoptosis (GCIA), while miR-103 sponging of GC sensitive cells rendered them partially resistant. miR-103 reduced the expression of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK2) and its cyclin E1 target, thereby leading to inhibition of cellular proliferation. miR-103 is encoded within the fifth intron of PANK3 gene. We demonstrate that the GC receptor (GR) upregulates miR-103 by direct interaction with GC response element (GRE) in the PANK3 enhancer. Consequently, miR-103 targets the c-Myc activators c-Myb and DVL1, thereby reducing c-Myc expression. Since c-Myc is a transcription factor of the miR-17~92a poly-cistron, all six miRNAs of the latter are also downregulated. Of these, miR-18a and miR-20a are involved in GCIA, as they target GR and BIM, respectively. Consequently, GR and BIM expression are elevated, thus advancing GCIA. Altogether, this study highlights miR-103 as a useful prognostic biomarker and drug for leukemia management in the future.
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Transcriptional response to organic compounds from diverse gasoline and biogasoline fuel emissions in human lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:329-341. [PMID: 29432896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern vehicles equipped with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine have emerged as an important source of particulate emissions potentially harmful to human health. We collected and characterized gasoline exhaust particles (GEPs) produced by neat gasoline fuel (E0) and its blends with 15% ethanol (E15), 25% n-butanol (n-But25) and 25% isobutanol (i-But25). To study the toxic effects of organic compounds extracted from GEPs, we analyzed gene expression profiles in human lung BEAS-2B cells. Despite the lowest GEP mass, n-But25 extract contained the highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while i-But25 extract the lowest. Gene expression analysis identified activation of the DNA damage response and other subsequent events (cell cycle arrest, modulation of extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis) following 4 h exposure to all GEP extracts. The i-But25 extract induced the most distinctive gene expression pattern particularly after 24 h exposure. Whereas E0, E15 and n-But25 extract treatments resulted in persistent stress signaling including DNA damage response, MAPK signaling, oxidative stress, metabolism of PAHs or pro-inflammatory response, i-But25 induced changes related to the metabolism of the cellular nutrients required for cell recovery. Our results indicate that i-But25 extract possessed the weakest genotoxic potency possibly due to the low PAH content.
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Chow CC, Simons SS. An Approach to Greater Specificity for Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:76. [PMID: 29593646 PMCID: PMC5859375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are among the most prescribed drugs each year. Nonetheless, the many undesirable side effects, and lack of selectivity, restrict their greater usage. Research to increase glucocorticoid specificity has spanned many years. These efforts have been hampered by the ability of glucocorticoids to both induce and repress gene transcription and also by the lack of success in defining any predictable properties that control glucocorticoid specificity. Correlations of transcriptional specificity have been observed with changes in steroid structure, receptor and chromatin conformation, DNA sequence for receptor binding, and associated cofactors. However, none of these studies have progressed to the point of being able to offer guidance for increased specificity. We summarize here a mathematical theory that allows a novel and quantifiable approach to increase selectivity. The theory applies to all three major actions of glucocorticoid receptors: induction by agonists, induction by antagonists, and repression by agonists. Simple graphical analysis of competition assays involving any two factors (steroid, chemical, peptide, protein, DNA, etc.) yields information (1) about the kinetically described mechanism of action for each factor at that step where the factor acts in the overall reaction sequence and (2) about the relative position of that step where each factor acts. These two pieces of information uniquely provide direction for increasing the specificity of glucocorticoid action. Consideration of all three modes of action indicate that the most promising approach for increased specificity is to vary the concentrations of those cofactors/pharmaceuticals that act closest to the observed end point. The potential for selectivity is even greater when varying cofactors/pharmaceuticals in conjunction with a select class of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C. Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
| | - S. Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
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McDowell IC, Manandhar D, Vockley CM, Schmid AK, Reddy TE, Engelhardt BE. Clustering gene expression time series data using an infinite Gaussian process mixture model. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005896. [PMID: 29337990 PMCID: PMC5786324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide time series expression profiling is used to characterize the cellular response to environmental perturbations. The first step to analyzing transcriptional response data is often to cluster genes with similar responses. Here, we present a nonparametric model-based method, Dirichlet process Gaussian process mixture model (DPGP), which jointly models data clusters with a Dirichlet process and temporal dependencies with Gaussian processes. We demonstrate the accuracy of DPGP in comparison to state-of-the-art approaches using hundreds of simulated data sets. To further test our method, we apply DPGP to published microarray data from a microbial model organism exposed to stress and to novel RNA-seq data from a human cell line exposed to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. We validate our clusters by examining local transcription factor binding and histone modifications. Our results demonstrate that jointly modeling cluster number and temporal dependencies can reveal shared regulatory mechanisms. DPGP software is freely available online at https://github.com/PrincetonUniversity/DP_GP_cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. McDowell
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Manandhar
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Vockley
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Schmid
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Reddy
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Engelhardt
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Franco D, Trusso S, Fazio E, Allegra A, Musolino C, Speciale A, Cimino F, Saija A, Neri F, Nicolò MS, Guglielmino SPP. Raman spectroscopy differentiates between sensitive and resistant multiple myeloma cell lines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 187:15-22. [PMID: 28645097 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for identifying neoplastic cells and discerning them from their normal counterparts are often nonspecific and biologically perturbing. Here, we show that single-cell micro-Raman spectroscopy can be used to discriminate between resistant and sensitive multiple myeloma cell lines based on their highly reproducible biomolecular spectral signatures. In order to demonstrate robustness of the proposed approach, we used two different cell lines of multiple myeloma, namely MM.1S and U266B1, and their counterparts MM.1R and U266/BTZ-R subtypes, resistant to dexamethasone and bortezomib, respectively. Then, micro-Raman spectroscopy provides an easily accurate and noninvasive method for cancer detection for both research and clinical environments. Characteristic peaks, mostly due to different DNA/RNA ratio, nucleic acids, lipids and protein concentrations, allow for discerning the sensitive and resistant subtypes. We also explored principal component analysis (PCA) for resistant cell identification and classification. Sensitive and resistant cells form distinct clusters that can be defined using just two principal components. The identification of drug-resistant cells by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy is thus proposed as a clinical tool to assess the development of resistance to glucocorticoids and proteasome inhibitors in myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- Institute of Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, Messina, Italy.
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Marco S Nicolò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore P P Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy.
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Glucocorticoid-induced phosphorylation by CDK9 modulates the coactivator functions of transcriptional cofactor GRIP1 in macrophages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1739. [PMID: 29170386 PMCID: PMC5700924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) suppresses inflammation by activating anti-inflammatory and repressing pro-inflammatory genes. GR-interacting protein-1 (GRIP1) is a GR corepressor in macrophages, however, whether GRIP1 mediates GR-activated transcription, and what dictates its coactivator versus corepressor properties is unknown. Here we report that GRIP1 loss in macrophages attenuates glucocorticoid induction of several anti-inflammatory targets, and that GC treatment of quiescent macrophages globally directs GRIP1 toward GR binding sites dominated by palindromic GC response elements (GRE), suggesting a non-redundant GRIP1 function as a GR coactivator. Interestingly, GRIP1 is phosphorylated at an N-terminal serine cluster by cyclin-dependent kinase-9 (CDK9), which is recruited into GC-induced GR:GRIP1:CDK9 hetero-complexes, producing distinct GRE-specific GRIP1 phospho-isoforms. Phosphorylation potentiates GRIP1 coactivator but, remarkably, not its corepressor properties. Consistently, phospho-GRIP1 and CDK9 are not detected at GR transrepression sites near pro-inflammatory genes. Thus, GR restricts actions of its own coregulator via CDK9-mediated phosphorylation to a subset of anti-inflammatory genes. Glucocorticoid reduces inflammation by both inducing anti-inflammatory genes and suppressing pro-inflammatory genes, but how these two functions are dictated is unclear. Here the authors show that phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) serves as a coactivator for this response in macrophage.
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Rudzki L, Pawlak D, Pawlak K, Waszkiewicz N, Małus A, Konarzewska B, Gałęcka M, Bartnicka A, Ostrowska L, Szulc A. Immune suppression of IgG response against dairy proteins in major depression. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:268. [PMID: 28738849 PMCID: PMC5525306 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the digestive system, brain functions and immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated immunity against food antigens became recently a topic of growing interest in psychiatry research. Psychological stress can activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) with subsequent hypercortisolemia. It can also influence intestinal permeability and dynamics of IgG response. Major depression can by accompanied either by activation of inflammatory response or by immune suppression (e.g. decreased antibody production) where hypercortisolemia is a significant immune modulator. The aim of our study was to assess IgG immune response against 44 food products in depressed patients and controls along with markers of psychological stress, inflammation, psychometric and dietary parameters. METHODS Serum IgG concentrations against 44 food antigens, plasma cortisol, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b concentrations were measured and psychometric parameters were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating (HAM-D 17), Perceived Stress (PSS-10), and Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) scales in 34 depressed patients and 29 controls. Dietary parameters such as frequency of exposure to food antigens, appetite and weight change were assessed. RESULTS There was a significantly lower IgG concentration against dairy in depressed patients compared to controls (post hoc p < 0.05) when there was a high exposure (consumption) to dairy. Our research revealed a significant interaction of IgG concentration against dairy proteins and exposure to dairy between groups (F (2.63) = 3.92, p = 0.025, η2 = 0.12). There was no significant difference in mean IgG concentration against food antigens between patients and controls. We found increased concentration of cortisol in depressed patients (t (1.61) = 2.37, p = 0.02) compared to controls. Patients with melancholic depression had significantly higher (M rank = 21.27) concentration of cortisol (U = 41, p = 0.006), when compared with the non-melancholic group of patients (M rank = 12.16). Cortisol concentration significantly positively correlated with HAM-D 17 (r = 0.442, p = 0.009) and with phobias in SCL-90 scale in patients' group (r = 0.531, p = 0.001). There was decreased concentration of TNF-α (t = 4.256, p < 0.001) in depressed patients compared to controls. IgG concentration of 38.63% food products positively correlated with TNF-α concentration in depressed patients compared to 9.09% of those in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We observed an immune suppression of IgG response to dairy proteins in depressed patients. Hypercortisolemia with involvement of decreased concentration of TNF-α might play a significant role in suppression of IgG response in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. .,Argyll and Bute Hospital, Blarbuie Road, Lochgilphead, PA31 8LD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Małus
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Konarzewska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ,0000000113287408grid.13339.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Birth P, Schöne S, Stelzl U, Meijsing SH. Identification and characterization of BATF3 as a context-specific coactivator of the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181219. [PMID: 28708849 PMCID: PMC5510845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to regulate the transcriptional output of genes relies on its interactions with transcriptional coregulators. However, which coregulators are required for GR-dependent activation is context-dependent and can be influenced by the sequence of the DNA bound by GR and by the nature of the GR isoform responsible for the regulation of a gene. Here, we screened for GR-interacting proteins for which the interaction signal differed between two GR isoforms GRα and GRγ. These isoforms diverge by a single amino acid insertion in a domain, the lever arm, which adopts DNA sequence-specific conformations. We identify Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 3 (BATF3), an AP-1 family transcription factor, as a GR coregulator whose interaction with GR is modulated by the lever arm. Further, a combination of experiments uncovered that BATF3 acts as a gene-specific coactivator of GR whose coactivator potency is influenced by the sequence of the GR binding site. Together, our findings suggest that GR isoform and the sequence of GR binding site influence the interaction of GR with BATF3, which might direct the assembly of gene-specific regulatory complexes to fine-tune the expression of individual GR target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Birth
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz and BioTechMed-Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
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40
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Lee BH, Stallcup MR. Glucocorticoid receptor binding to chromatin is selectively controlled by the coregulator Hic-5 and chromatin remodeling enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9320-9334. [PMID: 28381557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone-activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates cellular stress pathways by binding to genomic regulatory elements of target genes and recruiting coregulator proteins to remodel chromatin and regulate transcription complex assembly. The coregulator hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5 (Hic-5) is required for glucocorticoid (GC) regulation of some genes but not others and blocks the regulation of a third gene set by inhibiting GR binding. How Hic-5 exerts these gene-specific effects and specifically how it blocks GR binding to some genes but not others is unclear. Here we show that site-specific blocking of GR binding is due to gene-specific requirements for ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. By depletion of 11 different chromatin remodelers, we found that ATPases chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 9 (CHD9) and Brahma homologue (BRM, a product of the SMARCA2 gene) are required for GC-regulated expression of the blocked genes but not for other GC-regulated genes. Furthermore, CHD9 and BRM were required for GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling at GR-binding regions associated with blocked genes but not at GR-binding regions associated with other GC-regulated genes. Hic-5 selectively inhibits GR interaction with CHD9 and BRM, thereby blocking chromatin remodeling and robust GR binding at GR-binding sites associated with blocked genes. Thus, Hic-5 regulates GR binding site selection by a novel mechanism, exploiting gene-specific requirements for chromatin remodeling enzymes to selectively influence DNA occupancy and gene regulation by a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176
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Nakatani Y, Amano T, Takeda H. Corticosterone Inhibits the Proliferation of C6 Glioma Cells via the Translocation of Unphosphorylated Glucocorticoid Receptor. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1121-9. [PMID: 27374287 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells have been considered to have passive brain function by helping to maintain neurons. However, recent studies have revealed that the dysfunction of such passive functions may be associated with various neuropathological diseases, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and major depression. Corticosterone (CORT), which is often referred to as the stress hormone, is a well-known regulator of peripheral immune responses and also shows anti-inflammatory properties in the brain. However, it is still obscure how CORT affects astroglial cell function. In this study, we investigated the effects of CORT on the proliferation and survival of astroglial cells using C6 glioma cells. Under treatment with CORT for 24h, the proliferation of C6 glioma cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this inhibition was diminised by treatment with mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, but not by spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, and was independent of GR phosphorylation and other GR-related intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, it was observed that the translocation of GR from the cytosol to the nucleus was promoted by the treatment with CORT. These results indicate that CORT decreases the proliferation of C6 glioma cells by modifying the transcription of a particular gene related to cell proliferation independent of GR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare
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42
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Pikman Y, Alexe G, Roti G, Conway AS, Furman A, Lee ES, Place AE, Kim S, Saran C, Modiste R, Weinstock DM, Harris M, Kung AL, Silverman LB, Stegmaier K. Synergistic Drug Combinations with a CDK4/6 Inhibitor in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1012-1024. [PMID: 28151717 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), many patients will require additional therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Cyclin D3 (CCND3) and CDK6 are highly expressed in T-ALL and have been effectively targeted in mutant NOTCH1-driven mouse models of this disease with a CDK4/6 small-molecule inhibitor. Combination therapy, however, will be needed for the successful treatment of human disease.Experimental Design: We performed preclinical drug testing using a panel of T-ALL cell lines first with LEE011, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, and next with the combination of LEE011 with a panel of drugs relevant to T-ALL treatment. We then tested the combination of LEE011 with dexamethasone or everolimus in three orthotopic mouse models and measured on-target drug activity.Results: We first determined that both NOTCH1-mutant and wild-type T-ALL are highly sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/6 when wild-type RB is expressed. Next, we determined that CDK4/6 inhibitors are antagonistic when used either concurrently or in sequence with many of the drugs used to treat relapsed T-ALL (methotrexate, mercaptopurine, asparaginase, and doxorubicin) but are synergistic with glucocorticoids, an mTOR inhibitor, and gamma secretase inhibitor. The combinations of LEE011 with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone or the mTOR inhibitor everolimus were tested in vivo and prolonged survival in three orthotopic mouse models of T-ALL. On-target activity was measured in peripheral blood and tissue of treated mice.Conclusions: We conclude that LEE011 is active in T-ALL and that combination therapy with corticosteroids and/or mTOR inhibitors warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1012-24. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Carroll et al., p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Pikman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Saur Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Furman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew E Place
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Modiste
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Schöne S, Jurk M, Helabad MB, Dror I, Lebars I, Kieffer B, Imhof P, Rohs R, Vingron M, Thomas-Chollier M, Meijsing SH. Sequences flanking the core-binding site modulate glucocorticoid receptor structure and activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12621. [PMID: 27581526 PMCID: PMC5025757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds as a homodimer to genomic response elements, which have particular sequence and shape characteristics. Here we show that the nucleotides directly flanking the core-binding site, differ depending on the strength of GR-dependent activation of nearby genes. Our study indicates that these flanking nucleotides change the three-dimensional structure of the DNA-binding site, the DNA-binding domain of GR and the quaternary structure of the dimeric complex. Functional studies in a defined genomic context show that sequence-induced changes in GR activity cannot be explained by differences in GR occupancy. Rather, mutating the dimerization interface mitigates DNA-induced changes in both activity and structure, arguing for a role of DNA-induced structural changes in modulating GR activity. Together, our study shows that DNA sequence identity of genomic binding sites modulates GR activity downstream of binding, which may play a role in achieving regulatory specificity towards individual target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Marcel Jurk
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | - Iris Dror
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Isabelle Lebars
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104/Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104/Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Petra Imhof
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Remo Rohs
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Martin Vingron
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin 14195, Germany
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45
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Hartmann K, Koenen M, Schauer S, Wittig-Blaich S, Ahmad M, Baschant U, Tuckermann JP. Molecular Actions of Glucocorticoids in Cartilage and Bone During Health, Disease, and Steroid Therapy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:409-47. [PMID: 26842265 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and bone are severely affected by glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that are frequently used to treat inflammatory diseases. Major complications associated with long-term steroid therapy include impairment of cartilaginous bone growth and GC-induced osteoporosis. Particularly in arthritis, GC application can increase joint and bone damage. Contrarily, endogenous GC release supports cartilage and bone integrity. In the last decade, substantial progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC action has been gained through genome-wide binding studies of the GC receptor. These genomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by ligand-induced transcription factors in general. Furthermore, specific inactivation of GC signaling and the GC receptor in bone and cartilage cells of rodent models has enabled the cell-specific effects of GCs in normal tissue homeostasis, inflammatory bone diseases, and GC-induced osteoporosis to be dissected. In this review, we summarize the current view of GC action in cartilage and bone. We further discuss future research directions in the context of new concepts for optimized steroid therapies with less detrimental effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hartmann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wittig-Blaich
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Gay MS, Dasgupta C, Li Y, Kanna A, Zhang L. Dexamethasone Induces Cardiomyocyte Terminal Differentiation via Epigenetic Repression of Cyclin D2 Gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:190-8. [PMID: 27302109 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone treatment of newborn rats inhibited cardiomyocyte proliferation and stimulated premature terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes in the developing heart. Yet mechanisms remain undetermined. The present study tested the hypothesis that the direct effect of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated epigenetic repression of cyclin D2 gene in the cardiomyocyte plays a key role in the dexamethasone-mediated effects in the developing heart. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from 2-day-old rats. Cells were stained with a cardiomyocyte marker α-actinin and a proliferation marker Ki67. Cyclin D2 expression was evaluated by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Promoter methylation of CcnD2 was determined by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). Overexpression of Cyclin D2 was conducted by transfection of FlexiCcnD2 (+CcnD2) construct. Treatment of cardiomyocytes isolated from newborn rats with dexamethasone for 48 hours significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte proliferation with increased binucleation and decreased cyclin D2 protein abundance. These effects were blocked with Ru486 (mifepristone). In addition, the dexamethasone treatment significantly increased cyclin D2 gene promoter methylation in newborn rat cardiomyocytes. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited dexamethasone-mediated promoter methylation, recovered dexamethasone-induced cyclin D2 gene repression, and blocked the dexamethasone-elicited effects on cardiomyocyte proliferation and binucleation. In addition, the overexpression of cyclin D2 restored the dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of proliferation and increase in binucleation in newborn rat cardiomyocytes. The results demonstrate that dexamethasone acting on glucocorticoid receptors has a direct effect and inhibits proliferation and stimulates premature terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes in the developing heart via epigenetic repression of cyclin D2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresha S Gay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Angela Kanna
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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McBeth L, Nwaneri AC, Grabnar M, Demeter J, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Hinds TD. Glucocorticoid receptor beta increases migration of human bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:27313-24. [PMID: 27036026 PMCID: PMC5053652 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is observed worldwide having been associated with a host of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Recent investigations on anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid signaling point to a pathway that may impact bladder cancer. Here we show an inverse effect on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoform signaling that may lead to bladder cancer. We found similar GRα expression levels in the transitional uroepithelial cancer cell lines T24 and UMUC-3. However, the T24 cells showed a significant (p < 0.05) increased expression of GRβ compared to UMUC-3, which also correlated with higher migration rates. Knockdown of GRβ in the T24 cells resulted in a decreased migration rate. Mutational analysis of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of human GRβ revealed that miR144 might positively regulate expression. Indeed, overexpression of miR144 increased GRβ by 3.8 fold. In addition, miR144 and GRβ were upregulated during migration. We used a peptide nucleic acid conjugated to a cell penetrating-peptide (Sweet-P) to block the binding site for miR144 in the 3'UTR of GRβ. Sweet-P effectively prevented miR144 actions and decreased GRβ expression, as well as the migration of the T24 human bladder cancer cells. Therefore, GRβ may have a significant role in bladder cancer, and possibly serve as a therapeutic target for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien McBeth
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Assumpta C. Nwaneri
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Maria Grabnar
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jonathan Demeter
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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48
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Timcodar (VX-853) Is a Non-FKBP12 Binding Macrolide Derivative That Inhibits PPARγ and Suppresses Adipogenesis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:6218637. [PMID: 27190501 PMCID: PMC4848453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6218637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient overload and genetic factors have led to a worldwide epidemic of obesity that is the underlying cause of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we used macrolide drugs such as FK506, rapamycin, and macrolide derived, timcodar (VX-853), to determine their effects on lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Rapamycin and FK506 bind to FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), such as FKBP12, which causes suppression of the immune system and inhibition of mTOR. Rapamycin has been previously reported to inhibit the adipogenic process and lipid accumulation. However, rapamycin treatment in rodents caused immune suppression and glucose resistance, even though the mice lost weight. Here we show that timcodar (1 μM), a non-FKBP12-binding drug, significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. A comparison of the same concentration of timcodar (1 μM) and rapamycin (1 μM) showed that both are inhibitors of lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Importantly, timcodar potently (p < 0.01) suppressed transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ and C/EBPα, resulting in the inhibition of genes involved in lipid accumulation. These studies set the stage for timcodar as a possible antiobesity therapy, which is rapidly emerging as a pandemic.
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Taylor KM, Ray DW, Sommer P. Glucocorticoid receptors in lung cancer: new perspectives. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R17-28. [PMID: 26795718 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proper expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays an essential role in the development of the lung. GR expression and signalling in the lung is manipulated by administration of synthetic glucocorticoids (Gcs) for the treatment of neonatal, childhood and adult lung diseases. In lung cancers, Gcs are also commonly used as co-treatment during chemotherapy. This review summarises the effect of Gc monotherapy and co-therapy on lung cancers in vitro, in mouse models of lung cancer, in xenograft, ex vivo and in vivo The disparity between the effects of pre-clinical and in vivo Gc therapy is commented on in light of the recent discovery of GR as a novel tumour suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn M Taylor
- Division of GeneticsSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David W Ray
- Manchester Centre for Nuclear Hormone Research and DiseaseInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Sommer
- Division of GeneticsSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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50
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Telorac J, Prykhozhij SV, Schöne S, Meierhofer D, Sauer S, Thomas-Chollier M, Meijsing SH. Identification and characterization of DNA sequences that prevent glucocorticoid receptor binding to nearby response elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6142-56. [PMID: 27016732 PMCID: PMC5291246 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Out of the myriad of potential DNA binding sites of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) found in the human genome, only a cell-type specific minority is actually bound, indicating that the presence of a recognition sequence alone is insufficient to specify where GR binds. Cooperative interactions with other transcription factors (TFs) are known to contribute to binding specificity. Here, we reasoned that sequence signals preventing GR recruitment to certain loci provide an alternative means to confer specificity. Motif analyses uncovered candidate Negative Regulatory Sequences (NRSs) that interfere with genomic GR binding. Subsequent functional analyses demonstrated that NRSs indeed prevent GR binding to nearby response elements. We show that NRS activity is conserved across species, found in most tissues and that they also interfere with the genomic binding of other TFs. Interestingly, the effects of NRSs appear not to be a simple consequence of changes in chromatin accessibility. Instead, we find that NRSs interact with proteins found at sub-nuclear structures called paraspeckles and that these proteins might mediate the repressive effects of NRSs. Together, our studies suggest that the joint influence of positive and negative sequence signals partition the genome into regions where GR can bind and those where it cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Telorac
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- CU Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Computational Systems Biology, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale, Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, Inserm, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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