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Diaz-Castro J, Reyes-Olavarría D, Toledano JM, Puche-Juarez M, Garcia-Vega JE, Ochoa JJ, Moreno-Fernandez J. Assessment of muscle endocrine function and inflammatory signalling in male school children following a physical activity programme. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:936-942. [PMID: 38422951 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regular and planned physical activity can diminish the risk of numerous illnesses. However, school children and teenagers often exercise intermittently and for brief periods, restricting potential benefits. Furthermore, previous studies mainly focused on body composition, without providing molecular mechanisms elucidating the role of physical activity in muscle tissue and inflammatory signalling. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a vigorous physical activity intervention on endocrine muscle function and cytokine output in children. METHODS 103 boys were divided into two groups: control (n = 51, did not perform additional physical activity) and exercise (n = 52, performed vigorous physical activity). Body composition measurements, endocrine muscle function and inflammatory signalling biomarkers were assessed at enrolment and after 6 months of intervention. RESULTS No statistical significance was found for fractalkine, oncostatin, EGF, TNF-α and eotaxin. However, LIF, FBAP3, IL-6, FGF21 and IL-15 increased in the exercise group at the end of the protocol, though myostatin got decreased. In contrast, IFN-γ was increased in the exercise group at the beginning and end of the exercise protocol, IL-10 was also increased in this group, IL-1α decreased in the exercise group before and after the exercise protocol, and IP-10 and MCP-1 also decreased in the exercise group. CONCLUSION It can be affirmed that a physical activity programme for boys was shown to produce changes in body composition (decreased fat mass, increased lean mass) and in markers of endocrine muscle function and cytokine release. It is possible that these changes, if sustained, could reduce the risk of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniela Reyes-Olavarría
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education, Sport, and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Juan M Toledano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Puche-Juarez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jose Eulogio Garcia-Vega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain.
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Cheng TS, Brage S, van Sluijs EMF, Ong KK. Pre-pubertal accelerometer-assessed physical activity and timing of puberty in British boys and girls: the Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1316-1327. [PMID: 37208864 PMCID: PMC10555885 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early puberty timing is associated with adverse health outcomes. We aimed to examine prospective associations between objectively measured physical activity and puberty timing in boys and girls. METHODS In the UK Millennium Cohort Study, physical activity volume and intensities at 7 years were measured using accelerometers. Status of several pubertal traits and age at menarche were reported at 11, 14 and 17 years. Age at menarche in girls was categorized into tertiles. Other puberty traits were categorized into earlier or later than the median ages calculated from probit models, separately in boys and girls. Multivariable regression models, with adjustment for maternal and child characteristics including body mass index (BMI) at age 7 years as potential confounders, were performed to test the associations of total daily activity counts and fractions of activity counts across intensities (in compositional models) with puberty timing, separately in boys (n = 2531) and girls (n = 3079). RESULTS Higher total daily activity counts were associated with lower risks for earlier (vs later) growth spurt, body hair growth, skin changes and menarche in girls, and more weakly with lower risks for earlier skin changes and voice breaking in boys (odds ratios = 0.80-0.87 per 100 000 counts/day). These associations persisted on additional adjustment for BMI at 11 years as a potential mediator. No association with puberty timing was seen for any physical activity intensity (light, moderate or vigorous). CONCLUSIONS More physical activity regardless of intensity may contribute to the avoidance of earlier puberty timing, independently of BMI, particularly in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck Seng Cheng
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Kwon S, Wehrmeister FC, Gonçalves H, da Silva BGC, Menezes AMB. The Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors on Adiposity during Adolescence: The 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:265. [PMID: 36832397 PMCID: PMC9954888 DOI: 10.3390/children10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A prior study conducted in high-income countries demonstrated that specific sedentary behavior, such as TV viewing, is prospectively associated with adiposity in both active and inactive adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the joint associations of sedentary behaviors and moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) with adiposity among Brazilian adolescents. This prospective cohort study included 377 participants of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Study who completed an accelerometry assessment at age 13 years and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment at age 18 years. Accelerometer-measured MVPA was dichotomized into high (≥60 min/day) and low (<60 min/day). Accelerometer-measured sedentary time (SED) was dichotomized into low (<49 min/h) and high (≥49 min/h) based on the median. Self-reported TV viewing time was also dichotomized into low (<3 h/day) and high (≥3 h/day) based on the median. We combined the two MVPA groups (high and low) and two SED groups (low and high) to form the four MVPA&SED groups: high&low, high&high, low&low, and low&high. We also created four MVPA&TV groups in the same manner. Fat mass index (FMI; kg/m2) was calculated using DXA-derived fat mass. Multivariable linear regression analyses compared FMI at 18 years among the four MVPA&SED groups and among the four MVPA&TV groups, adjusting for socioeconomic status, energy intake, and baseline adiposity. The analysis results showed that SED or TV viewing time was not prospectively associated with adiposity in both active and inactive Brazilian adolescents. This study suggests that the association between specific sedentary behaviors, such as TV viewing, and adiposity may differ across societal settings-in this case, high-income vs. middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyang Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fernando C. Wehrmeister
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Peloas CEP96020-220, RS, Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Peloas CEP96020-220, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ana M. B. Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Peloas CEP96020-220, RS, Brazil
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4
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Toms N, Eckermann S, Olds TS, Zhang Z, Parrish AM, Kervin L, Downie S, Salmon J, Bannerman C, Needham T, Marshall E, Kaufman J, Brown L, Wille J, Wood G, Lubans DR, Biddle SJH, Pill S, Hargreaves A, Jonas N, Schranz N, Campbell P, Ingram K, Dean H, Verrender A, Ellis Y, Chong KH, Dumuid D, Katzmarzyk PT, Draper CE, Lewthwaite H, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines. The Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34991606 PMCID: PMC8734238 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background In 2018, the Australian Government updated the Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Young People. A requirement of this update was the incorporation of a 24-hour approach to movement, recognising the importance of adequate sleep. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the updated Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were developed and the outcomes from this process. Methods The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach was used to develop the guidelines. A Leadership Group was formed, who identified existing credible guidelines. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth best met the criteria established by the Leadership Group. These guidelines were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and recommendations from the Canadian Guidelines. We conducted updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews. A Guideline Development Group reviewed, separately and in combination, the evidence for each behaviour. A choice was then made to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. We then conducted an online survey (n=237) along with three focus groups (n=11 in total) and 13 key informant interviews. Stakeholders used these to provide feedback on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Guideline Development Group agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, maintain the wording of the guidelines, preamble, and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-hours), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used to develop movement behaviour guidelines. The judgments of the Australian Guideline Development Group did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian Guidelines were adopted with only very minor alterations. This allowed the Australian Guidelines to be developed in a shorter time frame and at a lower cost. We recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines that was developed using the GRADE approach is available with all supporting materials. Other countries may consider this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Toms
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lisa Kervin
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sandra Downie
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jordy Kaufman
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Layne Brown
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Janecke Wille
- Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia (FECCA), Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Wood
- Australian Sports Commission, Leederville, Western Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Shane Pill
- The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER), Wayville, Australia and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Natalie Jonas
- Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), SA, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Schranz
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Active Healthy Kids Australia, Adelaide, Australia and National Heart Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Perry Campbell
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Ingram
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Dean
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Verrender
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Libuy N, Bann D, Fitzsimons E. Inequalities in body mass index, diet and physical activity in the UK: Longitudinal evidence across childhood and adolescence. SSM Popul Health 2021; 16:100978. [PMID: 34950761 PMCID: PMC8671115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We use longitudinal data across a key developmental period, spanning much of childhood and adolescence (age 5 to 17, years 2006-2018) from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative study with an initial sample of just over 19,000. We first examine the extent to which inequalities in overweight, obesity, BMI and body fat over this period are consistent with the evolution of inequalities in health behaviours, including exercise and healthy diet markers (i.e., skipping breakfast) (n = 7,220). We next study the links between SES, health behaviours and adiposity (BMI, body fat), using rich models that account for the influence of a range of unobserved factors that are fixed over time. In this way, we improve on existing estimates measuring the relationship between SES and health behaviours on the one hand and adiposity on the other. The advantage of the individual fixed effects models is that they exploit within-individual changes over time to help mitigate biases due to unobserved fixed characteristics (n = 6,883). We observe stark income inequalities in BMI and body fat in childhood (age 5), which have further widened by age 17. Inequalities in obesity, physical activity, and skipping breakfast are observed to widen from age 7 onwards. Ordinary Least Square estimates reveal the previously documented SES gradient in adiposity, which is reduced slightly once health behaviours including breakfast consumption and physical activity are accounted for. The main substantive change in estimates comes from the fixed effects specification. Here we observe mixed findings on the SES associations, with a positive association between income and adiposity and a negative association with wealth. The role of health behaviours is attenuated but they remain important, particularly for body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Libuy
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Emla Fitzsimons
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
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6
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Zorrilla-Revilla G, Rodrigues D, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Mateos A, Rodríguez J, Padez C. Sex-specific differences in somatic investment and strategies of physical activity among Portuguese schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23626. [PMID: 34076323 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) is required for healthy growth, development, and maturation and plays an important role in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Sex-differences in PA levels are well documented, with boys spending more time in PA, especially in moderate-to-vigorous activities. Following the Life History Theory, our aim is to study if PA affects the fat tissues increases during childhood and juvenile phases in both sexes. METHODS Time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA levels were measured in a sample of 415 Portuguese children and juveniles (207 females/208 males; aged 6-11 years), using an accelerometer for 7 days. Skinfolds related with body fat were objectively collected and socioeconomic status factors were reported using a parental questionnaire. RESULTS The outcomes show that girls' and boys' fat variables increased during the end of the childhood and the juvenile phase. However, these variables were differently affected by PA. Girls increased fat variables with the sedentary activity while boys decreased fat variables with moderate-to-vigorous PA. Alike, active boys but not girls reduced the fat increase tendency with age. CONCLUSIONS Although both sexes displayed a general fat increment with age, moderate-to-vigorous PA dampens the increase only in boys. In fact, active girls increased body fat in the same manner as non-active girls. From an evolutionary perspective, it could explain sex-specific somatic strategies related to future reproduction or, with future mating and intrasexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Mateos
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Padez
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Laverty AA, Hone T, Goodman A, Kelly Y, Millett C. Associations of active travel with adiposity among children and socioeconomic differentials: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e036041. [PMID: 33436461 PMCID: PMC7805367 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine longitudinal associations between modes of travel to school and adiposity. SETTING The UK. PARTICIPANTS 8432 children surveyed at ages 7, 11 and 14 years from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Objective percentage body fat and body mass index (BMI). Transport mode was categorised as private motorised transport, public transport and active transport (walking or cycling). Socioeconomic position (SEP) was measured by household income group and occupational social class. We adjusted analyses for changes in the country of UK, frequency of eating breakfast, self-reported growth spurts, hours of screen time and days per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Longitudinal (panel) regression models adjusting for individual fixed effects examined associations in changes in mode of travel to school and adiposity, controlling for both time-varying and time-invariant potential confounders. Interaction tests and stratified analyses investigated differences by markers of SEP. RESULTS At age 14 years, 26.1% of children (2198) reported using private motorised transport, 35.3% (2979) used public transport and 38.6% (3255) used active transport to get to school. 36.6% (3083) of children changed mode two times between the three waves and 50.7% (4279) changed once. Compared with continuing to use private transport, switching to active transport was associated with a lower BMI (-0.21 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.10) and body fat (-0.55%, 95% CI -0.80% to -0.31%). Switching to public transport was associated with lower percentage body fat (-0.43%, 95% CI -0.75% to -0.12%), but associations with BMI did not reach statistical significance (-0.13 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.01). Interaction tests showed a trend for these effects to be stronger in more deprived groups, but these interactions did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study during a key life course period found switching to physically active forms of travel can have beneficial adiposity impacts; these associations may be more apparent for more disadvantaged children. Increasing active travel has potential to ameliorate inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Laverty
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hone
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Goodman
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Kelly
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Millett
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Andersen E, Øvreås S, Jørgensen KA, Borch-Jenssen J, Moser T. Children's physical activity level and sedentary behaviour in Norwegian early childhood education and care: effects of a staff-led cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1651. [PMID: 33148218 PMCID: PMC7640688 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggest that the children's physical activity (PA) level in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings are insufficient. Since most children attend ECEC settings for many hours on most days of the week, and these institutions reach children across the socioeconomic spectrum, the ECEC settings may serve as an ideal avenue for increasing physical activity level, reduce sedentary time and enhance the overall health of young children. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the "Active Kindergarten - Active Children" study to increase children's PA level and reduce sedentary time within the ECEC setting. METHODS Accelerometers were used to asses PA and sedentary time. A total of 116 three to four-year olds took part in a randomised controlled trial in 11 ECEC settings. Participants were cluster-randomised, by ECEC setting, to either a 12 week staff-led and expert-supported intervention or a waiting list control group. RESULTS The intervention group increased time spent in moderate- and vigorous intensity PA by 10 min/day (95% CI = 3, 18; P = 0.01), took 1909 more steps per day (95% CI = 1130, 2688; P < 0.01) and reduced sedentary time with 14 min/day (95% CI = - 27, - 1; P = 0.04) compared to the control group. The intervention group had a 2.4 higher odds (95% CI = 1.05, 5.7; P = 0.04) of meeting the PA recommendations compared to the control group at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that a flexible staff-led and expert-supported multicomponent PA intervention can increase total PA level, moderate- and vigorous intensity PA and reduce time spent sedentary in three to four-year old children during their stay in ECEC settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered on September 19, 2020 and available online at ClinicalTrials.gov: No. NCT04555746 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway.
| | - Steinar Øvreås
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Kari Anne Jørgensen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Moser
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
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9
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Hudda MT, Owen CG, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Whincup PH, Nightingale CM. Quantifying childhood fat mass: comparison of a novel height-and-weight-based prediction approach with DXA and bioelectrical impedance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:99-103. [PMID: 32848202 PMCID: PMC7752759 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of childhood adiposity is important both for individuals and populations. We compared fat mass (FM) predictions from a novel prediction model based on height, weight and demographic factors (height–weight equation) with FM from bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), using the deuterium dilution method as a reference standard. FM data from all four methods were available for 174 ALSPAC Study participants, seen 2002–2003, aged 11–12-years. FM predictions from the three approaches were compared to the reference standard using; R2, calibration (slope and intercept) and root mean square error (RMSE). R2 values were high from ‘height–weight equation’ (90%) but lower than from DXA (95%) and BIA (91%). Whilst calibration intercepts from all three approaches were close to the ideal of 0, the calibration slope from the ‘height–weight equation’ (slope = 1.02) was closer to the ideal of 1 than DXA (slope = 0.88) and BIA (slope = 0.87) assessments. The ‘height–weight equation’ provided more accurate individual predictions with a smaller RMSE value (2.6 kg) than BIA (3.1 kg) or DXA (3.4 kg). Predictions from the ‘height–weight equation’ were at least as accurate as DXA and BIA and were based on simpler measurements and open-source equation, emphasising its potential for both individual and population-level FM assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed T Hudda
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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10
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Reisberg K, Riso EM, Jürimäe J. Associations between physical activity, body composition, and physical fitness in the transition from preschool to school. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2251-2263. [PMID: 32738168 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the longitudinal associations of physical activity (PA) with body composition and physical fitness (PF) at the 12-month follow-up during the transition from kindergarten to school in Estonian children aged 6 to 8 years (n = 147). PA and sedentary behavior (SB) were assessed using the accelerometer. Body composition was measured from triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses and PF using PREFIT test battery. SB at the mean age of 6.6 year had negative relation with upper and lower body strength and motor fitness at the mean age of 7.6 year in adjusted models. Light PA (LPA) and moderate PA(MPA) at 6.6 year were positively and SB was negatively associated with fat-free mass index (FFMI) at 7.6 year after adjustments for confounders [vigorous PA (VPA), total awake wear time, child's sex, age at measurement]. Substituting 5 min/d of SB at 6.6 year with 5 min of VPA was related to higher FFMI at 7.6 year. In adjusted models, VPA at 6.6 year was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness at 7.6 year, greater baseline VPA or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) predicted greater upper body strength a year later and LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA at 6.6 year were positively related to lower body strength at follow-up. In adjusted analysis greater VPA at 6.6 year was related to better motor fitness at follow-up. Promoting higher-intensity PA and reducing SB at preschool may have long-term effects on body composition and PF in children at the first grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirkke Reisberg
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu Healthcare College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Riso
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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McGee M, Unger S, Hamilton J, Birken CS, Pausova Z, Vanderloo LM, Bando N, O'Connor DL. Lean mass accretion in children born very low birth weight is significantly associated with estimated changes from sedentary time to light physical activity. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12610. [PMID: 31914236 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated how lifestyle is associated with body composition in children born very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g), a population at increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. OBJECTIVES Determine how time spent in physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are associated with body composition in children born VLBW. METHODS In this prospective cohort study of 5.5-year-old children born VLBW, height, weight, body composition (skinfolds, air displacement plethysmography), and 7 days of movement data (logbooks and accelerometers) were collected. RESULTS Of 158 participants, 53% were male, and mean (SD) birth weight was 1013 (264) g. Only 52% achieved 60 minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but 96% achieved sleep recommendations. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to light physical activity (LPA) was associated with 0.20 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.37) greater fat-free mass index. An equivalent inverse association was found when reallocating LPA to sedentary time. No associations were found for other movement behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Promoting LPA and reducing sedentary time may be an important strategy in reducing the elevated risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome amongst those born VLBW by supporting lean mass accretion. Funded by CIHR (FHG 129919) and SickKids Restracomp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan McGee
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Bando
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Dalene KE, Kolle E, Northstone K, Møller NC, Grøntved A, Wedderkopp N, Kriemler S, Page AS, Puder JJ, Reilly JJ, Sardinha LB, van Sluijs EMF, Andersen LB, van der Ploeg H, Ahrens W, Flexeder C, Standl M, Shculz H, Moreno LA, De Henauw S, Michels N, Cardon G, Ortega FB, Ruiz J, Aznar S, Fogelholm M, Decelis A, Olesen LG, Hjorth MF, Santos R, Vale S, Christiansen LB, Jago R, Basterfield L, Owen CG, Nightingale CM, Eiben G, Polito A, Lauria F, Vanhelst J, Hadjigeorgiou C, Konstabel K, Molnár D, Sprengeler O, Manios Y, Harro J, Kafatos A, Anderssen SA, Ekelund U. Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe - harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 32183834 PMCID: PMC7079516 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Levels of physical activity and variation in physical activity and sedentary time by place and person in European children and adolescents are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to assess the variations in objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents across Europe. Methods Six databases were systematically searched to identify pan-European and national data sets on physical activity and sedentary time assessed by the same accelerometer in children (2 to 9.9 years) and adolescents (≥10 to 18 years). We harmonized individual-level data by reprocessing hip-worn raw accelerometer data files from 30 different studies conducted between 1997 and 2014, representing 47,497 individuals (2–18 years) from 18 different European countries. Results Overall, a maximum of 29% (95% CI: 25, 33) of children and 29% (95% CI: 25, 32) of adolescents were categorized as sufficiently physically active. We observed substantial country- and region-specific differences in physical activity and sedentary time, with lower physical activity levels and prevalence estimates in Southern European countries. Boys were more active and less sedentary in all age-categories. The onset of age-related lowering or leveling-off of physical activity and increase in sedentary time seems to become apparent at around 6 to 7 years of age. Conclusions Two third of European children and adolescents are not sufficiently active. Our findings suggest substantial gender-, country- and region-specific differences in physical activity. These results should encourage policymakers, governments, and local and national stakeholders to take action to facilitate an increase in the physical activity levels of young people across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Steene-Johannessen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørge Herman Hansen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Eirik Dalene
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Niels Christian Møller
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology and Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology and Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology and Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistcs and Prevention Institute, University Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Obstetric service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Portugal, Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) & MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Hidde van der Ploeg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Shculz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Insituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jonatan Ruiz
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Aznar
- PAFS Research group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Decelis
- Institute for Physical Education and Sport, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Line Grønholt Olesen
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology and Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Fiil Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Unit for obesity research Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rute Santos
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Vale
- Department of Sport Science, High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lars Breum Christiansen
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology and Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Russ Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Basterfield
- Institute of Health & Society and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Eiben
- Department of Biomedicine and Public Health, School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Angela Polito
- CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Lauria
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, Avellino, Italy
| | - Jeremy Vanhelst
- Inserm, CHU Lille,U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, CIC 1403 - Clinical Investigation Centre, University of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Kenn Konstabel
- National Institute for Health Development, Tervise Arengu Instituut, Tallin, Estonia
| | - Dénes Molnár
- University of Pecs, Medical Faculty, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ole Sprengeler
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sigmund Alfred Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Yuksel HS, Şahin FN, Maksimovic N, Drid P, Bianco A. School-Based Intervention Programs for Preventing Obesity and Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E347. [PMID: 31947891 PMCID: PMC6981629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the significant decrease in physical activity rates, the importance of intervention programs in the schools, where children spend a significant part of the day, has become indisputable. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the possibility of school-based interventions on promoting physical activity and physical fitness as well as preventing obesity. A systematic approach adopting PRISMA statement was implemented in this study. Three different databases (2010-2019) were screened and primary and secondary school-based intervention programs measuring at least one variable of obesity, physical activity, or physical fitness were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the validated quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Among 395 potentially related studies, 19 studies were found to meet the eligibility criteria. A general look at the studies examined reveals that among the outcomes, of which most (18/19) were examined, a significant improvement was provided in at least one of them. When the program details are examined, it can be said that the success rate of the physical activity-oriented programs is higher in all variables. School-based interventions can have important potential for obesity prevention and promotion of physical activity and fitness if they focus more on the content, quality, duration and priority of the physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Neşe Şahin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nebojsa Maksimovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
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14
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Farooq A, Martin A, Janssen X, Wilson MG, Gibson AM, Hughes A, Reilly JJ. Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12953. [PMID: 31646739 PMCID: PMC6916562 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) is important for childhood obesity prevention and treatment, yet declines with age. Timing and magnitude of the decline in MVPA in children and adolescents are unclear but important for informing effective obesity intervention development. This systematic review aimed to determine and compare the year-to-year changes in MVPA among children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies were identified by searching 10 relevant databases up to December 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported accelerometer-assessed MVPA (min day-1 ) separately for boys and girls and had follow-up duration of at least 1 year. After screening 9,232 studies, 52 were included representing 22,091 aged 3 to 18 year olds (boys=8,857; girls=13,234). Pooled-analysis of the relative change in MVPA per year showed a decline of -3.4% (95% CI, -5.9 to -0.9) in boys and -5.3% (95% CI, -7.6 to -3.1) in girls, across all age groups. There were notable declines in MVPA at age 9 for both boys (-7.8%, 95% CI, -11.2 to -4.4) and girls (-10.2%, 95% CI, -14.2 to -6.3). The relative decline in MVPA affects both sexes from an early age; however, it is greater among girls. Interventions to promote MVPA should start before adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Farooq
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Martin
- Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xanne Janssen
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Gibson
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adrienne Hughes
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J Reilly
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Spiegler J, Mendonça M, Wolke D. Association of sport participation in preterm and full term born children and body and fat mass indices from age 3 to 14 years. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:493-497. [PMID: 31785988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association of gestational age groups (VP: <32 weeks, MP: 32-33 weeks, LP: 34-36 weeks and FT: ≥37 weeks of gestation) and club sport participation in childhood on body mass index (BMI), fat free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI). DESIGN Longitudinal, cross sectional. METHODS BMI (age 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 years; N=10581-14702) and FFMI/FMI (age 7, 11 and 14 years; N=10446-12996) and consistent club sport participation at age 5, 7 and 11 years (ranging from never participating to participating at all three ages) were assessed prospectively. These were compared by gestational age and their associations with BMI and FMI were investigated, while controlling for confounders (socio-economic, maternal obesity, child related, diet). RESULTS BMI and FFMI was lower in VP or MP until age 7, but no differences were found in BMI, FFMI or FMI after age 11 with regard to gestational age. Consistent club sport participation from age 5-11 was unrelated to BMI at ages 3-7. However, FT children with club sport participation had lower BMI and FMI at ages 11 and 14; but this association was not found in VP or MP. CONCLUSIONS During adolescence body composition of VP and MP become similar to FT born peers. Consistent sport participation reduces BMI and FMI in FT only. In VP or MP children modifying effects of sport on body composition might not be detected due to the catch-up growth in weight, height and fat mass at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Spiegler
- Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Marina Mendonça
- Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
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16
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Jago R, Salway R, Emm-Collison L, Sebire SJ, Thompson JL, Lawlor DA. Association of BMI category with change in children's physical activity between ages 6 and 11 years: a longitudinal study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:104-113. [PMID: 31712707 PMCID: PMC6923172 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To examine the association of body mass index (BMI) with change in children's physical activity and sedentary time between ages 6 and 11. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2132 children participated from 57 schools in Southwest England, from the B-PROACT1V study. METHODS Mean minutes of MVPA and sedentary time per day were derived from accelerometer-based measurements at ages 6, 9 and 11. Linear multilevel models examined the association of BMI categories with MVPA and sedentary time between 6 and 11, adjusting for seasonality, wear time, gender and household education. Differences in change over time were examined using interaction terms. RESULTS Average weekday MVPA decreased between ages 6 and 11 by 2.2 min/day/year (95% CI: 1.9 to 2.5), with a steeper decline at weekends. Average sedentary time increased at a rate of 12.9 min/day/year (95% CI: 12.2 to 13.6). There were no differences in mean levels of MVPA by BMI categories at age 6, but differences emerged as children aged, with the gap between children who were healthy weight and overweight increasing by 1.7 min/day (95% CI: 0.8-2.6) every year, and between healthy and obese by 2.0 min/day (95% CI: 0.9-3.1) each year. Children who were overweight/obese engaged in less average weekday sedentary time at age 6 than those of healthy weight, but the gap closed by age 11. CONCLUSION MVPA declines and sedentary time increases on average for all children between ages 6 and 11. While there are no differences in activity levels by BMI category at age 6, differences in MVPA emerge over time for those who are overweight and obese. Developing interventions that support children to retain activity levels as they approach older childhood, particularly those who are overweight/obese could improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Ruth Salway
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Lydia Emm-Collison
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Simon J Sebire
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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17
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Love R, Adams J, Atkin A, van Sluijs E. Socioeconomic and ethnic differences in children's vigorous intensity physical activity: a cross-sectional analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027627. [PMID: 31133593 PMCID: PMC6549689 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if daily vigorous physical activity (VPA), adjusted for minutes of moderate physical activity (MPA) performed, differs by socioeconomic position or ethnicity in a large sample of UK children with objectively measured physical activity. DESIGN Nationally representative prospective cohort study. SETTING UK children born between 2000 and 2002. PARTICIPANTS 5172 children aged 7-8 with valid accelerometer data for ≥10 hour on ≥3 days, including 1 weekend day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time spent in VPA (>3841 counts per min). EXPLANATORY MEASURES Maternal education, annual household Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development equivalised income, ethnicity. RESULTS Multivariable linear regression models fitted to explore differences in average daily minutes of VPA (adjusted for MPA, mean accelerometer wear time, season of measurement, age and sex), revealed significantly higher amounts of VPA accumulated as a child's socioeconomic position increased (highest vs lowest level of maternal education: β: 2.96, p: 0.00; annual household equivalised income: β: 0.58, p: 0.00, per £10 000 annual increase). Additionally, children from certain minority ethnicities (Bangladeshi and Pakistani: β: -3.34, p: 0.00; other ethnic groups: β:-2.27, p: 0.02) accrued less daily VPA compared with their white British counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The socioeconomic and ethnic patterning of vigorous activity observed in this study mirrors parallel inequalities in rates of childhood obesity. Given the stronger association of VPA with adiposity than of MPA, intensity specific differences may be contributing to widening inequalities in obesity. Accordingly, these findings suggest that the current global focus on overall moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity may mask important behavioural inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Love
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean Adams
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Atkin
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- University of East Anglia Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich, UK
| | - Esther van Sluijs
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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Nagy LC, Horne M, Faisal M, Mohammed MA, Barber SE. Ethnic differences in sedentary behaviour in 6-8-year-old children during school terms and school holidays: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:152. [PMID: 30717718 PMCID: PMC6362563 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviour (SB) in childhood is a major public health concern. Little is known about ethnic differences in SB during school and holiday weeks among White British (WB) and South Asian (SA) children, which this study aims to address through investigating inclinometer measured SB and exploring reasons for child engagement in SB. METHODS A mixed methods study, comprising of a quantitative investigation with 160, 6-8 years old children and a qualitative study with a subsample of 18 children, six parents and eight teachers was undertaken. Children of WB and SA ethnicity in three schools were invited to wear inclinometers for seven school terms (summer/winter/spring) and seven holidays (winter/spring) days during July 2016-May 2017. Total SB, SB accumulated in bouts > 30 min and breaks in SB were explored using multivariate linear mixed effects models which adjusted for wear time, sex, deprivation, overweight status, season, term, weekday and school. Nine focus groups and two interviews were carried out using the Theoretical Domains Framework to explore SB perceptions among parents, teachers and children. Data were analysed using the Framework Approach. RESULTS 104/160 children provided 836 valid days of data. Children spent on average eight hours of SB/day during term time and holidays, equating to 60% of their awake time, and had on average 111 SB breaks /day. SA children had 25 fewer SB breaks/ day when compared to WB (p < 0.001). Perceived reasons for engagement in SB included: boredom, enjoyment of screen activities (by children), parenting practices, curriculum pressures (by teachers), the need to sit down and learn, and child's preference for screen activities (by parents). CONCLUSIONS Children spent 60% of their awake time being sedentary, regardless of ethnicity or school term. There were no significant ethnic differences for any of the SB outcomes except for breaks in SB. Interventions aimed at reducing SB should consider involving parents and teachers and should focus on increasing breaks in SB, especially for SA children, who are at a higher risk of cardio metabolic ill health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana C. Nagy
- University of Bradford, Faculty of Health Studies, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP England
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ England
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Jack Straw’s Lane, Oxford, OX3 0FL UK
| | - Maria Horne
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ England
- University of Leeds, School of Healthcare, Leeds, LS2 9JT England
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- University of Bradford, Faculty of Health Studies, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP England
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ England
| | - M. A. Mohammed
- University of Bradford, Faculty of Health Studies, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP England
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ England
- Yorkshire & Humberside Academic Health Sciences Network, Wakefield, UK
| | - Sally E. Barber
- University of Bradford, Faculty of Health Studies, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP England
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ England
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Skrede T, Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK, Ekelund U. The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:55-74. [PMID: 30270500 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be uniquely related to cardiometabolic health. Excessive sedentary time is suggested as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor, while MVPA is favourably associated with cardiometabolic health. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on a prospective relationship between objectively measured sedentary time, MVPA and cardiometabolic health indicators in youth. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PhyscINFO and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2018. Studies were included if sedentary time and physical activity were measured objectively and examined associations with body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, insulin, blood pressure or the clustering of these cardiometabolic risk factors. We identified 30 studies, of which 21 were of high quality. No evidence was found for an association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic outcomes. The association between MVPA and individual cardiometabolic risk factors was inconsistent. The meta-analysis for prospective studies found a small but significant effect size between MVPA at baseline and clustered cardiometabolic risk at follow-up (ES -0.014 [95% CI, -0.024 to -0.004]). We conclude that there is no prospective association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic health, while MVPA is beneficially associated with cardiometabolic health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Skrede
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S A Anderssen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G K Resaland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - U Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Longitudinal Changes in Sitting Patterns, Physical Activity, and Health Outcomes in Adolescents. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 6:children6010002. [PMID: 30583608 PMCID: PMC6352106 DOI: 10.3390/children6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study examined two-year changes in patterns of activity and associations with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among adolescents. Inclinometers (activPAL) assessed sitting, sitting bouts, standing, stepping, and breaks from sitting. ActiGraph-accelerometers assessed sedentary time (SED), light-intensity physical activity (LIPA, stratified as low- and high-LIPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Anthropometric measures were objectively assessed at baseline and self-reported at follow-up. Data from 324 and 67 participants were obtained at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models examined changes over time, and associations between baseline values and BMI and WC at follow-up. There were significant increases in BMI (0.6 kg/m2) and durations of prolonged sitting (26.4 min/day) and SED (52 min/day), and significant decreases in stepping (−19 min/day), LIPA (−33 min/day), low-LIPA (−26 min/day), high-LIPA (−6.3 min/day), MVPA (−19 min/day), and the number of breaks/day (−8). High baseline sitting time was associated (p = 0.086) with higher BMI at follow-up. There were no significant associations between baseline sitting, prolonged sitting, LIPA, or MVPA with WC. Although changes in daily activity patterns were not in a favourable direction, there were no clear associations with BMI or WC. Research with larger sample sizes and more time points is needed.
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21
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Schwarzfischer P, Gruszfeld D, Socha P, Luque V, Closa-Monasterolo R, Rousseaux D, Moretti M, Mariani B, Verduci E, Koletzko B, Grote V. Longitudinal analysis of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and anthropometric measures from ages 6 to 11 years. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:126. [PMID: 30526600 PMCID: PMC6286599 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) on body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI) in children over the course of five years and identify potential bi-directional associations. SUBJECTS/METHODS Data were drawn from the EU Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP). PA and SB were measured with the SenseWear Armband 2 at the ages of 6 (T1), 8 (T2) and 11 (T3) years. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated at each time point, resulting in 1254 complete observations from 600 children. Bio impedance analysis was used to measure body fat mass and eventually calculate FMI. To examine the longitudinal association between PA/SB and BMI/FMI as well as to account for repeated measure on these children, mixed model analysis was employed. RESULTS Higher levels of total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were associated with lower BMI and FMI and higher SB with higher BMI and FMI over the five year period. When looking at the age dependent effects, negative associations of MVPA (βMVPA x age: - 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.09 - -0.01, p = 0.007) and positive associations of SB (βSB x age: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02-0.06, p < 0.001) increased with each year of age. In a model combining these two effects, only SB x age interaction remained significant (βSB x age: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.03-0.06, p = 0.01). No significant interaction between MVPA and SB could be discerned. Light Physical activity showed no significant associations with BMI or FMI. When reversing outcome and predictor; higher BMI or FMI showed a negative association with MVPA and a positive association with SB, but no age dependency. CONCLUSIONS More time per day in SB was associated with a higher BMI over the course of five years, whereas higher MVPA had an inverse effect. In a combined model, only effects of higher SB remained significant, emphasizing the importance of SB in obesity prevention. Present bidirectional associations, where lower body size was associated with higher PA and lower SB, indicated the need for an integrated approach of activity and weight control for obesity prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00338689 . Registered: June 19, 2006 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Schwarzfischer
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Lindwurmstr 4, 80337, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Veronica Luque
- Paediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Benedetta Mariani
- Department of Paediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Lindwurmstr 4, 80337, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Lindwurmstr 4, 80337, Muenchen, Germany.
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22
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Percent of body fat, fat-mass, fat-free mass and assessment of body composition among rural school-going children of Eastern-India. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Percent of body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) are useful indicators for the assessment of body composition. The present study was conducted among 1351 children (boys: 660; girls: 691) aged 5–12 years residing in West Bengal, Eastern-India. The children were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) were recorded using standard procedures. The PBF, PBF-for-age z-score (PBFZ) and body mass index (BMI) were subsequently calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM, FFM, fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI). Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.12–4.00 kg (boys) and 2.16–4.40 kg (girls). Age-specific mean values of FFM ranged from 14.45–23.93 kg (boys) and 14.01–23.03 kg (girls). Sex-specific mean differences between sexes were statistically significant in weight, height, TSF, SSF, PBF, PBFAZ, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI (p<0.05), except in BMI (p>0.05). These results are important for future investigations in clinical and epidemiological settings so as to accurately identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using PBF, FM and FFM.
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Jongenelis MI, Scully M, Morley B, Pratt IS, Slevin T. Physical activity and screen-based recreation: Prevalences and trends over time among adolescents and barriers to recommended engagement. Prev Med 2018; 106:66-72. [PMID: 28987330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical time for disengagement from physical activity making young people a priority group for interventions. To determine whether existing initiatives are working in this population segment and help inform future programs, the present study sought to (i) examine prevalences and trends in physical activity and screen-based recreation among Australian adolescents and (ii) identify the barriers to adolescents meeting recommended guidelines. Two cross-sectional representative samples of Western Australian secondary school students aged 12 to 17years were surveyed in 2009-2010 (n=1505) and 2012-2013 (n=1406). Around a quarter (24%) of boys and just 9% of girls reported engaging in the recommended 60min of physical activity per day in 2012-2013. A minority (13% of boys, 17% of girls) adhered to guidelines for time spent engaging in screen-based recreation (≤2h of electronic media use for entertainment). These findings were comparable to 2009-2010 prevalence levels. Multivariable logistic regression analyses conducted on data from the most recent wave found individual-level barriers to be significantly associated with lower odds of meeting physical activity guidelines in both boys (Adj. OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.38, 0.72) and girls (Adj. OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.25, 0.66). The consistently high proportion of adolescents not meeting physical activity recommendations over time suggests that current efforts to increase physical activity may be failing to have an impact on population-level trends in compliance. While initiatives to improve the built environment may reduce barriers at the environmental level, these initiatives risk having little impact on physical activity if individual level barriers remain unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Jongenelis
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Iain S Pratt
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Cancer Council Western Australia, 420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Terry Slevin
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Cancer Council Western Australia, 420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
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Hoffmann B, Kettner S, Wirt T, Wartha O, Hermeling L, Steinacker JM, Kobel S. Sedentary time among primary school children in south-west Germany: amounts and correlates. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:63. [PMID: 29046786 PMCID: PMC5637270 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviour in children is related to different health consequences such as overweight and cardio-metabolic diseases that can track into adulthood. Previous studies have shown that children spend hours being sedentary, but no data of sedentary time (ST) among German children has been available, yet. Therefore, this study investigated objectively measured amounts and correlates of ST in a sample of German primary school children. METHODS Children's physical activity (PA) was objectively assessed for 6 days using a multi-sensor device (Actiheart®; CamNtech, Cambridge, UK). Activity levels were categorized on the basis of energy expenditure (MET) into sedentary, light PA (LPA), and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). ST excluding sleeping hours was assessed for 231 children (7.1 ± 0.6 years, male: 45.9%) and analysed for independent groups. Examined factors (parental education, household income, and migration background) were assessed by parental questionnaire. Children's weight, height and gender were collected in schools. Weight status was calculated on the basis of BMI percentiles. RESULTS On average, children spent 3.5 ± 1.5 h daily being sedentary, excluding sleeping hours. Significantly higher ST was found in girls (t = -4.6; p < 0.01), in children with migration background (t = -6.9; p < 0.01), at the weekend (t = -2.8; p < 0.01), and among inactive children (t = 6.8; p < 0.01). Additionally, significant correlations with ST in this sample were identified for MVPA (B = -0.99; [-1.09;-0.88], p < 0.01), LPA (B = -0.89; [-0.97;-0.82], p < 0.01), migration background (B = -17.64; [5.24;30.04], p < 0.01), gender (B = -13.48; [-25.94;-1.01], p < 0.05) and household income (B = -4.80; [-9.07; -0.53], p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Girls, children with migration background, and inactive children were identified as potential risk groups. A higher income was associated with less ST. In general, ST was higher at the weekend. Furthermore, as PA was found to be negatively correlated to ST, these activities may replace each other. Therefore, these findings should be considered in future health interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494 DATE: 25/08/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Hoffmann
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Kettner
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Wirt
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Olivia Wartha
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lina Hermeling
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M. Steinacker
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Kobel
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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Collings PJ, Brage S, Bingham DD, Costa S, West J, McEachan RRC, Wright J, Barber SE. Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Fatness in a Biethnic Sample of Young Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:930-938. [PMID: 28060034 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time with adiposity in a predominantly biethnic (South Asian and White British) sample of young children. METHODS The sample included 333 children age 11 months to 5 yr who provided 526 cross-sectional observations for PA and body composition. Total PA volume (vector magnitude counts per minute), daily time at multiple intensity levels (the cumulative time in activity >500, >1000, >1500, …, >6000 counts per minute), and time spent sedentary (<820 counts per minute), in light PA (820-3907 counts per minute) and in moderate-to-vigorous PA (≥3908 counts per minute) were estimated with triaxial accelerometry. Indicators of adiposity included body mass index, waist circumference, and the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Statistical analyses were performed using multilevel regression and isotemporal substitution models adjusted for confounders. Effect modification by ethnicity was examined. RESULTS There was no evidence for effect modification by ethnicity (P interaction ≥ 0.13). In the whole sample, the accumulated time spent above 3500 counts per minute (i.e., high light-intensity PA) was inversely associated with the sum of skinfolds (β = -0.60 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.19 to -0.021, per 20 min·d), and the magnitude of association increased dose dependently with PA intensity (peaking for time spent >6000 counts per minute = -1.57 mm, 95% CI = -3.01 to -0.12, per 20 min·d). The substitution of 20 min·d of sedentary time with moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with a lower sum of skinfolds (-0.77 mm, 95% CI = -1.46 to -0.084). CONCLUSIONS High light-intensity PA appears to be beneficial for body composition in young South Asian and White British children, but higher-intensity PA is more advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Collings
- 1Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UNITED KINGDOM; 2MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM; 3School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM; and 4UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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Mutz M, Albrecht P. Parents' Social Status and Children's Daily Physical Activity: The Role of Familial Socialization and Support. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:3026-3035. [PMID: 29081641 PMCID: PMC5646135 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is a health relevant factor, particularly in affluent societies where overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent, even among children. Understanding the development of physical activity patterns in childhood is thus an important issue for health promotion. Following socialization theory, this study describes and explains differences in objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a socially and ethnically mixed sample of 6- to 11-year-old children in Germany. MVPA levels were objectively measured with accelerometers over the course of six consecutive days (Wednesday to Monday). Parents' attitudes and practices as well as the family's socio-economic status (SES) were assessed from the parents via questionnaires. Results indicate that MVPA levels of children vary with gender, but not with age and ethnicity. Moreover, parental SES, parental support for the child's sports activities, parents' own sport activities and the parents' belief in sports' capacities to foster personality development, character building and social integration significantly predict the MVPA level of children. It is concluded that interventions to promote MVPA among children need to take family interactions and lifestyles into account and should address families in socio-economically underprivileged areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mutz
- Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Peggy Albrecht
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Roman-Viñas B, Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk PT, Fogelholm M, Lambert EV, Maher C, Maia J, Olds T, Onywera V, Sarmiento OL, Standage M, Tudor-Locke C, Tremblay MS. Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:123. [PMID: 27887654 PMCID: PMC5123420 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Canadian 24-h movement guidelines were developed with the hope of improving health and future health outcomes in children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to the 3 recommendations most strongly associated with health outcomes in new 24-h movement guidelines and their relationship with adiposity (obesity and body mass index z-score) across countries participating in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). Methods Cross-sectional results were based on 6128 children aged 9–11 years from the 12 countries of ISCOLE. Sleep duration and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry. Screen time was measured through self-report. Body weight and height were measured. Body mass index (BMI, kg · m−2) was calculated, and BMI z-scores were computed using age- and sex-specific reference data from the World Health Organization. Obesity was defined as a BMI z-score > +2 SD. Meeting the overall 24-h movement guidelines was defined as: 9 to 11 h/night of sleep, ≤2 h/day of screen time, and at least 60 min/day of MVPA. Age, sex, highest parental education and unhealthy diet pattern score were included as covariates in statistical models. Associations between meeting vs. not meeting each single recommendation (and combinations) with obesity were assessed with odds ratios calculated using generalized linear mixed models. A linear mixed model was used to examine the differences in BMI z-scores between children meeting vs. not meeting the different combinations of recommendations. Results The global prevalence of children meeting the overall recommendations (all three behaviors) was 7%, with children from Australia and Canada showing the highest adherence (15%). Children meeting the three recommendations had lower odds ratios for obesity compared to those meeting none of the recommendations (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.18–0.45). Compared to not meeting the 24-h movement recommendations either independently or combined, meeting them was significantly associated with a lower BMI z-score. Whenever the MVPA recommendation was included in the analysis the odds ratios for obesity were lower. Conclusions For ISCOLE participants meeting these 3 healthy movement recommendations the odds ratios of being obese or having high BMI z-scores were lower. However, only a small percentage of children met all recommendations. Future efforts should aim to find promising ways to increase daily physical activity, reduce screen time, and ensure an adequate night’s sleep in children. Trial registration The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT01722500) (October 29, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Roman-Viñas
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 34 Cister, 08022, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition Research Foundation, 242 Rocafort, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Jose Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timothy Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Vincent Onywera
- Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olga L Sarmiento
- School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1ª N° 18A 12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martyn Standage
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Catrine Tudor-Locke
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, 111 Totman, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Apouey BH. Child physical development in the UK: the imprint of time and socioeconomic status. Public Health 2016; 141:255-263. [PMID: 27932011 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social health inequalities remain a key policy challenge. The existing literature has not presented a synthetic view on the evolution of inequalities in physical development across childhood. We examine social disparities as children grow older using a range of different outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Population-based secondary data analysis. METHODS We employ longitudinal data on British children aged 9 months to 12 years from the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 13,811-18,987) and focus on multiple child physical measures: weight, body mass index (BMI), overweight, fat mass and waist circumference. RESULTS Higher family income is associated with lower BMI (for females), less body fat and a smaller likelihood of overweight (for both genders) on average throughout childhood. When income is multiplied by 3, the probability of overweight decreases by 2.8 (95% CI -0.041 to -0.016) percentage points for females and by 2.7 (95% CI -0.038 to -0.016) percentage points for males. Social inequalities in weight, BMI, overweight and body fat significantly widen as children grow older, for both genders. For instance, for females, when income is multiplied by 3, the probability of overweight decreases by 1.6 (95% CI -0.032 to -0.000) percentage points at ages 2-3 years, but by 8.6 (95% CI -0.112 to -0.060) percentage points at ages 10-12 years. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of social inequalities, which may reflect the cumulative effect of family socioeconomic status, is a precursor of inequalities in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Apouey
- Paris School of Economics - CNRS, France
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