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Yao T, Wang H, Lin K, Wang R, Guo S, Chen P, Wu H, Liu T, Wang R. Exercise-induced microbial changes in preventing type 2 diabetes. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:892-899. [PMID: 36795181 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic benefits associated with long-term physical activity are well appreciated and growing evidence suggests that it involves the gut microbiota. Here we re-evaluated the link between exercise-induced microbial changes and those associated with prediabetes and diabetes. We found that the relative abundances of substantial amounts of diabetes-associated metagenomic species associated negatively with physical fitness in a Chinese athlete students cohort. We additionally showed that those microbial changes correlated more with handgrip strength, a simple but valuable biomarker suggestive of the diabetes states, than maximum oxygen intake, one of the key surrogates for endurance training. Moreover, the causal relationships among exercise, risks for diabetes, and gut microbiota were explored based on mediation analysis. We propose that the protective roles of exercise against type 2 diabetes are mediated, at least partly, by the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kaiqing Lin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan Microbiome Center, and Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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2
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Lu T, Huang C, Weng R, Wang Z, Sun H, Ma X. Enteric glial cells contribute to chronic stress-induced alterations in the intestinal microbiota and barrier in rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24899. [PMID: 38317901 PMCID: PMC10838753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has demonstrated the impact of psychological stress on intestinal microbiota, however, the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Enteric glia, a unique type of peripheral glia found within the enteric nervous system (ENS), play an active role in enteric neural circuits and have profound effects on gut functions. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that enteric glia are involved in the alterations in the intestinal microflora and barrier induced by chronic water-avoidance stress (WAS) in the gut. Methods and results Western blotting and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were used to examine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) and choline acety1transferase (ChAT) in colon tissues. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to analyse the composition of the intestinal microbiota in rats. Changes in the tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the colon tissues were detected after WAS. The abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 decreased significantly, whereas the abundance of Actinobacteria, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and Christensenellaceae-R-7 increased significantly in stressed rats. Meanwhile, the expression of Occludin, Claudin1 and PCNA significantly decreased after WAS. Treatment with L-A-aminohexanedioic acid (L-AA), a gliotoxin that blunts astrocytic function, obviously decreased the abundance of Actinobacteria, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and Christensenel-laceae_R-7 in stressed rats and significantly increased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136. In addition, the protein expression of colon Occludin, Claudin1, and PCNA increased after intraperitoneal injection of L-AA. Furthermore, the expression level of NOS in colon tissues was significantly decreased, whereas that of ChAT was significantly increased following L-AA treatment. Conclusions Our results showed that enteric glial cells may contribute to WAS-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and barrier function by modulating the activity of NOS and cholinergic neurones in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Shandong Intelligent Technology Innovation Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Chenxu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rongxin Weng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haiji Sun
- Shandong Intelligent Technology Innovation Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Shandong Intelligent Technology Innovation Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
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Judkins CP, Wang Y, Jelinic M, Bobik A, Vinh A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR. Association of constipation with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events in elderly Australian patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10943. [PMID: 37414864 PMCID: PMC10326061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between constipation and cardiovascular risk is unclear. This population-level matched cohort study compared the association of constipation with hypertension and incident cardiovascular events in 541,172 hospitalized patients aged ≥ 60 years. For each constipation admission, one exact age-matched non-constipated admission was randomly selected from all hospitalizations within 2 weeks to form the comparison cohort. The association of constipation with hypertension and cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke and transient ischemic attack) were analysed using a series of binary logistic regressions adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, gastrointestinal disorders and sociological factors. Patients with constipation had a higher multivariate-adjusted risk for hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94-1.99; P < 0.001). Compared to patients with neither constipation nor hypertension, there was a higher multivariate-adjusted risk for cardiovascular events in patients with constipation alone (OR, 1.58; 95% CI 1.55-1.61; P < 0.001) or hypertension alone (OR, 6.12; 95% CI 5.99-6.26; P < 0.001). In patients with both constipation and hypertension, the risk for all cardiovascular events appeared to be additive (OR, 6.53; 95% CI 6.40-6.66; P < 0.001). In conclusion, among hospital patients aged 60 years or older, constipation is linked to an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events. These findings suggest that interventions to address constipation may reduce cardiovascular risk in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Judkins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Yutang Wang
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia
| | - Maria Jelinic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research and Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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García Mendez D, Sanabria J, Wist J, Holmes E. Effect of Operational Parameters on the Cultivation of the Gut Microbiome in Continuous Bioreactors Inoculated with Feces: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6213-6225. [PMID: 37070710 PMCID: PMC10143624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, multiple researchers have contributed to the development of in vitro models of the human gastrointestinal system for the mechanistic interrogation of the gut microbiome ecology. Using a bioreactor for simulating all the features and conditions of the gastrointestinal system is a massive challenge. Some conditions, such as temperature and pH, are readily controlled, but a more challenging feature to simulate is that both may vary in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Promising solutions have been developed for simulating other functionalities, such as dialysis capabilities, peristaltic movements, and biofilm growth. This research field is under constant development, and further efforts are needed to drive these models closer to in vivo conditions, thereby increasing their usefulness for studying the gut microbiome impact on human health. Therefore, understanding the influence of key operational parameters is fundamental for the refinement of the current bioreactors and for guiding the development of more complex models. In this review, we performed a systematic search for operational parameters in 229 papers that used continuous bioreactors seeded with human feces. Despite the reporting of operational parameters for the various bioreactor models being variable, as a result of a lack of standardization, the impact of specific operational parameters on gut microbial ecology is discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of the current bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
Felipe García Mendez
- Australian
National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, Australia WA6150
| | - Janeth Sanabria
- Australian
National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, Australia WA6150
- Environmental
Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Engineering School of Environmental
& Natural Resources, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle—Sede Meléndez, Cali, Colombia 76001
| | - Julien Wist
- Australian
National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, Australia WA6150
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad del Valle, 76001, Cali, Colombia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian
National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, Australia WA6150
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Procházková N, Falony G, Dragsted LO, Licht TR, Raes J, Roager HM. Advancing human gut microbiota research by considering gut transit time. Gut 2023; 72:180-191. [PMID: 36171079 PMCID: PMC9763197 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that gut transit time is a key factor in shaping the gut microbiota composition and activity, which are linked to human health. Both population-wide and small-scale studies have identified transit time as a top covariate contributing to the large interindividual variation in the faecal microbiota composition. Despite this, transit time is still rarely being considered in the field of the human gut microbiome. Here, we review the latest research describing how and why whole gut and segmental transit times vary substantially between and within individuals, and how variations in gut transit time impact the gut microbiota composition, diversity and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may causally affect gut motility. We argue that by taking into account the interindividual and intraindividual differences in gut transit time, we can advance our understanding of diet-microbiota interactions and disease-related microbiome signatures, since these may often be confounded by transient or persistent alterations in transit time. Altogether, a better understanding of the complex, bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and transit time is required to better understand gut microbiome variations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Procházková
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Gwen Falony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henrik M Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Simon MC, Sina C, Ferrario PG, Daniel H. Gut Microbiome Analysis for Personalized Nutrition: The State of Science. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200476. [PMID: 36424179 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Whereas most concepts of personalized nutrition (PN) in the past, included genotyping, recent years have brought new approaches that include microbiome analysis to optimize recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes. The new approach, offered by companies, that microbiome analysis provides a real benefit to either more concise recommendations or for increased compliance to PN, is largely lacking scientific validation. Although the microbiome field shows enormous proliferation, it has some major flaws that make its use in the public health domain currently critical. Starting with the quality and representative character of the stool samples, its processing and analysis as well as assembly of metagenome data and the interpretation. Moreover, there is still no consensus of what constitutes a "normal/healthy" microbiome, nor what features characterize a dysbiotic microbiome. And, based on hundreds of individual parameters and environmental factors, the intestinal microbiome shows a huge variability and consequently changing one factor-such as food intake-is likely to have a limited impact in achieving optimized health. The present review intends to summarize the state of consolidated knowledge on human gut microbiome in the context of diet and disease, its key features, and its influencing factors as well as its "add-on" quality for PN offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Simon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Microbiome, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paola G Ferrario
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Microbiome, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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The Effects of Commonly Consumed Dietary Fibres on the Gut Microbiome and Its Fibre Fermentative Capacity in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051053. [PMID: 35268028 PMCID: PMC8912623 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been suggested that the gut microbiome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unable to ferment dietary fibre. This project explored the in vitro effect of fibre fermentation on production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and on microbiome composition. Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 40 adults (>16 y) with IBD (n = 20 with Crohn’s disease and n = 20 with ulcerative colitis) in clinical remission and 20 healthy controls (HC). In vitro batch culture fermentations were carried out using as substrates maize starch, apple pectin, raftilose, wheat bran, α cellulose and a mixture of these five fibres. SCFA concentration (umol/g) was quantified with gas chromatography and microbiome was profiled with 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Fibre fermentation did not correct the baseline microbial dysbiosis or lower diversity seen in either patients with CD or UC. For all fibres, up to 51% of baseline ASVs or genera changed in abundance in HC. In patients with IBD, fermentation of fibre substrates had no effect on species or genera abundance. Production of SCFA varied among the different fibre substrates but this was not different between the two IBD groups and compared to HC after either 5 or 24 h fermentation. Conclusions: Despite extensive microbial dysbiosis, patients with IBD have a similar capacity to ferment fibre and release SCFA as HC. Fibre supplementation alone may be unlikely to restore to a healthy status the compositional shifts characteristic of the IBD microbiome.
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8
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Daniel H. Diet and Gut Microbiome and the “Chicken or Egg” Problem. Front Nutr 2022; 8:828630. [PMID: 35178420 PMCID: PMC8844458 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.828630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantity and quality of the intestinal and fecal microbiome vary considerably between individuals and are dependent on a very large number of intrinsic and environmental factors. Currently, only around 15% of the variance in microbiome diversity can be explained by these factors. Although diet and individual food items have effects, other individual parameters such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), but also plasma lipids and blood pressure reveal stronger associations with microbiome diversity. In addition, gastrointestinal functions that translate into changes in stool frequency, stool volume, and stool appearance rank very high as effectors of microbiome signatures. In particular, the intestinal/colonic transit time is a critical factor that alters the substrate load for bacterial growth and metabolism as it alters simultaneously stool volume, water content, bacterial mass, and diversity. Moreover, metabolic and neurological diseases are frequently associated with marked changes in intestinal transit time that may translate into the reported changes in gut microbiota. This review provides scientific arguments for a more comprehensive assessment of the individual's intestinal phenotype in microbiome studies to resolve the “chicken or egg” problem in these observational studies.
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Understanding the physiology of human defaecation and disorders of continence and evacuation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:751-769. [PMID: 34373626 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The act of defaecation, although a ubiquitous human experience, requires the coordinated actions of the anorectum and colon, pelvic floor musculature, and the enteric, peripheral and central nervous systems. Defaecation is best appreciated through the description of four phases, which are, temporally and physiologically, reasonably discrete. However, given the complexity of this process, it is unsurprising that disorders of defaecation are both common and problematic; almost everyone will experience constipation at some time in their life and many will develop faecal incontinence. A detailed understanding of the normal physiology of defaecation and continence is critical to inform management of disorders of defaecation. During the past decade, there have been major advances in the investigative tools used to assess colonic and anorectal function. This Review details the current understanding of defaecation and continence. This includes an overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology, a description of the four phases of defaecation, and factors influencing defaecation (demographics, stool frequency/consistency, psychobehavioural factors, posture, circadian rhythm, dietary intake and medications). A summary of the known pathophysiology of defaecation disorders including constipation, faecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome is also included, as well as considerations for further research in this field.
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10
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Kay SIS, Delgado S, Mittal J, Eshraghi RS, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Beneficial Effects of Milk Having A2 β-Casein Protein: Myth or Reality? J Nutr 2021; 151:1061-1072. [PMID: 33693747 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet has been shown to play an important role in maintaining normal homeostasis in the human body. Milk and milk products are a major component of the Western diet, but their consumption may predispose sensitive individuals to adverse health outcomes. Current literature about milk products recognizes various bioactive components including lactate, whey protein, and β-casein protein. Specifically, cow milk has 2 major subvariants of its β-casein protein, A1 and A2, due to a single nucleotide difference that changes the codon at position 67. Whereas the A2 polymorphism is unlikely to undergo enzymatic cleavage during digestion, the A1 polymorphism is more likely to undergo enzymatic cleavage resulting in the product peptide β-casomorphin-7, a known μ-opioid receptor agonist. The objective of this article is to review the current understanding of the 2 major β-casein subvariants and their effects on various organ systems that may have an impact on the health of an individual. Synthesis of the current existing literature on this topic is relevant given the increased association of milk consumption with adverse effects in susceptible individuals resulting in a rising interest in consuming milk alternatives. We discuss the influence of the β-casein protein on the gastrointestinal system, endocrine system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system as well as its role in antioxidants and methylation. A1 milk consumption has been associated with enhanced inflammatory markers. It has also been reported to have an opioid-like response that can lead to manifestations of clinical symptoms of neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder. On the other hand, A2 milk consumption has been associated with beneficial effects and is easier to digest in sensitive individuals. Further research is warranted to investigate the short- and long-term effects of consumption of A1 β-casein in comparison with milk with A2 β-casein proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-In S Kay
- Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Stefanie Delgado
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca S Eshraghi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adrien A Eshraghi
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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Hung LY, Parathan P, Boonma P, Wu Q, Wang Y, Haag A, Luna RA, Bornstein JC, Savidge TC, Foong JPP. Antibiotic exposure postweaning disrupts the neurochemistry and function of enteric neurons mediating colonic motor activity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G1042-G1053. [PMID: 32390463 PMCID: PMC7311661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00088.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The period during and immediately after weaning is an important developmental window when marked shifts in gut microbiota can regulate the maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Because microbiota-derived signals that modulate ENS development are poorly understood, we examined the physiological impact of the broad spectrum of antibiotic, vancomycin-administered postweaning on colonic motility, neurochemistry of enteric neurons, and neuronal excitability. The functional impact of vancomycin on enteric neurons was investigated by Ca2+ imaging in Wnt1-Cre;R26R-GCaMP3 reporter mice to characterize alterations in the submucosal and the myenteric plexus, which contains the neuronal circuitry controlling gut motility. 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal specimens after oral vancomycin demonstrated significant deviations in microbiota abundance, diversity, and community composition. Vancomycin significantly increased the relative family rank abundance of Akkermansiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae at the expense of Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae. In sharp contrast to neonatal vancomycin exposure, microbiota compositional shifts in weaned animals were associated with slower colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) without mucosal serotonin biosynthesis being altered. The slowing of CMMCs is linked to disruptions in the neurochemistry of the underlying enteric circuitry. This included significant reductions in cholinergic and calbindin+ myenteric neurons, neuronal nitric oxide synthase+ submucosal neurons, neurofilament M+ enteric neurons, and increased proportions of cholinergic submucosal neurons. The antibiotic treatment also increased transmission and responsiveness in myenteric and submucosal neurons that may enhance inhibitory motor pathways, leading to slower CMMCs. Differential vancomycin responses during neonatal and weaning periods in mice highlight the developmental-specific impact of antibiotics on colonic enteric circuitry and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Y. Hung
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavitha Parathan
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prapaporn Boonma
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas,4Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qinglong Wu
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Wang
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Haag
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime P. P. Foong
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Microbiome research in the last two decades has delivered as a key finding that the human intestine hosts a unique and complex ecosystem with many variables affecting the composition of the microbiota and in turn its function in metabolism and immune defence. Hundreds of external (environmental) factors have meanwhile been identified as significantly associated with bacterial biomass and diversity and, amongst these, diet is considered as a key determinant of microbial populations. However, dietary intervention studies, including those with fermentable substrates that have bulk effects on bowel functions, have revealed only very minor effects on overall microbiome composition and usually show only a very few species changing in population size. What that means in the context of hundreds of different species coexisting in competition or mutualism in the human colon is far from understood. This review addresses some of the current limits in research on diet effects by taking anatomical and physiological features of the intestine into consideration. It also provides some recommendations on future human studies needed to assess how the diet influences the microbiome and associated effects on metabolic health.
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13
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Frame LA, Costa E, Jackson SA. Current explorations of nutrition and the gut microbiome: a comprehensive evaluation of the review literature. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:798-812. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
The ability to measure the gut microbiome led to a surge in understanding and knowledge of its role in health and disease. The diet is a source of fuel for and influencer of composition of the microbiome.
Objective
To assess the understanding of the interactions between nutrition and the gut microbiome in healthy adults.
Data Sources
PubMed and Google Scholar searches were conducted in March and August 2018 and were limited to the following: English, 2010–2018, healthy adults, and reviews.
Data Extraction
A total of 86 articles were independently screened for duplicates and relevance, based on preidentified inclusion criteria.
Data Analysis
Research has focused on dietary fiber – microbiota fuel. The benefits of fiber center on short-chain fatty acids, which are required by colonocytes, improve absorption, and reduce intestinal transit time. Contrastingly, protein promotes microbial protein metabolism and potentially harmful by-products that can stagnate in the gut. The microbiota utilize and produce micronutrients; the bidirectional relationship between micronutrition and the gut microbiome is emerging.
Conclusions
Nutrition has profound effects on microbial composition, in turn affecting wide-ranging metabolic, hormonal, and neurological processes. There is no consensus on what defines a “healthy” gut microbiome. Future research must consider individual responses to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Frame
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, USA
| | - Elise Costa
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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14
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Adamberg K, Jaagura M, Aaspõllu A, Nurk E, Adamberg S. The composition of faecal microbiota is related to the amount and variety of dietary fibres. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:845-855. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1727864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaarel Adamberg
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Madis Jaagura
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Aaspõllu
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eha Nurk
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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15
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Absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates formed from broccoli glucosinolates: effects of BMI and daily consumption in a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2019; 120:1370-1379. [PMID: 30499426 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulphoraphane originates from glucoraphanin in broccoli and is associated with anti-cancer effects. A preclinical study suggested that daily consumption of broccoli may increase the production of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane metabolites available for absorption. The objective of this study was to determine whether daily broccoli consumption alters the absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates derived from broccoli glucosinolates. We conducted a randomised cross-over human study (n 18) balanced for BMI and glutathione S-transferase μ 1 (GSTM1) genotype in which subjects consumed a control diet with no broccoli (NB) for 16 d or the same diet with 200 g of cooked broccoli and 20 g of raw daikon radish daily for 15 d (daily broccoli, DB) and 100 g of broccoli and 10 g of daikon radish on day 16. On day 17, all subjects consumed a meal of 200 g of broccoli and 20 g of daikon radish. Plasma and urine were collected for 24 h and analysed for sulphoraphane and metabolites of sulphoraphane and erucin by triple quadrupole tandem MS. For subjects with BMI >26 kg/m2 (median), plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates of total metabolites were higher on the NB diet than on the DB diet, whereas for subjects with BMI <26 kg/m2, plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates were higher on the DB diet than on the NB diet. Daily consumption of broccoli interacted with BMI but not GSTM1 genotype to affect plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glucosinolate-derived compounds believed to confer protection against cancer. This trial was registered as NCT02346812.
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16
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Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 14:442-456. [PMID: 29760448 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host has attracted considerable attention owing to its involvement in diverse diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with hypertension and is characterized by immune dysregulation, metabolic disorder and sympathetic activation, which are all linked to gut dysbiosis and altered host-microbiota crosstalk. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between the brain, the gut, the microbiota and the kidney in CKD and hypertension and explain our brain-gut-kidney axis hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Consideration of the role of the brain-gut-kidney axis in the maintenance of normal homeostasis and of dysregulation of this axis in CKD and hypertension could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, the discovery of unique microbial communities and their associated metabolites and the elucidation of brain-gut-kidney signalling are likely to fill fundamental knowledge gaps leading to innovative research, clinical trials and treatments for CKD and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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17
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Arakawa K, Ishigami T, Nakai-Sugiyama M, Chen L, Doi H, Kino T, Minegishi S, Saigoh-Teranaka S, Sasaki-Nakashima R, Hibi K, Kimura K, Tamura K. Lubiprostone as a potential therapeutic agent to improve intestinal permeability and prevent the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218096. [PMID: 31206525 PMCID: PMC6576757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between atherosclerosis and commensal microbes through leaky gut syndrome (LGS), which is characterized by impaired intestinal permeability and the introduction of undesired pathogens into the body, has not been fully elucidated. Our aim was to investigate the potential role of a ClC-2 chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, which is reported to have beneficial effects on LGS, in the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. After a 15-week feeding period of a Western diet (WD), ApoE-/- mice were treated with a Western-type diet (WD) alone or WD with oral supplementation of lubiprostone for 10 weeks. This feeding protocol was followed by experimental evaluation of LGS and atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta. In mice with lubiprostone, in vivo translocation of orally administered 4-kDa FITC-dextran was significantly improved, and RNA expression of the epithelial tight junction proteins, Zo-1 and occludin, was significantly up-regulated in the ileum, compared to the WD alone group, suggesting a possible reversal of WD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. As a result, WD-induced exacerbation of atherosclerotic lesion formation was reduced by 69% in longitudinally opened aortas and 26% in aortic root regions. In addition, there was a significant decrease in circulating immunoglobulin level, followed by an attenuation of inflammatory responses in the perivascular adipose tissue, as evidenced by reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Lubiprostone attenuates atherosclerosis by ameliorating LGS-induced inflammation through the restoration of the intestinal barrier. These findings raise the possibility of targeting LGS for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Arakawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michiko Nakai-Sugiyama
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tabito Kino
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sae Saigoh-Teranaka
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rie Sasaki-Nakashima
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hibi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Aslam H, Ruusunen A, Berk M, Loughman A, Rivera L, Pasco JA, Jacka FN. Unravelled facets of milk derived opioid peptides: a focus on gut physiology, fractures and obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:36-49. [PMID: 31154909 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1614540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beyond being a source of key nutrients, bovine milk influences physiological functions by synthesising bioactive peptides during the process of digestion. Some of the claimed negative health outcomes associated with milk consumption, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 1 diabetes may be attributed to an opioid peptide, beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), derived from A1 beta-casein. BCM-7 exerts its function by binding to the μ-opioid receptors in the body. It is hypothesised that activation of the μ-opioid receptors in the gut can alter gut microbial composition, impair gut barrier integrity and bile acid metabolism, in addition to increasing gastrointestinal transit time and gut inflammation. Further, it is hypothesised that BCM-7 may influence fractures and obesity via μ-opioid receptor pathways. In conclusion, it appears that BCM-7 might have multiple functions pertinent to human health; however, the evidence is limited and warrants further pre-clinical and clinical studies for hypothesis confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajara Aslam
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Leni Rivera
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University Victoria, Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Yacoub R, Nadkarni GN, McSkimming DI, Chaves LD, Abyad S, Bryniarski MA, Honan AM, Thomas SA, Gowda M, He JC, Uribarri J. Fecal microbiota analysis of polycystic kidney disease patients according to renal function: A pilot study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 244:505-513. [PMID: 30539656 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218818175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The heterogeneity of the renal disease, therapeutic interventions, and the original cause of the renal failure, all directly affect the microbiota. We delineate in this report the direct effect of decreased renal function on the bacterial composition following stringent criteria to eliminate the possibilities of other confounding factors and dissect the direct effects of the uremic milieu. We analyzed the microbiome following three different approaches to further evaluate the effects of mild, moderate and advanced renal insufficiency on the microbiome. We also present here a detailed functional analysis of the projected altered pathways secondary to changes in the microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabi Yacoub
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel I McSkimming
- 3 Genome, Environment and Microbiome (GEM) Community of Excellence, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Lee D Chaves
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sham Abyad
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark A Bryniarski
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Amanda M Honan
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Shruthi A Thomas
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Madan Gowda
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - John C He
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Adamberg K, Adamberg S. Selection of fast and slow growing bacteria from fecal microbiota using continuous culture with changing dilution rate. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2018; 29:1549922. [PMID: 30532686 PMCID: PMC6282430 DOI: 10.1080/16512235.2018.1549922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Nutrient and energy metabolism in human colon depends on bacterial growth rate that is determined by the colonic transit rate. Objective: A novel approach, De-stat culture was used to distinguish the fast and slow growing sub-populations from fecal microbiota. Design: The enrichment and metabolism of bacteria from pooled fecal cultures of children was studied at dilution rates D = 0.2-0.0 1/h in mucin-supplemented media containing either arabinogalactan or apple pectin. Results: The study revealed clear differentiation of the fecal microbiota at higher (above 0.1 1/h) and lower (below 0.1 1/h) dilution rates, along with metabolic changes. Similarity of the fast and slow growing bacteria was observed in two different fecal pools and on both substrates, suggesting the dilution rate as the main triggering parameter for selection of bacteria. At high dilution rates, the species Collinsella aerofaciens, Dorea longicatena, Escherichia coli, Lachnoclostridium torques, and different Bacteroides (B. caccae, B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus) were dominant in both media variants. At low dilution rates, Akkermansia muciniphila, Eisenbergiella tayi, Negativicoccus succinivorans, and a group of Ruminococcaceae became dominant in both media and in both fecal pools. This change in bacterial population accompanied by the increased production of propionic and butyric acids as well as higher consumption of alanine and branched chain amino acids at low dilution rates. Conclusions: The study suggests that specific growth rate has important effect on the dynamics of colon microbiota. Manipulation of the proportions of fast and slow growing gut bacteria through modulation of the transit rate could be a target in human nutrition studies. The De-stat study would enable to predict changes in microbiota composition associated with the decrease or increase of the colonic transit rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - S Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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21
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Müller M, Canfora EE, Blaak EE. Gastrointestinal Transit Time, Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Health: Modulation by Dietary Fibers. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030275. [PMID: 29495569 PMCID: PMC5872693 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal transit time may be an important determinant of glucose homeostasis and metabolic health through effects on nutrient absorption and microbial composition, among other mechanisms. Modulation of gastrointestinal transit may be one of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial health effects of dietary fibers. These effects include improved glucose homeostasis and a reduced risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we first discuss the regulation of gastric emptying rate, small intestinal transit and colonic transit as well as their relation to glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. Subsequently, we briefly address the reported health effects of different dietary fibers and discuss to what extent the fiber-induced health benefits may be mediated through modulation of gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Müller
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mokhtare M, Alimoradzadeh R, Agah S, Mirmiranpour H, Khodabandehloo N. The Association between Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines and Constipation of Geriatrics in Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis 2017; 9:228-234. [PMID: 29255581 PMCID: PMC5726336 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The effect of changes in intestinal microbiota on constipation is contraversial. Constipation
is more prevalent in elderly. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the role of
modulating inflammatory cytokines in old age patients with constipation by evaluating the serum
levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-l), and interleukin 6 (IL-6).
METHODS
This case-control study was done on 100 participants, aged 65 years or higher, with and
without functional constipation according to ROME III criteria (50 participants in each group).
Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 were
compared between the case and control groups. Independent t test and Chi-square test were used
for analysis of data.
RESULTS
Mean levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 were (666.80 ± 101.40 pg/mL vs. 489.20 ± 53.68 pg/mL,
p < 0.001), (435.96 ± 52.31 pg/mL vs. 296.44 ± 45.50 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and (438.18 ± 59.57 pg/mL
vs. 290.14 ± 36.39 pg/mL, p < 0.001) in the case and control groups, respectively. A reverse correlation
was found between the aging process and TNF-α (r = -0.26; p = 0.04), as well as IL-1 level
(r = -0.41; p = 0.003) in the control group. A direct correlation was observed between the aging
process and TNF-α (r = 0.40; p = 0.004) and IL-6 (r = 0.44; p = 0.002) levels in the case group.
CONCLUSION
This study showed a significant association between the serum level of modulating inflammatory
cytokines and age-related constipation in Iranian subjects. It seems that the serum level of modulating
inflammatory cytokines can be affected by diversity and abundance in the gut microbiota. The role
of diversity in microbial population and their abundance in gut must be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Mokhtare
- Assistant professor of Gastroenterology ,Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahele Alimoradzadeh
- Rezident, Internal Medicine Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Agah
- Professor of Gastroenterology, Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirmiranpour
- Assistant Professor , Department of Biochemistry, Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khodabandehloo
- Assistant Professor, Internist , Internal Medicine Department, Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Baffy N, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Harris LA, Sterler S. Intractable Constipation in the Elderly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:363-381. [PMID: 28801825 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-017-0142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder disproportionately affecting the elderly. Immobility, polypharmacy, and physiologic changes contribute to its increased prevalence in this population. Unidentified and undertreated constipation leads to a significant negative impact on quality of life and an increase in healthcare spending. Careful physical examination and exploration of the clinical history can unmask primary and secondary forms of constipation, guiding diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Non-pharmacologic treatment options include bowel training and biofeedback as well as the addition of fiber. Laxatives are safe and can be used long term; thus, they remain the mainstay of therapy. Newer agents with specific physiologic targets have proven to be effective in adults with chronic constipation, but data is lacking for safety profile in the elderly. Consideration for surgery in medically refractory cases should be entertained, while use of neuromodulation is not ready for prime time. This is a review of the currently available treatment options for chronic constipation in adults and specifically tailored towards the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Baffy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Amy E Foxx-Orenstein
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
| | - Lucinda A Harris
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Susan Sterler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
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24
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Effects of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition on the Microbiota Profile of Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080832. [PMID: 28777338 PMCID: PMC5579625 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in Crohn’s disease (CD) remain poorly understood, despite the high rate of treatment response. Evidence accumulated in the last 20 years suggests that a positive shift of the disrupted microbiota is one of the treatment effects. The purpose of this study was to critically review and summarize data reporting the microbiological effects of EEN in patients with CD. Fourteen studies were considered in the review, overall involving 216 CD patients on EEN. The studies were heterogeneous in methods of microbiota analysis and exclusion criteria. The most frequently reported effect of EEN was a reduction in microbiota diversity, reversible when patients returned to a normal diet. The effect of EEN on specific bacteria was very variable in the different studies, partially due to methodological limitations of the mentioned studies. The EEN seem to induce some metabolomic changes, which are different in long-term responder patients compared to patients that relapse earlier. Bacterial changes can be relevant to explaining the efficacy of EEN; however, microbiological data obtained from rigorously performed studies and derived from last generation techniques are largely inconsistent.
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25
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Zhao M, Liao D, Zhao J. Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the small intestine and colon. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:249-269. [PMID: 28694926 PMCID: PMC5483424 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) tract including intestine and colon are common in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM induced intestinal and colonic structural and biomechanical remodeling in animals and humans. The remodeling is closely related to motor-sensory abnormalities of the intestine and colon which are associated with the symptoms frequently encountered in patients with DM such as diarrhea and constipation. In this review, firstly we review DM-induced histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of intestine and colon. Secondly we review motor-sensory dysfunction and how they relate to intestinal and colonic abnormalities. Finally the clinical consequences of DM-induced changes in the intestine and colon including diarrhea, constipation, gut microbiota change and colon cancer are discussed. The final goal is to increase the understanding of DM-induced changes in the gut and the subsequent clinical consequences in order to provide the clinicians with a better understanding of the GI disorders in diabetic patients and facilitates treatments tailored to these patients.
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Effect of pistachio consumption on the modulation of urinary gut microbiota-related metabolites in prediabetic subjects. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 45:48-53. [PMID: 28432876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The specific nutritional composition of nuts could affect different metabolic pathways involved in a broad range of metabolic diseases. We therefore investigated whether chronic consumption of pistachio nuts modifies the urine metabolome in prediabetic subjects. We designed a randomized crossover clinical trial in 39 prediabetic subjects. They consumed a pistachio-supplemented diet (PD, 50% carbohydrates, 33% fat, including 57 g/d of pistachios daily) and a control diet (CD, 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat) for 4 months each, separated by a 2-week wash-out. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) was performed to determine changes in 24-h urine metabolites. Significant changes in urine metabolites according to the different intervention periods were found in uni- and multivariate analysis. Score plot of the first two components of the multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (ML-PLS-DA) showed a clear separation of the intervention periods. Three metabolites related with gut microbiota metabolism (i.e., hippurate, p-cresol sulfate and dimethylamine) were found decreased in PD compared with CD (P<.05). Moreover, cis-aconitate [intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)] was also found decreased following PD compared with CD. Intragroup analysis showed that creatinine levels were significantly increased in PD (P=.023), whereas trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) was found significantly reduced following PD (P=.034). Our results suggest that chronic pistachio consumption may modulate some urinary metabolites related to gut microbiota metabolism and the TCA cycle; all associated with metabolic derangements associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
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Microbiota alteration is associated with the development of stress-induced despair behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43859. [PMID: 28266612 PMCID: PMC5339726 DOI: 10.1038/srep43859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders often run in families, which, in addition to the genetic component, may point to the microbiome as a causative agent. Here, we employed a combination of behavioral, molecular and computational techniques to test the role of the microbiota in mediating despair behavior. In chronically stressed mice displaying despair behavior, we found that the microbiota composition and the metabolic signature dramatically change. Specifically, we observed reduced Lactobacillus and increased circulating kynurenine levels as the most prominent changes in stressed mice. Restoring intestinal Lactobacillus levels was sufficient to improve the metabolic alterations and behavioral abnormalities. Mechanistically, we identified that Lactobacillus-derived reactive oxygen species may suppress host kynurenine metabolism, by inhibiting the expression of the metabolizing enzyme, IDO1, in the intestine. Moreover, maintaining elevated kynurenine levels during Lactobacillus supplementation diminished the treatment benefits. Collectively, our data provide a mechanistic scenario for how a microbiota player (Lactobacillus) may contribute to regulating metabolism and resilience during stress.
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Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020125. [PMID: 28208609 PMCID: PMC5331556 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest is rapidly growing around the role of the human gut microbiota in facilitating beneficial health effects associated with consumption of dietary fiber. An evidence map of current research activity in this area was created using a newly developed database of dietary fiber intervention studies in humans to identify studies with the following broad outcomes: (1) modulation of colonic microflora; and/or (2) colonic fermentation/short-chain fatty acid concentration. Study design characteristics, fiber exposures, and outcome categories were summarized. A sub-analysis described oligosaccharides and bacterial composition in greater detail. One hundred eighty-eight relevant studies were identified. The fiber categories represented by the most studies were oligosaccharides (20%), resistant starch (16%), and chemically synthesized fibers (15%). Short-chain fatty acid concentration (47%) and bacterial composition (88%) were the most frequently studied outcomes. Whole-diet interventions, measures of bacterial activity, and studies in metabolically at-risk subjects were identified as potential gaps in the evidence. This evidence map efficiently captured the variability in characteristics of expanding research on dietary fiber, gut microbiota, and physiological health benefits, and identified areas that may benefit from further research. We hope that this evidence map will provide a resource for researchers to direct new intervention studies and meta-analyses.
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Tottey W, Feria-Gervasio D, Gaci N, Laillet B, Pujos E, Martin JF, Sebedio JL, Sion B, Jarrige JF, Alric M, Brugère JF. Colonic Transit Time Is a Driven Force of the Gut Microbiota Composition and Metabolism: In Vitro Evidence. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:124-134. [PMID: 27530163 PMCID: PMC5216643 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Human gut microbiota harbors numerous metabolic properties essential for the host’s health. Increased intestinal transit time affects a part of the population and is notably observed with human aging, which also corresponds to modifications of the gut microbiota. Thus we tested the metabolic and compositional changes of a human gut microbiota induced by an increased transit time simulated in vitro. Methods The in vitro system, Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota, was used to simulate the environmental conditions of 3 different anatomical parts of the human colon in a continuous process. The retention times of the chemostat conditions were established to correspond to a typical transit time of 48 hours next increased to 96 hours. The bacterial communities, short chain fatty acids and metabolite fingerprints were determined. Results Increase of transit time resulted in a decrease of biomass and of diversity in the more distal compartments. Short chain fatty acid analyses and metabolite fingerprinting revealed increased activity corresponding to carbohydrate fermentation in the proximal compartments while protein fermentations were increased in the lower parts. Conclusions This study provides the evidence that the increase of transit time, independently of other factors, affects the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. The transit time is one of the factors that explain some of the modifications seen in the gut microbiota of the elderly, as well as patients with slow transit time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tottey
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Feria-Gervasio
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nadia Gaci
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brigitte Laillet
- INRA, UMR 1019, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Estelle Pujos
- INRA, UMR 1019, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Jean-François Martin
- INRA, UMR 1019, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Jean-Louis Sebedio
- INRA, UMR 1019, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Jarrige
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Alric
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Brugère
- EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bowel movement frequency and cardiovascular mortality, a matter of fibers and oxidative stress? Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:278-280. [PMID: 27594542 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vermorken AJM, Andrès E, Cui Y. Bowel movement frequency, oxidative stress and disease prevention. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:339-342. [PMID: 27703675 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of diet for disease prevention has long been recognised. Dietary recommendations have therefore been integrated in health promotion messages. Gastrointestinal functioning is essential for the digestion of nutrients. Oxidative stress has been observed in patients with constipation, as well as in those with colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses associated with constipation. The coexistence of colorectal neoplasia and coronary artery disease has been incriminated for exposure to common risk factors associated with increased oxidative stress. It was recently demonstrated that bowel movement frequency is inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality. The aim of the present study was to review the relevant literature in light of these findings. It was concluded that suboptimal functioning of the large bowel may contribute to oxidative stress and, therefore, to increased mortality. Bowel movement frequency may represent a simple quantifiable indicator of adequate colonic function and it is dependent on diet, exercise and other lifestyle factors, but also on individual characteristics, including colonic microbiota. Future health promotion actions may improve the prevention of a number of diseases by advocating lifestyle personalisation for assuring optimal intestinal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphons J M Vermorken
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Emmanuel Andrès
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yali Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
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Abstract
Chronic constipation is a common health condition representing a substantial proportion of primary care visits and referrals to specialist providers. Chronic constipation can have a significant negative effect on health-related quality of life and has been associated with psychological distress in severely affected patients. It has the potential to cause patients to curtail work, school, and social activities. While different pathophysiological mechanisms have been implicated in the development of chronic constipation, in some instances, the causes of chronic constipation are not easily determined. Expenditures for the evaluation and management of chronic constipation represent a significant burden on patients and payers, and it is important for clinicians to have a clear understanding of the different pathophysiological mechanisms associated with constipation, understand the different testing modalities and treatments that are available including their appropriateness and limitations, and tailor that knowledge to the management of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sbahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of South Alabama, 75 University Boulevard S, Suite 6000-B, Mobile, Al, 36688, USA.
| | - Brooks D Cash
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of South Alabama, 75 University Boulevard S, Suite 6000-B, Mobile, Al, 36688, USA.
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Briskey D, Tucker P, Johnson DW, Coombes JS. The role of the gastrointestinal tract and microbiota on uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease development. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:7-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Verspreet J, Damen B, Broekaert WF, Verbeke K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. A Critical Look at Prebiotics Within the Dietary Fiber Concept. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:167-90. [PMID: 26735801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-081315-032749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge of the health effects of dietary fiber and prebiotics and establishes the position of prebiotics within the broader context of dietary fiber. Although the positive health effects of specific fibers on defecation, reduction of postprandial glycemic response, and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels are generally accepted, other presumed health benefits of dietary fibers are still debated. There is evidence that specific dietary fibers improve the integrity of the epithelial layer of the intestines, increase the resistance against pathogenic colonization, reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, increase mineral absorption, and have a positive impact on the immune system, but these effects are neither generally acknowledged nor completely understood. Many of the latter effects are thought to be particularly elicited by prebiotics. Although the prebiotic concept evolved significantly during the past two decades, the line between prebiotics and nonprebiotic dietary fiber remains vague. Nevertheless, scientific evidence demonstrating the health-promoting potential of prebiotics continues to accumulate and suggests that prebiotic fibers have their rightful place in a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Bram Damen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | | | - Kristin Verbeke
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
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Vandeputte D, Falony G, Vieira-Silva S, Tito RY, Joossens M, Raes J. Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition, enterotypes and bacterial growth rates. Gut 2016; 65:57-62. [PMID: 26069274 PMCID: PMC4717365 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The assessment of potentially confounding factors affecting colon microbiota composition is essential to the identification of robust microbiome based disease markers. Here, we investigate the link between gut microbiota variation and stool consistency using Bristol Stool Scale classification, which reflects faecal water content and activity, and is considered a proxy for intestinal colon transit time. DESIGN Through 16S rDNA Illumina profiling of faecal samples of 53 healthy women, we evaluated associations between microbiome richness, Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio, enterotypes, and genus abundance with self-reported, Bristol Stool Scale-based stool consistency. Each sample's microbiota growth potential was calculated to test whether transit time acts as a selective force on gut bacterial growth rates. RESULTS Stool consistency strongly correlates with all known major microbiome markers. It is negatively correlated with species richness, positively associated to the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio, and linked to Akkermansia and Methanobrevibacter abundance. Enterotypes are distinctly distributed over the BSS-scores. Based on the correlations between microbiota growth potential and stool consistency scores within both enterotypes, we hypothesise that accelerated transit contributes to colon ecosystem differentiation. While shorter transit times can be linked to increased abundance of fast growing species in Ruminococcaceae-Bacteroides samples, hinting to a washout avoidance strategy of faster replication, this trend is absent in Prevotella-enterotyped individuals. Within this enterotype adherence to host tissue therefore appears to be a more likely bacterial strategy to cope with washout. CONCLUSIONS The strength of the associations between stool consistency and species richness, enterotypes and community composition emphasises the crucial importance of stool consistency assessment in gut metagenome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Vandeputte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwen Falony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raul Y Tito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium,VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Pal S, Woodford K, Kukuljan S, Ho S. Milk Intolerance, Beta-Casein and Lactose. Nutrients 2015; 7:7285-97. [PMID: 26404362 PMCID: PMC4586534 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
True lactose intolerance (symptoms stemming from lactose malabsorption) is less common than is widely perceived, and should be viewed as just one potential cause of cows’ milk intolerance. There is increasing evidence that A1 beta-casein, a protein produced by a major proportion of European-origin cattle but not purebred Asian or African cattle, is also associated with cows’ milk intolerance. In humans, digestion of bovine A1 beta-casein, but not the alternative A2 beta-casein, releases beta-casomorphin-7, which activates μ-opioid receptors expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and body. Studies in rodents show that milk containing A1 beta-casein significantly increases gastrointestinal transit time, production of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase compared with milk containing A2 beta-casein. Co-administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocks the myeloperoxidase and gastrointestinal motility effects, indicating opioid signaling pathway involvement. In humans, a double-blind, randomized cross-over study showed that participants consuming A1 beta-casein type cows’ milk experienced statistically significantly higher Bristol stool values compared with those receiving A2 beta-casein milk. Additionally, a statistically significant positive association between abdominal pain and stool consistency was observed when participants consumed the A1 but not the A2 diet. Further studies of the role of A1 beta-casein in milk intolerance are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Keith Woodford
- Agricultural Management Group, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sonja Kukuljan
- The a2 Milk Company (Australia) Pty Ltd, PO Box 180, Kew East, Victoria 3102, Australia.
| | - Suleen Ho
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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Verbeke KA, Boobis AR, Chiodini A, Edwards CA, Franck A, Kleerebezem M, Nauta A, Raes J, van Tol EAF, Tuohy KM. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:42-66. [PMID: 26156216 PMCID: PMC4501371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- Formerly ILSI Europe, Box 6, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 83, BE-1200, Brussels, Belgium; now European Commission, Research Executive Agency (REA) Unit B2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine A. Edwards
- Human Nutrition School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven; VIB, Leuven; DBIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kieran M. Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Faliva MA, Perna S, Allieri F, Castellazzi AM. Review on microbiota and effectiveness of probiotics use in older. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:156-162. [PMID: 25685762 PMCID: PMC4317609 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present systematic review is to summarize the existing knowledge about the human microbiota in the elderly and the effects of probiotics in elderly population. The elderly subjects, compared to adult population, show a reduction in the diversity of the microbiota, characterized by a large interindividual variability, with lower numbers of Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria, Clostridium cluster XIV, Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii, Blautia coccoides-Eubacterium rectal and higher presence of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidetes. These differences of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly may not necessarily be caused by aging, but they could be associated with the decline of the general state of health with malnutrition and with increased need for medication, such as antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, situations that occur frequently in the elderly. Differences have been demonstrated in the composition of the microbiota between healthy elderly subjects and hospitalized or institutionalized elderly subjects. These findings which further indicates that the living conditions, health status, nutrition and drugs have a significant effect on the composition of the microbiota. According to the available knowledge, the use of probiotics is safe and could represent an useful intervention to prevent or treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea, in addition to reducing the severity of symptoms, other than to help the management of constipation.
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Mishima E, Fukuda S, Shima H, Hirayama A, Akiyama Y, Takeuchi Y, Fukuda NN, Suzuki T, Suzuki C, Yuri A, Kikuchi K, Tomioka Y, Ito S, Soga T, Abe T. Alteration of the Intestinal Environment by Lubiprostone Is Associated with Amelioration of Adenine-Induced CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1787-94. [PMID: 25525179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of uremic toxins is involved in the progression of CKD. Various uremic toxins are derived from gut microbiota, and an imbalance of gut microbiota or dysbiosis is related to renal failure. However, the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiota and renal failure are still obscure. Using an adenine-induced renal failure mouse model, we evaluated the effects of the ClC-2 chloride channel activator lubiprostone (commonly used for the treatment of constipation) on CKD. Oral administration of lubiprostone (500 µg/kg per day) changed the fecal and intestinal properties in mice with renal failure. Additionally, lubiprostone treatment reduced the elevated BUN and protected against tubulointerstitial damage, renal fibrosis, and inflammation. Gut microbiome analysis of 16S rRNA genes in the renal failure mice showed that lubiprostone treatment altered their microbial composition, especially the recovery of the levels of the Lactobacillaceae family and Prevotella genus, which were significantly reduced in the renal failure mice. Furthermore, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis showed that lubiprostone treatment decreased the plasma level of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate and hippurate, which are derived from gut microbiota, and a more recently discovered uremic toxin, trans-aconitate. These results suggest that lubiprostone ameliorates the progression of CKD and the accumulation of uremic toxins by improving the gut microbiota and intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eikan Mishima
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisato Shima
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Akiyama
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Noriko N Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Chitose Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Akinori Yuri
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Koichi Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
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40
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Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Gloor GB, Wolever TMS. Evidence for greater production of colonic short-chain fatty acids in overweight than lean humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1525-31. [PMID: 24642959 PMCID: PMC3970979 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by colonic microbiota from dietary carbohydrates and proteins that reach the colon. It has been suggested that SCFA may promote obesity via increased colonic energy availability. Recent studies suggest obese humans have higher faecal SCFA than lean, but it is unclear whether this difference is due to increased SCFA production or reduced absorption. OBJECTIVES To compare rectal SCFA absorption, dietary intake and faecal microbial profile in lean (LN) versus overweight and obese (OWO) individuals. DESIGN Eleven LN and eleven OWO individuals completed a 3-day diet record, provided a fresh faecal sample and had SCFA absorption measured using the rectal dialysis bag method. The procedures were repeated after 2 weeks. RESULTS Age-adjusted faecal SCFA concentration was significantly higher in OWO than LN individuals (81.3±7.4 vs 64.1±10.4 mmol kg(-1), P=0.023). SCFA absorption (24.4±0.8% vs 24.7±1.2%, respectively, P=0.787) and dietary intakes were similar between the groups, except for a higher fat intake in OWO individuals. However, fat intake did not correlate with SCFAs or bacterial abundance. OWO individuals had higher relative Firmicutes abundance (83.1±4.1 vs 69.5±5.8%, respectively, P=0.008) and a higher Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio (P=0.023) than LN individuals. There was a positive correlation between Firmicutes and faecal SCFA within the whole group (r=0.507, P=0.044), with a stronger correlation after adjusting for available carbohydrate (r=0.615, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The higher faecal SCFA in OWO individuals is not because of differences in SCFA absorption or diet. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that OWO individuals produce more colonic SCFA than LN individuals because of differences in colonic microbiota. However, further studies are needed to prove this.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahat-Rozenbloom
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T M S Wolever
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Abstract
Prior to the availability of hemodialysis, dietary protein restriction played a large part in the treatment of uremia. This therapy was based on observations that uremic symptoms increased with high protein intake. Early investigators thus presumed that "uremic toxins" were derived from the breakdown of dietary protein; its restriction improved uremic symptoms but caused malnutrition. After the availability of hemodialysis, protein restriction was no longer recommended. Studies in healthy subjects have shown that an intake of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day is adequate to prevent protein malnutrition. Guidelines for hemodialysis patients, however, currently recommend higher protein intakes of 1.2 g/kg/day. A downside to higher intake may be increased production of protein-derived uremic solutes that caused the symptoms observed by early investigators. Some of these solutes are produced by colon microbes acting on protein which escapes digestion in the small intestine. Increasing dietary fiber may reduce the production of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients without adverse effects of protein restriction. Fiber comprises carbohydrates and related substances that are resistant to digestion in the small intestine. Upon delivery to the colon, fiber is broken down to short chain fatty acids, providing energy to both the microbes and the host. With an increased energy supply, the microbes can incorporate dietary protein for growth rather than breaking them down to uremic solutes. Increasing fiber intake in hemodialysis patients has been shown to reduce the plasma levels of selected colon-derived solutes. Further studies are needed to test whether this provides clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Sirich
- Departments of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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42
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Kettle H, Louis P, Holtrop G, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Modelling the emergent dynamics and major metabolites of the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1615-30. [PMID: 25142831 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a first attempt at modelling microbial dynamics in the human colon incorporating both uncertainty and adaptation. This is based on the development of a Monod-equation based, differential equation model, which produces computer simulations of the population dynamics and major metabolites of microbial communities from the human colon. To reduce the complexity of the system, we divide the bacterial community into 10 bacterial functional groups (BFGs) each distinguished by its substrate preferences, metabolic pathways and its preferred pH range. The model simulates the growth of a large number of bacterial strains and incorporates variation in microbiota composition between people, while also allowing succession and enabling adaptation to environmental changes. The model is shown to reproduce many of the observed changes in major phylogenetic groups and key metabolites such as butyrate, acetate and propionate in response to a one unit pH shift in experimental continuous flow fermentors inoculated with human faecal microbiota. Nevertheless, it should be regarded as a learning tool to be updated as our knowledge of bacterial groups and their interactions expands. Given the difficulty of accessing the colon, modelling can play an extremely important role in interpreting experimental data and predicting the consequences of dietary modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kettle
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK
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43
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Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ. The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:661-72. [PMID: 25198138 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1693] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the human intestinal microbiota contributes to the aetiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), not only via the pro-carcinogenic activities of specific pathogens but also via the influence of the wider microbial community, particularly its metabolome. Recent data have shown that the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate function in the suppression of inflammation and cancer, whereas other microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids, promote carcinogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the relationship between diet, microbial metabolism and CRC and argue that the cumulative effects of microbial metabolites should be considered in order to better predict and prevent cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Louis
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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44
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Wichmann A, Allahyar A, Greiner TU, Plovier H, Lundén GÖ, Larsson T, Drucker DJ, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Bäckhed F. Microbial modulation of energy availability in the colon regulates intestinal transit. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:582-90. [PMID: 24237703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota contribute to host metabolic efficiency by increasing energy availability through the fermentation of dietary fiber and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon. SCFAs are proposed to stimulate secretion of the proglucagon (Gcg)-derived incretin hormone GLP-1, which stimulates insulin secretion (incretin response) and inhibits gastric emptying. We find that germ-free (GF) and antibiotic-treated mice, which have severely reduced SCFA levels, have increased basal GLP-1 levels in the plasma and increased Gcg expression in the colon. Increasing energy supply, either through colonization with polysaccharide-fermenting bacteria or through diet, suppressed colonic Gcg expression in GF mice. Increased GLP-1 levels in GF mice did not improve the incretin response but instead slowed intestinal transit. Thus, microbiota regulate the basal levels of GLP-1, and increasing these levels may be an adaptive response to insufficient energy availability in the colon that slows intestinal transit and allows for greater nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wichmann
- Wallenberg Laboratory/Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
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45
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Kim JM. [Roles of enteric microbial composition and metabolism in health and diseases]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2014; 62:191-205. [PMID: 24162706 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2013.62.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A complex microbiota colonizes mucosal layers in different regions of the human gut. In the healthy state, the microbial communities provide nutrients and energy to the host via fermentation of non-digestible dietary components in the large intestine. In contrast, they can play roles in inflammation and infection, including gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic syndrome such as obesity. However, because of the complexity of the microbial community, the functional connections between the enteric microbiota and metabolism are less well understood. Nevertheless, major progress has been made in defining dominant bacterial species, community profiles, and systemic characteristics that produce stable microbiota beneficial to health, and in identifying their roles in enteric metabolism. Through studies in both mice and humans, we are recently in a better position to understand what effect the enteric microbiota has on the metabolism by improving energy yield from food and modulating dietary components. Achieving better knowledge of this information may provide insights into new possibilities that reconstitution of enteric microbiota via diet can provide the maintenance of healthy state and therapeutic/preventive strategies against metabolic syndrome such as obesity. This review focuses on enteric microbial composition and metabolism on healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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46
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Influence of stressor-induced nervous system activation on the intestinal microbiota and the importance for immunomodulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:255-76. [PMID: 24997038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The body is colonized by a vast population of genetically diverse microbes, the majority of which reside within the intestines to comprise the intestinal microbiota. During periods of homeostasis, these microbes reside within stable climax communities, but exposure to physical, physiological, as well as psychological stressors can significantly impact the structure of the intestinal microbiota. This has been demonstrated in humans and laboratory animals, with the most consistent finding being a reduction in the abundance of bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus. Whether stressor exposure also changes the function of the microbiota, has not been as highly studied. The studies presented in this review suggest that stressor-induced disruption of the intestinal microbiota leads to increased susceptibility to enteric infection and overproduction of inflammatory mediators that can induce behavioral abnormalities, such as anxiety-like behavior. Studies involving germfree mice also demonstrate that the microbiota are necessary for stressor-induced increases in innate immunity to occur. Exposing mice to a social stressor enhances splenic macrophage microbicidal activity, but this effect fails to occur in germfree mice. These studies suggest a paradigm in which stressor exposure alters homeostatic interactions between the intestinal microbiota and mucosal immune system and leads to the translocation of pathogenic, and/or commensal, microbes from the lumen of the intestines to the interior of the body where they trigger systemic inflammatory responses and anxiety-like behavior. Restoring homeostasis in the intestines, either by removing the microbiota or by administering probiotic microorganisms, can ameliorate the stressor effects.
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47
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Basilisco G, Coletta M. Chronic constipation: a critical review. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:886-93. [PMID: 23639342 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic constipation is a very common symptom that is rarely associated with life-threatening diseases, but has a substantial impact on patient quality of life and consumption of healthcare resources. Despite the large number of affected patients and the social relevance of the condition, no cost-effectiveness analysis has been made of any diagnostic or therapeutic algorithm, and there are few data comparing different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the long term. In this scenario, increasing emphasis has been placed on demonstrating that a number of older and new therapeutic options are effective in treating chronic constipation in well-performed randomised controlled trials, but there is still debate as to when these therapeutic options should be included in diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The aim of this review is to perform a critical evaluation of the current diagnostic and therapeutic options available for adult patients with chronic constipation in order to identify a rational patient approach; furthermore we attempt to clarify some of the more controversial points to aid clinicians in managing this symptom in a more efficacious and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Basilisco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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48
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He X, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Emerging aspects of food and nutrition on gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9559-9574. [PMID: 24028159 DOI: 10.1021/jf4029046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human health. From an evolutionary perspective, human dietary history can be viewed as a central factor in the selection of the gut microbial community and stabilization of the mutualistic host-microbial interaction, that together drive host phenotype. Herein, current knowledge concerning the influence of major dietary macrostructure and individual food ingredients is presented. This knowledge will provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management and, ultimately, movement toward an era of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition and ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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49
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Petricevic L, Domig KJ, Nierscher FJ, Sandhofer MJ, Krondorfer I, Kneifel W, Kiss H. Differences in the vaginal lactobacilli of postmenopausal women and influence of rectal lactobacilli. Climacteric 2012; 16:356-61. [PMID: 23113473 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2012.725788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to characterize the Lactobacillus spp. dominating the vaginal microbiota of healthy postmenopausal women and to determine the possible influence of rectal lactobacilli. METHODS Sixty postmenopausal women aged 55-65 years without clinical signs of vaginal infection not receiving hormone replacement therapy were included in this cross-sectional observational study. Based on Gram-stained smears, 30 women with a normal vaginal flora (Nugent score 0) were included in Group 1, and 30 women with an intermediate vaginal flora characterized by an absence of vaginal lactobacilli (Nugent score 4) were included in Group 2. Vaginal and rectal smears were taken for molecular lactobacillus profiling using polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Diversity of vaginal and rectal lactobacilli in postmenopausal women was the main outcome measure. RESULTS We noticed a minor interference of gut lactic acid bacteria on a normal vaginal microflora dominated by lactobacilli strains of the L. delbrueckii group. When the normal vaginal microflora is disturbed by depletion of lactobacilli, the gut may function as a reservoir for lactobacilli of the L. casei group, which then colonize the vagina. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that rectal lactobacilli may affect the vaginal flora of postmenopausal women in the case of lactobacillary absence and help to maintain a normal vaginal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petricevic
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetomaternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Abstract
Diet-derived carbohydrates that are not fully digested in the upper gut, known as nondigestible carbohydrates, provide a major source of energy for bacteria that colonize the human large intestine. It is well established that dietary intake of nondigestible carbohydrates influences microbial fermentation and total bacterial numbers in the colon. Recent evidence from molecular ecology has also shown that the amount and type of nondigestible carbohydrates (e.g., resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and prebiotics) influences the species composition of the intestinal microbiota both in short-term dietary interventions and in response to habitual long-term dietary intake. Interindividual variation in gut microbiota may, in part, reflect differences in dietary intake, but the response of the gut microbiota to dietary change can also differ among individuals. As a better understanding is gained of the impact of different groups of bacteria on host metabolism, the ability to manipulate the microbiota through diet should provide a route for delivering health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Flint
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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