1
|
Zhang X, Zhu S, Zhang F, Zhao G, Zhang X, Zhu W, Li D. Utilizing daily excessive concentration hours to estimate small for gestational age infants attributable to fine particulate matter in Wuhan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38576314 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2337835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Limited studies in China have explored the association between gravidae exposure to PM2.5 and small for gestational age infants (SGA), yielding inconsistent results. This study in Wuhan utilized daily excessive concentration hours (DECH) as a novel measure to assess PM2.5's impact on SGA. Data on air pollutants and pregnant women were collected from the Wuhan Municipal Ecology and Environmental Bureau and Wuhan Children's Hospital, respectively. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the contribution of PM2.5-DECH and PM2.5-mean to SGA. Significant correlations were observed between PM2.5-mean and SGA during the second trimester [OR = 1.23 (95% CI: 1.14-1.32)] and the entire pregnancy [OR = 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07-1.24)]. Similar correlations were found between PM2.5-DECH and SGA. These findings suggest that increased PM2.5 exposure is associated with a higher risk of SGA, and DECH may be used as a prospective substitute indicator for daily average concentration in similar studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxue Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaichan Zhao
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xupeng Zhang
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dejia Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wicki B, Flückiger B, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Röösli M, Ragettli MS. Socio-environmental modifiers of heat-related mortality in eight Swiss cities: A case time series analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118116. [PMID: 38184064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In the light of growing urbanization and projected temperature increases due to climate change, heat-related mortality in urban areas is a pressing public health concern. Heat exposure and vulnerability to heat may vary within cities depending on structural features and socioeconomic factors. This study examined the effect modification of the temperature-mortality association of three socio-environmental factors in eight Swiss cities and population subgroups (<75 and ≥ 75 years, males, females): urban heat islands (UHI) based on within-city temperature contrasts, residential greenness measured as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and neighborhood socioeconomic position (SEP). We used individual death records from the Swiss National Cohort occurring during the warm season (May to September) in the years 2003-2016. We performed a case time series analysis using conditional quasi-Poisson and distributed lag non-linear models with a lag of 0-3 days. As exposure variables, we used daily maximum temperatures (Tmax) and a binary indicator for warm nights (Tmin ≥20 °C). In total, 53,593 deaths occurred during the study period. Overall across the eight cities, the mortality risk increased by 31% (1.31 relative risk (95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.42)) between 22.5 °C (the minimum mortality temperature) and 35 °C (the 99th percentile) for warm-season Tmax. Stratified analysis suggested that the heat-related risk at 35 °C is 26% (95%CI: -4%, 67%) higher in UHI compared to non-UHI areas. Indications of smaller risk differences were observed between the low vs. high greenness strata (Relative risk difference = 13% (95%CI: -11%; 44%)). Living in low SEP neighborhoods was associated with an increased heat related risk in the non-elderly population (<75 years). Our results indicate that UHI are associated with increased heat-related mortality risk within Swiss cities, and that features beyond greenness are responsible for such spatial risk differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wicki
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Flückiger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina S Ragettli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zafeiratou S, Samoli E, Analitis A, Gasparrini A, Stafoggia M, de’ Donato FK, Rao S, Zhang S, Breitner S, Masselot P, Aunan K, Schneider A, Katsouyanni K. Assessing heat effects on respiratory mortality and location characteristics as modifiers of heat effects at a small area scale in Central-Northern Europe. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e269. [PMID: 37840857 PMCID: PMC10569755 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat effects on respiratory mortality are known, mostly from time-series studies of city-wide data. A limited number of studies have been conducted at the national level or covering non-urban areas. Effect modification by area-level factors has not been extensively investigated. Our study assessed the heat effects on respiratory mortality at a small administrative area level in Norway, Germany, and England and Wales, in the warm period (May-September) within 1996-2018. Also, we examined possible effect modification by several area-level characteristics in the framework of the EU-Horizon2020 EXHAUSTION project. Methods Daily respiratory mortality counts and modeled air temperature data were collected for Norway, Germany, and England and Wales at a small administrative area level. The temperature-mortality association was assessed by small area-specific Poisson regression allowing for overdispersion, using distributed lag non-linear models. Estimates were pooled at the national level and overall using a random-effect meta-analysis. Age- and sex-specific models were also applied. A multilevel random-effects model was applied to investigate the modification of the heat effects by area-level factors. Results A rise in temperature from the 75th to 99th percentile was associated with a 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19%, 34%) increase in respiratory mortality, with higher effects for females. Increased population density and PM2.5 concentrations were associated with stronger heat effects on mortality. Conclusions Our study strengthens the evidence of adverse heat effects on respiratory mortality in Northern Europe by identifying vulnerable subgroups and subregions. This may contribute to the development of targeted policies for adaptation to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zafeiratou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Analitis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service (ASL ROMA 1), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Shilpa Rao
- Division for Climate and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Aunan
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Norway
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang S, Breitner S, Rai M, Nikolaou N, Stafoggia M, De' Donato F, Samoli E, Zafeiratou S, Katsouyanni K, Rao S, Palomares ADL, Gasparrini A, Masselot P, Aunan K, Peters A, Schneider A. Assessment of short-term heat effects on cardiovascular mortality and vulnerability factors using small area data in Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108154. [PMID: 37603993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term associations between heat and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have been examined mostly in large cities. However, different vulnerability and exposure levels may contribute to spatial heterogeneity. This study assessed heat effects on CVD mortality and potential vulnerability factors using data from three European countries, including urban and rural settings. METHODS We collected daily counts of CVD deaths aggregated at the small-area level in Norway (small-area level: municipality), England and Wales (lower super output areas), and Germany (district) during the warm season (May-September) from 1996 to 2018. Daily mean air temperatures estimated by spatial-temporal models were assigned to each small area. Within each country, we applied area-specific Quasi-Poisson regression using distributed lag nonlinear models to examine the heat effects at lag 0-1 days. The area-specific estimates were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis to derive country-specific and overall heat effects. We examined individual- and area-level heat vulnerability factors by subgroup analyses and meta-regression, respectively. RESULTS We included 2.84 million CVD deaths in analyses. For an increase in temperature from the 75th to the 99th percentile, the pooled relative risk (RR) for CVD mortality was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.26), with the country-specific RRs ranging from 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) in Norway to 1.24 (1.23, 1.26) in Germany. Heat effects were stronger among women [RRs (95% CIs) for women and men: 1.18 (1.08, 1.28) vs. 1.12 (1.00, 1.24)]. Greater heat vulnerability was observed in areas with high population density, high degree of urbanization, low green coverage, and high levels of fine particulate matter. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the heat effects on CVD mortality in European countries using high-resolution data from both urban and rural areas. Besides, we identified individual- and area-level heat vulnerability factors. Our findings may facilitate the development of heat-health action plans to increase resilience to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Masna Rai
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service - ASL ROMA 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De' Donato
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service - ASL ROMA 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Zafeiratou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kristin Aunan
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Norway
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ho JY, Shi Y, Lau KKL, Ng EYY, Ren C, Goggins WB. Urban heat island effect-related mortality under extreme heat and non-extreme heat scenarios: A 2010-2019 case study in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159791. [PMID: 36328261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) effect exacerbates the adverse impact of heat on human health. However, while the UHI effect is further intensified during extreme heat events, prior studies have rarely mapped the UHI effect during extreme heat events to assess its direct temperature impact on mortality. This study examined the UHI effect during extreme heat and non-extreme heat scenarios and compared their temperature-mortality associations in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2019. Four urban heat island degree hour (UHIdh) scenarios were mapped onto Hong Kong's tertiary planning units and classified into three levels (Low, Moderate, and High). We assessed the association between temperature and non-external mortality of populations living in each UHIdh level for the extreme heat/non-extreme heat scenarios during the 2010-2019 hot seasons. Our results showed substantial differences between the temperature-mortality associations in the three levels under the UHIdh extreme heat scenario (UHIdh_EH). While there was no evidence of increased mortality in Low UHIdh_EH areas, the mortality risk in Moderate and High UHIdh_EH areas were significantly increased during periods of hot temperature, with the High UHIdh_EH areas displaying almost double the risk (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.14 vs. RR: 1.05, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.09). However, other non-extreme heat UHI scenarios did not demonstrate as prominent of a difference. When stratified by age, the heat effects were found in Moderate and High UHIdh_EH among the elderly aged 75 and above. Our study found a difference in the temperature-mortality associations based on UHI intensity and potential heat vulnerability of populations during extreme heat events. Preventive measures should be taken to mitigate heat especially in urban areas with high UHI intensity during extreme heat events, with particular attention and support for those prone to heat vulnerability, such as the elderly and poorer populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K L Lau
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Edward Y Y Ng
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Division of Landscape Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William B Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith IA, Fabian MP, Hutyra LR. Urban green space and albedo impacts on surface temperature across seven United States cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159663. [PMID: 36302415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extreme heat represents a growing threat to public health, especially across the densely populated, developed landscape of cities. Climate adaptation strategies that aim to manage urban microclimates through purposeful design can reduce the heat exposure of urban populations, however, it is unclear how the temperature impacts of urban green space and albedo vary across cities and background climate. This study quantifies the sensitivity of surface temperature to landcover characteristics tied to two widely used climate adaptation strategies, urban greening and albedo manipulation (e.g. white roofs), by combining long-term remote sensing observations of land surface temperature, albedo, and moisture with high-resolution landcover datasets in a spatial regression analysis at the census block scale across seven United States cities. We find tree cover to have an average cooling impact of -0.089 K per % cover, which is approximately four times stronger than the average grass cover cooling impact of -0.021 K per % cover. Variability in the magnitude of grass cover cooling impacts was primarily a function of vegetation moisture content, with the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) explaining 89 % of the variability in grass cover cooling impacts across cities. Variability in tree cover cooling impacts was primarily a function of sunlight and vegetation moisture content, with solar irradiance and LSWI explaining 97 % of the cooling variability across cities. Albedo cooling impacts were consistent across cities with an average cooling impact of -0.187 K per increase of 0.01. While these interventions are broadly effective across cities, there are critical regional trade-offs between vegetation cooling efficiency, irrigation requirements, and the temporal duration and evolution of the cooling benefits. In warm, arid cities, high albedo surfaces offer multifaceted benefits such as cooling and water conservation, whereas temperate, mesic cities likely benefit from a combination of strategies, with greening efforts targeting highly paved neighborhoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Smith
- Boston University, Department of Earth & Environment, 685 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - M Patricia Fabian
- Boston University, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lucy R Hutyra
- Boston University, Department of Earth & Environment, 685 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Y, Mao Y, Li Y, Tang T, Jiang H, Qiao S, Lin S, Zheng Z, Fang Z, Chen X. Field investigation of the heat stress in outdoor of healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment in South China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1166056. [PMID: 37143989 PMCID: PMC10151780 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), healthcare workers (HCWs) wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) has become a common phenomenon. COVID-19 outbreaks overlap with heat waves, and healthcare workers must unfortunately wear PPE during hot weather and experience excessive heat stress. Healthcare workers are at risk of developing heat-related health problems during hot periods in South China. The investigation of thermal response to heat stress among HCWs when they do not wear PPE and when they finish work wearing PPE, and the impact of PPE use on HCWs' physical health were conducted. The field survey were conducted in Guangzhou, including 11 districts. In this survey, HCWs were invited to answer a questionnaire about their heat perception in the thermal environment around them. Most HCWs experienced discomfort in their back, head, face, etc., and nearly 80% of HCWs experienced "profuse sweating." Up to 96.81% of HCWs felt "hot" or "very hot." The air temperature had a significant impact on thermal comfort. Healthcare workers' whole thermal sensation and local thermal sensation were increased significantly by wearing PPE and their thermal sensation vote (TSV) tended towards "very hot." The adaptive ability of the healthcare workers would decreased while wearing PPE. In addition, the accept range of the air temperature (T a) were determined in this investigation. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Mao
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianwei Tang
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sicheng Qiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaosong Fang
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaosong Fang,
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A study of physical factors influencing park cooling intensities and their effects in different time of the day. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Huang Z, Chan EYY, Wong CS, Zee BCY. Spatiotemporal relationship between temperature and non-accidental mortality: Assessing effect modification by socioeconomic status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155497. [PMID: 35483463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most published studies have assessed the overall health impact of temperature by using one-station or multiple-station averaged meteorological and air quality data. Concern has arisen about whether the temperature health impact is homogeneous across the whole territory geographically, since green space and socioeconomic factors may modify the impact. OBJECTIVE This study aims at investigating how small-area mortality is modified by local temperature and other meteorological, air quality, green space, and socioeconomic factors of small geographic units in a subtropical urban setting. METHODS Data on meteorological, air pollutants, and non-accidental mortality count in Hong Kong during 2006-2016 were obtained. Combined with green space and socioeconomic data, spatiotemporal analysis using Generalized Additive Mixed Models was conducted to examine the temperature-mortality relationship, adjusted for seasonality, long-term trend, other meteorological factors, pollutants, socioeconomic characteristics and green space. RESULTS Socioeconomic status was found to modify the temporal temperature-mortality relationship. A J-shape association was identified for most areas in Hong Kong, where a sharp increase of mortality was observed when daily minimum temperature dropped lower than the turning point. However, for people living in the most affluent areas, after the initial increase there was a decrease of mortality for colder days. Besides, when comparing the two spatiotemporal models (i.e. using nearby or central temperature monitoring station), while leaving the other predictors unchanged, this study showed that there was little difference in the overall model performances. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the daily fluctuation of mortality was associated with daily temperature, while the spatial variation of mortality within this city could be explained by the geographical distribution of green space and socioeconomic factors. Since people living in affluent areas were found to be more tolerant of cold temperatures, it would be more efficient to tailor cold temperature health education and warning information for socioeconomically deprived communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Ying Yang Chan
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; GX Foundation, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi Shing Wong
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benny Chung Ying Zee
- Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics (CCRB), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Office of Research and Knowledge Transfer Services (ORKTS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Residential Buildings’ Real Estate Values Linked to Summer Surface Thermal Anomaly Patterns and Urban Features: A Florence (Italy) Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate-change-related extreme events impact ecosystems, people, economy, and infrastructures, with important consequences on the real estate market as well. This study aims to investigate the variation of residential buildings’ real estate values in a historic Italian city in relation to the summer surface thermal anomaly pattern and urban features surrounding buildings. Open data from remote sensing products and the national database of the Revenue Agency of Italy were used. Real estate values of residential buildings were spatially analyzed in four urban belts, and the association with daytime summer surface hot- and cool-spot zones was studied through odds ratio (OR) statistic. Urban features (impervious area, tree cover, grassland area, and water body) surrounding residential buildings with different real estate values were also analyzed. Considering the whole Florentine municipality, 13.0% of residential buildings fell into hot-spot zones (only 0.6% into cool-spot ones), characterized by very low tree cover surfaces (generally <1%), most of which were in the central belt (37% of all buildings in central belt). Almost 10% of these buildings belonged to the highest market value class revealing a positive association (OR = 1.53) with hot-spot zones. This study provides useful information to plan targeted building interventions to avoid a probable decrease of the value of residential properties in high heat-related risk areas.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gasparrini A, Masselot P, Scortichini M, Schneider R, Mistry MN, Sera F, Macintyre HL, Phalkey R, Vicedo-Cabrera AM. Small-area assessment of temperature-related mortality risks in England and Wales: a case time series analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e557-e564. [PMID: 35809585 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological literature on the health risks associated with non-optimal temperature has mostly reported average estimates across large areas or specific population groups. However, the heterogeneous distribution of drivers of vulnerability can result in local differences in health risks associated with heat and cold. We aimed to analyse the association between ambient air temperature and all-cause mortality across England and Wales and characterise small scale patterns in temperature-related mortality risks and impacts. METHODS We performed a country-wide small-area analysis using data on all-cause mortality and air temperature for 34 753 lower super output areas (LSOAs) within 348 local authority districts (LADs) across England and Wales between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2019. We first performed a case time series analysis of LSOA-specific and age-specific mortality series matched with 1 × 1 km gridded temperature data using distributed lag non-linear models, and then a repeated-measure multivariate meta-regression to pool LAD-specific estimates using area-level climatological, socioeconomic, and topographical predictors. FINDINGS The final analysis included 10 716 879 deaths from all causes. The small-area assessment estimated that each year in England and Wales, there was on average 791 excess deaths (empirical 95% CI 611-957) attributable to heat and 60 573 (55 796-65 145) attributable to cold, corresponding to standardised excess mortality rates of 1·57 deaths (empirical 95% CI 1·21-1·90) per 100 000 person-years for heat and 122·34 deaths (112·90-131·52) per 100 000 person-years for cold. The risks increased with age and were highly heterogeneous geographically, with the minimum mortality temperature ranging from 14·9°C to 22·6°C. Heat-related mortality was higher in urban areas, whereas cold-related mortality showed a more nuanced geographical pattern and increased risk in areas with greater socioeconomic deprivation. INTERPRETATION This study provides a comprehensive assessment of excess mortality related to non-optimal outdoor temperature, with several risk indicators reported by age and multiple geographical levels. The analysis provides detailed risk maps that are useful for designing effective public health and climate policies at both local and national levels. FUNDING Medical Research Council, Natural Environment Research Council, EU Horizon 2020 Programme, National Institute of Health Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environment, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environment, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rochelle Schneider
- Department of Public Health, Environment, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Φ-Lab, European Space Agency, Frascati, Italy; Department of Forecasts, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, Reading, UK
| | - Malcolm N Mistry
- Department of Public Health, Environment, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Public Health, Environment, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Helen L Macintyre
- Climate Change and Health Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK; School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Revati Phalkey
- Climate Change and Health Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK; Heidelberg Institute for Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernández-Barrés S, Robinson O, Fossati S, Márquez S, Basagaña X, de Bont J, de Castro M, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Maitre L, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Romaguera D, Urquiza J, Chatzi L, Iakovides M, Vafeiadi M, Grazuleviciene R, Dedele A, Andrusaityte S, Marit Aasvang G, Evandt J, Hjertager Krog N, Lepeule J, Heude B, Wright J, McEachan RRC, Sassi F, Vineis P, Vrijheid M. Urban environment and health behaviours in children from six European countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107319. [PMID: 35667344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban environmental design is increasingly considered influential for health and wellbeing, but evidence is mostly based on adults and single exposure studies. We evaluated the association between a wide range of urban environment characteristics and health behaviours in childhood. METHODS We estimated exposure to 32 urban environment characteristics (related to the built environment, traffic, and natural spaces) for home and school addresses of 1,581 children aged 6-11 years from six European cohorts. We collected information on health behaviours including total amount of overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, physical activity outside school hours, active transport, sedentary behaviours and sleep duration, and developed patterns of behaviours with principal component analysis. We used an exposure-wide association study to screen all exposure-outcome associations, and the deletion-substitution-addition algorithm to build a final multi-exposure model. RESULTS In multi-exposure models, green spaces (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) were positively associated with active transport, and inversely associated with sedentary time (22.71 min/day less (95 %CI -39.90, -5.51) per interquartile range increase in NDVI). Residence in densely built areas was associated with more physical activity and less sedentary time, and densely populated areas with less physical activity outside school hours and more sedentary time. Presence of a major road was associated with lower sleep duration (-4.80 min/day (95 %CI -9.11, -0.48); compared with no major road). Results for the behavioural patterns were similar. CONCLUSIONS This multicohort study suggests that areas with more vegetation, more building density, less population density and without major roads are associated with improved health behaviours in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Fernández-Barrés
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK (Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Serena Fossati
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9239, USA
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Str., 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece (Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Regina Grazuleviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania (Vileikos g. 8 - 212, LT-44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania (Vileikos g. 8 - 212, LT-44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania (Vileikos g. 8 - 212, LT-44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gunn Marit Aasvang
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn Evandt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Norun Hjertager Krog
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, IAB, Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris-cité, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, F-75004 Paris, France
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK (Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, BD9 6RJ Bradford, UK
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK (Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, BD9 6RJ Bradford, UK
| | - Franco Sassi
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK (Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain (Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain (Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Local Climate Zones, Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Interactions: Case Study of Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current application of local climate zones (LCZs) often ends with (inter)zonal comparation of land surface temperature (LST) or air temperature (AT). LST evaluation employs an enhanced concept of LCZs together with cluster analysis for LCZs grouped based on LST. The paper attempts to combine them into a complex approach derived from the case study on a medium-sized Central European city (Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic). In particular, the paper addresses the following. (i) The relation of LST and AT, when the daily course of temperature profile ranging clear off the surface up to 2 m was fitted by a rational 2D function. The obtained equation enables derivation of the AT from LST and vice versa. (ii) The differences in thermal response of LCZs based on LST or AT, where the highest average LST and average maximum LST show LCZs 10, 2, 3 and 8, i.e., with a significant proportion of artificial surfaces. The cluster of LCZs with a significant representation of vegetation, LCZs 9, B, D, A and G, have significantly lower LST. (iii) The contribution of LCZs to understanding of LST/AT relation and whether their specific relation could be expected in particular LCZs, when subsequent interaction assessment of LST and AT revealed statistically their significant correlation in LCZs for certain cases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rubaszek J, Szymanowski M, Michalski A, Tatko R, Weber-Siwirska M. Procedure for the selection and evaluation of prefabricated housing buildings for the implementation of green roofs in the context of Urban Heat Island mitigation. The example of Wrocław, Poland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258641. [PMID: 34648584 PMCID: PMC8516204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the suitability of existing buildings for implementation of green roofs is an important research issue, especially in the context of Urban Heat Island (UHI), the negative impacts of which are locally exacerbated by the global warming. The studies carried out so far have covered a variety of buildings and have taken into account a range of different conditions. Relatively little attention has been paid to the possibilities of greening the roofs of prefabricated apartment blocks from the second half of the 20th century in the context of the potential climate effect. Yet, these buildings are found in many cities around the world, and seem in fact attractive for greening. In view of the above, we proposed a three-stage investigatory procedure to: (I) identify and classify buildings based on the number of floors and the rooftop available area; (II) select buildings by designating priority areas depending on the highest UHI intensity and roof density; (III) analyse the roof load capacity to develop retrofit scenarios. The procedure was applied to prefabricated housing estates built in the 1970s and 1980s in Wrocław, Poland. The research shows that there are 1962 buildings of different heights and roof area of 722405 m2, of which 480 buildings with a roof area of 122749.1 m2 were selected for greening within priority areas. The structure of the studied roofs was not designed to carry additional loads, which requires the application of complementary solutions. Scenario 1 assumes extensive greening provided that the existing ventilated roof is strengthened, scenario 2 -semi-intensive greening, which however requires the conversion of the ventilated roof to a non-ventilated one. The presented procedure can be applied in any other city with prefabricated apartment blocks and available UHI data, and serve to support the decision to implement green roofs to mitigate UHI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rubaszek
- Department of Landscape Architecture, The Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szymanowski
- Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Michalski
- Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, The Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Radosław Tatko
- Institute of Building Engineering, The Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Weber-Siwirska
- Department of Landscape Architecture, The Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Urban Heat Island and Its Regional Impacts Using Remotely Sensed Thermal Data—A Review of Recent Developments and Methodology. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many novel research algorithms have been developed to analyze urban heat island (UHI) and UHI regional impacts (UHIRIP) with remotely sensed thermal data tables. We present a comprehensive review of some important aspects of UHI and UHIRIP studies that use remotely sensed thermal data, including concepts, datasets, methodologies, and applications. We focus on reviewing progress on multi-sensor image selection, preprocessing, computing, gap filling, image fusion, deep learning, and developing new metrics. This literature review shows that new satellite sensors and valuable methods have been developed for calculating land surface temperature (LST) and UHI intensity, and for assessing UHIRIP. Additionally, some of the limitations of using remotely sensed data to analyze the LST, UHI, and UHI intensity are discussed. Finally, we review a variety of applications in UHI and UHIRIP analyses. The assimilation of time-series remotely sensed data with the application of data fusion, gap filling models, and deep learning using the Google Cloud platform and Google Earth Engine platform also has the potential to improve the estimation accuracy of change patterns of UHI and UHIRIP over long time periods.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang P, Goggins WB, Shi Y, Zhang X, Ren C, Ka-Lun Lau K. Long-term association between urban air ventilation and mortality in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111000. [PMID: 33745928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While associations between population health outcomes and some urban design characteristics, such as green space, urban heat islands (UHI), and walkability, have been well studied, no prior studies have examined the association of urban air ventilation and health outcomes. This study used data from Hong Kong, a densely populated city, to explore the association between urban air ventilation and mortality during 2008-2014. Frontal area density (FAD), was used to measure urban ventilation, with higher FAD indicating poorer ventilation, due to structures blocking wind penetration. Negative binomial regression models were constructed to regress mortality counts for each 5-year age group, gender, and small area group, on small area level variables including green space density, population density and socioeconomic indicators. An interquartile range increase in FAD was significantly associated with a 10% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2%-19%, p = 0.019) increase in all-cause mortality and a 21% (95% CI: 2%-45%, p = 0.030) increase in asthma mortality, and non-significantly associated with a 9% (95% CI: 1%-19%, p = 0.073) in cardio-respiratory mortality. Better urban ventilation can help disperse vehicle-related pollutants and allow moderation of UHIs, and for a coastal city may allow moderation of cold temperatures. Urban planning should take ventilation into account. Further studies on urban ventilation and health outcomes from different settings are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- School of Public Health, Yale University Address: P.O. Box 208034, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-0834, USA
| | - William B Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Room 406B, Wong Foo Yuan Building, Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xuyi Zhang
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 4/F, Knowles Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 4/F, Knowles Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Ka-Lun Lau
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Room 406B, Wong Foo Yuan Building, Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Increasing Green Infrastructure in Cities: Impact on Ambient Temperature, Air Quality and Heat-Related Mortality and Morbidity. BUILDINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings10120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Urban vegetation provides undeniable benefits to urban climate, health, thermal comfort and environmental quality of cities and represents one of the most considered urban heat mitigation measures. Despite the plethora of available scientific information, very little is known about the holistic and global impact of a potential increase of urban green infrastructure (GI) on urban climate, environmental quality and health, and their synergies and trade-offs. There is a need to evaluate globally the extent to which additional GI provides benefits and quantify the problems arising from the deployment of additional greenery in cities which are usually overlooked or neglected. The present paper has reviewed and analysed 55 fully evaluated scenarios and case studies investigating the impact of additional GI on urban temperature, air pollution and health for 39 cities. Statistically significant correlations between the percentage increase of the urban GI and the peak daily and night ambient temperatures are obtained. The average maximum peak daily and night-time temperature drop may not exceed 1.8 and 2.3 °C respectively, even for a maximum GI fraction. In parallel, a statistically significant correlation between the peak daily temperature decrease caused by higher GI fractions and heat-related mortality is found. When the peak daily temperature drops by 0.1 °C, then the percentage of heat-related mortality decreases on average by 3.0% The impact of additional urban GI on the concentration of urban pollutants is analysed, and the main parameters contributing to decrease or increase of the pollutants’ concentration are presented.
Collapse
|
18
|
Improving City Vitality through Urban Heat Reduction with Green Infrastructure and Design Solutions: A Systematic Literature Review. BUILDINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings10120219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cities are prone to excess heat, manifesting as urban heat islands (UHIs). UHIs impose a heat penalty upon urban inhabitants that jeopardizes human health and amplifies the escalating effects of background temperature rises and heatwaves, presenting barriers to participation in city life that diminish interaction and activity. This review paper investigates how green infrastructure, passive design and urban planning strategies—herein termed as green infrastructure and design solutions (GIDS)—can be used to cool the urban environment and improve city vitality. A systematic literature review has been undertaken connecting UHIs, city vitality and GIDS to find evidence of how qualities and conditions fundamental to the vitality of the city are diminished by heat, and ways in which these qualities and conditions may be improved through GIDS. This review reveals that comfortable thermal conditions underpin public health and foster activity—a prerequisite for a vital city—and that reducing environmental barriers to participation in urban life enhances physical and mental health as well as activity. This review finds that GIDS manage urban energy flows to reduce the development of excess urban heat and thus improve the environmental quality of urban spaces. Furthermore, it finds that the most equitable approach to urban cooling is one that reduces the intensity of the meso-scale UHI that affects all urban inhabitants. Subsequently, a cooler urban fabric based on GIDS is proposed. A cohesive approach to the widespread adoption of GIDS shows potential to produce a cooler urban fabric that is human-centered in its function and aesthetic to enhance participation in public life and stimulate life on the streets. Four spatial scales are presented in which a combination of GIDS may be collectively implemented to reduce the meso-scale UHI, including the urban, intra-urban, building and body scales. This approach considers the interacting nature of GIDS applied within contrasting urban landscapes, and aims to produce cooler urban conditions, better walking environments, and ecosystem co-benefits to stimulate participation in physical activity and public life to underpin public health, productivity and livelihoods, thereby inducing city vitality.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vrijheid M, Fossati S, Maitre L, Márquez S, Roumeliotaki T, Agier L, Andrusaityte S, Cadiou S, Casas M, de Castro M, Dedele A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Grazuleviciene R, Haug LS, McEachan R, Meltzer HM, Papadopouplou E, Robinson O, Sakhi AK, Siroux V, Sunyer J, Schwarze PE, Tamayo-Uria I, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Valentin A, Warembourg C, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Thomsen C, Basagaña X, Slama R, Chatzi L. Early-Life Environmental Exposures and Childhood Obesity: An Exposome-Wide Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67009. [PMID: 32579081 PMCID: PMC7313401 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical and nonchemical environmental exposures are increasingly suspected to influence the development of obesity, especially during early life, but studies mostly consider single exposure groups. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to systematically assess the association between a wide array of early-life environmental exposures and childhood obesity, using an exposome-wide approach. METHODS The HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) study measured child body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, and body fat mass in 1,301 children from six European birth cohorts age 6-11 y. We estimated 77 prenatal exposures and 96 childhood exposures (cross-sectionally), including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, built environment, green spaces, tobacco smoking, and biomarkers of chemical pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, metals, phthalates, phenols, and pesticides). We used an exposure-wide association study (ExWAS) to screen all exposure-outcome associations independently and used the deletion-substitution-addition (DSA) variable selection algorithm to build a final multiexposure model. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 28.8%. Maternal smoking was the only prenatal exposure variable associated with higher child BMI (z-score increase of 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.48, for active vs. no smoking). For childhood exposures, the multiexposure model identified particulate and nitrogen dioxide air pollution inside the home, urine cotinine levels indicative of secondhand smoke exposure, and residence in more densely populated areas and in areas with fewer facilities to be associated with increased child BMI. Child blood levels of copper and cesium were associated with higher BMI, and levels of organochlorine pollutants, cobalt, and molybdenum were associated with lower BMI. Similar results were found for the other adiposity outcomes. DISCUSSION This first comprehensive and systematic analysis of many suspected environmental obesogens strengthens evidence for an association of smoking, air pollution exposure, and characteristics of the built environment with childhood obesity risk. Cross-sectional biomarker results may suffer from reverse causality bias, whereby obesity status influenced the biomarker concentration. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5975.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Serena Fossati
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Solène Cadiou
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosemary McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonia Valentin
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hough I, Just AC, Zhou B, Dorman M, Lepeule J, Kloog I. A multi-resolution air temperature model for France from MODIS and Landsat thermal data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109244. [PMID: 32097815 PMCID: PMC7167357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and managing the health effects of ambient temperature (Ta) in a warming, urbanizing world requires spatially- and temporally-resolved Ta at high resolutions. This is challenging in a large area like France which includes highly variable topography, rural areas with few weather stations, and heterogeneous urban areas where Ta can vary at fine spatial scales. We have modeled daily Ta from 2000 to 2016 at a base resolution of 1 km2 across continental France and at a 200 × 200 m2 resolution over large urban areas. For each day we predict three Ta measures: minimum (Tmin), mean (Tmean), and maximum (Tmax). We start by using linear mixed models to calibrate daily Ta observations from weather stations with remotely sensed MODIS land surface temperature (LST) and other spatial predictors (e.g. NDVI, elevation) on a 1 km2 grid. We fill gaps where LST is missing (e.g. due to cloud cover) with additional mixed models that capture the relationship between predicted Ta at each location and observed Ta at nearby weather stations. The resulting 1 km Ta models perform very well, with ten-fold cross-validated R2 of 0.92, 0.97, and 0.95, mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4 °C, 0.9 °C, and 1.4 °C, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.9 °C, 1.3 °C, and 1.8 °C (Tmin, Tmean, and Tmax, respectively) for the initial calibration stage. To increase the spatial resolution over large urban areas, we train random forest and extreme gradient boosting models to predict the residuals (R) of the 1 km Ta predictions on a 200 × 200 m2 grid. In this stage we replace MODIS LST and NDVI with composited top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature and NDVI from the Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellites. We use a generalized additive model to ensemble the random forest and extreme gradient boosting predictions with weights that vary spatially and by the magnitude of the predicted residual. The 200 m models also perform well, with ten-fold cross-validated R2 of 0.79, 0.79, and 0.85, MAE of 0.4, 0.3, and 0.3, and RMSE of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.5 (Rmin, Rmean, and Rmax, respectively). Our model will reduce bias in epidemiological studies in France by improving Ta exposure assessment in both urban and rural areas, and our methodology demonstrates that MODIS and Landsat thermal data can be used to generate gap-free timeseries of daily minimum, maximum, and mean Ta at a 200 × 200 m2 spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hough
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Site Sante, Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France; Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Dorman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Site Sante, Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen D, Mayvaneh F, Baaghideh M, Entezari A, Ho HC, Xiang Q, Jiao A, Zhang F, Hu K, Chen G, Zhao Q, Sun S, Zhang Y. Utilizing daily excessive concentration hours to estimate cardiovascular mortality and years of life lost attributable to fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134909. [PMID: 31757557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Iran is scarce. Given large within-day variations of PM2.5 concentration, using the daily mean of PM2.5 (PM2.5mean) as exposure metric might bias the health-related assessment. This study applied a novel indicator, daily excessive concentration hours (DECH), to evaluate the effect of ambient PM2.5 on CVD mortality and years of life lost (YLL) in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. METHODS Hourly concentration data for PM2.5, daily information for meteorology and records of registered cardiovascular deaths from 2012 to 2016 were obtained from Tehran, Iran. Daily excessive concentration hours of PM2.5 (PM2.5DECH) was defined as daily total concentration-hours exceeding 35 μg/m3. Using a time-series design, we applied generalized linear models to assess the attributable effects of PM2.5DECH and PM2.5mean on CVD mortality and YLL. RESULTS For an interquartile range (IQR) rise in PM2.5DECH, total CVD mortality at lag 0-10 days and YLL at lag 0-8 days increased 2.26% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-3.69%) and 23.24 (6.07-40.42) person years, respectively. Corresponding increases were 3.45% (1.44-5.49%) and 35.21 (10.85-59.58) person years for an IQR rise in PM2.5mean. Significant associations between PM2.5 pollution (i.e., PM2.5mean and PM2.5DECH) and cause-specific cardiovascular health (i.e., mortality and YLL) were only identified in stroke. Subgroup analyses showed that male and people aged 0-64 years suffered more from PM2.5 pollution. Furthermore, we attributed a greater CVD burden to PM2.5DECH (1.67% for mortality and 2.67% for YLL) than PM2.5mean (0.63% for mortality and 0.70% for YLL) during the study period. CONCLUSIONS This study strengthened the evidence for the aggravated CVD mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5. Our findings also suggested that PM2.5DECH might be a potential alternative indicator of exposure assessment in PM2.5-related health investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieyi Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fatemeh Mayvaneh
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617916487, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Mohammad Baaghideh
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617916487, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Alireza Entezari
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617916487, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianqian Xiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Anqi Jiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Faxue Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kejia Hu
- Department of Precision Health and Data Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Murage P, Kovats S, Sarran C, Taylor J, McInnes R, Hajat S. What individual and neighbourhood-level factors increase the risk of heat-related mortality? A case-crossover study of over 185,000 deaths in London using high-resolution climate datasets. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105292. [PMID: 31726356 PMCID: PMC7103759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Management of the natural and built environments can help reduce the health impacts of climate change. This is particularly relevant in large cities where urban heat island makes cities warmer than the surrounding areas. We investigate how urban vegetation, housing characteristics and socio-economic factors modify the association between heat exposure and mortality in a large urban area. METHODS We linked 185,397 death records from the Greater London area during May-Sept 2007-2016 to a high resolution daily temperature dataset. We then applied conditional logistic regression within a case-crossover design to estimate the odds of death from heat exposure by individual (age, sex) and local area factors: land-use type, natural environment (vegetation index, tree cover, domestic garden), built environment (indoor temperature, housing type, lone occupancy) and socio-economic factors (deprivation, English language, level of employment and prevalence of ill-health). RESULTS Temperatures were higher in neighbourhoods with lower levels of urban vegetation and with higher levels of income deprivation, social-rented housing, and non-native English speakers. Heat-related mortality increased with temperature increase (Odds Ratio (OR), 95% CI = 1.039, 1.036-1.043 per 1 °C temperature increase). Vegetation cover showed the greatest modification effect, for example the odds of heat-related mortality in quartiles with the highest and lowest tree cover were OR, 95%CI 1.033, 1.026-1.039 and 1.043, 1.037-1.050 respectively. None of the socio-economic variables were a significant modifier of heat-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that urban vegetation can modify the mortality risk associated with heat exposure. These findings make an important contribution towards informing city-level climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Murage
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Sari Kovats
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathon Taylor
- Institute of Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Shakoor Hajat
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Urban-Rural Surface Temperature Deviation and Intra-Urban Variations Contained by an Urban Growth Boundary. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11222683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) concept describes heat trapping that elevates urban temperatures relative to rural temperatures, at least in temperate/humid regions. In drylands, urban irrigation can instead produce an urban cool island (UCI) effect. However, the UHI/UCI characterization suffers from uncertainty in choosing representative urban/rural endmembers, an artificial dichotomy between UHIs and UCIs, and lack of consistent terminology for other patterns of thermal variation at nested scales. We use the case of a historically well-enforced urban growth boundary (UGB) around Portland (Oregon, USA): to explore the representativeness of the surface temperature UHI (SUHI) as derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature data, to test common assumptions of characteristically “warm” or “cool” land covers (LCs), and to name other common urban thermal features of interest. We find that the UGB contains heat as well as sprawl, inducing a sharp surface temperature contrast across the urban/rural boundary. The contrast ranges widely depending on the end-members chosen, across a spectrum from positive (SUHI) to negative (SUCI) values. We propose a new, inclusive “urban thermal deviation” (UTD) term to span the spectrum of possible UHI-zero-UCI conditions. We also distinguish at finer scales “microthermal extremes” (MTEs), discrete areas tending in the same thermal direction as their LC or surroundings but to extreme (hot or cold) values, and microthermal anomalies (MTAs), that run counter to thermal expectations or tendencies for their LC or surroundings. The distinction is important because MTEs suggest a need for moderation in the local thermal landscape, whereas MTAs may suggest solutions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zafeiratou S, Analitis A, Founda D, Giannakopoulos C, Varotsos KV, Sismanidis P, Keramitsoglou I, Katsouyanni K. Spatial Variability in the Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Mortality: An Analysis at Municipality Level within the Greater Athens Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193689. [PMID: 31575034 PMCID: PMC6801795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variability in temperature exists within metropolitan areas but very few studies have investigated intra-urban differentiation in the temperature-mortality effects. We investigated whether local characteristics of 42 Municipalities within the Greater Athens Area lead to modified temperature effects on mortality and if effect modifiers can be identified. Generalized Estimating Equations models were used to assess the effect of high ambient temperature on the total and cause-specific daily number of deaths and meta-regression to investigate effect modification. We found significant effects of daily temperature increases on all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality (e.g., for all ages 4.16% (95% CI: 3.73,4.60%) per 1 °C increase in daily temperature (lags 0–3). Heterogeneity in the effect estimates between Municipalities was observed in several outcomes and environmental and socio-economic effect modifying variables were identified, such as % area coverage of buildings, length of roads/km2, population density, % unemployed, % born outside the EU countries and mean daily temperature. To further examine the role of temperature, we alternatively used modelled temperature per Municipality and calculated the effects. We found that heterogeneity was reduced but not eliminated. It appears that there are socioeconomic status and environmental determinants of the magnitude of heat-related effects on mortality, which are detected with some consistency and should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zafeiratou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens GR11527, Greece.
| | - Antonis Analitis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens GR11527, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Founda
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens GR15236, Greece.
| | - Christos Giannakopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens GR15236, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos V Varotsos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens GR15236, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Sismanidis
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens GR15236, Greece.
| | - Iphigenia Keramitsoglou
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens GR15236, Greece.
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens GR11527, Greece.
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ho HC, Wong MS. Urban environmental influences on the temperature-mortality relationship associated mental disorders and cardiorespiratory diseases during normal summer days in a subtropical city. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24272-24285. [PMID: 31230236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is associated with mortality risk across cities. However, there is lack of study investigating the summer effect on mortality associated with mental/behavioral disorders, especially in cities with subtropical climate. In addition, summer mortality in subtropical cities is different from tropical cities, and previous studies have not investigated the urban environmental inequality on heat mortality associated with mental/behavioral disorders. A register-based study was developed to estimate the temperature effects on decedents on days with 50th percentile of average daily temperature between 2007 and 2014 in Hong Kong (n = 133,359). Poisson regression was firstly applied to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) from the summer temperature effects on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and mortality associated with mental/behavioral disorders. For a 1 °C increase in average temperature on days with temperature ≥ 24.51 °C, IRRs of mortality associated with mental and behavioral disorders on lag 0 and lag 1 days were 1.033 [1.004, 1.062] and 1.030 [1.002, 1.060], while temperature effects on cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality during normal summer days (not extreme heat events) were not significant. A further investigation with linear regression has shown that decedents with mental/behavioral disorders on higher temperature days resided in areas with lower percentage of sky view, lower percentage of vegetation cover, higher level of neighborhood-level PM2.5, higher level of neighborhood-level NO, and higher level of neighborhood-level black carbon (BC). In order to develop protocols for community healthcare based on the "Leaving no one behind" scheme documented in the 2016 Sustainable Development Goals report of the United Nations, it is necessary to include heat effects on mental/behavioral disorders, especially people with dementia, for community planning and healthcare development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Man Sing Wong
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
- Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
O'Brien GA, Ross NA, Strachan IB. The heat penalty of walkable neighbourhoods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:429-433. [PMID: 30680624 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
"Walkability" or walking-friendliness is generally considered a favourable attribute of a neighbourhood that supports physical activity and improves health outcomes. Walkable neighbourhoods tend to have high-density infrastructure and relatively high amounts of concrete and pavement for sidewalks and streets, all of which can elevate local urban temperatures. The objective of this study was to assess whether there is a "heat penalty" associated with more walkable neighbourhoods in Montréal, Québec, Canada, using air temperature measurements taken in real time at street level during a heat event. The mean temperature of "Car-Dependent" neighbourhoods was 26.2 °C (95% CI 25.8, 26.6) whereas the mean temperature of "Walker's Paradise" neighbourhoods was 27.9 °C (95% CI 27.8, 28.1)-a difference of 1.7 °C (95% CI 1.3, 2.0). There was a strong association between higher walkability of Montréal neighbourhoods and elevated temperature (r = 0.61, p < 0.01); suggestive of a heat penalty for walkable neighbourhoods. Planning solutions that support increased walking-friendliness of neighbourhoods should consider simultaneous strategies to mitigate heat to reduce potential health consequences of the heat penalty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace A O'Brien
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian B Strachan
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schewe J, Gosling SN, Reyer C, Zhao F, Ciais P, Elliott J, Francois L, Huber V, Lotze HK, Seneviratne SI, van Vliet MTH, Vautard R, Wada Y, Breuer L, Büchner M, Carozza DA, Chang J, Coll M, Deryng D, de Wit A, Eddy TD, Folberth C, Frieler K, Friend AD, Gerten D, Gudmundsson L, Hanasaki N, Ito A, Khabarov N, Kim H, Lawrence P, Morfopoulos C, Müller C, Müller Schmied H, Orth R, Ostberg S, Pokhrel Y, Pugh TAM, Sakurai G, Satoh Y, Schmid E, Stacke T, Steenbeek J, Steinkamp J, Tang Q, Tian H, Tittensor DP, Volkholz J, Wang X, Warszawski L. State-of-the-art global models underestimate impacts from climate extremes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1005. [PMID: 30824763 PMCID: PMC6397256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Global impact models represent process-level understanding of how natural and human systems may be affected by climate change. Their projections are used in integrated assessments of climate change. Here we test, for the first time, systematically across many important systems, how well such impact models capture the impacts of extreme climate conditions. Using the 2003 European heat wave and drought as a historical analogue for comparable events in the future, we find that a majority of models underestimate the extremeness of impacts in important sectors such as agriculture, terrestrial ecosystems, and heat-related human mortality, while impacts on water resources and hydropower are overestimated in some river basins; and the spread across models is often large. This has important implications for economic assessments of climate change impacts that rely on these models. It also means that societal risks from future extreme events may be greater than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schewe
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Simon N Gosling
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joshua Elliott
- University of Chicago and ANL Computation Institute, 5735S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Louis Francois
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique/U.R. SPHERES, Université de Liège, B-4000, LIEGE, Belgium
| | - Veronika Huber
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sonia I Seneviratne
- ETH Zurich, Land-Climate Dynamics, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle T H van Vliet
- Water Systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Vautard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yoshihide Wada
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstraße 3, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Büchner
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David A Carozza
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0E8, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM - CSIC), Barcelona, E-08003, Spain
| | - Delphine Deryng
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, 15374, Germany
- IRI THEsys, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allard de Wit
- Wageningen Environmental Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler D Eddy
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Nereus Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- Nereus Program, Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences, School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Christian Folberth
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Katja Frieler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Dieter Gerten
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Gudmundsson
- ETH Zurich, Land-Climate Dynamics, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naota Hanasaki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nikolay Khabarov
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Terrestrial Science Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Catherine Morfopoulos
- Imperial College of London, Department of Life Science, Silwood Park Campus Buckhurst Rd, Berks, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hannes Müller Schmied
- Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - René Orth
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ostberg
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yadu Pokhrel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gen Sakurai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yusuke Satoh
- Water Systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Erwin Schmid
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Feistmantelstrasse 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Stacke
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Steinkamp
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 12, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiuhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DP, UK
| | - Jan Volkholz
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute of Earth System Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Lila Warszawski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evaluation of the Effect of Urban Redevelopment on Surface Urban Heat Islands. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is a global challenge with multiple consequences. One of its impacts is the increase in heatwave frequency and intensity. The risk is higher for populations living in urban areas, where the highest temperatures are generally identified, due to the urban heat island effect. This phenomenon has recently been taken into account by local elected officials. As a result, developers have decided to use solutions in redevelopment projects to combat high temperatures in urban areas. Consequently, the objective is to study the land-surface temperature evolution of six main urban redevelopments in Lyon, France, from 2000 to 2017. Three of them (the Confluence, Kaplan, and Museum sites) were composed of industrial areas that have undergone major transformations and are now tertiary or residential areas. Two sites have been more lightly transformed, particularly by increasing vegetation to reduce heat stress and urban flooding (Dock and Garibaldi Street). Finally, the Groupama Stadium has been built into agricultural and wooded areas. Changes in vegetation cover (NDVI), water (MNDWI), and moisture (NDMI) content, built areas (NDBI) and bare soil (NDBaI) are also monitored. The results show that the Confluence and Kaplan sites were accompanied by a decrease in surface temperature and an increase in vegetation and moisture, whereas the Groupama Stadium displayed a rise in surface temperature and a decrease in vegetation. On the other hand, the Museum, Dock, and Garibaldi sites did not exhibit clear and uniform trends, although an increase in surface temperature was shown in some statistical tests. The disparity of the results shows the necessity to include a significant amount of vegetation during redevelopment operations in order to reduce heat stress.
Collapse
|
29
|
Satellite-Based Spatiotemporal Trends of Canopy Urban Heat Islands and Associated Drivers in China’s 32 Major Cities. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) effect, in which urbanized areas tend to have warmer conditions compared to their rural surroundings, has drawn increasing attention in recent years. Using ground-based and satellite remote sensing data, we present a method to quantify the spatial pattern and diurnal and seasonal variations in canopy layer heat islands (CLHIs) in China’s 32 major cities during 2009 and investigate their relationships with built-up intensity (BI), nighttime lights, vegetation activity, surface albedo, and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). The results show that both the annual daytime and nighttime CLHI intensities (CLHIIs) were positive ranging from 0.2 °C to 2.2 °C and from 0.3 °C to 2.4 °C for these major cities, respectively. Higher CLHIIs were observed in the night, especially for northern parts of China. Along urban–rural gradients, the CLHI effect had an exponential decay shape and differed greatly by season. The CLHII distribution correlated positively and significantly to BI and nighttime lights. Vegetation activity was negatively correlated with the CLHII and more strongly in summer. Surface albedo showed an extremely weak correlation with the CLHII. In addition, CLHII had a strong correlation with SUHII. The annual daytime SUHII was 1.2 ± 1.1 °C (mean ± standard deviation) with 0.40 °C (95% confidence interval 0.36 to 0.44 °C) of annual daytime CLHII. The annual nighttime SUHII was 2.0 ± 0.8 °C with 1.04 °C (0.99 to 1.09 °C) of annual nighttime CLHII. Our results suggest that, reducing built-up intensity and anthropogenic heat emissions and increasing urban vegetation provide a co-benefit of mitigating SUHI and CLHI effects.
Collapse
|
30
|
The Effect of an Automated Phone Warning and Health Advisory System on Adaptation to High Heat Episodes and Health Services Use in Vulnerable Groups-Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081581. [PMID: 30046018 PMCID: PMC6121297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automated phone warning systems are increasingly used by public health authorities to protect the population from the adverse effects of extreme heat but little is known about their performance. To fill this gap, this article reports the result of a study on the impact of an automated phone heat warning system on adaptation behaviours and health services use. A sample of 1328 individuals vulnerable to heat was constituted for this purpose and participants were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The day before a heat episode, a phone heat warning was sent to the treatment group. Data were obtained through two surveys before and one survey after the heat warning issuance. The results show that members of the treatment group were more aware of how to protect themselves from heat and more likely to adopt the recommended behaviours. Moreover, a much smaller proportion of women in this group used the health-care system compared to the control group. Thus, the exposure to an automated phone warning seems to improve the adaptation to heat and reduce the use of health services by some important at-risk groups. This method can thus be used to complement public health interventions aimed at reducing heat-related health risks.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ho HC, Knudby A, Chi G, Aminipouri M, Yuk-FoLai D. Spatiotemporal analysis of regional socio-economic vulnerability change associated with heat risks in Canada. APPLIED GEOGRAPHY (SEVENOAKS, ENGLAND) 2018; 95:61-70. [PMID: 31031454 PMCID: PMC6482004 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Excess mortality can be caused by extreme hot weather events, which are increasing in severity and frequency in Canada due to climate change. Individual and social vulnerability factors influence the mortality risk associated with a given heat exposure. We constructed heat vulnerability indices using census data from 2006 and 2011 in Canada, developed a novel design to compare spatiotemporal changes of heat vulnerability, and identified locations that may be increasingly vulnerable to heat. The results suggest that 1) urban areas in Canada are particularly vulnerable to heat, 2) suburban areas and satellite cities around major metropolitan areas show the greatest increases in vulnerability, and 3) heat vulnerability changes are driven primarily by changes in the density of older ages and infants. Our approach is applicable to heat vulnerability analyses in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Anders Knudby
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guangqing Chi
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Social Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mehdi Aminipouri
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Derrick Yuk-FoLai
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen Q, Ding M, Yang X, Hu K, Qi J. Spatially explicit assessment of heat health risk by using multi-sensor remote sensing images and socioeconomic data in Yangtze River Delta, China. Int J Health Geogr 2018; 17:15. [PMID: 29801488 PMCID: PMC5970500 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-018-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events, which are potentially associated with climate change in the near future, highlights the importance of heat health risk assessment, a significant reference for heat-related death reduction and intervention. However, a spatiotemporal mismatch exists between gridded heat hazard and human exposure in risk assessment, which hinders the identification of high-risk areas at finer scales. METHODS A human settlement index integrated by nighttime light images, enhanced vegetation index, and digital elevation model data was utilized to assess the human exposure at high spatial resolution. Heat hazard and vulnerability index were generated by land surface temperature and demographic and socioeconomic census data, respectively. Spatially explicit assessment of heat health risk and its driving factors was conducted in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), east China at 250 m pixel level. RESULTS High-risk areas were mainly distributed in the urbanized areas of YRD, which were mostly driven by high human exposure and heat hazard index. In some less-urbanized cities and suburban and rural areas of mega-cities, the heat health risks are in second priority. The risks in some less-developed areas were high despite the low human exposure index because of high heat hazard and vulnerability index. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated a methodology for identifying high-risk areas by combining freely available multi-source data. Highly urbanized areas were considered hotspots of high heat health risks, which were largely driven by the increasing urban heat island effects and population density in urban areas. Repercussions of overheating were weakened due to the low social vulnerability in some central areas benefitting from the low proportion of sensitive population or the high level of socioeconomic development. By contrast, high social vulnerability intensifies heat health risks in some less-urbanized cities and suburban areas of mega-cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021 China
| | - Mingjun Ding
- Key Lab of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research of Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
| | - Xuchao Yang
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021 China
| | - Kejia Hu
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021 China
| | - Jiaguo Qi
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021 China
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a well-studied phenomenon, whereby urban areas are generally warmer than surrounding suburban and rural areas. The most direct effect on health from the UHI is due to heat risk, which is exacerbated in urban areas, particularly during heat waves. However, there may be health benefits from warming during colder months. This review highlights recent attempts to quantitatively estimate the health impacts of the UHI and estimations of the health benefits of UHI mitigation measures. RECENT FINDINGS Climate change, increasing urbanisation and an ageing population in much of the world, is likely to increase the risks to health from the UHI, particularly from heat exposure. Studies have shown increased health risks in urban populations compared with rural or suburban populations in hot weather and a disproportionate impact on more vulnerable social groups. Estimations of the impacts of various mitigation techniques suggest that a range of measures could reduce health impacts from heat and bring other benefits to health and wellbeing. The impact of the UHI on heat-related health is significant, although often overlooked, particularly when considering future impacts associated with climate change. Multiple factors should be considered when designing mitigation measures in urban environments in order to maximise health benefits and avoid unintended negative effects.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kenny GP, Flouris AD, Yagouti A, Notley SR. Towards establishing evidence-based guidelines on maximum indoor temperatures during hot weather in temperate continental climates. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 6:11-36. [PMID: 30906809 PMCID: PMC6422495 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1456257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising environmental temperatures represent a major threat to human health. The activation of heat advisories using evidence-based thresholds for high-risk outdoor ambient temperatures have been shown to be an effective strategy to save lives during hot weather. However, although the relationship between weather and human health has been widely defined by outdoor temperature, corresponding increases in indoor temperature during heat events can also be harmful to health especially in vulnerable populations. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the relationship between outdoor temperature and human health and examine how human health can also be adversely influenced by high indoor temperatures during heat events. Our assessment of the existing literature revealed a high degree of variability in what can be considered an acceptable indoor temperature because there are differences in how different groups of people may respond physiologically and behaviorally to the same living environment. Finally, we demonstrate that both non-physiological (e.g., geographical location, urban density, building design) and physiological (e.g., sex, age, fitness, state of health) factors must be considered when defining an indoor temperature threshold for preserving human health in a warming global climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Sean R. Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Towards a Smart City: Development and Application of an Improved Integrated Environmental Monitoring System. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental deprivation is an issue influencing the urban wellbeing of a city. However, there are limitations to spatiotemporally monitoring the environmental deprivation. Thus, recent studies have introduced the concept of “Smart City” with the use of advanced technology for real-time environmental monitoring. In this regard, this study presents an improved Integrated Environmental Monitoring System (IIEMS) with the consideration on nine environmental parameters: temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), UV index, and noise. This system was comprised of a mobile unit and a server-based platform with nine highly accurate micro-sensors in-coupling into the mobile unit for estimating these environmental exposures. A calibration test using existing monitoring station data was conducted in order to evaluate the systematic errors. Two applications with the use of the new system were also conducted under different scenarios: pre- and post-typhoon days and in areas with higher and lower vegetation coverage. Linear regressions were applied to predict the changes in environmental quality after a typhoon and to estimate the difference in environmental exposures between urban roads and green spaces. The results show that environmental exposures interact with each other, while some exposures are also controlled by location. PM2.5 had the highest change after a typhoon with an estimated 8.0 μg/m³ decrease that was controlled by other environmental factors and geographical location. Sound level and temperature were significantly higher on urban roads than in urban parks. This study demonstrates the potential to use IIEMS for environmental quality measurements under the greater framework of a Smart City and for sustainability research.
Collapse
|
36
|
Schinasi LH, Benmarhnia T, De Roos AJ. Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:168-180. [PMID: 29149680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Landscape characteristics, including vegetation and impervious surfaces, influence urban microclimates and may lead to within-city differences in the adverse health effects of high ambient temperatures. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the epidemiologic literature that assessed microclimate indicators as effect measure modifiers (EMM) of the association between ambient temperature and mortality or morbidity. METHODS We systematically identified papers and abstracted relative risk estimates for hot and cool microclimate indicator strata. We calculated the ratio of the relative risks (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess differences in health effects across strata, and pooled the RRR estimates using random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Eleven papers were retained. In the pooled analyses, people living in hotter areas within cities (based on land surface temperature or modeled estimates of air temperature) had 6% higher risk of mortality/morbidity compared to those in cooler areas (95% CI: 1.03-1.09). Those living in less vegetated areas had 5% higher risk compared to those living in more vegetated areas (95% CI: 1.00-1.11). DISCUSSION There is epidemiologic evidence that those living in hotter, and less vegetated areas of cities have higher risk of morbidity or mortality from higher ambient temperature. Further research with improved assessment of landscape characteristics and investigation of the joint effects of physiologic adaptation and landscape will advance the current understanding. CONCLUSION This review provides quantitative evidence that intra-urban differences in landscape characteristics and micro-urban heat islands contribute to within-city variability in the health effects of high ambient temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Schinasi
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, UC San Diego, United States.
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health & Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, United States
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, UC San Diego, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Urbanisation-Induced Land Cover Temperature Dynamics for Sustainable Future Urban Heat Island Mitigation. URBAN SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/urbansci1040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Ho HC, Lau KKL, Ren C, Ng E. Characterizing prolonged heat effects on mortality in a sub-tropical high-density city, Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1935-1944. [PMID: 28735445 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extreme hot weather events are likely to increase under future climate change, and it is exacerbated in urban areas due to the complex urban settings. It causes excess mortality due to prolonged exposure to such extreme heat. However, there is lack of universal definition of prolonged heat or heat wave, which leads to inadequacies of associated risk preparedness. Previous studies focused on estimating temperature-mortality relationship based on temperature thresholds for assessing heat-related health risks but only several studies investigated the association between types of prolonged heat and excess mortality. However, most studies focused on one or a few isolated heat waves, which cannot demonstrate typical scenarios that population has experienced. In addition, there are limited studies on the difference between daytime and nighttime temperature, resulting in insufficiency to conclude the effect of prolonged heat. In sub-tropical high-density cities where prolonged heat is common in summer, it is important to obtain a comprehensive understanding of prolonged heat for a complete assessment of heat-related health risks. In this study, six types of prolonged heat were examined by using a time-stratified analysis. We found that more consecutive hot nights contribute to higher mortality risk while the number of consecutive hot days does not have significant association with excess mortality. For a day after five consecutive hot nights, there were 7.99% [7.64%, 8.35%], 7.74% [6.93%, 8.55%], and 8.14% [7.38%, 8.88%] increases in all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. Non-consecutive hot days or nights are also found to contribute to short-term mortality risk. For a 7-day-period with at least five non-consecutive hot days and nights, there was 15.61% [14.52%, 16.70%] increase in all-cause mortality at lag 0-1, but only -2.00% [-2.83%, -1.17%] at lag 2-3. Differences in the temperature-mortality relationship caused by hot days and hot nights imply the need to categorize prolonged heat for public health surveillance. Findings also contribute to potential improvement to existing heat-health warning system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Kevin Ka-Lun Lau
- Institute of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Ren
- Institute of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Ng
- Institute of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Markevych I, Schoierer J, Hartig T, Chudnovsky A, Hystad P, Dzhambov AM, de Vries S, Triguero-Mas M, Brauer M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Lupp G, Richardson EA, Astell-Burt T, Dimitrova D, Feng X, Sadeh M, Standl M, Heinrich J, Fuertes E. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:301-317. [PMID: 28672128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a rapidly urbanizing world, many people have little contact with natural environments, which may affect health and well-being. Existing reviews generally conclude that residential greenspace is beneficial to health. However, the processes generating these benefits and how they can be best promoted remain unclear. OBJECTIVES During an Expert Workshop held in September 2016, the evidence linking greenspace and health was reviewed from a transdisciplinary standpoint, with a particular focus on potential underlying biopsychosocial pathways and how these can be explored and organized to support policy-relevant population health research. DISCUSSIONS Potential pathways linking greenspace to health are here presented in three domains, which emphasize three general functions of greenspace: reducing harm (e.g. reducing exposure to air pollution, noise and heat), restoring capacities (e.g. attention restoration and physiological stress recovery) and building capacities (e.g. encouraging physical activity and facilitating social cohesion). Interrelations between among the three domains are also noted. Among several recommendations, future studies should: use greenspace and behavioural measures that are relevant to hypothesized pathways; include assessment of presence, access and use of greenspace; use longitudinal, interventional and (quasi)experimental study designs to assess causation; and include low and middle income countries given their absence in the existing literature. Cultural, climatic, geographic and other contextual factors also need further consideration. CONCLUSIONS While the existing evidence affirms beneficial impacts of greenspace on health, much remains to be learned about the specific pathways and functional form of such relationships, and how these may vary by context, population groups and health outcomes. This Report provides guidance for further epidemiological research with the goal of creating new evidence upon which to develop policy recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iana Markevych
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schoierer
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Terry Hartig
- Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Chudnovsky
- AIRO Lab, Department of Geography and Human Environment, School of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene and Ecomedicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sjerp de Vries
- Wageningen University & Research, Environmental Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margarita Triguero-Mas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerd Lupp
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Richardson
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Donka Dimitrova
- Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Maya Sadeh
- School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elaine Fuertes
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wong MS, Ho HC, Yang L, Shi W, Yang J, Chan TC. Spatial variability of excess mortality during prolonged dust events in a high-density city: a time-stratified spatial regression approach. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:26. [PMID: 28738805 PMCID: PMC5525373 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dust events have long been recognized to be associated with a higher mortality risk. However, no study has investigated how prolonged dust events affect the spatial variability of mortality across districts in a downwind city. METHODS In this study, we applied a spatial regression approach to estimate the district-level mortality during two extreme dust events in Hong Kong. We compared spatial and non-spatial models to evaluate the ability of each regression to estimate mortality. We also compared prolonged dust events with non-dust events to determine the influences of community factors on mortality across the city. RESULTS The density of a built environment (estimated by the sky view factor) had positive association with excess mortality in each district, while socioeconomic deprivation contributed by lower income and lower education induced higher mortality impact in each territory planning unit during a prolonged dust event. Based on the model comparison, spatial error modelling with the 1st order of queen contiguity consistently outperformed other models. The high-risk areas with higher increase in mortality were located in an urban high-density environment with higher socioeconomic deprivation. CONCLUSION Our model design shows the ability to predict spatial variability of mortality risk during an extreme weather event that is not able to be estimated based on traditional time-series analysis or ecological studies. Our spatial protocol can be used for public health surveillance, sustainable planning and disaster preparation when relevant data are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Sing Wong
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenzhong Shi
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jinxin Yang
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Research Center for Humanity and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ho HC, Knudby A, Walker BB, Henderson SB. Delineation of Spatial Variability in the Temperature-Mortality Relationship on Extremely Hot Days in Greater Vancouver, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:66-75. [PMID: 27346526 PMCID: PMC5226699 DOI: 10.1289/ehp224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extremely hot weather. The health risks associated with extemely hot weather are not uniform across affected areas owing to variability in heat exposure and social vulnerability, but these differences are challenging to map with precision. OBJECTIVES We developed a spatially and temporally stratified case-crossover approach for delineation of areas with higher and lower risks of mortality on extremely hot days and applied this approach in greater Vancouver, Canada. METHODS Records of all deaths with an extremely hot day as a case day or a control day were extracted from an administrative vital statistics database spanning the years of 1998-2014. Three heat exposure and 11 social vulnerability variables were assigned at the residential location of each decedent. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for a 1°C increase in daily mean temperature at a fixed site with an interaction term for decedents living above and below different values of the spatial variables. RESULTS The heat exposure and social vulnerability variables with the strongest spatially stratified results were the apparent temperature and the labor nonparticipation rate, respectively. Areas at higher risk had values ≥ 34.4°C for the maximum apparent temperature and ≥ 60% of the population neither employed nor looking for work. These variables were combined in a composite index to quantify their interaction and to enhance visualization of high-risk areas. CONCLUSIONS Our methods provide a data-driven framework for spatial delineation of the temperature--mortality relationship by heat exposure and social vulnerability. The results can be used to map and target the most vulnerable areas for public health intervention. Citation: Ho HC, Knudby A, Walker BB, Henderson SB. 2017. Delineation of spatial variability in the temperature-mortality relationship on extremely hot days in greater Vancouver, Canada. Environ Health Perspect 125:66-75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP224.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Address correspondence to H.C. Ho, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. Telephone: (852) 39435398. , or S.B. Henderson, Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada. Telephone: 604-707-2449.
| | - Anders Knudby
- Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake Byron Walker
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Address correspondence to H.C. Ho, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. Telephone: (852) 39435398. , or S.B. Henderson, Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada. Telephone: 604-707-2449.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Laverdière É, Payette H, Gaudreau P, Morais JA, Shatenstein B, Généreux M. Risk and protective factors for heat-related events among older adults of Southern Quebec (Canada): The NuAge study. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2016; 107:e258-e265. [PMID: 27763840 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.107.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extreme heat is known to increase heat-related health outcomes (HRHO). Incidence and predictors of HRHO were examined among older adults living in Quebec (Canada). METHOD This prospective five-year study used data from the first follow-up of community-dwelling older adults from the NuAge cohort (2005-2006), located in three health regions of Southern Quebec. Medical, social and environmental factors, identified in Health Canada guidelines (2011), were used to develop the Older Adult Health Vulnerability Index (OAHVI). HRHO, obtained from a medico-administrative database, were defined as events occurring on a hot day (maximal temperature ≥30°C) between 2006 and 2010. Two outcomes were examined: heat-related 1) emergency department presentations (EDPs) and 2) health events (i.e., EDP, hospitalizations or deaths). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess the associations between risk and protective factors, including OAHVI, and both outcomes. RESULTS EDP and hospitalizations were, respectively, 2.6 (95% CI: 2.0-3.5) and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1-2.6) times more frequent on hot days compared to normal summer days. Low household income and disability increased risk of heat-related EDP (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.16-8.81 and AOR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.15-6.14 respectively) and health events (AOR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.06-7.64 and AOR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13-5.61 respectively). High social participation was a protective factor of heat-related EDP (AOR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01-0.20) and health events (AOR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01-0.18). Older adults presenting ≥6 OAHVI factors out of 9 were 7-8 times more at risk of heat-related EDP (OR = 7.40; 95% CI: 1.51-36.19) and health events (OR = 7.77; 95% CI: 1.63-37.20) compared to participants having 0-1 factor. CONCLUSION Social participation, reduced autonomy and low income were predictors of HRHO. The OAHVI, also a strong predictor, should help clinicians identify high-risk elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Émélie Laverdière
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Review Article: Vulnerability to Heat-related Mortality: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Analysis. Epidemiology 2016; 26:781-93. [PMID: 26332052 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addressing vulnerability to heat-related mortality is a necessary step in the development of policies dictated by heat action plans. We aimed to provide a systematic assessment of the epidemiologic evidence regarding vulnerability to heat-related mortality. METHODS Studies assessing the association between high ambient temperature or heat waves and mortality among different subgroups and published between January 1980 and August 2014 were selected. Estimates of association for all the included subgroups were extracted. We assessed the presence of heterogeneous effects between subgroups conducting Cochran Q tests. We conducted random effect meta-analyses of ratios of relative risks (RRR) for high ambient temperature studies. We performed random effects meta-regression analyses to investigate factors associated with the magnitude of the RRR. RESULTS Sixty-one studies were included. Using the Cochran Q test, we consistently found evidence of vulnerability for the elderly ages >85 years. We found a pooled RRR of 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97, 1.01) for male sex, 1.02 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) for age >65 years, 1.04 (95% CI = 1.02, 1.07) for ages >75 years, 1.03 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.05) for low individual socioeconomic status (SES), and 1.01 (95% CI = 0.99, 1.02) for low ecologic SES. CONCLUSIONS We found strongest evidence of heat-related vulnerability for the elderly ages >65 and >75 years and low SES groups (at the individual level). Studies are needed to clarify if other subgroups (e.g., children, people living alone) are also vulnerable to heat to inform public health programs.
Collapse
|
44
|
Milojevic A, Armstrong BG, Gasparrini A, Bohnenstengel SI, Barratt B, Wilkinson P. Methods to Estimate Acclimatization to Urban Heat Island Effects on Heat- and Cold-Related Mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1016-22. [PMID: 26859738 PMCID: PMC4937865 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigators have examined whether heat mortality risk is increased in neighborhoods subject to the urban heat island (UHI) effect but have not identified degrees of difference in susceptibility to heat and cold between cool and hot areas, which we call acclimatization to the UHI. OBJECTIVES We developed methods to examine and quantify the degree of acclimatization to heat- and cold-related mortality in relation to UHI anomalies and applied these methods to London, UK. METHODS Case-crossover analyses were undertaken on 1993-2006 mortality data from London UHI decile groups defined by anomalies from the London average of modeled air temperature at a 1-km grid resolution. We estimated how UHI anomalies modified excess mortality on cold and hot days for London overall and displaced a fixed-shape temperature-mortality function ("shifted spline" model). We also compared the observed associations with those expected under no or full acclimatization to the UHI. RESULTS The relative risk of death on hot versus normal days differed very little across UHI decile groups. A 1°C UHI anomaly multiplied the risk of heat death by 1.004 (95% CI: 0.950, 1.061) (interaction rate ratio) compared with the expected value of 1.070 (1.057, 1.082) if there were no acclimatization. The corresponding UHI interaction for cold was 1.020 (0.979, 1.063) versus 1.030 (1.026, 1.034) (actual versus expected under no acclimatization, respectively). Fitted splines for heat shifted little across UHI decile groups, again suggesting acclimatization. For cold, the splines shifted somewhat in the direction of no acclimatization, but did not exclude acclimatization. CONCLUSIONS We have proposed two analytical methods for estimating the degree of acclimatization to the heat- and cold-related mortality burdens associated with UHIs. The results for London suggest relatively complete acclimatization to the UHI effect on summer heat-related mortality, but less clear evidence for cold-related mortality. CITATION Milojevic A, Armstrong BG, Gasparrini A, Bohnenstengel SI, Barratt B, Wilkinson P. 2016. Methods to estimate acclimatization to urban heat island effects on heat- and cold-related mortality. Environ Health Perspect 124:1016-1022; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510109.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Milojevic
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to A. Milojevic, Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15–17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH. Telephone: 44-(0)20-7927-2054. E-mail:
| | - Ben G. Armstrong
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin Barratt
- Environmental Research Group, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Burkart K, Meier F, Schneider A, Breitner S, Canário P, Alcoforado MJ, Scherer D, Endlicher W. Modification of Heat-Related Mortality in an Elderly Urban Population by Vegetation (Urban Green) and Proximity to Water (Urban Blue): Evidence from Lisbon, Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:927-34. [PMID: 26566198 PMCID: PMC4937850 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban populations are highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of heat, with heat-related mortality showing intra-urban variations that are likely due to differences in urban characteristics and socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVES We investigated the influence of urban green and urban blue, that is, urban vegetation and water bodies, on heat-related excess mortality in the elderly > 65 years old in Lisbon, Portugal, between 1998 and 2008. METHODS We used remotely sensed data and geographic information to determine the amount of urban vegetation and the distance to bodies of water (the Atlantic Ocean and the Tagus Estuary). Poisson generalized additive models were fitted, allowing for the interaction between equivalent temperature [universal thermal climate index (UTCI)] and quartiles of urban greenness [classified using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)] and proximity to water (≤ 4 km vs. > 4 km), while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The association between mortality and a 1°C increase in UTCI above the 99th percentile (24.8°C) was stronger for areas in the lowest NDVI quartile (14.7% higher; 95% CI: 1.9, 17.5%) than for areas in the highest quartile (3.0%; 95% CI: 2.0, 4.0%). In areas > 4 km from water, a 1°C increase in UTCI above the 99th percentile was associated with a 7.1% increase in mortality (95% CI: 6.2, 8.1%), whereas in areas ≤ 4 km from water, the estimated increase in mortality was only 2.1% (95% CI: 1.2, 3.0%). CONCLUSIONS Urban green and blue appeared to have a mitigating effect on heat-related mortality in the elderly population in Lisbon. Increasing the amount of vegetation may be a good strategy to counteract the adverse effects of heat in urban areas. Our findings also suggest potential benefits of urban blue that may be present several kilometers from a body of water. CITATION Burkart K, Meier F, Schneider A, Breitner S, Canário P, Alcoforado MJ, Scherer D, Endlicher W. 2016. Modification of heat-related mortality in an elderly urban population by vegetation (urban green) and proximity to water (urban blue): evidence from Lisbon, Portugal. Environ Health Perspect 124:927-934; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409529.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Burkart
- Climatological Section, Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fred Meier
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg/Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg/Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Paulo Canário
- Universidade de Lisboa, IGOT, Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Dieter Scherer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Endlicher
- Climatological Section, Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A Cross-Sectional Study of Heat Wave-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among the Public in the Licheng District of Jinan City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070648. [PMID: 27367715 PMCID: PMC4962189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) are three key components for reducing the adverse health impacts of heat waves. However, research in eastern China regarding this is scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the heat wave-related KAP of a population in Licheng in northeast China. This cross-sectional study included 2241 participants. Data regarding demographic characteristics, KAP, and heat illnesses were collected using a structured questionnaire. Univariate analysis and unconditional logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Most residents had high KAP scores, with a mean score of 12.23 (standard deviation = 2.23) on a 17-point scale. Urban women and participants aged 35-44 years had relatively high total scores, and those with high education levels had the highest total score. There was an increased risk of heat-related illness among those with knowledge scores of 3-5 on an 8-point scale with mean score of 5.40 (standard deviation = 1.45). Having a positive attitude toward sunstroke prevention and engaging in more preventive practices to avoid heat exposure had a protective interaction effect on reducing the prevalence of heat-related illnesses. Although the KAP scores were relatively high, knowledge and practice were lacking to some extent. Therefore, governments should further develop risk-awareness strategies that increase awareness and knowledge regarding the adverse health impact of heat and help in planning response strategies to improve the ability of individuals to cope with heat waves.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gronlund CJ, Zanobetti A, Wellenius GA, Schwartz JD, O’Neill MS. Vulnerability to Renal, Heat and Respiratory Hospitalizations During Extreme Heat Among U.S. Elderly. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2016; 136:631-645. [PMID: 27453614 PMCID: PMC4956383 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme heat (EH) is a growing concern with climate change, and protecting human health requires knowledge of vulnerability factors. We evaluated whether associations between EH (maximum temperature > 97th percentile) and hospitalization for renal, heat and respiratory diseases among people ≥ 65 years differed by individual and area-level characteristics. METHODS We used Medicare billing records, airport weather data, U.S. Census data and satellite land cover imagery in 109 US cities, May-September, 1992-2006, in a time-stratified case-crossover design. Interaction terms between EH and individual (> 78 years, black race, sex) and home ZIP-code (percentages of non-green space, high school education, housing built before 1940) characteristics were incorporated in a single model. Next, we pooled city-specific effect estimates or regressed them on quartiles of air conditioning prevalence (ACP) in a multivariate random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS EH and combined renal/heat/respiratory hospitalization associations were stronger among blacks, the very old, in ZIP codes with lower educational attainment or older housing and in cities with lower ACP. For example, for EH versus non-heat days, we found a 15% (95% CI 11%-19%) increase in renal/heat/respiratory hospitalizations among individuals in ZIP codes with higher percent of older homes in contrast to a 9% (95% CI 6%-12%) increase in hospitalizations in ZIP codes with lower percent older homes. CONCLUSION Vulnerability to EH-associated hospitalization may be influenced by age, educational attainment, housing age and ACP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina J. Gronlund
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory A. Wellenius
- Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Providence, RI
| | - Joel D. Schwartz
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marie S. O’Neill
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee WK, Lee HA, Park H. Modifying Effect of Heat Waves on the Relationship between Temperature and Mortality. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:702-8. [PMID: 27134490 PMCID: PMC4835594 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.5.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted to evaluate temporal trends of heat-related mortality have not considered the effects of heat waves; although it is known they can affect mortality and act as a modifying factor. After adjusting for long-term trends and seasonality, the effects of temperature on non-accidental deaths in Seoul and Busan (inland and coastal cities, respectively) were analyzed using a generalized additive model of Poisson distribution. We evaluated temporal trends of heat-related mortalities in four periods (1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005, and 2006-2012). The effects of temperature on mortality were evaluated according to the occurrence of a heat wave and results were compared in the two cities. The effect of temperature on mortality was the greatest in 1991-1995 in Seoul; no significant change was observed in Busan. When we stratified the study period by heat wave status, the risk increase in mortality was 15.9% per 1℃ during years with a heat wave in Seoul, which was much higher than 0.31% increase observed during years without a heat wave. On the other hand, Busan showed a linear relationship between temperature and mortality and no significant difference between years with or without a heat wave. Variations in the relationship between temperature and mortality could be misunderstood if heat waves are not considered. Furthermore, heterogeneity was found in the modifying effect of heat waves on heat-related mortality in inland and coastal cities. The findings of this study help understand relations between temperature and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee WK, Lee HA, Lim YH, Park H. Added effect of heat wave on mortality in Seoul, Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:719-26. [PMID: 26428482 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A heat wave could increase mortality owing to high temperature. However, little is known about the added (duration) effect of heat wave from the prolonged period of high temperature on mortality and different effect sizes depending on the definition of heat waves and models. A distributed lag non-linear model with a quasi-Poisson distribution was used to evaluate the added effect of heat wave on mortality after adjusting for long-term and intra-seasonal trends and apparent temperature. We evaluated the cumulative relative risk of the added wave effect on mortality on lag days 0-30. The models were constructed using nine definitions of heat wave and two relationships (cubic spline and linear threshold model) between temperature and mortality to leave out the high temperature effect. Further, we performed sensitivity analysis to evaluate the changes in the effect of heat wave on mortality according to the different degrees of freedom for time trend and cubic spline of temperature. We found that heat wave had the added effect from the prolonged period of high temperature on mortality and it was considerable in the aspect of cumulative risk because of the lagged influence. When heat wave was defined with a threshold of 98th percentile temperature and ≥2, 3, and 4 consecutive days, mortality increased by 14.8 % (7.5-22.6, 95 % confidence interval (CI)), 18.1 % (10.8-26.0, 95 % CI), 18.1 % (10.7-25.9, 95 % CI), respectively, in cubic spline model. When it came to the definitions of 90th and 95th percentile, the risk increase in mortality declined to 3.7-5.8 % and 8.6-11.3 %, respectively. This effect was robust to the flexibility of the model for temperature and time trend, while the definitions of a heat wave were critical in estimating its relationship with mortality. This finding could help deepen our understanding and quantifying of the relationship between heat wave and mortality and select an appropriate definition of heat wave and temperature model in the future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, 27 Inhang-Ro, Jung Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University of Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ngom R, Gosselin P, Blais C, Rochette L. Type and Proximity of Green Spaces Are Important for Preventing Cardiovascular Morbidity and Diabetes--A Cross-Sectional Study for Quebec, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:423. [PMID: 27089356 PMCID: PMC4847085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the role of proximity to specific types of green spaces (GSes) as well as their spatial location in the relationship with the most morbid cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. We measured the accessibility to various types of GS and used a cross-sectional approach at census Dissemination Area (DA) levels in the Montreal and Quebec City metropolitan zones for the period 2006–2011. Poisson and negative binomial regression models were fitted to quantify the relationship between distances to specific types of GS and CVD morbidity as well as some risk factors (diabetes and hypertension) while controlling for several social and environmental confounders. GSes that have sports facilities showed a significant relationship to cerebrovascular diseases: the most distant population had an 11% higher prevalence rate ratio (PRR) compared to the nearest, as well as higher diabetes risk (PRR 9%) than the nearest. However, the overall model performance and the understanding of the role of GSes with sport facilities may be substantially achieved with lifestyle factors. Significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and cerebrovascular diseases as well as lower access to GSes equipped with sports facilities were found in suburban areas. GSes can advantageously be used to prevent some CVDs and their risk factors, but there may be a need to reconsider their types and location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ngom
- Geoimpacts Consulting, 111 Rue de la Chasse Galerie, Québec, QC G1B 1Y2, Canada.
| | - Pierre Gosselin
- Institut National de la Santé Publique du Québec, 945, Avenue Wolfe, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Claudia Blais
- Institut National de la Santé Publique du Québec, 945, Avenue Wolfe, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médécine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Louis Rochette
- Institut National de la Santé Publique du Québec, 945, Avenue Wolfe, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|