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Sporta Caputi S, Kabala JP, Rossi L, Careddu G, Calizza E, Ventura M, Costantini ML. Individual diet variability shapes the architecture of Antarctic benthic food webs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12333. [PMID: 38811641 PMCID: PMC11137039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Antarctic biodiversity is affected by seasonal sea-ice dynamics driving basal resource availability. To (1) determine the role of intraspecific dietary variability in structuring benthic food webs sustaining Antarctic biodiversity, and (2) understand how food webs and the position of topologically central species vary with sea-ice cover, single benthic individuals' diets were studied by isotopic analysis before sea-ice breakup and afterwards. Isotopic trophospecies (or Isotopic Trophic Units) were investigated and food webs reconstructed using Bayesian Mixing Models. As nodes, these webs used either ITUs regardless of their taxonomic membership (ITU-webs) or ITUs assigned to species (population-webs). Both were compared to taxonomic-webs based on taxa and their mean isotopic values. Higher resource availability after sea-ice breakup led to simpler community structure, with lower connectance and linkage density. Intra-population diet variability and compartmentalisation were crucial in determining community structure, showing population-webs to be more complex, stable and robust to biodiversity loss than taxonomic-webs. The core web, representing the minimal community 'skeleton' that expands opportunistically while maintaining web stability with changing resource availability, was also identified. Central nodes included the sea-urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and the bivalve Adamussium colbecki, whose diet is described in unprecedented detail. The core web, compartmentalisation and topologically central nodes represent crucial factors underlying Antarctica's rich benthic food web persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sporta Caputi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Jerzy Piotr Kabala
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Loreto Rossi
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulio Careddu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Calizza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ventura
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Costantini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
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2
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Attard K, Singh RK, Gattuso JP, Filbee-Dexter K, Krause-Jensen D, Kühl M, Sejr MK, Archambault P, Babin M, Bélanger S, Berg P, Glud RN, Hancke K, Jänicke S, Qin J, Rysgaard S, Sørensen EB, Tachon F, Wenzhöfer F, Ardyna M. Seafloor primary production in a changing Arctic Ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2303366121. [PMID: 38437536 PMCID: PMC10945780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303366121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton and sea ice algae are traditionally considered to be the main primary producers in the Arctic Ocean. In this Perspective, we explore the importance of benthic primary producers (BPPs) encompassing microalgae, macroalgae, and seagrasses, which represent a poorly quantified source of Arctic marine primary production. Despite scarce observations, models predict that BPPs are widespread, colonizing ~3 million km2 of the extensive Arctic coastal and shelf seas. Using a synthesis of published data and a novel model, we estimate that BPPs currently contribute ~77 Tg C y-1 of primary production to the Arctic, equivalent to ~20 to 35% of annual phytoplankton production. Macroalgae contribute ~43 Tg C y-1, seagrasses contribute ~23 Tg C y-1, and microalgae-dominated shelf habitats contribute ~11 to 16 Tg C y-1. Since 2003, the Arctic seafloor area exposed to sunlight has increased by ~47,000 km2 y-1, expanding the realm of BPPs in a warming Arctic. Increased macrophyte abundance and productivity is expected along Arctic coastlines with continued ocean warming and sea ice loss. However, microalgal benthic primary production has increased in only a few shelf regions despite substantial sea ice loss over the past 20 y, as higher solar irradiance in the ice-free ocean is counterbalanced by reduced water transparency. This suggests complex impacts of climate change on Arctic light availability and marine primary production. Despite significant knowledge gaps on Arctic BPPs, their widespread presence and obvious contribution to coastal and shelf ecosystem production call for further investigation and for their inclusion in Arctic ecosystem models and carbon budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Attard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QCG5L 3A1, Canada
- Center for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, National University of Singapore, Singapore119076, Singapore
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Océanographie, Villefranche-sur-Mer06230, France
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris75337, France
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
- Benthic Communities Group/Institute of Marine Research, His4817, Norway
- School of Biological Science and Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth6009, WA, Australia
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Kühl
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Mikael K. Sejr
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
- ArcticNet, Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marcel Babin
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QCG5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA400123
| | - Ronnie N. Glud
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Ocean and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasper Hancke
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0579Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Jänicke
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Esben B. Sørensen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Foucaut Tachon
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frank Wenzhöfer
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Helmholtz - Max Planck Joint Research Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven27515, Germany
- Helmholtz - Max Planck Joint Research Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen28359, Germany
| | - Mathieu Ardyna
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
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González-Herrero S, Navarro F, Pertierra LR, Oliva M, Dadic R, Peck L, Lehning M. Southward migration of the zero-degree isotherm latitude over the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic Peninsula: Cryospheric, biotic and societal implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168473. [PMID: 38007123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal movement of the zero-degree isotherm across the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula drives major changes in the physical and biological processes around maritime Antarctica. These include spatial and temporal shifts in precipitation phase, snow accumulation and melt, thawing and freezing of the active layer of the permafrost, glacier mass balance variations, sea ice mass balance and changes in physiological processes of biodiversity. Here, we characterize the historical seasonal southward movement of the monthly near-surface zero-degree isotherm latitude (ZIL), and quantify the velocity of migration in the context of climate change using climate reanalyses and projections. From 1957 to 2020, the ZIL exhibited a significant southward shift of 16.8 km decade-1 around Antarctica and of 23.8 km decade-1 in the Antarctic Peninsula, substantially faster than the global mean velocity of temperature change of 4.2 km decade-1, with only a small fraction being attributed to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). CMIP6 models reproduce the trends observed from 1957 to 2014 and predict a further southward migration around Antarctica of 24 ± 12 km decade-1 and 50 ± 19 km decade-1 under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. The southward migration of the ZIL is expected to have major impacts on the cryosphere, especially on the precipitation phase, snow accumulation and in peripheral glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula, with more uncertain changes on permafrost, ice sheets and shelves, and sea ice. Longer periods of temperatures above 0 °C threshold will extend active biological periods in terrestrial ecosystems and will reduce the extent of oceanic ice cover, changing phenologies as well as areas of productivity in marine ecosystems, especially those located on the sea ice edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi González-Herrero
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), Davos, Switzerland; Antarctic Group, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Navarro
- Departmento de Matemática Aplicada a las TIC, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis R Pertierra
- Plant & Soil Sciences Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marc Oliva
- Department of Geography, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruzica Dadic
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lloyd Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Lehning
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), Davos, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Duncan RJ, Nielsen D, Søreide JE, Varpe Ø, Tobin MJ, Pitusi V, Heraud P, Petrou K. Biomolecular profiles of Arctic sea-ice diatoms highlight the role of under-ice light in cellular energy allocation. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycad010. [PMID: 38328449 PMCID: PMC10848308 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Arctic sea-ice diatoms fuel polar marine food webs as they emerge from winter darkness into spring. Through their photosynthetic activity they manufacture the nutrients and energy that underpin secondary production. Sea-ice diatom abundance and biomolecular composition vary in space and time. With climate change causing short-term extremes and long-term shifts in environmental conditions, understanding how and in what way diatoms adjust biomolecular stores with environmental perturbation is important to gain insight into future ecosystem energy production and nutrient transfer. Using synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, we examined the biomolecular composition of five dominant sea-ice diatom taxa from landfast ice communities covering a range of under-ice light conditions during spring, in Svalbard, Norway. In all five taxa, we saw a doubling of lipid and fatty acid content when light transmitted to the ice-water interface was >5% but <15% (85%-95% attenuation through snow and ice). We determined a threshold around 15% light transmittance after which biomolecular synthesis plateaued, likely because of photoinhibitory effects, except for Navicula spp., which continued to accumulate lipids. Increasing under-ice light availability led to increased energy allocation towards carbohydrates, but this was secondary to lipid synthesis, whereas protein content remained stable. It is predicted that under-ice light availability will change in the Arctic, increasing because of sea-ice thinning and potentially decreasing with higher snowfall. Our findings show that the nutritional content of sea-ice diatoms is taxon-specific and linked to these changes, highlighting potential implications for future energy and nutrient supply for the polar marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Duncan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, 9170, Norway
| | - Daniel Nielsen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Janne E Søreide
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, 9170, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, 5006, Norway
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Australian Synchrotron—ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Vanessa Pitusi
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, 9170, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University in Tromsø (UiT), Tromsø, 9010, Norway
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Katherina Petrou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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5
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Vance SD, Craft KL, Shock E, Schmidt BE, Lunine J, Hand KP, McKinnon WB, Spiers EM, Chivers C, Lawrence JD, Wolfenbarger N, Leonard EJ, Robinson KJ, Styczinski MJ, Persaud DM, Steinbrügge G, Zolotov MY, Quick LC, Scully JEC, Becker TM, Howell SM, Clark RN, Dombard AJ, Glein CR, Mousis O, Sephton MA, Castillo-Rogez J, Nimmo F, McEwen AS, Gudipati MS, Jun I, Jia X, Postberg F, Soderlund KM, Elder CM. Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:81. [PMID: 38046182 PMCID: PMC10687213 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission. Synthesizing the mission's science measurements, as well as incorporating remote observations by Earth-based observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, and other space-based resources, to constrain Europa's habitability, is a complex task and is guided by the mission's Habitability Assessment Board (HAB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Everett Shock
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Britney E. Schmidt
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Jonathan Lunine
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Kevin P. Hand
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - William B. McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Spiers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Chase Chivers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Justin D. Lawrence
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Honeybee Robotics, Altadena, CA USA
| | - Natalie Wolfenbarger
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Erin J. Leonard
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | - Divya M. Persaud
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Zolotov
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel M. Howell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Dombard
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Olivier Mousis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Mark A. Sephton
- Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Murthy S. Gudipati
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Insoo Jun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Xianzhe Jia
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Frank Postberg
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista M. Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Catherine M. Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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6
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Cai X, Zhuang Y, Wu Y, Lin H, Qi D. Concentrations and controls of dissolved inorganic carbon in Arctic summer sea ice and adjacent surface seawaters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 190:106083. [PMID: 37422995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbonate chemistry of sea ice plays a critical role in global ocean carbon cycles, particularly in polar regions which are subject to significant climate change-induced sea ice variation. However, less is known about the interaction of carbonate system between sea ice and its adjacent seawaters due to sparse sampling and disparities in reported results. Here we provide an insight into this issue by collecting and measuring dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and associated environmental parameters in Arctic sea ice during a cruise in the summer of 2014. Our observations show that DIC in Arctic summer sea ice has a mean concentration of 463.3 ± 213.0 μmol/kg and appears to be controlled mainly by the fraction of brine water in the ice. The low Chl a and nutrients content in sea ice indicate minor contribution of biological uptake to sea-ice DIC in the western Arctic Ocean. The DIC concentration in surface water (<100 m depth) decreased from a mean of 2108.3 ± 45.4 μmol/kg in 1994 to a mean of 2052.4 ± 98.6 μmol/kg in 2014, due to the enhanced sea ice melting that dilutes the DIC concentrations of surrounding seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Cai
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yanpei Zhuang
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yingxu Wu
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Di Qi
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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7
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Roberts JH, McKinnon WB, Elder CM, Tobie G, Biersteker JB, Young D, Park RS, Steinbrügge G, Nimmo F, Howell SM, Castillo-Rogez JC, Cable ML, Abrahams JN, Bland MT, Chivers C, Cochrane CJ, Dombard AJ, Ernst C, Genova A, Gerekos C, Glein C, Harris CD, Hay HCFC, Hayne PO, Hedman M, Hussmann H, Jia X, Khurana K, Kiefer WS, Kirk R, Kivelson M, Lawrence J, Leonard EJ, Lunine JI, Mazarico E, McCord TB, McEwen A, Paty C, Quick LC, Raymond CA, Retherford KD, Roth L, Rymer A, Saur J, Scanlan K, Schroeder DM, Senske DA, Shao W, Soderlund K, Spiers E, Styczinski MJ, Tortora P, Vance SD, Villarreal MN, Weiss BP, Westlake JH, Withers P, Wolfenbarger N, Buratti B, Korth H, Pappalardo RT. Exploring the Interior of Europa with the Europa Clipper. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:46. [PMID: 37636325 PMCID: PMC10457249 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The Galileo mission to Jupiter revealed that Europa is an ocean world. The Galileo magnetometer experiment in particular provided strong evidence for a salty subsurface ocean beneath the ice shell, likely in contact with the rocky core. Within the ice shell and ocean, a number of tectonic and geodynamic processes may operate today or have operated at some point in the past, including solid ice convection, diapirism, subsumption, and interstitial lake formation. The science objectives of the Europa Clipper mission include the characterization of Europa's interior; confirmation of the presence of a subsurface ocean; identification of constraints on the depth to this ocean, and on its salinity and thickness; and determination of processes of material exchange between the surface, ice shell, and ocean. Three broad categories of investigation are planned to interrogate different aspects of the subsurface structure and properties of the ice shell and ocean: magnetic induction, subsurface radar sounding, and tidal deformation. These investigations are supplemented by several auxiliary measurements. Alone, each of these investigations will reveal unique information. Together, the synergy between these investigations will expose the secrets of the Europan interior in unprecedented detail, an essential step in evaluating the habitability of this ocean world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine M Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan S Park
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Francis Nimmo
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Samuel M Howell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Morgan L Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Corey J Cochrane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Ernst
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hamish C F C Hay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O Hayne
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Hauke Hussmann
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Walter S Kiefer
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, University Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin J Leonard
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol A Raymond
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kurt D Retherford
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lorenz Roth
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abigail Rymer
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - David A Senske
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wencheng Shao
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Marshall J Styczinski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paolo Tortora
- Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Steven D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bonnie Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Haje Korth
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Pappalardo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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8
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Wu S, Huo H, Shi Y, Zhang F, Gu T, Li Z. Extraction and application of extracellular polymeric substances from fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:79-106. [PMID: 38783725 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are extracellular metabolites of microorganisms, highly associated with microbial function, adaptation, and growth. The main compounds in EPS have been revealed to be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, humic substances, lipids, etc. EPS are not only biomass, but also a biogenic material. EPS have high specific surface, abundant functional groups, and excellent degradability. In addition, they are more extensible to the environment than the microbial cells themselves, which exhibits their huge advantages. Therefore, they have been applied in many fields, such as the environment, ecosystem, basic commodities, and medicine. However, the functions of EPS highly depend on the suitable extraction process, as different extraction methods have different effects on their composition, structure, and function. There are many types of EPS extraction methods, in which physical and chemical methods have been widely utilized. This review summarizes the extraction methods and applications of EPS. In addition, it considers some important gaps in current knowledge, and indicates perspectives of EPS for their future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxun Huo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Shi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Ministry of Natural Resources National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Beijing, P.R. China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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9
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Maccapan D, Careddu G, Calizza E, Sporta Caputi S, Rossi L, Costantini ML. Effects of Sea-Ice Persistence on the Diet of Adélie Penguin ( Pygoscelis adeliae) Chicks and the Trophic Differences between Chicks and Adults in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050708. [PMID: 37237522 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Antarctica, prey availability for the mesopredator Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, depends on sea-ice dynamics. By affecting cycles of sea-ice formation and melt, climate change could thus affect penguin diet and recruitment. In the light of climate change, this raises concerns about the fate of this dominant endemic species, which plays a key role in the Antarctic food web. However, few quantitative studies measuring the effects of sea-ice persistence on the diet of penguin chicks have yet been conducted. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap by comparing penguin diets across four penguin colonies in the Ross Sea and evaluating latitudinal and interannual variation linked to different sea-ice persistence. Diet was evaluated by analysing the δ13C and δ15N values of penguin guano, and sea-ice persistence by means of satellite images. Isotopic values indicate that penguins consumed more krill in colonies with longer sea-ice persistence. In these colonies, the δ13C values of chicks were lower and closer to the pelagic chain than those of adults, suggesting that the latter apparently catch prey inshore for self-feeding and offshore for their chicks. The results indicate that sea-ice persistence is among the principal factors that influence the spatiotemporal variability of the penguins' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Maccapan
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Careddu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Calizza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sporta Caputi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Loreto Rossi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Costantini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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10
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Montuori E, Saggiomo M, Lauritano C. Microalgae from Cold Environments and Their Possible Biotechnological Applications. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050292. [PMID: 37233486 DOI: 10.3390/md21050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold environments include deep ocean, alpine, and polar areas. Even if the cold conditions are harsh and extreme for certain habitats, various species have been adapted to survive in them. Microalgae are among the most abundant microbial communities which have adapted to live in low light, low temperature, and ice coverage conditions typical of cold environments by activating different stress-responsive strategies. These species have been shown to have bioactivities with possible exploitation capabilities for human applications. Even if they are less explored compared to species living in more accessible sites, various activities have been highlighted, such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review is focused on summarizing these bioactivities and discussing the possible exploitation of cold-adapted microalgae. Thanks to the possibility of mass cultivating algae in controlled photobioreactors, eco-sustainable exploitation is in fact possible by sampling a few microalgal cells without impacting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Montuori
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Saggiomo
- Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources Department, Stazione Zoologica, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Yue F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li D, Wu P, Liu H, Lin L, Li D, Hu J, Xie Z. Elevated methylmercury in Antarctic surface seawater: The role of phytoplankton mass and sea ice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163646. [PMID: 37094685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury is a neurotoxin that is biomagnified in marine food webs. Its distribution and biogeochemical cycle in Antarctic seas are still poorly understood due to scarce studies. Here, we report the total methylmercury profiles (up to 4000 m) in unfiltered seawater (MeHgT) from the Ross Sea to the Amundsen Sea. We found high MeHgT levels in oxic unfiltered surface seawater (upper 50 m depth) in these regions. It was characterized by an obviously higher maximum concentration level of MeHgT (up to 0.44 pmol/L, at a depth of 3.35 m), which is higher than other open seas (including the Arctic Ocean, the North Pacific Ocean and the equatorial Pacific), and a high MeHgT average concentration in the summer surface water (SSW, 0.16 ± 0.12 pmol/ L). Further analyses suggest that the high phytoplankton mass and sea-ice fraction are important drivers of the high MeHgT level that we observed in the surface water. For the influence of phytoplankton, the model simulation showed that the uptake of MeHg by phytoplankton would not fully explain the high levels of MeHgT, and we speculated that high phytoplankton mass may emit more particulate organic matter as microenvironments that can sustain Hg in-situ methylation by microorganisms. The presence of sea-ice may not only harbor a microbial source of MeHg to surface water but also trigger increased phytoplankton mass, facilitating elevation of MeHg in surface seawater. This study provides insight into the mechanisms that impact the content and distribution of MeHgT in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fange Yue
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Longquan Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dong Li
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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12
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Koch CW, Brown TA, Amiraux R, Ruiz-Gonzalez C, MacCorquodale M, Yunda-Guarin GA, Kohlbach D, Loseto LL, Rosenberg B, Hussey NE, Ferguson SH, Yurkowski DJ. Year-round utilization of sea ice-associated carbon in Arctic ecosystems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1964. [PMID: 37029106 PMCID: PMC10081986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea ice primary production is considered a valuable energy source for Arctic marine food webs, yet the extent remains unclear through existing methods. Here we quantify ice algal carbon signatures using unique lipid biomarkers in over 2300 samples from 155 species including invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals collected across the Arctic shelves. Ice algal carbon signatures were present within 96% of the organisms investigated, collected year-round from January to December, suggesting continuous utilization of this resource despite its lower proportion to pelagic production. These results emphasize the importance of benthic retention of ice algal carbon that is available to consumers year-round. Finally, we suggest that shifts in the phenology, distribution and biomass of sea ice primary production anticipated with declining seasonal sea ice will disrupt sympagic-pelagic-benthic coupling and consequently the structure and the functioning of the food web which is critical for Indigenous Peoples, commercial fisheries, and global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea W Koch
- Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, England.
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, US.
| | - Thomas A Brown
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - Rémi Amiraux
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Doreen Kohlbach
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, 9296, Norway
| | - Lisa L Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bruno Rosenberg
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Steve H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David J Yurkowski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Effects of Climate Change on Chlorophyll a in the Barents Sea: A Long-Term Assessment. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010119. [PMID: 36671811 PMCID: PMC9856002 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic climate strongly affects phytoplankton production and biomass through several mechanisms, including warming, sea ice retreat, and global atmospheric processes. In order to detect the climatic changes in phytoplankton biomass, long-term variability of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) was estimated in situ with the changes in the surface sea temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters during the period of 1984-2021. Spatial differences were detected in SST, SSS, and Chl-a. Chl-a increased parallel to SST in the summer-autumn and spring periods, respectively. Chl-a peaks were found near the ice edge and frontal zones in the spring season, while the highest measures were observed in the coastal regions during the summer seasons. SST and Chl-a demonstrated increasing trends with greater values during 2010-2020. Generalized additive models (GAMs) revealed that SST and Chl-a were positively related with year. Climatic and oceanographic variables explained significant proportions of the Chl-a fluctuations, with six predictors (SST, annual North Atlantic Oscillation index, temperature/salinity anomalies at the Kola Section, and sea ice extent in April and September) being the most important. GAMs showed close associations between increasing Chl-a and a decline in sea ice extent and rising water temperature. Our data may be useful for monitoring the Arctic regions during the era of global changes and provide a basis for future research on factors driving phytoplankton assemblages and primary productivity in the Barents Sea.
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14
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Wang S, Sun P, Liu J, Xu Y, Dolfing J, Wu Y. Distribution of methanogenic and methanotrophic consortia at soil-water interfaces in rice paddies across climate zones. iScience 2022; 26:105851. [PMID: 36636345 PMCID: PMC9829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periphytic biofilms (PB) at the soil-water interface contributes 7-38% of the methane emission from rice paddies, yet the biogeographical mechanism underlying and affecting the process remain elusive. In this study, rice fields along an edapho-vclimatic gradient were sampled, and the environmental drivers affecting distribution of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities were evaluated. The methanogenic and methanotrophic communities at soil-water interface showed less complex inter/intra-generic interactions than those in soil, and their relative abundances were weakly driven by spatial distance, soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen and pH. The nutrient supply and buffering capacity of extracellular polymeric substance released by PB reduced their interaction and enhanced the resilience on edaphic environment changes. Climate affected soil metal content, extracellular polymeric substance content, and thus the methane-related communities, and caused geographical variation in the impacts of PB on methane emissions from rice paddies. This study facilitates our understanding of geographical differences in the contribution of PB to methane emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences (JAAS), 50 Zhongling Road, Nanjing 210014, China,Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Shuitianba Zigui, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China,Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Shuitianba Zigui, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Junzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China,Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Shuitianba Zigui, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China,Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Shuitianba Zigui, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Faculty of Energy and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QH, UK
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China,Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Shuitianba Zigui, Yichang 443605, China,Corresponding author
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15
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Wolfenbarger NS, Buffo JJ, Soderlund KM, Blankenship DD. Ice Shell Structure and Composition of Ocean Worlds: Insights from Accreted Ice on Earth. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:937-961. [PMID: 35787145 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accreted ice retains and preserves traces of the ocean from which it formed. In this work, we study two classes of accreted ice found on Earth-frazil ice, which forms through crystallization within a supercooled water column, and congelation ice, which forms through directional freezing at an existing interface-and discuss where each might be found in the ice shells of ocean worlds. We focus our study on terrestrial ice formed in low temperature gradient environments (e.g., beneath ice shelves), consistent with conditions expected at the ice-ocean interfaces of Europa and Enceladus, and we highlight the juxtaposition of compositional trends in relation to ice formed in higher temperature gradient environments (e.g., at the ocean surface). Observations from Antarctic sub-ice-shelf congelation ice and marine ice show that the purity of frazil ice can be nearly two orders of magnitude higher than congelation ice formed in the same low temperature gradient environment (∼0.1% vs. ∼10% of the ocean salinity). In addition, where congelation ice can maintain a planar ice-water interface on a microstructural scale, the efficiency of salt rejection is enhanced (∼1% of the ocean salinity) and lattice soluble impurities such as chloride are preferentially incorporated. We conclude that an ice shell that forms by gradual thickening as its interior cools would be composed of congelation ice, whereas frazil ice will accumulate where the ice shell thins on local (rifts and basal fractures) or regional (latitudinal gradients) scales through the operation of an "ice pump."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob J Buffo
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Krista M Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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16
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Variety and Distribution of Diatom-Based Sea Ice Proxies in Antarctic Marine Sediments of the Past 2000 Years. GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12080282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system. Reconstructions of Antarctic sea ice from marine sediment cores are a vital resource to improve the representation of Antarctic sea ice in climate models and to better understand natural variability in sea ice over centennial and sub-centennial timescales. The Thomas et al. (2019) review of Antarctic sea ice reconstructions from ice and marine cores highlighted the prominence of diatom-based proxies in this research. Here, focusing solely on the diatom-based proxy records in marine sediments, we review the composition of proxies, their advantages and limitations, as well as the spatial and temporal cover of the records over the past 2 ka in order to assess the scope for future assimilation and standardization. The archive comprises 112 records from 68 marine cores, with proxies based on more than 30 different combinations of diatom taxa as well as the relatively new, highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers.
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17
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Abstract
Marine biofilms are ubiquitous in the marine environment. These complex microbial communities rapidly respond to environmental changes and encompass hugely diverse microbial structures, functions and metabolisms. Nevertheless, knowledge is limited on the microbial community structures and functions of natural marine biofilms and their influence on global geochemical cycles. Microbial cues, including secondary metabolites and microbial structures, regulate interactions between microorganisms, with their environment and with other benthic organisms, which affects their community succession and metamorphosis. Furthermore, marine biofilms are key mediators of marine biofouling, which greatly affect marine industries. In this Review, we discuss marine biofilm dynamics, including their diversity, abundance and functions. We also highlight knowledge gaps, areas for future research and potential biotechnological applications of marine biofilms.
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18
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Virus-Host Interactions and Genetic Diversity of Antarctic Sea Ice Bacteriophages. mBio 2022; 13:e0065122. [PMID: 35532161 PMCID: PMC9239159 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00651-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we know the generally appreciated significant roles of microbes in sea ice and polar waters, detailed studies of virus-host systems from such environments have been so far limited by only a few available isolates. Here, we investigated infectivity under various conditions, infection cycles, and genetic diversity of the following Antarctic sea ice bacteriophages: Paraglaciecola Antarctic GD virus 1 (PANV1), Paraglaciecola Antarctic JLT virus 2 (PANV2), Octadecabacter Antarctic BD virus 1 (OANV1), and Octadecabacter Antarctic DB virus 2 (OANV2). The phages infect common sea ice bacteria belonging to the genera Paraglaciecola or Octadecabacter. Although the phages are marine and cold-active, replicating at 0°C to 5°C, they all survived temporal incubations at ≥30°C and remained infectious without any salts or supplemented only with magnesium, suggesting a robust virion assembly maintaining integrity under a wide range of conditions. Host recognition in the cold proved to be effective, and the release of progeny viruses occurred as a result of cell lysis. The analysis of viral genome sequences showed that nearly one-half of the gene products of each virus are unique, highlighting that sea ice harbors unexplored virus diversity. Based on predicted genes typical for tailed double-stranded DNA phages, we suggest placing the four studied viruses in the class Caudoviricetes. Searching against viral sequences from metagenomic assemblies, we revealed that related viruses are not restricted to Antarctica but are also found in distant marine environments.
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19
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Simón D, Cristina J, Musto H. An overview of dinucleotide and codon usage in all viruses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1443-1448. [PMID: 35467158 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are, by far, the most abundant biological entities on earth. They are found in all known ecological niches and are the causative agents of many important diseases in plants and animals. From an evolutionary point of view, since viruses do not share any orthologous genes, there is a general consensus that they are polyphyletic; that is, they do not have a common ancestor. This means that they appeared several times during the course of evolution. For their life cycle, they are always obligate parasites of a free cellular life form, which can be bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes. More complexity is added to these entities by the fact that their genetic material can be DNA or RNA (double- or single-stranded) or retrotranscribed. Given these features, we wondered if some general rules can be inferred when studying two basic genomic signatures-dinucleotides and codon usage-analyzing all available complete and non-redundant viral sequences. In spite of the obviously biased sample of sequences available, some general features appear to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Simón
- Laboratorio de Genómica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Héctor Musto
- Laboratorio de Genómica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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20
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Short note: extracellular export and consumption of glucose in Antarctic sea ice. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular carbohydrate production is widespread in sea ice microbial communities, being produced by both algae and bacteria. Under stressful conditions, including nutrient limitation and high light, cells may export excess fixed carbon as glucose. Glucose microsensors were used to measure extracellular glucose exudation and consumption in a sea ice algal community. Glucose export increased with increasing irradiance between 15 and 512 µmol photons m−2 s−1. This export correlated with declining FvFm values and increasing NPQ values, implying that glucose export resulted from exposure to above optimal irradiances. Glucose concentrations in samples treated with DCMU to block photosynthesis, declined at all irradiances. Bacterial consumption of glucose was between 6 and 34% of extracellular export per hour. There have been very few measurements of DOC/glucose in sea ice and the data presented here make an important contribution to our understanding of sea ice microbial processes.
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21
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Becagli S, Marchese C, Caiazzo L, Ciardini V, Lazzara L, Mori G, Nuccio C, Scarchilli C, Severi M, Traversi R. Biogenic aerosol in central East Antarctic Plateau as a proxy for the ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Southern Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151285. [PMID: 34740657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ten years of data of biogenic aerosol (methane sulfonic acid, MSA, and non-sea salt sulfate, nssSO42-) collected at Concordia Station in the East Antarctic plateau (75° 06' S, 123° 20' E) are interpreted as a function of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a; a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), sea ice extent and area. It is possible to draw three different scenarios that link these parameters in early, middle, and late summer. In early summer, the biogenic aerosol is significantly correlated to sea ice retreats through the phytoplankton biomass increases. Chl-a shows a significant correlation with nssSO42- in the finest fraction (< 1 μm). In contrast, only Chl-a in West Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors correlates with MSA in the coarse fraction. The transport routes towards the inner Antarctic plateau and aerosol formation processes could explain the different correlation patterns of the two compounds both resulting from the DMS oxidation. In mid-summer, Chl-a concentrations are at the maximum and are not related to sea ice melting. Due to the complexity of transport processes of air masses towards the Antarctic plateau, the MSA concentrations are low and not related to Chl-a concentration. In late summer, MSA and nssSO42- present the highest concentrations in their submicrometric aerosol fraction, and both are significantly correlated with Chl-a but not with the sea ice. In early and mid-summer, the enhanced efficiency of transport processes from all the surrounding oceanic sectors with air masses traveling at low elevation can explain the highest concentrations of nssSO42- and especially MSA. Finally, considering the entire time series, MSA shows significant year-to-year variability. This variability is significantly correlated with SAM but with a different time lag in early (0-month lag) and late summer (4-months lag). This correlation likely occurs through the effect of the SAM on phytoplankton blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, University of Venice, V. Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Christian Marchese
- University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; University of Victoria, Department of Geography, Victoria, BC V8W2Y2, Canada
| | - Laura Caiazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Virginia Ciardini
- ENEA, Laboratory for Observations and Measures for the environment and climate, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Lazzara
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mori
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Caterina Nuccio
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Claudio Scarchilli
- ENEA, Laboratory for Observations and Measures for the environment and climate, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, University of Venice, V. Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, University of Venice, V. Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
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22
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Climate drives long-term change in Antarctic Silverfish along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Commun Biol 2022; 5:104. [PMID: 35115634 PMCID: PMC8813954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last half of the 20th century, the western Antarctic Peninsula has been one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, leading to substantial reductions in regional sea ice coverage. These changes are modulated by atmospheric forcing, including the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) pressure system. We utilized a novel 25-year (1993-2017) time series to model the effects of environmental variability on larvae of a keystone species, the Antarctic Silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica). Antarctic Silverfish use sea ice as spawning habitat and are important prey for penguins and other predators. We show that warmer sea surface temperature and decreased sea ice are associated with reduced larval abundance. Variability in the ASL modulates both sea surface temperature and sea ice; a strong ASL is associated with reduced larvae. These findings support a narrow sea ice and temperature tolerance for adult and larval fish. Further regional warming predicted to occur during the 21st century could displace populations of Antarctic Silverfish, altering this pelagic ecosystem.
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23
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Campbell K, Matero I, Bellas C, Turpin-Jelfs T, Anhaus P, Graeve M, Fripiat F, Tranter M, Landy JC, Sanchez-Baracaldo P, Leu E, Katlein C, Mundy CJ, Rysgaard S, Tedesco L, Haas C, Nicolaus M. Monitoring a changing Arctic: Recent advancements in the study of sea ice microbial communities. AMBIO 2022; 51:318-332. [PMID: 34822116 PMCID: PMC8692635 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice continues to decline across many regions of the Arctic, with remaining ice becoming increasingly younger and more dynamic. These changes alter the habitats of microbial life that live within the sea ice, which support healthy functioning of the marine ecosystem and provision of resources for human-consumption, in addition to influencing biogeochemical cycles (e.g. air-sea CO2 exchange). With the susceptibility of sea ice ecosystems to climate change, there is a pressing need to fill knowledge gaps surrounding sea ice habitats and their microbial communities. Of fundamental importance to this goal is the development of new methodologies that permit effective study of them. Based on outcomes from the DiatomARCTIC project, this paper integrates existing knowledge with case studies to provide insight on how to best document sea ice microbial communities, which contributes to the sustainable use and protection of Arctic marine and coastal ecosystems in a time of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karley Campbell
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilkka Matero
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christopher Bellas
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas Turpin-Jelfs
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philipp Anhaus
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Martin Graeve
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francois Fripiat
- Department Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martyn Tranter
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jack Christopher Landy
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Eva Leu
- Akvaplan-Niva AS, CIENS, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Katlein
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - C. J Mundy
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | - Christian Haas
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marcel Nicolaus
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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24
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Currie AA, Marshall AJ, Lohrer AM, Cummings VJ, Seabrook S, Cary SC. Sea Ice Dynamics Drive Benthic Microbial Communities in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745915. [PMID: 34777294 PMCID: PMC8581541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is driving dramatic variability in sea ice dynamics, a key driver in polar marine ecosystems. Projected changes in Antarctica suggest that regional warming will force dramatic shifts in sea ice thickness and persistence, altering sea ice-associated primary production and deposition to the seafloor. To improve our understanding of the impacts of sea ice change on benthic ecosystems, we directly compared the benthic microbial communities underlying first-year sea ice (FYI) and multi-year sea ice (MYI). Using two tractable coastal habitats in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, where FYI (Cape Evans) and MYI (New Harbour) prevail, we show that the structure and composition of the benthic microbial communities reflect the legacy of sea ice dynamics. At Cape Evans, an enrichment of known heterotrophic algal polysaccharide degrading taxa (e.g., Flavobacteriaceae, unclassified Gammaproteobacteria, and Rubritaleaceae) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfocapsaceae) correlated with comparatively higher chlorophyll a (14.2±0.8μgg-1) and total organic carbon content (0.33%±0.04), reflecting increased productivity and seafloor deposition beneath FYI. Conversely, at New Harbour, an enrichment of known archaeal (e.g., Nitrosopumilaceae) and bacterial (e.g., Woeseiaceae and Nitrospiraceae) chemoautotrophs was common in sediments with considerably lower chlorophyll a (1.0±0.24μgg-1) and total organic carbon content (0.17%±0.01), reflecting restricted productivity beneath MYI. We also report evidence of a submarine discharge of sub-permafrost brine from Taylor Valley into New Harbour. By comparing our two study sites, we show that under current climate-warming scenarios, changes to sea ice productivity and seafloor deposition are likely to initiate major shifts in benthic microbial communities, with heterotrophic organic matter degradation processes becoming increasingly important. This study provides the first assessment of how legacy sea ice conditions influence benthic microbial communities in Antarctica, contributing insight into sea ice-benthic coupling and ecosystem functioning in a polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh A Currie
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Environmental Research Institute, International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Alexis J Marshall
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Environmental Research Institute, International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Lohrer
- National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Vonda J Cummings
- National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Seabrook
- National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S Craig Cary
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Environmental Research Institute, International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
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25
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Abirami B, Radhakrishnan M, Kumaran S, Wilson A. Impacts of global warming on marine microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:147905. [PMID: 34126492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global warming in ocean ecosystems alters temperature, acidification, oxygen content, circulation, stratification, and nutrient inputs. Microorganisms play a dominant role in global biogeochemical cycles crucial for a planet's sustainability. Since microbial communities are highly dependent on the temperature factor, fluctuations in the same will lead to adverse effects on the microbial community organization. Throughout the Ocean, increase in evaporation rates causes the surface mixed layer to become shallower. This intensified stratification inhibits vertical transport of nutrient supplies. Such density driven processes will decrease oxygen solubility in surface waters leading to significant decrease of oxygen from future Ocean. Metabolism and diversity of microbes along with ocean biogeochemistry will be at great risk due to global warming and its related effects. As a response to the changes in temperature, alteration in the distribution of phytoplankta communities is observed all over the planet, creating changes in the primary production of the ocean causing massive impact on the biosphere. Marine microbial communities try to adapt to the changing ocean environmental conditions by responding with biogeographic range shifts, community structure modifications, and adaptive evolution. Persistence of this climate change on ocean ecosystems, in future, will pose serious threat to the metabolism and distribution of marine microbes leading to fluctuations in the biogeochemical cycles thereby affecting the overall ecosystem functioning. Genomics plays an important role in marine microbial research by providing tools to study the association between environment and organisms. The ecological and genomic perspectives of marine microbes are being investigated to design effective models to understand their physiology and evolution in a changing ocean. Mesocosm/microcosm experimental studies and field studies are in the need of the hour to evaluate the impact of climate shifts on microbial genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Abirami
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikkam Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Kumaran
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aruni Wilson
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA; Musculoskeletal Disease Research Laboratory, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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26
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Pinkerton MH, Boyd PW, Deppeler S, Hayward A, Höfer J, Moreau S. Evidence for the Impact of Climate Change on Primary Producers in the Southern Ocean. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.592027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the framework of the Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (MEASO), this paper brings together analyses of recent trends in phytoplankton biomass, primary production and irradiance at the base of the mixed layer in the Southern Ocean and summarises future projections. Satellite observations suggest that phytoplankton biomass in the mixed-layer has increased over the last 20 years in most (but not all) parts of the Southern Ocean, whereas primary production at the base of the mixed-layer has likely decreased over the same period. Different satellite models of primary production (Vertically Generalised versus Carbon Based Production Models) give different patterns and directions of recent change in net primary production (NPP). At present, the satellite record is not long enough to distinguish between trends and climate-related cycles in primary production. Over the next 100 years, Earth system models project increasing NPP in the water column in the MEASO northern and Antarctic zones but decreases in the Subantarctic zone. Low confidence in these projections arises from: (1) the difficulty in mapping supply mechanisms for key nutrients (silicate, iron); and (2) understanding the effects of multiple stressors (including irradiance, nutrients, temperature, pCO2, pH, grazing) on different species of Antarctic phytoplankton. Notwithstanding these uncertainties, there are likely to be changes to the seasonal patterns of production and the microbial community present over the next 50–100 years and these changes will have ecological consequences across Southern Ocean food-webs, especially on key species such as Antarctic krill and silverfish.
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27
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Cimoli E, Lucieer V, Meiners KM, Chennu A, Castrisios K, Ryan KG, Lund-Hansen LC, Martin A, Kennedy F, Lucieer A. Mapping the in situ microspatial distribution of ice algal biomass through hyperspectral imaging of sea-ice cores. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21848. [PMID: 33318636 PMCID: PMC7736878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice-associated microalgae make a significant seasonal contribution to primary production and biogeochemical cycling in polar regions. However, the distribution of algal cells is driven by strong physicochemical gradients which lead to a degree of microspatial variability in the microbial biomass that is significant, but difficult to quantify. We address this methodological gap by employing a field-deployable hyperspectral scanning and photogrammetric approach to study sea-ice cores. The optical set-up facilitated unsupervised mapping of the vertical and horizontal distribution of phototrophic biomass in sea-ice cores at mm-scale resolution (using chlorophyll a [Chl a] as proxy), and enabled the development of novel spectral indices to be tested against extracted Chl a (R2 ≤ 0.84). The modelled bio-optical relationships were applied to hyperspectral imagery captured both in situ (using an under-ice sliding platform) and ex situ (on the extracted cores) to quantitatively map Chl a in mg m−2 at high-resolution (≤ 2.4 mm). The optical quantification of Chl a on a per-pixel basis represents a step-change in characterising microspatial variation in the distribution of ice-associated algae. This study highlights the need to increase the resolution at which we monitor under-ice biophysical systems, and the emerging capability of hyperspectral imaging technologies to deliver on this research goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cimoli
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Lucieer
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Klaus M Meiners
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Leibinz Center for Marine Tropical Research, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katerina Castrisios
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Building 1134, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrew Martin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Fraser Kennedy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Arko Lucieer
- Discipline of Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 76, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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28
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Monaco P, Divino F, Naclerio G, Bucci A. Microbial community analysis with a specific statistical approach after a record breaking snowfall in Southern Italy. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Snow and ice ecosystems present unexpectedly high microbial abundance and diversity. Although arctic and alpine snow environments have been intensively investigated from a microbiological point of view, few studies have been conducted in the Apennines. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research was to analyze the microbial communities of the snow collected in two different locations of Capracotta municipality (Southern Italy) after a snowfall record occurred on March 2015 (256 cm of snow in less than 24 h).
Methods
Bacterial communities were analyzed by the Next-Generation Sequencing techniques. Furthermore, a specific statistical approach for taxonomic hierarchy data was introduced, both for the assessment of diversity within microbial communities and the comparison between different microbiotas. In general, diversity and similarity indices are more informative when computed at the lowest level of the taxonomic hierarchy, the species level. This is not the case with microbial data, for which the species level is not necessarily the most informative. Indeed, the possibility to detect a large number of unclassified records at every level of the hierarchy (even at the top) is very realistic due to both the partial knowledge about the cultivable fraction of microbial communities and limitations to taxonomic assignment connected to the quality and completeness of the 16S rRNA gene reference databases. Thus, a global approach considering information from the whole taxonomic hierarchy was adopted in order to obtain a more consistent assessment of the biodiversity.
Result
The main phyla retrieved in the investigated snow samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Interestingly, DNA from bacteria adapted to thrive at low temperatures, but also from microorganisms normally associated with other habitats, whose presence in the snow could be justified by wind-transport, was found. Biomolecular investigations and statistical data analysis showed relevant differences in terms of biodiversity, composition, and distribution of bacterial species between the studied snow samples.
Conclusion
The relevance of this research lies in the expansion of knowledge about microorganisms associated with cold environments in contexts poorly investigated such as the Italian Apennines, and in the development of a global statistical approach for the assessment of biological diversity and similarity of microbial communities as an additional tool to be usefully combined with the barcoding methods.
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29
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Liao L, Gao S, Xu Y, Su S, Wen J, Yu Y, Chen B. Complete genome sequence of Marinomonas arctica BSI20414, a giant antifreeze protein-producing bacterium isolated from Arctic sea ice. Mar Genomics 2020; 57:100829. [PMID: 33867119 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2020.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sea ice in the polar oceans is a dynamic and challenging environment for life to survive, with extreme gradients of temperature, salinity and nutrients etc., as well as formation of ice crystals. Bacteria surviving in sea ice attract broad attention from academia and industry, due to fascinating mechanisms for adaptation. Here we described the complete genome sequence of Marinomonas arctica BSI20414, isolated from Arctic sea ice. The strain tolerated high salinity and low temperature. Genetic features commonly related to adaptation to oxidative stress, osmotic stress and cold stress were detected in the genome. In addition, a large adhesion protein containing a putative antifreeze protein (AFP) domain was detected in the genome, similar with the giant AFP MpIBP from M. primoryensis. The presence of the putative AFP could facilitate M. arctica BSI20414 to bind to sea ice for favorable conditions and protect it from freezing. The genome sequence and the AFP reported here can provide insights into adaptation to sea ice and can be explored further for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liao
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Shanhui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shiyuan Su
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Jiao Wen
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
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30
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Yoshida K, Seger A, Kennedy F, McMinn A, Suzuki K. Freezing, Melting, and Light Stress on the Photophysiology of Ice Algae: Ex Situ Incubation of the Ice Algal diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae) Using an Ice Tank. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1323-1338. [PMID: 32464687 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice algae contribute up to 25% of the primary productivity of polar seas and seed large-scale ice-edge blooms. Fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and light associated with the freeze/thaw cycle can significantly impact the photophysiology of ice-associated taxa. The effects of multiple co-stressors (i.e., freezing temperature and high brine salinity or sudden high light exposure) on the photophysiology of ice algae were investigated in a series of ice tank experiments with the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus under different light intensities. When algal cells were frozen into the ice, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (PSII; Fv /Fm ) decreased possibly due to the damage of PSII reaction centers and/or high brine salinity stress suppressing the reduction capacity downstream of PSII. Expression of the rbcL gene was highly up-regulated, suggesting that cells initiated strategies to enhance survival upon freezing in. Algae contained within the ice-matrix displayed similar levels of Fv /Fm regardless of the light treatments. Upon melting out, cells were exposed to high light (800 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ), resulting in a rapid decline in Fv /Fm and significant up-regulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results suggest that ice algae employed safety valves (i.e., NPQ) to maintain their photosynthetic capability during the sudden environmental changes. Our results infer that sea ice algae are highly adaptable when exposed to multiple co-stressors and that their success can, in part, be explained by the ability to rapidly modify their photosynthetic competence - a key factor contributing to algal bloom formation in the polar seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Andreas Seger
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Fraser Kennedy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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31
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Differences in diversity and photoprotection capability between ice algae and under-ice phytoplankton in Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Japan: a comparative taxonomic diatom analysis with microscopy and DNA barcoding. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Autumn to spring microbial community in the northern Baltic Sea: temporal variability in bacterial, viral and nanoflagellate abundance during the cold-water season. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMarine microbial communities undergo drastic changes during the seasonal cycle in high latitude seas. Despite the dominance of microbial biomass in the oceans, comprehensive studies on the seasonal changes of microbial plankton during the complete winter period are lacking. To study the seasonal variation in abundance of the microbial community, water samples were collected weekly in the Northern Baltic Sea from October to May. During ice cover from mid-January to April, samples from the sea ice and the underlying water were taken in addition to the water column samples. Abundances of bacteria, virus-like particles, nanoflagellates, and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured from sea ice, under-ice water, and the water column, and examined in relation to environmental conditions. All studied organisms had clear seasonal changes in abundance, and the sea-ice microbial community had an independent wintertime development compared to the water column. Bacteria were observed to have a key role in the biotic interactions in both ice and the water column, and the dormant period during the cold-water months (October–May) was limited to before ice formation. Our results provide the first insights into the temporal dynamics of bacteria and viruses during the whole cold-water season (October–May) in coastal high latitude seas, and demonstrate that changes in the environmental conditions are likely to affect bacterial dynamics and have implications on trophic interactions.
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Young JN, Schmidt K. It's what's inside that matters: physiological adaptations of high-latitude marine microalgae to environmental change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1307-1318. [PMID: 32391569 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae within seawater and sea ice fuel high-latitude ecosystems and drive biogeochemical cycles through the fixation and export of carbon, uptake of nutrients, and production and release of oxygen and organic compounds. High-latitude marine environments are characterized by cold temperatures, dark winters and a strong seasonal cycle. Within this environment a number of diverse and dynamic habitats exist, particularly in association with the formation and melt of sea ice, with distinct microalgal communities that transition with the season. Algal physiology is a crucial component, both responding to the dynamic environment and in turn influencing its immediate physicochemical environment. As high-latitude oceans shift into new climate regimes the analysis of seasonal responses may provide insights into how microalgae will respond to long-term environmental change. This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of how the physiology of high-latitude marine microalgae is regulated over a polar seasonal cycle, with a focus on ice-associated (sympagic) algae. In particular, physiologies that impact larger scale processes will be explored, with an aim to improve our understanding of current and future ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Katrin Schmidt
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Kelly A, Lannuzel D, Rodemann T, Meiners KM, Auman HJ. Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111130. [PMID: 32319937 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The durability of plastics in the marine environment has led to concerns regarding the pervasiveness of this debris in remote polar habitats. Microplastic (MP) enrichment in East Antarctic sea ice was measured in one ice core sampled from coastal land-fast sea ice. The core was processed and filtered material was analyzed using micro Fourier-Transform Infrared (μFTIR) spectroscopy. 96 MP particles were identified, averaging 11.71 particles L-1. The most common MP polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide) were consistent with those most frequently represented in the majority of marine MP studies. Sea-ice MP concentrations were positively related with chlorophyll a, suggesting living biomass could assist in incorporating MPs in sea ice. Our preliminary results indicate that sea ice has the potential to serve as a reservoir for MP debris in the Southern Ocean, which may have consequences for Southern Ocean food webs and biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kelly
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - D Lannuzel
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - T Rodemann
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - K M Meiners
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | - H J Auman
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Koch CW, Cooper LW, Lalande C, Brown TA, Frey KE, Grebmeier JM. Seasonal and latitudinal variations in sea ice algae deposition in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas determined by algal biomarkers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231178. [PMID: 32320403 PMCID: PMC7176078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An assessment of the production, distribution and fate of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers produced by sea ice and pelagic diatoms is necessary to interpret their detection and proportions in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. HBIs measured in surface sediments collected from 2012 to 2017 were used to determine the distribution and seasonality of the biomarkers relative to sea ice patterns. A northward gradient of increasing ice algae deposition was observed with localized occurrences of elevated IP25 (sympagic HBI) concentrations from 68–70°N and consistently strong sympagic signatures from 71–72.5°N. A declining sympagic signature was observed from 2012 to 2017 in the northeast Chukchi Sea, coincident with declining sea ice concentrations. HBI fluxes were investigated on the northeast Chukchi shelf with a moored sediment trap deployed from August 2015 to July 2016. Fluxes of sea ice exclusive diatoms (Nitzschia frigida and Melosira arctica) and HBI-producing taxa (Pleurosigma, Haslea and Rhizosolenia spp.) were measured to confirm HBI sources and ice associations. IP25 was detected year-round, increasing in March 2016 (10 ng m-2 d-1) and reaching a maximum in July 2016 (1331 ng m-2 d-1). Snowmelt triggered the release of sea ice algae into the water column in May 2016, while under-ice pelagic production contributed to the diatom export in June and July 2016. Sea ice diatom fluxes were strongly correlated with the IP25 flux, however associations between pelagic diatoms and HBI fluxes were inconclusive. Bioturbation likely facilitates sustained burial of sympagic organic matter on the shelf despite the occurrence of pelagic diatom blooms. These results suggest that sympagic diatoms may sustain the food web through winter on the northeast Chukchi shelf. The reduced relative proportions of sympagic HBIs in the northern Bering Sea are likely driven by sea ice persistence in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Wegner Koch
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lee W. Cooper
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas A. Brown
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Frey
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States of America
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Lavoie M, Saint-Béat B, Strauss J, Guérin S, Allard A, V. Hardy S, Falciatore A, Lavaud J. Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstruction and in Silico Perturbation Analysis of the Polar Diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus Predicts High Metabolic Robustness. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020030. [PMID: 32079178 PMCID: PMC7168318 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are major primary producers in polar environments where they can actively grow under extremely variable conditions. Integrative modeling using a genome-scale model (GSM) is a powerful approach to decipher the complex interactions between components of diatom metabolism and can provide insights into metabolic mechanisms underlying their evolutionary success in polar ecosystems. We developed the first GSM for a polar diatom, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, which enabled us to study its metabolic robustness using sensitivity analysis. We find that the predicted growth rate was robust to changes in all model parameters (i.e., cell biochemical composition) except the carbon uptake rate. Constraints on total cellular carbon buffer the effect of changes in the input parameters on reaction fluxes and growth rate. We also show that single reaction deletion of 20% to 32% of active (nonzero flux) reactions and single gene deletion of 44% to 55% of genes associated with active reactions affected the growth rate, as well as the production fluxes of total protein, lipid, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, and pigments by less than 1%, which was due to the activation of compensatory reactions (e.g., analogous enzymes and alternative pathways) with more highly connected metabolites involved in the reactions that were robust to deletion. Interestingly, including highly divergent alleles unique for F. cylindrus increased its metabolic robustness to cellular perturbations even more. Overall, our results underscore the high robustness of metabolism in F. cylindrus, a feature that likely helps to maintain cell homeostasis under polar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lavoie
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Blanche Saint-Béat
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jan Strauss
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Guérin
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Antoine Allard
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Centre interdisciplinaire de modélisation mathématique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simon V. Hardy
- Département d’informatique et génie logiciel, Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Unité des Neurosciences cellulaires et moléculaires, Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Angela Falciatore
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Johann Lavaud
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
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Mohamad Nor N, Hashim NHF, Quay DHX, Mahadi NM, Illias RM, Abu Bakar FD, Murad AMA. Functional and structural analyses of an expansin-like protein from the antarctic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 reveal strategies of nutrient scavenging in the sea ice environment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sage RF. Global change biology: A primer. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3-30. [PMID: 31663217 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future. One consequence may be a large reduction of the Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing a sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, the global change drivers that threaten the Earth's biota could be alleviated, but this requires clear understanding of the drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic species invasions, eutrophication) impact Earth's biodiversity. Driver impacts on a particular species could be positive or negative. In either case, they initiate secondary responses that cascade along ecological lines of connection and in doing so magnify the initial impact. The unique nature of the threat to the Earth's biodiversity is not simply due to the magnitude of each driver, but due to the speed of change, the novelty of the drivers, and their interactions. Emphasizing one driver, notably climate change, is problematic because the other global change drivers also degrade biodiversity and together threaten the stability of the biosphere. As the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems, GCB is well positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge. If humanity cannot meet the challenge, then GCB is positioned to serve as a leading chronicle of the sixth mass extinction to occur on planet Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kennedy F, Martin A, Bowman JP, Wilson R, McMinn A. Dark metabolism: a molecular insight into how the Antarctic sea-ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus survives long-term darkness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:675-691. [PMID: 30985935 PMCID: PMC6617727 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light underneath Antarctic sea-ice is below detectable limits for up to 4 months of the year. The ability of Antarctic sea-ice diatoms to survive this prolonged darkness relies on their metabolic capability. This study is the first to examine the proteome of a prominent sea-ice diatom in response to extended darkness, focusing on the protein-level mechanisms of dark survival. The Antarctic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus was grown under continuous light or darkness for 120 d. The whole cell proteome was quantitatively analysed by nano-LC-MS/MS to investigate metabolic changes that occur during sustained darkness and during recovery under illumination. Enzymes of metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in respiratory processes, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, the urea cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain became more abundant in the dark. Within the plastid, carbon fixation halted while the upper sections of the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways became less active. We have discovered how F. cylindrus utilises an ancient alternative metabolic mechanism that enables its capacity for long-term dark survival. By sustaining essential metabolic processes in the dark, F. cylindrus retains the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus, ensuring rapid recovery upon re-illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Kennedy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and InnovationTasmanian Institute of AgricultureHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science LaboratoryUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
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40
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Yan D, Endo H, Suzuki K. Increased temperature benefits growth and photosynthetic performance of the sea ice diatom Nitzschia cf. neglecta (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from saroma lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:700-713. [PMID: 30802945 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During ice melt in spring, ice algae are released from the ice and could be exposed to variable temperatures and irradiances in surface water. Saroma Lagoon is an embayment with two inlets leading to the Sea of Okhotsk. With seasonal development of sea ice, its water temperature changes dramatically throughout the year. To investigate the living and photoprotective strategies of ice algae in such a coastal water system, we grew Nitzschia cf. neglecta, an ice diatom isolated from the sea ice of this lagoon, under irradiance levels of 30 and 100 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 , and temperatures of 2°C and 10°C. Then the acclimated cells were exposed to high light in order to investigate the plasticity of their photosynthetic apparatus. At 10°C, cells grew faster and showed decreased susceptibility to high light. At 2°C, an immediate decrease in all pigment content upon exposure, as well as a higher cellular content of diatoxanthin was used to compensate for the more severe excitation stress. Highly efficient photoprotection was achieved through the diadinoxanthin-diatoxanthin cycle-dependent nonphotochemical quenching. While regulation through psbA and rbcL at the transcription level played a minor role in the response to high light stress at both temperatures. The wide tolerance to both temperature and light changes suggest that the thinning of sea ice and higher temperatures in a warmer world will lead to more intense blooms in Saroma Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hisashi Endo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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41
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Macias-Fauria M, Post E. Effects of sea ice on Arctic biota: an emerging crisis discipline. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2017.0702. [PMID: 29563280 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid decline in Arctic sea ice (ASI) extent, area and volume during recent decades is occurring before we can understand many of the mechanisms through which ASI interacts with biological processes both at sea and on land. As a consequence, our ability to predict and manage the effects of this enormous environmental change is limited, making this a crisis discipline Here, we propose a framework to study these effects, defining direct effects as those acting on life-history events of Arctic biota, and indirect effects, where ASI acts upon biological systems through chains of events, normally involving other components of the physical system and/or biotic interactions. Given the breadth and complexity of ASI's effects on Arctic biota, Arctic research requires a truly multidisciplinary approach to address this issue. In the absence of effective global efforts to tackle anthropogenic global warming, ASI will likely continue to decrease, compromising the conservation of many ASI-related taxonomic groups and ecosystems. Mitigation actions will rely heavily on the knowledge acquired on the mechanisms and components involved with the biological effects of ASI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8571, USA
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Reimer JR, Caswell H, Derocher AE, Lewis MA. Ringed seal demography in a changing climate. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01855. [PMID: 30672632 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting species' distributions and abundances worldwide. Baseline population estimates, against which future observations may be compared, are necessary if we are to detect ecological change. Arctic sea ice ecosystems are changing rapidly and we lack baseline population estimates for many ice-associated species. Provided we can detect them, changes in Arctic marine ecosystems may be signaled by changes in indicator species such as ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Ringed seal monitoring has provided estimates of survival and fertility rates, but these have not been used for population-level inference. Using matrix population models, we synthesized existing demographic parameters to obtain estimates of historical ringed seal population growth and structure in Amundsen Gulf and Prince Albert Sound, Canada. We then formalized existing hypotheses about the effects of emerging environmental stressors (i.e., earlier spring ice breakup and reduced snow depth) on ringed seal pup survival. Coupling the demographic model to ice and snow forecasts available from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project resulted in projections of ringed seal population size and structure up to the year 2100. These projections showed median declines in population size ranging from 50% to 99%. Corresponding to these projected declines were substantial changes in population structure, with increasing proportions of ringed seal pups and adults and declining proportions of juveniles. We explored if currently collected, harvest-based data could be used to detect the projected changes in population stage structure. Our model suggests that at a present sample size of 100 seals per year, the projected changes in stage structure would only be reliably detected by mid-century, even for the most extreme climate models. This modeling process revealed inconsistencies in existing estimates of ringed seal demographic rates. Mathematical population models such as these can contribute both to understanding past population trends as well as predicting future ones, both of which are necessary if we are to detect and interpret future observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody R Reimer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta , T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada
| | - Hal Caswell
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1090, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew E Derocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta , T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta , T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada
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Aune M, Aniceto AS, Biuw M, Daase M, Falk-Petersen S, Leu E, Ottesen CAM, Sagerup K, Camus L. Seasonal ecology in ice-covered Arctic seas - Considerations for spill response decision making. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:275-288. [PMID: 30249455 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to retreating sea ice and predictions of undiscovered oil and gas resources, increased activity in Arctic shelf sea areas associated with shipping and oil and gas exploration is expected. Such activities may accidentally lead to oil spills in partly ice-covered ocean areas, which raises issues related to oil spill response. Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) is the process that the response community uses to identify which combination of response strategies minimises the impact to environment and people. The vulnerability of Valued Ecosystem Components (VEC's) to oil pollution depends on their sensitivity to oil and the likelihood that they will be exposed to oil. As such, NEBA requires a good ecological knowledge base on biodiversity, species' distributions in time and space, and timing of ecological events. Biological resources found at interfaces (e.g., air/water, ice/water or water/coastline) are in general vulnerable because that is where oil can accumulate. Here, we summarize recent information about the seasonal, physical and ecological processes in Arctic waters and evaluate the importance these processes when considering in oil spill response decision making through NEBA. In spring-time, many boreal species conduct a lateral migration northwards in response to sea ice retraction and increased production associated with the spring bloom. However, many Arctic species, including fish, seabirds and marine mammals, are present in upper water layers in the Arctic throughout the year, and recent research has demonstrated that bioactivity during the Arctic winter is higher than previously assumed. Information on the seasonal presence/absence of less resilient VEC's such as marine mammals and sea birds in combination with the presence/absence of sea ice seems to be especially crucial to consider in a NEBA. In addition, quantification of the potential impact of different, realistic spill sizes on the energy cascade following the spring bloom at the ice-edge would provide important information for assessing ecosystem effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Aune
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ana Sofia Aniceto
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway; ARCEx (Research Centre of Arctic Petroleum Exploration), UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Department of Geology, Dramsveien 201, Postboks 6050 Langnes, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Biuw
- Institute of Marine Research, 9294, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Leu
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla A M Ottesen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sagerup
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
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Wing SR, Leichter JJ, Wing LC, Stokes D, Genovese SJ, McMullin RM, Shatova OA. Contribution of sea ice microbial production to Antarctic benthic communities is driven by sea ice dynamics and composition of functional guilds. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3642-3653. [PMID: 29704449 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter produced by the sea ice microbial community (SIMCo) is an important link between sea ice dynamics and secondary production in near-shore food webs of Antarctica. Sea ice conditions in McMurdo Sound were quantified from time series of MODIS satellite images for Sept. 1 through Feb. 28 of 2007-2015. A predictable sea ice persistence gradient along the length of the Sound and evidence for a distinct change in sea ice dynamics in 2011 were observed. We used stable isotope analysis (δ13 C and δ15 N) of SIMCo, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) and shallow water (10-20 m) macroinvertebrates to reveal patterns in trophic structure of, and incorporation of organic matter from SIMCo into, benthic communities at eight sites distributed along the sea ice persistence gradient. Mass-balance analysis revealed distinct trophic architecture among communities and large fluxes of SIMCo into the near-shore food web, with the estimates ranging from 2 to 84% of organic matter derived from SIMCo for individual species. Analysis of patterns in density, and biomass of macroinvertebrate communities among sites allowed us to model net incorporation of organic matter from SIMCo, in terms of biomass per unit area (g/m2 ), into benthic communities. Here, organic matter derived from SIMCo supported 39 to 71 per cent of total biomass. Furthermore, for six species, we observed declines in contribution of SIMCo between years with persistent sea ice (2008-2009) and years with extensive sea ice breakout (2012-2015). Our data demonstrate the vital role of SIMCo in ecosystem function in Antarctica and strong linkages between sea ice dynamics and near-shore secondary productivity. These results have important implications for our understanding of how benthic communities will respond to changes in sea ice dynamics associated with climate change and highlight the important role of shallow water macroinvertebrate communities as sentinels of change for the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Wing
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James J Leichter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lucy C Wing
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dale Stokes
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sal J Genovese
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Olya A Shatova
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Attard KM, Søgaard DH, Piontek J, Lange BA, Katlein C, Sørensen HL, McGinnis DF, Rovelli L, Rysgaard S, Wenzhöfer F, Glud RN. Oxygen fluxes beneath Arctic land-fast ice and pack ice: towards estimates of ice productivity. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Bharudin I, Abu Bakar MF, Hashim NHF, Mat Isa MN, Alias H, Firdaus-Raih M, Md Illias R, Najimudin N, Mahadi NM, Abu Bakar FD, Abdul Murad AM. Unravelling the adaptation strategies employed by Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 on Antarctic sea ice. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 137:169-176. [PMID: 29598997 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaciozyma antarctica PI12, is a psychrophilic yeast isolated from Antarctic sea. In this work, Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) from cells exposed to three different temperatures; 15 °C, 0 °C and -12 °C were generated to identify genes associated with cold adaptation. A total of 5376 clones from each library were randomly picked and sequenced. Comparative analyses from the resulting ESTs in each condition identified several groups of genes required for cold adaptation. Additionally, 319 unique transcripts that encoded uncharacterised functions were identified in the -12 °C library and are currently unique to G. antarctica. Gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR revealed two of the unknown genes to be up-regulated at -12 °C compared to 0 °C and 15 °C. These findings further contribute to the collective knowledge into G. antarctica cold adaptation and as a resource for understanding the ecological and physiological tolerance of psychrophilic microbes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izwan Bharudin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Noor Haza Fazlin Hashim
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi Lama, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Halimah Alias
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi Lama, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Biosciences Engineering, Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nazalan Najimudin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi Lama, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rapp JZ, Fernández-Méndez M, Bienhold C, Boetius A. Effects of Ice-Algal Aggregate Export on the Connectivity of Bacterial Communities in the Central Arctic Ocean. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1035. [PMID: 29875749 PMCID: PMC5974969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In summer 2012, Arctic sea ice declined to a record minimum and, as a consequence of the melting, large amounts of aggregated ice-algae sank to the seafloor at more than 4,000 m depth. In this study, we assessed the composition, turnover and connectivity of bacterial and microbial eukaryotic communities across Arctic habitats from sea ice, algal aggregates and surface waters to the seafloor. Eukaryotic communities were dominated by diatoms, dinoflagellates and other alveolates in all samples, and showed highest richness and diversity in sea-ice habitats (∼400-500 OTUs). Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the predominant bacterial classes across all investigated Arctic habitats. Bacterial community richness and diversity peaked in deep-sea samples (∼1,700 OTUs). Algal aggregate-associated bacterial communities were mainly recruited from the sea-ice community, and were transported to the seafloor with the sinking ice algae. The algal deposits at the seafloor had a unique community structure, with some shared sequences with both the original sea-ice community (22% OTU overlap), as well as with the deep-sea sediment community (17% OTU overlap). We conclude that ice-algal aggregate export does not only affect carbon export from the surface to the seafloor, but may change microbial community composition in central Arctic habitats with potential effects for benthic ecosystem functioning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Z. Rapp
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Bienhold
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antje Boetius
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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48
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Torstensson A, Fransson A, Currie K, Wulff A, Chierici M. Microalgal photophysiology and macronutrient distribution in summer sea ice in the Amundsen and Ross Seas, Antarctica. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195587. [PMID: 29634756 PMCID: PMC5892929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study addresses how environmental variables, such as macronutrients concentrations, snow cover, carbonate chemistry and salinity affect the photophysiology and biomass of Antarctic sea-ice algae. We have measured vertical profiles of inorganic macronutrients (phosphate, nitrite + nitrate and silicic acid) in summer sea ice and photophysiology of ice algal assemblages in the poorly studied Amundsen and Ross Seas sectors of the Southern Ocean. Brine-scaled bacterial abundance, chl a and macronutrient concentrations were often high in the ice and positively correlated with each other. Analysis of photosystem II rapid light curves showed that microalgal cells in samples with high phosphate and nitrite + nitrate concentrations had reduced maximum relative electron transport rate and photosynthetic efficiency. We also observed strong couplings of PSII parameters to snow depth, ice thickness and brine salinity, which highlights a wide range of photoacclimation in Antarctic pack-ice algae. It is likely that the pack ice was in a post-bloom situation during the late sea-ice season, with low photosynthetic efficiency and a high degree of nutrient accumulation occurring in the ice. In order to predict how key biogeochemical processes are affected by future changes in sea ice cover, such as in situ photosynthesis and nutrient cycling, we need to understand how physicochemical properties of sea ice affect the microbial community. Our results support existing hypothesis about sea-ice algal photophysiology, and provide additional observations on high nutrient concentrations in sea ice that could influence the planktonic communities as the ice is retreating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Torstensson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Agneta Fransson
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kim Currie
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) / University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Angela Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Chierici
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
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49
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Murphy EJ, Cavanagh RD, Drinkwater KF, Grant SM, Heymans JJ, Hofmann EE, Hunt GL, Johnston NM. Understanding the structure and functioning of polar pelagic ecosystems to predict the impacts of change. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1646. [PMID: 27928038 PMCID: PMC5204148 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The determinants of the structure, functioning and resilience of pelagic ecosystems across most of the polar regions are not well known. Improved understanding is essential for assessing the value of biodiversity and predicting the effects of change (including in biodiversity) on these ecosystems and the services they maintain. Here we focus on the trophic interactions that underpin ecosystem structure, developing comparative analyses of how polar pelagic food webs vary in relation to the environment. We highlight that there is not a singular, generic Arctic or Antarctic pelagic food web, and, although there are characteristic pathways of energy flow dominated by a small number of species, alternative routes are important for maintaining energy transfer and resilience. These more complex routes cannot, however, provide the same rate of energy flow to highest trophic-level species. Food-web structure may be similar in different regions, but the individual species that dominate mid-trophic levels vary across polar regions. The characteristics (traits) of these species are also different and these differences influence a range of food-web processes. Low functional redundancy at key trophic levels makes these ecosystems particularly sensitive to change. To develop models for projecting responses of polar ecosystems to future environmental change, we propose a conceptual framework that links the life histories of pelagic species and the structure of polar food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Murphy
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - S M Grant
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Heymans
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - E E Hofmann
- Center for Coastal and Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - G L Hunt
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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50
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Dall'Osto M, Ovadnevaite J, Paglione M, Beddows DCS, Ceburnis D, Cree C, Cortés P, Zamanillo M, Nunes SO, Pérez GL, Ortega-Retuerta E, Emelianov M, Vaqué D, Marrasé C, Estrada M, Sala MM, Vidal M, Fitzsimons MF, Beale R, Airs R, Rinaldi M, Decesari S, Cristina Facchini M, Harrison RM, O'Dowd C, Simó R. Antarctic sea ice region as a source of biogenic organic nitrogen in aerosols. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6047. [PMID: 28729547 PMCID: PMC5519629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming affects the development and distribution of sea ice, but at present the evidence of polar ecosystem feedbacks on climate through changes in the atmosphere is sparse. By means of synergistic atmospheric and oceanic measurements in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, we present evidence that the microbiota of sea ice and sea ice-influenced ocean are a previously unknown significant source of atmospheric organic nitrogen, including low molecular weight alkyl-amines. Given the keystone role of nitrogen compounds in aerosol formation, growth and neutralization, our findings call for greater chemical and source diversity in the modelling efforts linking the marine ecosystem to aerosol-mediated climate effects in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marco Paglione
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmigham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Cree
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Pau Cortés
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Zamanillo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sdena O Nunes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo L Pérez
- Instituto INIBIOMA, CRUB Comahue, CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400S.C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Eva Ortega-Retuerta
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mikhail Emelianov
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Estrada
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vidal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mark F Fitzsimons
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rachael Beale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Ruth Airs
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmigham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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