Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system

Exploring the role of vault complex in the nervous system: a literature review

Vault RNAs (vtRNAs) are a novel group of non-coding RNAs that are involved in various signaling mechanisms. vtRNAs are joined by three proteins major vault protein (MVP), vault poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (VPARP), and telomerase-associated protein 1 (TEP1) to form the vault complex. In humans, only four vtRNA including vtRNA 1-1, vtRNA 1-2, vtRNA 1-3, vtRNA 2-1) have been discovered. In nerve cells, vtRNA is involved in synapse formation through MAPK signaling. vtRNA travels to the distal area of neurites as a key unit in the vault complex. Moreover, tRNA is detached from the vault complex in the neurite via a mitotic kinase Aurora-A-reliant MVP phosphorylation. Several molecules contribute to the formation of vtRNAs. For instance, SRSF2 and NSUN2 and their attachment to vtRNA1-1 determines the production of small-vtRNAs. Through the same factors, vtRNAs could play a role in neurodevelopmental deficits. Addition the role of vtRNA expression and vault proteins has been recently studied in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as well as brain cancers. While the mechanisms of vtRNA involvement in neurological disorders is not well-demonstrated, we believe this could be related to the impact of vtRNA regulation in autophagy, immunoregulation, RNA stability, cellular stress, apoptosis, and regulation of other epigenetic pathways. The present review captures the state-of-the-art regarding the role of vtRNAs in neurodevelopment, normal nervous system function, and neurological disorders.

Wnt signaling pathways in biology and disease: mechanisms and therapeutic advances

The Wnt signaling pathway is critically involved in orchestrating cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, survival, and cell fate determination during development. Given its pivotal role in cellular communication, aberrant Wnt signaling has been extensively linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the Wnt pathway, detailing its signal transduction mechanisms and principal components. Furthermore, the complex network of interactions between Wnt cascades and other key signaling pathways, such as Notch, Hedgehog, TGF-β, FGF, and NF-κB, is explored. Genetic mutations affecting the Wnt pathway play a pivotal role in disease progression, with particular emphasis on Wnt signaling's involvement in cancer stem cell biology and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review underscores the diverse mechanisms through which Wnt signaling contributes to diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Finally, a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic progress targeting Wnt signaling was given, and the latest progress in disease treatment targeting key components of the Wnt signaling pathway was summarized in detail, including Wnt ligands/receptors, β-catenin destruction complexes, and β-catenin/TCF transcription complexes. The development of small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and combination therapy strategies was emphasized, while the current potential therapeutic challenges were summarized. This aims to enhance the current understanding of this key pathway.

The role of miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 pathway in mediating the effects of Yiqi Congming decoction on dry eye: A mechanistic study in rat models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yiqi Congming Decoction (YQCM) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula widely used as a complementary and alternative therapy for dry eye and other ophthalmic disorders.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the potential effects of YQCM on dry eye and to identify the active components responsible for its therapeutic efficacy using a rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF/MS), the chemical constituents of YQCM were identified. In vivo experiments demonstrated the protective effects of YQCM on the corneal barrier in a rat model of dry eye and determined the optimal therapeutic dose. YQCM and agomiR-146a were administered either individually or in combination to rat over 14 days, followed by evaluations of Schirmer I test (SⅠT) results, tear film breakup time (BUT), fluorescein staining (FL) levels, corneal epithelial cell inflammation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of proteins in the miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 pathway, as well as inflammation and apoptosis-related proteins, was examined to explore the mechanisms through which YQCM modulates inflammation and improves tear film stability. In vitro experiments employed serum containing YQCM, agomiR-146a, and the IRAK1 inhibitor (AZ1495) to further investigate the regulatory effects of YQCM on the miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 pathway and its impact on inflammation and apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) under hypertonic conditions.

RESULTS

In vivo experimental results demonstrated that YQCM significantly restored tear film stability. Treatment with varying doses of YQCM improved corneal epithelial damage in rats, with the medium dose exhibiting the most pronounced effect. YQCM increased the SⅠT and BUT levels, effectively reduced FL levels, and inhibited apoptosis and inflammatory damage in corneal epithelial cells. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, TUNEL assays, and Western blot (WB) and qPCR analyses revealed that YQCM significantly ameliorated corneal damage in dry eye rats and reduced the expression levels of MMP-9, TNF-α, IL-1β, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Moreover, YQCM modulated the expression of proteins in the miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that YQCM regulated the levels of miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 in HCECs under hypertonic conditions and enhanced cell viability by reducing the expression of MMP-9, TNF-α, IL-1β, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and other techniques, it was further confirmed that YQCM alleviated apoptosis in HCECs under hypertonic conditions.

CONCLUSION

YQCM protects tear film stability in a rat model of dry eye by suppressing corneal epithelial inflammatory responses and reducing apoptosis through modulation of the miR-146a/IRAK1/JNK1 pathway.

Development of RelB-targeting small-molecule inhibitors of non-canonical NF-κB signaling with antitumor efficacy

Dysfunction of the non-canonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been causally associated with numbers of cancers and autoimmune diseases. However, specific inhibitors for this signaling pathway remain to be developed. Here, we showed that structure-based cell-based screening yielded a potent and specific small molecule targeting RelB to inhibit the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, while it had no inhibitory effect on the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Mechanistically, the inhibitor directly interacted with RelB protein and disrupted RelB binding to its target DNA, thus repressing RelB transactivity on target genes. Through blocking oncogenic activity of the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway in colorectal cancer or B lymphoma, the inhibitor efficiently exerted a potent antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study provided a new RelB-targeting inhibitor that inhibited the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway and facilitated precise therapeutic applications in cancers and possibly other diseases.

TNF/TNFR Superfamily Members in Costimulation of T Cell Responses-Revisited

Prosurvival tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily (TNFRSF) members on T cells, including 4-1BB, CD27, GITR, and OX40, support T cell accumulation during clonal expansion, contributing to T cell memory. During viral infection, tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members on inflammatory monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provide a postpriming signal (signal 4) for T cell accumulation, particularly in the tissues. Patients with loss-of-function mutations in TNFR/TNFSF members reveal a critical role for 4-1BB and CD27 in CD8 T cell control of Epstein-Barr virus and other childhood infections and of OX40 in CD4 T cell responses. Here, on the 20th anniversary of a previous Annual Review of Immunology article about TNFRSF signaling in T cells, we discuss the effects of endogenous TNFRSF signals in T cells upon recognition of TNFSF members on APCs; the role of TNFRSF members, including TNFR2, on regulatory T cells; and recent advances in the incorporation of TNFRSF signaling in T cells into immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer.

The bioactive compound of traditional herbal ointment accelerates wound closure, epithelialization, and angiogenesis in patients with second-degree burn wound: A randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

This study endeavors to draw a comparative analysis between a traditional herbal ointment, specifically Swalin, and silver sulfadiazine ointment in the context of repairing deep second-degree burns.

METHODS

A randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Iran University of Medical Sciences. In this investigation, a cohort comprising eighty-two patients was stratified into two groups, namely Swalin (n = 41) and Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) (n = 41). Over 28 days, ointment applications were administered twice daily. The quantification of ointment compounds was conducted employing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study encompassed a comprehensive assessment involving clinical examination, quantitative and qualitative histopathological evaluations, pain level determination, and scrutiny of wound closure. Statistical analyses, encompassing chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, were performed using SPSS software.

RESULTS

Our investigation revealed that the predominant compounds in the ointment were linoleic acid (41.37 %) and elaidic acid (37.45 %). On the 28th day, the Swalin group demonstrated a significantly higher rate of wound closure (81.52 ± 7.76) compared to the SSD group (69.91 ± 2.48) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a statistically significant distinction was observed between the two groups concerning the degree of epithelialization (P = 0.048). Fibroblast density exhibited a notable discrepancy between the groups (P = 0.02). In terms of angiogenesis and collagen deposition, the Swalin group displayed a significant contrast with the SSD group (P = 0.008 and P = 0.007, respectively), while no statistical distinction was discerned in the number of immune cells (P > 0.05). Histological examination of SSD illustrated a pronounced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the dermis, predominantly lymphocytes. Conversely, the Swalin group exhibited well-formed dermal layers, minimal infiltration, and a profusion of vessels.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of Swalin ointment, attributed to its rich composition of fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, and the presence of vitamins C and E.

High-throughput screening and in vitro evaluation of CSB-0914; a novel small molecule NF-κB inhibitor attenuating inflammatory responses through NF-κB, Nrf2 and HO-1 cross-talk

Unpleasant side effects of standard inflammatory drugs urges search for novel therapeutic candidates. This study aims in identifying novel anti-inflammatory NF-κB inhibitor by high-throughput computational and in-vitro pre-clinical approaches. Lead candidate selection was conducted by the use of computational docking molecular-dynamic simulations. The RBL-2H3 cell line, derived from rat basophils, was used to evaluate the release of cytokines and degranulation. The study focused on the study of neutrophil elastase and its role in cellular motility. Flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate the activation of basophils and the expression of critical signaling proteins. High throughput screening identified CSB-0914 to stably bind NF-κB-p50 subunit. Dose based loss in T NF-α and IL-2 release were observed in RBL-2H3 cells in addition to degranulation inhibition by CSB-0914. The compound demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing basophil activation assay induced by FcεRI receptors, with an IC50 value of 98.41 nM.. A dose dependent decrease in neutrophil migration and elastase were observed when treated with CSB- 0914. The compound was effective in decreasing. Upon stimulation, RBL-2H3 cells exhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB p-65 as well as upregulation of the Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Collectively, our study has successfully identified a novel inhibitor called CSB-0914 that effectively regulates inflammatory responses. These reactions are primarily mediated by the interplay between NF-κB, Nrf2, and HO-1. The findings of this study provide support for the need to conduct more research on CSB-0914 with the aim of its development as a pharmaceutical agent for anti-inflammatory purposes.

IKKβ inhibits cognitive memory and adult hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating the β-catenin pathway

AIM

The IKKβ signaling pathway regulates NF-κB, influencing inflammation and cell survival in the brain. Radial glia cells are crucial for hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition. However, the role and mechanisms of IKKβ in modulating radial glia behavior and its impact on memory and neurogenesis remain unclear. Further studies are needed to understand how alterations in this pathway affect hippocampal function.

MAIN METHODS

The role of IKKβ in memory and hippocampal neurogenesis was examined using GFAP-CreERT2/IKKβflox/flox mice with IKKβ knockdown in radial glia cells. IKKβ expression, NSC proliferation, and differentiation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. NF-κB and β-catenin interactions were evaluated by immunoprecipitation. Cultured adult hippocampal NSCs, with IKKβ or β-catenin shRNA transfection, were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot to examine stem cell characteristics, NF-κB signaling, cell cycle, and β-catenin pathways.

KEY FINDINGS

Our results showed IKKβ cKD increased exploratory activity in the open-field and hyperactivity in the Y-maze, as well as enhanced spatial memory in the object location and Morris water maze tests. It also promoted adult hippocampal NSC proliferation by upregulating positive and inhibiting negative cell cycle regulators. Neuronal differentiation was enhanced, affecting β-catenin signaling and NeuroD1 expression. Additionally, IKKβ cKD promoted NSC survival, as shown by decreased cleaved caspase-3 and reduced Bax and cytochrome c in the hippocampus.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings suggest that in hippocampal NSCs, IKKβ inhibits locomotion, cognitive function, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis by suppressing the β-catenin signaling, highlighting its key role in decreasing hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function through NF-κB signaling in adult NSCs.

Bioassay-guided and DeepSAT + SMART-driven identification of hepatoprotective phenolics from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica

To explore potential protective effects of natural products against alcohol-induced liver disease, a bioactivity-driven approach and HSQC-based DeepSAT and SMART were employed. Twelve phenolics, including four previously uncharacterized compounds (1-4), were identified from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. Their structures were elucidated as gallic acid analogs through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including HRESIMS and NMR methods. Network pharmacology predicted that compounds 1-12 may target on AKT1, TNF, and NFKB1, with potential to improve alcohol-induced liver injury, as suggested by Swiss Target Prediction. Compounds 1-4, 6, 8, and 9 exhibited significant protective effects against alcohol-induced liver damage in NCTC-1469 cells at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. Notably, compound 4 was found to exert its anti-alcoholic liver injury effect via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Beyond the pill: incrimination of nuclear factor-kappa B and their targeted phytomedicine for pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a slow and irreparable damage of the lung caused by the accumulation of scar tissue, which eventually results in organ dysfunction and fatality from gas exchange failure. One of the extensively studied inflammatory pathways in PF is the NF-κB signalling pathway, which is reportedly involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast differentiation, and other cellular processes. Additionally, studies have evidence that NF-κB signalling pathways can be employed as a potential target for developing therapeutic agents against PF. In the current scenario, FDA-approved drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have been used for the treatment of PF with potential side effects. Recently, the usage of bioactive compounds has attracted attention in the treatment of PF. This review focuses on the involvement of the NF-κB signalling pathway in PF and the significance of phytocompounds in regulating the NF-κB pathway. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that NF-κB-targeted plant-based bioactive compounds significantly ameliorate the PF condition as well as improve the health condition. Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were used to conduct literature surveys and compile data on all the bioactive compounds. In conclusion, the plant-derived bioactive compounds are potent enough to target the NF-κB with its biological properties, and this could be a highly effective therapeutic strategy for PF in the future.

Zika but not Dengue virus infection limits NF-κB activity in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and suppresses their ability to activate T cells

Understanding flavivirus immunity is critical for the development of pan-flavivirus vaccines. Dendritic cells (DC) coordinate antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses, and they can be targeted by flaviviruses as a mechanism of immune evasion. Using an unbiased genome-wide approach designed to specifically identify flavivirus-modulated pathways, we found that, while dengue virus (DENV) robustly activates DCs, Zika virus (ZIKV) causes minimal activation of genes involved in DC activation, maturation, and antigen presentation, reducing cytokine secretion and the stimulation of allogeneic and peptide-specific T cell responses. Mechanistically, ZIKV inhibits DC maturation by suppressing NF-κB p65 recruitment and the subsequent transcription of proinflammatory and DC maturation-related genes. Thus, we identify a divergence in the effects of ZIKV and DENV on the host T cell response, highlighting the need to factor such differences into the design of anti-flavivirus vaccines.

SGDAcn is a suppressor for silk gland endoreplication and development

Silkworm silk gland cells undergo multiple rounds of endoreplication, a process in which the genome is duplicated without cell division, leading to cellular polyploidization. This results in the accumulation of genomic DNA, serving as the foundation for rapid silk proteins synthesis. For the first time, we report a previously uncharacterized gene, SGDAcn, in the silkworm silk gland that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated nuclease 9-mediated SGDAcn knockout in the posterior silk gland increased cell size and enhanced silk production. SGDAcn knockout facilitated the progression of endoreplication by upregulating the expression of various cyclin genes and promoting energy metabolism, leading to a substantial increase in fibroin gene expression and its transcription factor Dimm, as well as the stimulation of ribosome biogenesis for messenger RNA translation and enhancement of eukaryotic translation initiation factors for protein synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that SGDAcn influences endoreplication, cell growth, and nucleolus size through SGDAcn-EGFR/PI3K/AKT and SGDAcn-NF-κB signaling pathways. Overall, SGDAcn acts as a negative regulator of silk gland development, affecting cell size and protein synthesis, thus modulating silk production. These mechanisms might be conserved in cell growth and progression, making an attractive target for genetic editing to improve silk yield in silkworms and potentially in mammalian cell growth regulation.

CCL20/CXCL5 Drives Crosstalk Between Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Promote Tumor Progression

The dynamic interplay between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) shapes the tumor microenvironment and facilitates ATC progression. However, the mechanisms of communication between TAMs and anaplastic thyroid cancer stem cells (ATCSCs) remain largely unelucidated. Integrative analyses of single-cell RNA sequencing, cytokine/chemokine arrays, proteomics, and mRNA expression datasets are performed to reveal crosstalk between TAMs and ATCSCs and signaling pathways in ATCSCs. Subsequently, in vitro experiments are performed to validate the regulatory effects of key cytokines on ATCSC stemness. Last, xenogeneic orthotopic thyroid ATCSCs transplantation models are utilized to corroborate the regulatory effect of cytokines on stemness. CCL20 derived from THP-1-M2 activates the IRAK-1/NF-κB1/2 signaling pathway in ATCSCs, thereby positively regulating stemness characteristics and upregulating CXCL5 secretion. ATCSCs not only exhibit autocrine CXCL5 participation in the regulation of stemness but also demonstrate paracrine CXCL5 activity to recruit THP-1-Mφ and maintain the M2 phenotype. CCL20 and CXCL5 are involved in the crosstalk between TAMs and ATCSCs. The CCL20/CXCL5 axis plays a crucial role in the interaction between TAMs and ATCSCs, establishing a progressive tumor microenvironment.

Laboratory-simulated marine heatwave enhances physiological damage to mussels exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles by disrupting the gut-hepatopancreas axis

The aggregation state of nano-TiO2 in the environment is altered under marine heatwaves (MHWs), thus affecting its bioavailability and toxicity to the marine organisms. Here, we investigated the toxic mechanisms and effects of nano-TiO2 on gut-hepatopancreas axis health of Mytilus coruscus exposed to 25 and 250 μg/L of nano-TiO2 under laboratory-simulated MHW. Compared with the control conditions or post-MHW cooling phase, prolonged MHW exposure significantly inhibited digestive function, decreased immune-related enzymes activities, and caused neurotoxicity in the mussels. 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated that high concentration nano-TiO2 and combined exposures decreased the abundance of Bacteroidota while increased the Proteobacteria. Additionally, the elevated pro-inflammatory bacteria released endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the hepatopancreas and induced hepatopancreatic inflammation by downregulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and detoxification-related genes. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 and MHW exposure dysregulated the glutathione system, decreased the levels of antioxidation-related genes, and induced the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxide (LPO) contents, thus causing severe oxidative damage and hepatopancreatic cell apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that nano-TiO2 and MHW induce hepatopancreatic inflammation and cell damage, which are strongly associated with the gut lesions and disrupted gut-hepatopancreas axis homeostasis.

Splenic TNF-α signaling potentiates the innate-to-adaptive transition of antiviral NK cells

Natural killer (NK) cells possess both innate and adaptive features. Here, we investigated NK cell activation across tissues during cytomegalovirus infection, which generates antigen-specific clonal expansion and long-lived memory responses. Longitudinal tracking and single-cell RNA sequencing of NK cells following infection revealed enhanced activation in the spleen, as well as early formation of a CD69lo precursor population that preferentially gave rise to adaptive NK cells. Splenic NK cells demonstrated heightened tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling and increased expression of the receptor TNFR2, which coincided with elevated TNF-α production by splenic myeloid cells. TNFR2-deficient NK cells exhibited impaired interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and expansion. TNFR2 signaling engaged two distinct nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling arms-innate effector NK cell responses required canonical NF-κB signaling, whereas non-canonical NF-κB signaling enforced differentiation of CD69lo adaptive NK cell precursors. Thus, NK cell priming in the spleen during viral infection promotes an innate-to-adaptive transition, providing insight into avenues for generating adaptive NK cell immunity across diverse settings.

Characterization of a heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) gene and the association of its single nucleotide polymorphisms with susceptibility/resistance of Magallana gigas to Halomonas sp. 7T

Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is an important activator of innate immunity in the response of invertebrates to pathogen invasion. In the present study, a HSF1 was characterized in Pacific oyster Magallana gigas (MgHSF1), and its association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with susceptibility/resistance of oyster to Halomonas sp. 7T were investigated. MgHSF1 shared highly conserved DNA binding and acetylation sites with other organisms. The MgHSF1 mRNA showed high expression in haemocytes, and was significantly induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within promoter region of MgHSF1 gene from two oyster populations (the bacterial-resistant population and the common population) were investigated to analyze their association with bacterial resistance. Nine out of 14 SNPs including -543 A/G, -494 C/T, -488 T/A, -476 G/A, -336 C/T, -335 T/C, -334 C/T, -307 T/C and -268 T/C were found to be associated with bacterial resistance. Moreover, haplotypes TCTCGA was associated with bacterial resistance. The results threw lights on the molecular mechanisms of different oyster populations' resistance to bacterial diseases which suggested that the increased bacterial resistance of bacterial-resistant population was associated with the higher expression of MgHSF1. Meanwhile, the nine genotypes (-543 G/G, -494 T/T, -488 A/A, -476 A/A, -336 T/T, -335 C/C, -334 T/T, -307 T/T, and -268 C/C) and one haplotype (TCTCGA) could be used as potential markers for oyster selection breeding with higher bacterial resistance.

Non-coding RNAs affecting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive review of potential therapeutic options

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that can lead to fulminant heart failure and sudden cardiac death. In recent years, the prevalence of all types of cardiomyopathies has shown an upward trend globally. Up to 40% of patients with cardiomyopathy-related heart failure have diabetes mellitus (DM). With the fast global spread of DM, the prevalence of DCM is increasing accordingly and it remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic diabetic patients. NLRP3 inflammasome significantly contributes to the development and pathological progression of DCM. Targeting the inflammasome or any of the mediators along its activation pathway provides new potential therapeutic targets for developing specialized drugs to treat DCM.In this comprehensive review, we sought to introduce and summarize the non-coding RNAs with potential therapeutic effects targeting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in DCM. We hope this general overview can aid future research in developing new therapies for DCM.

Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis

Neuroinflammation represents a critical pathway in the brain for the clearance of foreign bodies and the maintenance of homeostasis. When the neuroinflammatory process is dysregulate, such as the over-activation of microglia, which results in the excessive accumulation of free oxygen and inflammatory factors in the brain, among other factors, it can lead to an imbalance in homeostasis and the development of various diseases. Recent research has indicated that the development of numerous neurodegenerative diseases is closely associated with neuroinflammation. The pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in the brain is intricate, involving alterations in numerous genes and proteins, as well as the activation and inhibition of signaling pathways. Furthermore, excessive inflammation can result in neuronal cell apoptosis, which can further exacerbate the extent of the disease. This article presents a summary of recent studies on the relationship between neuronal apoptosis caused by excessive neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim is to identify the link between the two and to provide new ideas and targets for exploring the pathogenesis, as well as the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Dynamic Regulation of HIF1α and Oxygen-Sensing Factors in Cyclic Bovine Corpus Luteum and During LPS Challenge

Understanding the corpus luteum (CL) and its role in cattle reproduction is crucial, particularly as it is a progesterone source for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Reduced oxygen levels significantly impact these processes. This study investigated the effects of the luteal stage on the spatio-temporal gene expression patterns of HIF1α and oxygen-sensing factors, as well as the impact of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on these factors. Endothelial inflammatory responses were also addressed. The samples included CL collected at the early, mid, and late stages, as well as biopsies from mid-luteal stage cows treated either with saline (controls) or LPS. Samples collected in subsequent cycles assessed potential carryover effects. RT-PCR revealed upregulation of HIF1α, PHD1, PHD3, FIH, and VHL encoding genes in the mid-luteal stage. In situ hybridization revealed the compartmentalization of HIF1α and its regulators within the luteal and endothelial cells, suggesting their cell-specific roles. LPS treatment affected PHD1 and PHD3 expression, while increasing endothelial pro-inflammatory factors ICAM1 and NFκB, suggesting vascular inflammation and modulated oxygen sensing. These findings reveal new insights into the spatio-temporal expression of HIF1α-regulating factors in the CL, highlighting their potential role in controlling luteal function, detailing their cellular compartmentalization, and the effects of LPS-mediated inflammatory responses.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: an attractive potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy in children and adolescents, and although current neoadjuvant chemotherapy has shown efficacy against OS, the long-term survival rate for patients with OS remains low, highlighting the need to find more effective treatments. In cancer cells, abnormal activation of signaling pathways can widely affect cell activity from growth and proliferation to apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Wnt/β-catenin is a complex and unique signaling pathway that is considered to be one of the most important carcinogenic pathways in human cancer. Research have confirmed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important driving factor for the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma, and abnormal activation of this pathway can promote the pathological processes of cell proliferation, invasion, migration, tumor angiogenesis and chemical resistance of osteosarcoma. However, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can effectively inhibit or reverse the above pathological processes. Therefore, manipulating the expression or function of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a potential targeted pathway for the treatment of OS. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and summarize the role and mechanism of this pathway in OS. This paper discusses the therapeutic significance of inhibiting or targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in OS and the shortcomings of current studies on this pathway in OS and the problems to be solved. This review helps us to understand the role of Wnt/β-catenin on OS, and provides a theoretical basis and new ideas for targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a therapeutic target for OS.

Fabry Disease and Inflammation: Potential Role of p65 iso5, an Isoform of the NF-κB Complex

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease, caused by mutations in the GLA gene on the X chromosome, resulting in a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-GAL. This leads to the progressive accumulation of Gb3 in cells, causing multi-systemic effects. FD has been classified as a subgroup of autoinflammatory diseases. NF-κB is a family of ubiquitous and inducible transcription factors that play critical roles in inflammation, in which the p65/p50 heterodimer is the most abundant. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) represents the physiological antagonists in the inflammation process. A novel spliced variant of p65, named p65 iso5, which can bind the dexamethasone, enhancing GR activity, has been found. This study investigates the potential role of p65 iso5 in the inflammation of subjects with FD. We evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from over 100 FD patients, the p65 iso5 mRNA level, and the protein expression. The results showed significantly lower p65 iso5 mRNA and protein expression levels compared to controls. These findings, along with the ability of p65 iso5 to bind dexamethasone and the regulation of the glucocorticoid response in the opposite way of p65, strongly suggest the involvement of p65 iso5 in the inflammatory response in FD.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: Exploring the Mechanism of Peppermint in Mastitis Prevention and Treatment in Dairy Cows

In order to elucidate the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of peppermint in treating bovine mastitis, this study utilized network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to conduct an exploratory, prospective investigation. Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, all compounds and targets of peppermint were retrieved. After removing duplicates, a total of 133 compounds and 272 targets were obtained. Targets were then standardized to gene names using the UniProt database to construct a drug-component-target network. A total of 183 disease targets related to bovine mastitis were retrieved from the GeneCards database. We obtained 28 cross targets of peppermint targets and bovine mastitis targets, and constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. A visual network was built using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software, and seven core targets were analyzed and obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Metascape database. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDockTools-1.5.6 software on some small-molecule compounds and the seven targets to evaluate the stability of binding between peppermint and core targets. Apigenin, luteolin, and ursolic acid are the three main components in peppermint. Core targets (TNF, IL-6, STAT-3, IL-1β, FGF-2, IFNG, and ESR-1) were selected based on the PPI network. The enrichment analysis suggested that the major signaling pathways in network pharmacology may include AGEs-RAGE, IL-17, NF-κB, TLRs, HIF-1, TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK. The molecular docking results showed that one of the main components of mint, ursolic acid, exhibited good binding activity with all core targets of bovine mastitis. Other constituents also produced favorable binding with some core targets. This study elucidates the mechanisms of mint in treating bovine mastitis, providing data to support the potential development of new therapies for bovine mastitis using mint and its constituents.

Mechanism of effect and therapeutic potential of NLRP3 inflammasome in spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling central nervous system injury that can trigger various neuropathological conditions, resulting in neuronal damage and release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to neurological dysfunction. Currently, surgical decompression, drugs and rehabilitation are primarily used to relieve symptoms and improve endogenous repair mechanisms; however, they cannot directly promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery. SCI can be divided into primary and secondary injuries. Secondary injury is key to determining the severity of injury, whereas inflammation and cell death are important pathological mechanisms in the process of secondary SCI. The activation of the inflammasome complex is thought to be a necessary step in neuro-inflammation and a key trigger for neuronal death. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that is considered an important factor in the development of SCI. Once the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated after SCI, NLRP3 nucleates the assembly of an inflammasome, leading to caspase 1-mediated proteolytic activation of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) family of cytokines, and induces an inflammatory, pyroptotic cell death. Inhibition of inflammasomes can effectively inhibit inflammation and cell death in the body and promote the recovery of nerve function after SCI. Therefore, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be a promising approach for the treatment of SCI. In this review, we describe the current understanding of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in SCI pathogenesis and its subsequent impact on SCI and summarize drugs and other potential inhibitors based on NLRP3 inflammasome regulation. The objective of this study was to emphasize the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in SCI, and provide a new therapeutic strategy and theoretical basis for targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapy for SCI.

Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule prevents hypertensive cardiac remodeling by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via Nrf2

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule (QYYYG), a traditional Chinese poly-herbal formulation, has been validated in clinical trials to mitigate cardiac remodeling (CR), and cardiac damage in patients with hypertension. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study explored the potential effects and potential mechanisms of QYYYG on hypertensive CR by combining various experimental approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used as a model of hypertensive CR, followed by QYYYG interventions. Blood pressure, cardiac function and structure, histopathological changes, and myocardial inflammation and oxidative stress were tested to assess the efficacy of QYYYG in SHRs. For in vitro experiments, a cell model of myocardial hypertrophy and injury was constructed with isoprenaline. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and death were examined after treatment with different concentrations of QYYYG, and transcriptomics analyses were performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Nrf2 and the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were detected. Thereafter, ML385 and siRNAs were used to inhibit Nrf2 in cardiomyocytes, so as to verify whether QYYYG negatively regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting Nrf2, thereby ameliorating the associated phenotypes. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to analyze the active ingredients in QYYYG, and molecular docking was utilized to preliminarily screen the compounds with modulatory effects on Nrf2 activities.

RESULTS

QYYYG improved blood pressure, cardiac function, and structural remodeling and attenuated myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in SHRs. The transcriptomics results showed that the inflammatory response might be crucial in pathological CR and that Nrf2, which potentially negatively regulates the process, was upregulated by QYYYG treatment. Furthermore, QYYYG indeed facilitated Nrf2 activation and negatively regulated the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, therefore ameliorating the associated phenotypes. In vitro inhibition or knockdown of Nrf2 weakened or even reversed the repressive effect of QYYYG on ISO-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Based on the results of HPLC and molecular docking, 30 compounds, including cafestol, genistein, hesperetin, and formononetin, have binding sites to Keap1-Nrf2 protein and might affect the activity or stability of Nrf2.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the alleviatory effect of QYYYG on hypertensive CR is related to its regulation of Nrf2 activation. Specifically, QYYYG blocks the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by boosting Nrf2 signaling and depressing myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis, thereby effectively ameliorating hypertensive CR.

Intrinsic functional defects in B cells of patients with NFKB2 mutations

Mutations in the human nuclear factor-κB2 gene (NFKB2) are associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) or combined immunodeficiency diseases (CID), characterized by B-cell lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and T-cell dysfunction. This study investigated whether B cells with NFKB2 mutations exhibit intrinsic impairments in activation, class-switch recombination, and differentiation. We analyzed five patients from four unrelated families with CVID, each carrying a heterozygous NFKB2 mutation: P1 (C.2595_2614del, p.A867Gfs*12), P2 (C.2597G > A, p.S866N), P3 (C.2540dupT, p.R848Efs*38), and P4 and P5 (C.2570_2571insCAGCACA, p.A860Qfs*28). The patients with frameshift mutations (P1, P3, P4, and P5) exhibited truncated proteins detectable in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while P2 had a missense mutation. All identified mutations disrupted the processing of p100 into the active p52 form, resulting in NF-κB2 loss of function and IκBδ gain of function. Clinically, P1, P2, and P3 exhibited B-cell lymphopenia, and all five patients presented with hypogammaglobulinemia. Notably, P2 exhibited a markedly low B-cell count, associated with increased proportions of memory B and IgD-CD27- double-negative B cells. In vitro experiments with naïve B cells from P1 and P4 demonstrated decreased survival, impaired activation, and reduced differentiation into CD27+IgD- cells and plasmablasts, while class-switch recombination was unaffected. These findings reveal novel B-cell intrinsic functional defects in patients with NFKB2 mutations.

Chimeric antigen receptor with novel intracellular modules improves antitumor performance of T cells

The excessive cytokine release and limited persistence represent major challenges for chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy in diverse tumors. Conventional CARs employ an intracellular domain (ICD) from the ζ subunit of CD3 as a signaling module, and it is largely unknown how alternative CD3 chains potentially contribute to CAR design. Here, we obtained a series of CAR-T cells against HER2 and mesothelin using a domain comprising a single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif from different CD3 subunits as the ICD of CARs. While these reconstituted CARs conferred sufficient antigen-specific cytolytic activity on equipped T cells, they elicited low tonic signal, ameliorated the exhaustion and promoted memory differentiation of these cells. Intriguingly, the CD3ε-derived ICD outperformed others in generation of CAR-T cells that produced minimized cytokines. Mechanistically, CD3ε-based CARs displayed a restrained cytomembrane expression on engineered T cells, which was ascribed to endoplasmic reticulum retention mediated by the carboxyl terminal basic residues. The present study demonstrated the applicability of CAR reconstitution using signaling modules from different CD3 subunits, and depicted a novel pattern of CAR expression that reduces cytokine release, thus paving a way for preparation of CAR-T cells displaying improved safety and persistence against diverse tumor antigens.

Genetic predisposition to Behcet's disease mediated by a IL10RA enhancer polymorphism

Background

Several studies suggested the genetic association between IL10RA variants and susceptibility to Behcet's disease (BD). However, the precise mechanism of the association is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the genetic associations between IL10RA polymorphisms and the risk of BD.

Methods

To analyse the genetic susceptibility to BD mediated by IL10RA causal polymorphisms, we performed a study on data from our previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the bioinformatic analysis of post-annotation of GWAS and relevant mechanism verification experiments, including chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase gene-reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Among 125 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with P < 1 × 10-5 identified in our previous GWAS study on BD, rs4936415 (G/C) was predicted with the highest conserved score as an expression quantitative-trait-locus SNP for IL10RA in whole blood. There were H3K27ac and H3K4Me1 enhancer-specific enrichments around SNP rs4936415. Luciferase gene-reporter assays revealed that the rs4936415 G-allele construct showed a higher enhancer activity as compared to the empty and the C-allele construct. NF-κB1 was identified to bind the C-allele rather than the G-allele, although the enhancer SNP (rs4936415) region was found to control transcription factor binding sites. Interaction of C-allele and NF-κB1 gene construct resulted in an increased enhancer activity. BD patients showed a significantly lower serum level of the IL-10Rα.

Conclusions

This study identified a single functional causal SNP, rs4936415, in the IL10RA super-enhancer, conferring BD susceptibility. The protective G-allele of non-coding rs4936415 located inside an enhancer region of IL10RA promoted the enhancer activity and increased the expression of IL10RA.The risk C-allele is able to specifically bind NF-κB1 and, in turn, promotes enhancer activity of IL10RA. This subsequently leads to an increased expression of IL10RA. Low expression of IL-10RA suggests a relative deficiency of NF-κB1 in BD.

Alleviation of lipopolysaccharide-induced heart inflammation in poultry treated with carnosic acid via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways

In intensive poultry farming, environmental stress, pathogen infections, and noise can negatively impact growth or cause sudden death, leading to economic losses. The prevalent use of antibiotics as feed additives to prevent diseases in broilers has raised concerns about antibiotic resistance and highlighted the need for safer and more effective alternatives. Carnosic acid (CA), a bioactive compound derived from rosemary, exhibits notable pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigates CA's efficacy in mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced heart inflammation in broilers. Broilers were pretreated with CA at varying doses (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) for 7 days then exposed to LPS (200 mg/kg) for 24h to induce an inflammatory response. LPS treatment increased the levels of the cardiac damage markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but these effects were markedly decreased in CA-pretreated poultry. Histopathological analysis indicated that CA mitigated myocardial fiber rupture and inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA sustained high expression levels of the protective protein crystallin alpha B (CRYAB), the expression of which was reduced by LPS. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CA regulates key inflammatory signaling pathways via inhibiting LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha (IκBα). Additionally, CA attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in the CA-treated groups compared to the LPS-only groups. These findings suggest that CA exerts a protective effect against LPS-induced cardiac inflammation by enhancing CRYAB expression and modulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Importantly, the findings emphasize CA's potential as a natural feed additive to enhance cardiac health in poultry and present a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics in livestock management. Further research is needed to investigate its broader applications in animal health and other inflammatory conditions.

Simultaneous binding of quercetin and catechin to FOXO3 enhances IKKα transcription inhibition and suppression of oxidative stress-induced acute alcoholic liver injury in rats

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress is one of the major contributors to acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI), which is a common alcoholic liver disease. Quercetin and catechin are flavonoid antioxidants present in plant foods and possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. Quercetin and catechin are often included in the same meal and ingested together. While they show cooperative actions against oxidative damage, the underlying mechanisms behind their counteracting effects against oxidative stress-induced AALI remain poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism underlying the enhanced antioxidant effect of quercetin-catechin combination to alleviate AALI in rats.

METHODS

The ethanol (EtOH)-treated rats and H2O2-treated liver cells were used to demonstrate the enhanced antioxidant effect of quercetin and catechin. Then we used RNA-sequencing to compare quercetin alone, catechin alone and quercetin-catechin combination and then identified the critical role of IKKα combining with gene silencing and overexpression techniques. Its transcription factor, FOXO3 was found through yeast one-hybrid assay, luciferase reporter assay, EMSA and ChIP assay. Finally, the interaction between quercetin, catechin and FOXO3 was verified through molecular docking, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD spectroscopy.

RESULTS

The study demonstrated the enhanced antioxidant effect of a quercetin-catechin combination in EtOH-treated rats and in H2O2-treated liver cells. Quercetin and catechin cooperatively inhibited IKKα/p53 pathway and activated Nrf2 signaling pathway. IKKα was a critical negative regulator in their joint action. FOXO3 bound to IKKα promoter to regulate IKKα transcription. Quercetin and catechin influenced FOXO3-IKKα binding through attaching directly to FOXO3 at different sites and altering FOXO3's secondary structures.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed the mechanism of quercetin and catechin against oxidative stress-induced AALI through jointly interacting with transcription factor. This research opens new vistas for examining the joint effect of therapeutics towards functional proteins and confirms the chemopreventive effects of multiple flavonoids via co-regulation.

Ingenane diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia antiquorum

The Euphorbia plants are famous for their diterpenoid constituents with diverse structures and broad biological activities. Herein, the discovery of 15 ingenane diterpenoids including 10 previously unreported ones (1-10) from Euphorbia antiquorum was presented. Structures of the undescribed compounds were established via detailed spectroscopic analyses. Meanwhile, a preliminary anti-inflammatory screening revealed that compound 6 showed significant inhibitory activity against the production of nitric oxide, as well as downregulated the expression of COX-2 and IL-6, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further mechanistical exploration revealed that compound 6 could exert its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-κB and activating Nrf2 signaling pathways.

The multiple roles of macrophages in peritoneal adhesion

Peritoneal adhesion (PA) refers to the abnormal adhesion of the peritoneum either with the peritoneum itself or with tissues and organs that is caused by abdominopelvic surgery, abdominal infection or peritoneal inflammation. PA is associated with various clinical complications, such as abdominal pain and distension, intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal disorders and female infertility, and adversely affects the quality of life of patients. Macrophages are essential for PA formation and can undergo polarization into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), which are influenced by the peritoneal microenvironment. By releasing proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, M1 macrophages promote peritoneal inflammatory reactions and the resultant formation of adhesion. In contrast, M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors to inhibit PA formation and to promote repair and healing of peritoneal tissues, and thereby play a significant anti-inflammatory role. This review comprehensively explores the function and mechanism of macrophages and their subtypes in PA formation to gain insight into the prevention and treatment of PA based on the modulation of macrophages.

The role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ferroptosis

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been identified as a crucial mechanism in antiviral defense and innate immunity pathway. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation, represents a specialized form of cell death. A burgeoning collection of studies has demonstrated that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway participates in the homeostatic regulation of the organism by modulating ferroptosis-associated enzyme activity or gene expression. Consequently, elucidating the specific roles of the STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in vivo is vital for targeted disease intervention. This review systematically examines the interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis, highlighting their influence on disease progression in the contexts of inflammation, injury, and cancerous cell dynamics. Understanding these interactions may provide novel therapeutic strategies. The STING pathway has been implicated in the regulation of various cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Our focus primarily addresses the role and mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in diseases, limiting discussion of other cell death modalities and precluding a comprehensive overview of the pathway's additional functions.

EBV-induced upregulation of CD55 reduces the efficacy of cetuximab treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, has been shown to improve survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. However, a correlation between the expression of EGFR and the response to cetuximab has not been observed, indicating that the mechanism underlying the effects of cetuximab needs to be further elucidated. The antitumour response involves immunotherapeutic mechanisms that target tumour-associated antigens, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), act either alone or, more often, in combination. However, EBV infected NPC cells often develop resistance mechanisms that allow them to evade immune surveillance. Here, we found that overexpression of the complement-regulated protein CD55 in EBV-associated NPC cells mainly suppresses ADCC activity thus reduces the efficacy of cetuximab. Mechanistically, EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mediated upregulation of CD55 through the NF-κB signalling pathway. The present study provides a rationale for the development of CD55 inhibitors to improve the clinical efficacy of cetuximab in NPC.

O-GlcNAcylation dictates pyroptosis

O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification involving the attachment of N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues. This review emphasizes its role in regulating the signaling pathways of pyroptosis. Specifically, the O-GlcNAcylation of GSDMD is linked to the modulation of pyroptosis, suggesting that enhancing O-GlcNAcylation of GSDMD could be crucial for improving hypoperfusion in sepsis. Additionally, GSDME, another member of the gasdermin family, facilitates macrophage pyroptosis through O-GlcNAcylation induced by high glucose levels in the context of periodontitis. The review also examines the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its regulators, including NEK7 and NF-κB. Overall, this review emphasizes the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the pathogenesis of conditions such as sepsis, periodontitis, and osteoarthritis, identifying potential therapeutic targets for managing inflammatory responses through its targeted modulation.

Exploring the nexus of cGAS STING pathway in neurodegenerative terrain: A therapeutic odyssey

By detecting and responding to cytosolic DNA, the cGAS STING pathway regulates the innate immune responses bymediatinginflammatory reactions and antiviral defense. Thederegulation and modification of this system have been linked to variousneurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD and ALS. Accumulation of tau protein and Aβ aggregates to activate the pathway and releases neuroinflammatory cytokines which accelerates neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment as the symptom of AD. Similarly, in PD Alpha-synuclein aggregates activate the cGAS STING pathway and regulate the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In ALS, mutation of the genes causes the activation of the pathway which leads to motor neuron degeneration. Alteration of the cGAS STING pathway also leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired autophagy. Preclinical investigations of AD, PD, and ALS animal models showed that STING pathway inhibitors reduced inflammation and improved neurological outcomes and modulators of the cGAS STING pathway may treat these neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we focus on the fact thatneuroinflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and various disease progressions can be treated byaltering the cGAS STING pathway. Understanding the processes and creating specific interventions for this route may offer new treatments for these terrible illnesses.

A refined formula derived from Jiawei-Xiaoyao pill exerts rapid antidepressant-like effects in LPS-induced depression by reducing neuroinflammation and restoring neuroplasticity signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Jiawei-Xiaoyao Pill (JWX), a classic formula in traditional Chinese medicine, is derived from Xiaoyao Pill by adding significant amounts of Gardeniae Fructus (GF) and Moutan Cortex (MC). It is frequently used for the treatment of depression. JWX has been demonstrated to uniquely elicit rapid antidepressant-like effects within the prescribed dosage range. To date, GF has been shown to have rapid antidepressant-like effects, but a much higher dose is required than its proportion in JWX. It is assumed that the synergism of GF with a minimum number of other herbs in JWX serves as a refined formula that exerts these rapid antidepressant-like effects. Identification of a refined formula is important for prioritizing the herbs and ingredients to optimize the quality control of JWX. However, such a refined formula for JWX has not been identified yet.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Here we aimed to identify a refined formula derived from JWX for optimized rapid antidepressant-like effects. Since the neuroinflammation mechanism involving in depression treatment has not been previously investigated for JWX, we tested the mechanism for both JWX and the refined formula.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Individual herbs (MC; ASR, Angelica Sinensis Radix; Bupleuri Radix; Paeonia Radix Alba) that show antidepressant-like responses were mixed with GF at the proportional dosage in JWX to identify the refined formula. Rapid antidepressant-like effects were assessed by using NSF (Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test) and other behavioral tests following a single administration. The identified formula was further tested in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive model, and the molecular signaling mechanisms were investigated using Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR signaling. Scopolamine (Scop) was used as a positive control for induction of rapid antidepressant effects.

RESULTS

A combination of GF, MC and ASR (GMA) at their dosages proportional to JWX induced behavioral signs of rapid antidepressant-like responses in both normal and LPS-treated mice, with the antidepressant-like effects sustained for 5 d. Similar to JWX or Scop, GMA rapidly reduced the neuroinflammation signaling of Iba-1-NF-кB, enhanced neuroplasticity signaling of CaMKII-mTOR-BDNF, and attenuated the upregulated expressions of the NMDAR sub-units GluN1 and GluN2B in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. GMA, JWX and Scop rapidly restored the number of BDNF-positive cells reduced by LPS treatment in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Furthermore, rapamycin, a selective inhibitor of mTOR, blunted the rapid antidepressant-like effects and hippocampal BDNF signaling upregulation by GMA.

CONCLUSION

GMA may serve as a refined formula from JWX, capable of inducing rapid antidepressant-like effects. In the LPS-induced depression model, the effects of GMA were mediated via rapidly alleviating neuroinflammation and enhancing neuroplasticity.

A Multifunctional Nanocomplex as miRNA/Antibiotic Co-Delivery System Based on Tetrahedral Framework DNA: Application to Infected Wound Healing

Infected wounds are a complex disease involving bacterial infections and dysregulated inflammation. However, current research has mostly focused on bacterial inhibition rather than on inflammation. Thus, combined therapeutic strategies with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation efficacies are urgently needed. Antibiotics are the main treatment strategy for infections. However, the excessive use of antibiotics throughout the body can cause serious side effects. In addition, miRNA-based therapeutics are superior for the treatment of wounds, but their rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake limit their clinical application. Tetrahedral framework DNA (tFNA) is an ideal drug delivery system owing to its excellent stability and remarkable transport ability. Herein, a novel multi-functional miRNA and antibiotic co-delivery system based on tFNA is presented for the first time, called B/L. B/L has heightened resistance to serum and excellent codelivery ability. After transdermal administration, B/L can specifically target TNF receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) and IL-1receptor-associated kinase 1(IRAK1), thereby regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-𝜿B) and thus effectively reducing inflammation and promoting the healing of infected wounds. This novel multi-functional co-delivery system provides a versatile, simple, biocompatible, and powerful platform for the personalized and combined treatment of multiple diseases.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances alter innate immune function: evidence and data gaps

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large class of compounds used in a variety of processes and consumer products. Their unique chemical properties make them ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants while also making them economically viable and socially convenient. To date, several reviews have been published to synthesize information regarding the immunotoxic effects of PFASs on the adaptive immune system. However, these reviews often do not include data on the impact of these compounds on innate immunity. Here, current literature is reviewed to identify and incorporate data regarding the effects of PFASs on innate immunity in humans, experimental models, and wildlife. Known mechanisms by which PFASs modulate innate immune function are also reviewed, including disruption of cell signaling, metabolism, and tissue-level effects. For PFASs where innate immune data are available, results are equivocal, raising additional questions about common mechanisms or pathways of toxicity, but highlighting that the innate immune system within several species can be perturbed by exposure to PFASs. Recommendations are provided for future research to inform hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk management practices for PFASs to protect the immune systems of exposed organisms as well as environmental health.

Herbal medicine Ninjinyoeito inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity by regulating NF-κB and MAPK pathway

OBJECTIVES

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone metabolism disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and strength. Osteoclasts (OCs) are giant multinucleated cells that regulate bone homeostasis by degrading bone matrix. Excessive OC differentiation and activity can lead to serious bone metabolic disorders including osteoporosis. Current treatments, including antiresorptive drugs, exert considerable adverse effects, including jaw osteonecrosis. Herbal medicines, such as Ninjinyoeito (NYT), may also offer efficacy, but with fewer adverse effects. In this study, we investigated NYT's effects on osteoclastogenesis.

METHODS

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone resorption assays were performed to examine NYT's effects on OC differentiation and function. OC-related gene expression at mRNA and protein levels was investigated to confirm NYT's inhibitory action against osteoclastogenesis. We also demonstrated involvement of signaling pathways mediated by IκBα and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38] and showed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 during osteoclastogenesis.

RESULTS

TRAP staining and bone resorption assays confirmed that NYT significantly inhibited OC differentiation and function. Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that NYT ameliorated osteoclastogenesis by suppressing mRNA and protein level expression of OC-related genes. Moreover, blots and immunocytochemistry (ICC) data clarified that NYT abrogates signaling pathways mediated by IκBα and MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38), and demonstrated nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and NF-κB p65 during OC differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest NYT is an alternative therapeutic candidate for treating osteoporosis.

ATG16L1 Depletion-Mediated Activation of the TRAF1 Signaling in Macrophages Aggravates Liver Fibrosis

Background: Hepatic macrophages play an indispensable role in liver pathophysiology, serving as key orchestrators of both liver injury and repair processes. ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16 like 1) has emerged as a novel and critical autophagy marker. In macrophages, ATG16L1 assumes a particularly crucial role. The current understanding of how macrophage ATG16L1 regulates liver inflammation in the context of liver fibrosis is unclear. Methods: This study included clinical patient samples of liver fibrosis and established a murine model with myeloid-specific Atg16l1 knockout, creating a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Employing RNA sequencing, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms of macrophage ATG16L1 in liver fibrosis by identifying critical signaling pathways. To assess the influence of macrophage ATG16L1 on hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, we constructed a dedicated culture system. Ultimately, the introduction of mice with myeloid-specific Atg16l1 knock-in substantiated the protective role of myeloid-specific Atg16l1 against inflammatory signaling, hepatocyte apoptosis, and activation of HSCs. Results: An upregulation of the ATG16L1 signal was observed in the liver tissues of patients with liver fibrosis and in fibrotic mice, predominantly localized to hepatic macrophages. In Atg16l1 ΔMφ mice afflicted with liver fibrosis, we detected exacerbated liver damage, evidenced by heightened inflammatory signal expression, increased hepatocyte apoptosis, and enhanced activation of HSCs. The absence of macrophage Atg16l1 was found to result in elevated TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) signaling, triggering inflammatory activation, intensifying hepatocyte apoptosis, and facilitating HSC activation through the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling. The detrimental effects of macrophage Atg16l1 depletion were demonstrated to be mitigated upon Atg16l1 reintroduction. Conclusions: This research delved into the mechanisms by which the macrophage ATG16L1 signal influences inflammatory signaling, hepatocyte apoptosis, and activation of HSCs in liver fibrosis. Consequently, it offers theoretical substantiation and an experimental groundwork for the identification of biological targets for therapeutic intervention in liver fibrosis.

NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that imposes a heavy economic burden on patients and society. Bone and cartilage destruction is considered an important factor leading to RA, and inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely related to bone erosion and cartilage destruction in RA. Currently, there are limitations in the clinical treatment methods for RA, which urgently necessitates finding new effective treatments for patients. Nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) is a signaling transcription factor that is widely present in various cells. It plays an important role as a stress source in the cellular environment and regulates gene expression in processes such as immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. NF-κB has long been recognized as a pathogenic factor of RA, and its activation can exacerbate RA by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and bone destruction. Conversely, inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway effectively inhibits these pathological processes, thereby alleviating RA. Therefore, NF-κB may be a potential therapeutic target for RA. This article describes the physiological structure of NF-κB and its important role in RA through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, and bone destruction. Meanwhile, we also summarized the impact of NF-κB crosstalk with other signaling pathways on RA and the effect of related drugs or inhibitors targeting NF-κB on RA. The purpose of this article is to provide evidence for the role of NF-κB in RA and to emphasize its significant role in RA by elucidating the mechanisms, so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting the NF-κB pathway as a treatment for RA.

Advancements in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: From Signaling Pathways to Targeted Therapies

Lymphoma is the sixth most prevalent cancer globally. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the majority group of lymphomas, with B cells accounting for approximately 95% of these lymphomas. A key feature of B-cell lymphoma is the functional perturbations of essential biological pathways caused by genetic aberrations. These lead to atypical gene expression, providing cells with a selective growth advantage. Molecular analysis reveals that each lymphoma subtype has unique molecular mutations, which pose challenges in disease management and treatment. Substantial efforts over the last decade have led to the integration of this information into clinical applications, resulting in crucial insights into clinical diagnosis and targeted therapies. However, with the growing need for more effective medication development, we anticipate a deeper understanding of signaling pathways and their interactions to emerge. This review aims to demonstrate how the BCR, specific signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-kB, and JAK/STAT are diverse in common types of B-cell lymphoma. Furthermore, it offers a detailed examination of each pathway and a synopsis of the approved or in-development targeted therapies. In conclusion, finding the activated signaling pathways is crucial for developing effective treatment plans to improve the prognosis of patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02180724, NCT02029443, NCT02477696, NCT03836261, NCT02343120, NCT04440059, NCT01882803, NCT01258998, NCT01742988, NCT02055820, NCT02285062, NCT01855750, NCT03422679, NCT01897571.

USP26 Combats Age-Related Declines in Self-Renewal and Multipotent Differentiation of BMSC by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis

Age-related declines in self-renewal and multipotency of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) limit their applications in tissue engineering and clinical therapy. Thus, understanding the mechanisms behind BMSC senescence is crucial for maintaining the rejuvenation and multipotent differentiation capabilities of BMSCs. This study reveals that impaired USP26 expression in BMSCs leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in aging and age-related declines in the self-renewal and multipotency of BMSCs. Specifically, decreased USP26 expression results in decreased protein levels of Sirtuin 2 due to its ubiquitination degradation, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in BMSCs and ultimately resulting in aging and age-related declines in self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potentials. Additionally, decreased USP26 expression in aging BMSCs is a result of dampened hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression. HIF-1α facilitates USP26 transcriptional expression by increasing USP26 promoter activity through binding to the -191 - -198 bp and -262 - -269 bp regions on the USP26 promoter. Therefore, the identification of USP26 as being correlated with aging and age-related declines in self-renewal and multipotency of BMSCs, along with understanding its expression and action mechanisms, suggests that USP26 represents a novel therapeutic target for combating aging and age-related declines in the self-renewal and multipotent differentiation of BMSCs.

Impairment of neuronal tyrosine phosphatase STEP worsens post-ischemic inflammation and brain injury under hypertensive condition

Hypertension is associated with poor outcome and higher mortality in patients with ischemic stroke. The impairment of adaptive vascular mechanisms under hypertensive condition compromises collateral blood flow after arterial occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke resulting in hypoperfusion. The increased oxidative stress caused by hypoperfusion is thought to be a trigger for the rapid evolution of ischemic infarct volume under hypertensive condition. However, the cellular factors and pathways that contribute to the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury under hypertensive condition is not yet understood. The current study reveals that predisposition to hypertension leads to basal loss of function of the neuron-specific tyrosine phosphatase STEP, which plays a crucial role in neuroprotection against excitotoxic insult. The findings further show that a mild ischemic insult in hypertensive rats triggers an early onset and sustained activation of the neuronal extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK MAPK), a member of the mitogen activated protein kinase family and a substrate of STEP. This leads to rapid increase in the activation of neuronal NF-κB, expression of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 and subsequent biosynthesis of the pro-inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2, resulting in rapid morphological transformation of microglia to the pro-inflammatory state and subsequent exacerbation of ischemic brain injury. Restoration of STEP signaling with intravenous administration of a STEP-derived peptide mimetic reduces the pro-inflammatory response in neurons, activation of microglia, and ischemic brain injury. The findings suggest that the basal loss of STEP function under hypertensive condition contributes to the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury by enhancing post-ischemic inflammatory response. The study not only presents a novel role of STEP in regulating neuroimmune communication but also highlights the therapeutic potential of a STEP-mimetic in mitigating ischemic brain damage under hypertensive condition.

NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor microenvironment

The genesis and progression of tumors are multifaceted processes influenced by genetic mutations within the tumor cells and the dynamic interplay with their surrounding milieu, which incessantly impacts the course of cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic entity that encompasses not only the tumor cells but also an array of non-cancerous cells, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix. This intricate network is crucial in tumor progression, metastasis, and response to treatments. The TME is populated by diverse cell types, including immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, alongside cytokines and growth factors, all of which play roles in either suppressing or fostering tumor growth. Grasping the nuances of the interactions within the TME is vital for the advancement of targeted cancer therapies. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the alterations of TME and the identification of upstream regulatory targets have emerged as a research priority. NF-κB transcription factors, central to inflammation and innate immunity, are increasingly recognized for their significant role in cancer onset and progression. This review emphasizes the crucial influence of the NF-κB signaling pathway within the TME, underscoring its roles in the development and advancement of cancer. By examining the interactions between NF-κB and various components of the TME, targeting the NF-κB pathway appears as a promising cancer treatment approach.

Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammatory injury in mice via PINK1/Parkin pathway

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor dysfunction. The onset of PD is often accompanied by neuroinflammation and α-Synuclein aggregation, and extensive research has focused on the activation of microglial NLRP3 inflammasomes in PD, which promotes the death of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, a model of cerebral inflammatory response was constructed in wild-type and Parkin＋/－ mice through bilateral intraventricular injection of LPS. LPS-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in wild-type mice promotes the progression of PD. The use of MCC950 in wild mice injected with LPS induces activation of Parkin/PINK and improves autophagy, which in turn improves mitochondrial turnover. It also inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses, improves motor function, protects dopaminergic neurons, and inhibits microglia activation. Furthermore, Parkin＋/－ mice exhibited motor dysfunction, loss of dopaminergic neurons, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and α-Synuclein aggregation beginning at an early age. Parkin ± mice exhibited more pronounced microglia activation, greater NLRP3 inflammasome activation, more severe autophagy dysfunction, and more pronounced motor dysfunction after LPS injection compared to wild-type mice. Notably, the use of MCC950 in Parkin ± mice did not ameliorate NLRP3 inflammasome activation, autophagy dysfunction, or α-synuclein aggregation. Thus, MCC950 can only exert its effects in the presence of Parkin/PINK1, and targeting Parkin-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation is expected to be a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.

Lipoxin A4 modulates the PKA/CREB and NF-κB signaling pathway to mitigate chondrocyte catabolism and apoptosis in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is characterized by the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage and the apoptosis of chondrocytes, which is caused by inflammation and disruptions of chondrocyte metabolism and inflammation. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a specialized pro-resolving mediator, has been shown to inhibit inflammation and regulate the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation. However, the therapeutic effects of LXA4 on TMJ-OA and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte and surgically induced TMJ-OA rat models were established in this study. The viability of chondrocytes treated with LXA4 was evaluated with the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, while protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis, and the apoptosis rate was evaluated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining. Histological analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of LXA4 on cartilage degradation in TMJ-OA rat models. In vitro, the qRT-PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that LXA4 facilitated the upregulation of collagen proteins (Collagen II) and decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, and MMP-13) associated with ECM modulation. LXA4 enhanced the TMJ-OA chondrocyte viability and decreased apoptotic rate. In vivo, histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed that intraperitoneal injection of LXA4 contributed to the amelioration of chondrocyte injuries and deceleration of TMJ-OA. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that cAMP signaling pathway was up-regulated and NF-κB signaling pathway was down-regulated in LXA4 treated group. LXA4 inhibited the phosphorylation of P65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBα) proteins while enhancing the phosphorylation PKA and CREB. This study demonstrates the potential of LXA4 as a therapeutic agent for suppressing chondrocyte catabolism and apoptosis by increasing PKA/CREB activity and decreasing NF-κB signaling.

Identification and Functional Analysis of Ras-Related Associated with Diabetes Gene (rrad) in Edwardsiella piscicida-Resistant Individuals of Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD) is a member of the Ras GTPase superfamily that plays a role in several cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, the superfamily acts as an NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor and calcium regulator to participate in the immune response pathway. A recent transcriptome study revealed that rrad was expressed in the spleen of disease-resistant Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) individuals compared with disease-susceptible individuals, and the results were also verified by qPCR. Thus, the present study aimed to explore how rrad regulates antimicrobial immunity via the NF-κB pathway. First, the coding sequence of P. olivaceus rrad was identified. The sequence was 1092 bp in length, encoding 364 amino acids. Based on phylogenetic and structural relationship analyses, P. olivaceus rrad appeared to be more closely related to teleosts. Next, rrad expression differences between disease-resistant and disease-susceptible individuals in immune-related tissues were evaluated, and the results revealed that rrad was expressed preferentially in the spleen of disease-resistant individuals. In response to Edwardsiella piscicida infection, rrad expression in the spleen changed. In vitro, co-culture was carried out to assess the hypo-methylated levels of the rrad promoter in the disease-resistant spleen, which was consistent with the high mRNA expression. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of rrad performed with the gill cell line of P. olivaceus affected many rrad-network-related genes, i.e., dcp1b, amagt, rus1, rapgef1, ralbp1, plce1, rasal1, nckipsd, prkab2, cytbc-1, sh3, and others, as well as some inflammation-related genes, such as bal2 and Il-1β. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed that rrad overexpression was more likely to induce cell apoptosis, with establishing a link between rrad's function and its potential roles in regulating the NF-κB pathway. Thus,. the current study provided some clarity in terms of understanding the immune response about rrad gene differences between disease-resistant and disease-susceptible P. olivaceus individuals. This study provides a molecular basis for fish rrad gene functional analysis and may serve as a reference for in-depth of bacterial disease resistance of teleost.

CgIκB2 negatively regulates the expression of interferon-like protein by Rel/NF-κB signal in Crassostrea gigas

Inhibitors of NF-κB (IκBs) have been implicated as major components of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway, playing an important negative regulatory role in host antiviral immunity such as in the activation of interferon (IFN) in vertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of IκB (CgIκB2) on the expression of interferon-like protein (CgIFNLP) was evaluated in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). After poly (I:C) stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly down-regulated at 3-12 h while up-regulated at 48-72 h. The mRNA expression of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 3 h after rCgIFNLP stimulation. In the CgIκB2-RNAi oysters, the mRNA expression of CgIFNLP, interferon regulatory factor-8 (CgIRF8) and NF-κB subunit (CgRel), the abundance of CgIFNLP and CgIRF8 protein in haemocytes, as well as the abundance of CgRel protein in nucleus were significantly increased after poly (I:C) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that nuclear translocation of CgIRF8 and CgRel protein was promoted in CgIκB2-RNAi oysters compared with that in EGFP-RNAi group. In the CgRel-RNAi oysters, the mRNA and protein expression level of CgIFNLP significantly down-regulated after poly (I:C) stimulation. The collective results indicated that CgIκB2 plays an important role in regulating CgIFNLP expression through its effects on Rel/NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways.

Caffeic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced endometritis through regulating AMPKα/mTOR/HIF-1α signalling pathway

Endometritis is mostly caused by childbirth or postpartum uterine infection. It is one of the important reasons leading to female infertility. Caffeic acid (CA) and its derivatives are widely found in some foods and traditional Chinese medicine, and have biological activities such as antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infection. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of CA on Staphylococcus aureus-induced endometritis. The contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected by ELISA in S. aureus-induced endometritis model. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of AMPKα/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway related proteins and GPX4 expression. In addition, the concentrations of MDA, GSH, and iron were tested by the assay kits. Compared with the model group, CA treatment significantly alleviated S. aureus-induced uterine injury, MPO activity, the contents of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, and NF-κB activation. Meanwhile, CA significantly inhibited S. aureus-induced ferroptosis, as confirmed by decreased MDA and iron concentration and up-regulated GPX4 expression and GSH level. Furthermore, CA attenuated S. aureus-induced HIF-1α and phosphorylated mTOR expression and increased phosphorylated AMPK expression. In conclusion, CA inhibits inflammation and ferroptosis by regulating AMPKα/mTOR/HIF-1α signalling pathway to alleviate S. aureus-induced endometritis in mice.