1
|
Miho H, Expósito-Díaz A, Marquez-Perez MI, Ledesma-Escobar C, Diez CM, Prusky D, Priego-Capote F, Moral J. The dynamic changes in olive fruit phenolic metabolism and its contribution to the activation of quiescent Colletotrichum infection. Food Chem 2024; 450:139299. [PMID: 38613962 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Anthracnose, the most critical disease affecting olive fruits, is caused by Colletotrichum species. While developing olive fruits are immune to the pathogen regardless of the cultivar, the resistance level varies once the fruit ripens. The defense mechanisms responsible for this difference in resistance are not well understood. To explore this, we analyzed the phenolic metabolic pathways occurring in olive fruits and their susceptibility to the pathogen during ripening in two resistant cultivars ('Empeltre' and 'Frantoio') and two susceptible cultivars ('Hojiblanca' and 'Picudo'). Overall, resistant cultivars induced the synthesis of aldehydic and demethylated forms of phenols, which highly inhibited fungal spore germination. In contrast, susceptible cultivars promoted the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol 4-O-glucoside during ripening, a compound with no antifungal effect. This study showed that the distinct phenolic profiles between resistant and susceptible cultivars play a key role in determining olive fruit resistance to Colletotrichum species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Miho
- Department of Agronomy, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain.
| | - A Expósito-Díaz
- Department of Agronomy, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain
| | - M I Marquez-Perez
- Department of Agronomy, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain
| | - C Ledesma-Escobar
- Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain
| | - C M Diez
- Department of Agronomy, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain
| | - D Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTzion, Israel
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Spain.
| | - J Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Spain; Agroalimentary Excellence Campus (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tuluhong M, Mu M, Wang S, Li Y, Cui G. Identification and Characterization of Colletotrichum truncatum and C. destructivum Causing Stem Rot of White Clover in China. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1236-1245. [PMID: 38085967 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0956-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent quality forage legume species with superior planting efficiency, which reduces the cost of artificial weeding and nitrogen fertilizer inputs, and has feeding and economic value. However, from June to September 2022, severe stem rot affected the yield and quality of white clover crops in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China. The aim of this study was to identify the causative agents of the disease. Overall, Colletotrichum truncatum (6 isolates) and C. destructivum (10 isolates) were obtained from rotten white clover stems and identified based on morpho-molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Pathogenicity tests of the isolates revealed that C. destructivum had a higher pathogenicity to white clover than C. truncatum. In addition, all isolates were highly pathogenic to broad bean, fodder soybean, soybean, pak choi, and chickpea, were pathogenic to mint, and did not infect corn, wheat, or cilantro. C. destructivum and C. truncatum isolates were very sensitive to tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin, with EC50 values of 0.54 to 0.70 μg/ml and 0.42 to 0.62 μg/ml, respectively, efficacies ranging between 93.2 to 94.9% and 90.2 to 95.2% at 600 μg/ml and 450 μg/ml, respectively, and EC90 values of 1.88 to 13.36 μg/ml and 1.32 to 23.39 μg/ml, respectively. Therefore, intercropping of host and nonhost plants and chemicals can be considered to control stem rot in white clover. These results provide a basis for controlling C. destructivum and C. truncatum in white clover in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzhapaer Tuluhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150036, China
| | - Meiqi Mu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150036, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Guowen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150036, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang RQ, Geng Y, Zhou NJ, Song JN, Yu HD, Liu YR, Yue ZG, Li RQ, Chang Q, Xu XJ, Yang CQ, Wang JK, Tang ZS. Quantifying chemical correlations between fruits and processed fruit products: A non-targeted analysis approach. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464808. [PMID: 38471298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Juices and beverages are produced by industry for long-distance distribution and shelf-stability, providing valuable nutrients. However, their nutritional value is often underestimated due to insufficient analytical methods. We have employed non-targeted analysis through a standardized analytical protocol, taking advantage of Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) technique and a novel Chromatographic Retention Behavior (CRB) data deconvolution algorithm. After analyzing 9 fruits and their products, correlations between fruits and their juices are accurately digitalized by similarities of their LC-MS fingerprints. We also specify non-targeted molecules primarily associate with nutrient loss in these analyzed juice products, including nitrogenous nutrients, flavonoids, glycosides, and vitamins. Moreover, we unveiled previously unreported fruit-characteristic metabolites, of which reconstituted-from-concentrate (RFC) juices contain over 40% of the content found in their fresh counterparts. Conclusively, our method establishes a quantitative benchmark for rational selection of RFC juices to substitute natural fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Ye Geng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Ni-Jing Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Juan-Na Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | | | - Yan-Ru Liu
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resource Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, PR China
| | - Zheng-Gang Yue
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resource Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, PR China
| | - Ruo-Qi Li
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Qi Chang
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xiu-Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research of CNTC, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Chun-Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research of CNTC, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jian-Kang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center Medicinal Resource Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, PR China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Li Y, Xu W, Liu W, Xu X, Bi Y, Prusky D. Aabrm1-mediated melanin synthesis is essential to growth and development, stress adaption, and pathogenicity in Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1327765. [PMID: 38274752 PMCID: PMC10808324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1327765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Scytalone dehydratase (brm1) is one of the key enzymes in 1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin synthesis, which mediates melanin biosythesis and regulates cell biological process of plant fungi, but its function in Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot, is unclear. Brm1 in A. alternata was cloned, identified, and named as Aabrm1. An Aabrm1-deletion mutant was generated and revealed that the deletion of Aabrm1 leads to a significant decrease in melanin production and forms orange colony smooth spores. In addition, the deletion of Aabrm1 gene impaired infection structure information and penetration. The external stress resistance of ΔAabrm1 was significantly weakened, and, in particular, it is very sensitive to oxidative stress, and the contents of H2O2 and O2.- in ΔAabrm1 were significantly increased. Virulence of ΔAabrm1 was reduced in non-wound-inoculated pear leaves but not changed in wound-inoculated pear fruit. These results indicated that Aabrm1-mediated melanin synthesis plays an important role in the pathogenicity of A. alternata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Emanuel IB, Cooperstone JL, Hand FP. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Identification of Metabolites in Winterberry Fruit Putatively Associated with Natural Disease Resistance to Diaporthe ilicicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:93-101. [PMID: 37435936 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) is an ornamental plant popularly used in landscape design and sold as cut branches for fall and winter seasonal decoration. Latent fruit rot of winterberry is an emerging disease caused by the fungus Diaporthe ilicicola, which can result in up to 100% crop loss. Diaporthe ilicicola infects open flowers in spring, but symptom onset does not occur until the end of the growing season when the fruit is fully mature. This study was conducted to identify compounds displaying significant variation in abundance during fruit maturation and that may be putatively associated with natural disease resistance observed when the fruit is immature. Winterberry 'Sparkleberry' fruits collected at four timepoints during the 2018 and 2019 seasons were extracted in methanol and analyzed using high resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed a distinct separation of metabolic profiles based on fruit phenological stage. The top 100 features that were differentially expressed between immature and mature fruit were selected from both electrospray ionization (ESI) (-) and ESI (+) datasets for annotation. Eleven compounds shown to decrease throughout the season included cinnamic acids, a triterpenoid, terpene lactones, stilbene glycosides, a cyanidin glycoside, and a furopyran. Nine compounds shown to accumulate throughout the season included chlorogenic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and a triterpene saponin. Future research will further confirm the exact identity of the compounds of interest and determine whether they are biologically active toward D. ilicicola or I. verticillata. The results could inform breeding programs, chemical management programs, and novel antifungal compound development pipelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Emanuel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aljawasim BD, Samtani JB, Rahman M. New Insights in the Detection and Management of Anthracnose Diseases in Strawberries. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3704. [PMID: 37960060 PMCID: PMC10650140 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose diseases, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are considered to be among the most destructive diseases that have a significant impact on the global production of strawberries. These diseases alone can cause up to 70% yield loss in North America. Colletotrichum spp. causes several disease symptoms on strawberry plants, including root, fruit, and crown rot, lesions on petioles and runners, and irregular black spots on the leaf. In many cases, a lower level of infection on foliage remains non-symptomatic (quiescent), posing a challenge to growers as these plants can be a significant source of inoculum for the fruiting field. Reliable detection methods for quiescent infection should play an important role in preventing infected plants' entry into the production system or guiding growers to take appropriate preventative measures to control the disease. This review aims to examine both conventional and emerging approaches for detecting anthracnose disease in the early stages of the disease cycle, with a focus on newly emerging techniques such as remote sensing, especially using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with multispectral sensors. Further, we focused on the acutatum species complex, including the latest taxonomy, the complex life cycle, and the epidemiology of the disease. Additionally, we highlighted the extensive spectrum of management techniques against anthracnose diseases on strawberries and their challenges, with a special focus on new emerging sustainable management techniques that can be utilized in organic strawberry systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baker D. Aljawasim
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA;
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah 66001, Iraq
| | - Jayesh B. Samtani
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA;
| | - Mahfuzur Rahman
- Extension Service, Davis College of Agriculture, West Virginia University, 1194 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waqas M, Prencipe S, Guarnaccia V, Spadaro D. Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Alternaria spp. Associated with Black Rot of Sweet Cherries in Italy. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:992. [PMID: 37888248 PMCID: PMC10607616 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Black rot is limiting the production of sweet cherries in Italy. Dark brown to black patches and sunken lesions on fruits are the most common symptoms of Alternaria black rot on sweet cherry fruits. We isolated 180 Alternaria spp. from symptomatic cherry fruits 'Kordia', 'Ferrovia', and 'Regina' harvested in Northern Italy, over three years, from 2020 to 2022. The aim was to identify and characterize a selection of forty isolates of Alternaria spp. based on morphology, pathogenicity, and combined analysis of rpb2, Alt-a1, endoPG and OPA10-2. The colonies were dark greyish in the center with white margins. Ellipsoidal or ovoid shaped conidia ranging from 19.8 to 21.7 μm in length were observed under a microscope. Based on the concatenated session of four gene regions, thirty-three out of forty isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), and seven as A. alternata. Pathogenicity was evaluated on healthy 'Regina' sweet cherry fruits. All the tested strains were pathogenic on their host. This study represents the first characterization of Alternaria spp. associated with black rot of cherries in Italy and, to the best of our knowledge, it is also the first report of AASC as an agent of black rot of sweet cherries in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.W.); (S.P.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Emanuel IB, Laird AE, Hand FP. Understanding Environmental and Physiological Factors Affecting the Biology of Diaporthe ilicicola, the Fungus Causing Latent Fruit Rot in Winterberry. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2986-2996. [PMID: 36856642 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2759-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit rot in winterberry is associated with a complex of fungal pathogens. Among them, Diaporthe ilicicola plays a unique role by infecting flowers at bloom, resulting in symptom development in mature fruit. This research aimed to identify at what stage of maturation Ilex fruit can develop disease symptoms and correlate changes in fruit physiology (sugar and phenolic content) and environment (temperature and light intensity) with disease incidence. Correlation data informed in vitro studies testing the ability of putative factors to alter growth of D. ilicicola and select opportunistic fungi within the fruit rot complex: Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum fioriniae, and Epicoccum nigrum. Results indicated that Ilex fruit do not develop symptoms until 81 to 108 days after inoculation. Temperature and fruit phenolic content were negatively correlated with disease incidence, while fruit sugar concentration and light intensity were positively correlated. In vitro assays revealed that sugar concentration had no effect on the growth of D. ilicicola, but increased light intensity increased hyphal growth and pycnidium formation. Additionally, phenolics extracted from fruit inhibited spore germination in A. alternata, induced secondary conidiation in C. fioriniae, and late season phenolic extracts increased hyphal melanization and pycnidial formation in D. ilicicola. Finally, drops in field temperatures, when replicated in vitro, resulted in a decrease in hyphal growth and spore germination for all fungi. These results suggest that changes in Ilex fruit phenolics during maturation and the increased exposure to light following defoliation may play a role in symptom development by altering D. ilicicola growth within the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Emanuel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
| | - Aleacia E Laird
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khodadadi F, Santander RD, McHenry DJ, Jurick WM, Aćimović SG. A Bitter, Complex Problem: Causal Colletotrichum Species in Virginia Orchards and Apple Fruit Susceptibility. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3164-3175. [PMID: 37102728 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2947-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bitter rot, caused by Colletotrichum species, is one of the most devastating summer rot diseases affecting apple production in the Eastern United States. Given the differences in virulence and fungicide sensitivity levels between organisms belonging to the acutatum species complex (CASC) and the gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), monitoring their diversity, geographic distribution, and frequency are essential for successful bitter rot management. In a 662-isolate collection from apple orchards in Virginia, isolates from CGSC were dominant (65.5%) in comparison to the CASC (34.5%). In a subsample of 82 representative isolates, using morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, we identified C. fructicola (26.2%), C. chrysophilum (15.6%), C. siamense (0.8%), and C. theobromicola (0.8%) from CGSC and C. fioriniae (22.1%) and C. nymphaeae (1.6%) from CASC. The dominant species were C. fructicola, followed by C. fioriniae and C. chrysophilum. C. siamense followed by C. theobromicola developed the largest and deepest rot lesions on Honeycrisp fruit in our virulence tests. Detached fruit of nine apple cultivars and one wild accession (Malus sylvestris) were harvested early and late season and tested in controlled conditions for their susceptibility to C. fioriniae and C. chrysophilum. All cultivars were susceptible to both representative bitter rot species, with Honeycrisp fruit being the most susceptible and M. sylvestris, accession PI 369855, being the most resistant. We demonstrate that the frequency and prevalence of species in Colletotrichum complexes are highly variable in the Mid-Atlantic and provide region-specific data on apple cultivar susceptibility. Our findings are necessary for the successful management of bitter rot as an emerging and persistent problem in apple production both pre- and postharvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA
| | - Ricardo D Santander
- Irrigated Agriculture Research Center, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Prosser, WA
- Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Highland, NY
| | - Diana J McHenry
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Waller TJ, Häggblom MM, Oudemans PV. The Role of Fatty Acids from Plant Surfaces in the Infectivity of Colletotrichum fioriniae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1908-1915. [PMID: 37932127 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-23-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts derived from flowers stimulate germination, secondary conidiation, and appressorial formation of various latent fruit rotting fungi. Even raindrops passing over flowers accumulate sufficient activity to influence the infectivity of fruit rotting fungi. Using a spore germination bioassay, high levels of bioactivity were found in chloroform extracts from plant tissues, implicating the nonpolar components of the cuticle. The fatty acid (FA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition (C9-C20) of blueberry and cranberry tissues as well as aqueous flower extracts were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The FAs and FAMEs found in the plant extracts were then tested for bioactivity using a spore germination bioassay. The C16:0 and C18:2 FAs and FAMEs, as well as the C18:0 FAME and the C20:0 FA, all stimulated appressorial formation while the C10:0 FA stimulated secondary conidiation. The C10:0 and C16:0 FAs were the only two bioactive components also identified from the aqueous floral extracts of both blueberry and cranberry and are therefore considered as contributors to the bioactivity observed in these extracts. The aqueous extracts from surfaces other than flowers showed little or no activity, and it is speculated that the movement of FAs may be related to the level of polymerization and cutin polyester development in flowers versus other plant organs. This study highlights the importance of the bloom period for infection and that the apparent effects on host susceptibility may therefore depend on the availability of specific FAs or combinations thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Waller
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Peter V Oudemans
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prusky D, Romanazzi G. Induced Resistance in Fruit and Vegetables: A Host Physiological Response Limiting Postharvest Disease Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:279-300. [PMID: 37201920 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021722-035135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Harvested fruit and vegetables are perishable, subject to desiccation, show increased respiration during ripening, and are colonized by postharvest fungal pathogens. Induced resistance is a strategy to control diseases by eliciting biochemical processes in fruits and vegetables. This is accomplished by modulating the progress of ripening and senescence, which maintains the produce in a state of heightened resistance to decay-causing fungi. Utilization of induced resistance to protect produce has been improved by scientific tools that better characterize physiological changes in plants. Induced resistance slows the decline of innate immunity after harvest and increases the production of defensive responses that directly inhibit plant pathogens. This increase in defense response in fruits and vegetables contributes to higher amounts of phenols and antioxidant compounds, improving both the quality and appearance of the produce. This review summarizes mechanisms and treatments that induce resistance in harvested fruits and vegetables to suppress fungal colonization. Moreover, it highlights the importance of host maturity and stage of ripening as limiting conditions for the improved expression of induced-resistance processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santra HK, Banerjee D. Antifungal activity of volatile and non-volatile metabolites of endophytes of Chloranthus elatior Sw. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1156323. [PMID: 37265637 PMCID: PMC10229785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture crops that have fungal infections suffer significant economic losses and reduced crop output. Chemical fungicides are used to tackle the problem, although this has additional detrimental side effects. There is an urgent need for safe and novel antifungals. Volatiles from plant-beneficial endophytic fungi are considered promising alternatives for the biological control of fungal pathogens as a sustainable approach in an agroecosystem. In the present investigation, a volatile-emitting sterile endophytic fungus, Diaporthe sp. CEL3 with bio-fumigation activity, was isolated from leaves of the ethnomedicinal plant Chloranthus elatior Sw., collected from the Passighat forest of North-East India. The camphor odor volatiles of CEL3 showed an inhibitory effect against eight fungal pathogens in vitro and minimized the infections of Monilinia fructicola, a causal agent of cherry fruit rot, in VOC-exposed cherry fruits. Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Pythium ultimum, and M. fructicola were maximally inhibited up to 51.5%, 55.8%, 61.9%, and 78.5%, respectively, in comparison to control by the volatiles. Another isolate, CEL7, identified as Curvularia sp., synthesized non-volatile, soluble antifungal metabolites in its cell-free extracts and exhibited antifungal action. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed the presence of imidazole compounds- (2-aminoethyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde, Pyrazole 4, 5 imidazole, 1-formyl 3-ethyl, phenol compounds-Phenol, 4-[2-(methylamino) ethyl]-, 6-Nitro-3-chlorophenol, Phenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-, etc., in the cell-free extracts, with a MIC value of 250-2,000 µg ml-1. Optimum VOC emission was achieved in a modified PDA medium with instantly smashed potato (150 g L-1), dextrose (20 g L-1), wheat husk (20 g L-1), and yeast extract (20 g L-1), with additional salts. Interestingly, endophytic CEL3 emitted different types of volatiles, and trans-verbenol (32.25%), geraniol (30.32%), trans-ocimenol (12.90%), and mentha-4,8-diene (5.16%) were the prime ones. These VOCs cause lethal leakage of protein and necessary intracellular molecules from the fungal pathogens. Thus, CEL3 could potentially be used as a bio-fumigating agent to control post-harvest infections caused by fungal pathogens. This study opens a new approach to the use of endophytic fungi in biocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiran Kanti Santra
- Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Debdulal Banerjee
- Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
- Center for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salotti I, Liang YJ, Ji T, Rossi V. Development of a model for Colletotrichum diseases with calibration for phylogenetic clades on different host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1069092. [PMID: 37063197 PMCID: PMC10090521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1069092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Colletotrichum cause serious pre- and post-harvest losses to several agricultural crops worldwide. Through a systematic literature review, we retrieved the published information on Colletotrichum anthracnose diseases on different host plants and developed a mechanistic model incorporating the main stages of the pathogen's life cycle and the effect of weather. The model predicts anthracnose progress during the growing season on the aerial organs of different crops, and was parameterized for seven Colletotrichum clades (acutatum, dematium, destructivum, gloeosporioides, graminicola, and orbiculare) and the singleton species, C. coccodes. The model was evaluated for the anthracnose diseases caused by fungi belonging to five clades on six hosts by using data from 17 epidemics that occurred in Italy, the USA, Canada, and Japan. A comparison of observed versus predicted data showed a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.928 and an average distance between real data and the fitted line of 0.044. After further validation, the model could be used to support decision-making for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salotti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Agro‐forestry Ecosystems, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Isa DA, Kim HT. Cytochrome b Gene-Based Assay for Monitoring the Resistance of Colletotrichum spp. to Pyraclostrobin. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:616-628. [PMID: 36503190 PMCID: PMC9742800 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyraclostrobin due to a single nucleotide polymorphism at 143rd amino acid position on the cytochrome b gene has been a major source of concern in red pepper field infected by anthracnose in Korea. Therefore, this study investigated the response of 24 isolates of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides isolated from anthracnose infected red pepper fruits using agar dilution method and other molecular techniques such as cytochrome b gene sequencing, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The result showed that four isolates were resistant to pyraclostrobin on agar dilution method and possessed GCT (alanine) codon at 143rd amino acid position, whereas the sensitive isolates possessed GGT (glycine). Furthermore, this study illustrated the difference in the cytochrome b gene structure of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The use of cDNA in this study suggested that the primer Cacytb-P2 can amplify the cytochrome b gene of both C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides despite the presence of various introns in the cytochrome b gene structure of C. gloeosporioides. The use of allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP provided clear difference between the resistant and sensitive isolates. The application of molecular technique in the evaluation of the resistance status of anthracnose pathogen in red pepper provided rapid, reliable, and accurate results that can be helpful in the early adoption of fungicide-resistant management strategies for the strobilurins in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Tae Kim
- Corresponding author: Phone, FAX) +82-43-271-4414, E-mail)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kao CY, Wu CT, Lin HC, Hsieh DK, Lin HL, Lee MH. The G protein subunit α1, CaGα1, mediates ethylene sensing of mango anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum asianum to regulate fungal development and virulence and mediates surface sensing for spore germination. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048447. [PMID: 36504764 PMCID: PMC9731116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango is an important tropic fruit, but its production is highly restricted by anthracnose diseases. Mango anthracnose development is related to the fruit-ripening hormone ethylene, but how the pathogen senses ethylene and affects the infection remains largely unknown. In this study, mango pathogen Colletotrichum asianum strain TYC-2 was shown to sense ethylene to enhance spore germination, appressorium formation and virulence. Upon further analysis of ethylene sensing signaling, three histidine kinase genes (CaHKs) and a G-protein gene (CaGα1) were functionally characterized. Ethylene upregulated the expression of the three CaHKs but had no influence on CaGα1 expression. No function in ethylene sensing was identified for the three CaHKs. Ethylene enhanced spore germination and multiple appressorium formation of the wild-type TYC-2 but not CaGα1 mutants. TYC-2 has extremely low germination in water, where self-inhibition may play a role in ethylene sensing via CaGα1 signaling. Self-inhibitors extracted from TYC-2 inhibited spore germination of TYC-2 and CaGα1 mutants, but ethylene could not rescue the inhibition, indicating that the self-inhibition was not mediated by CaGα1 and had no interactions with ethylene. Interestingly, spore germination of CaGα1 mutants was significantly enhanced in water on hydrophobic but not hydrophilic surfaces, suggesting that CaGα1 is involved in surface sensing. In the pathogenicity assay, CaGα1 mutants showed less virulence with delayed germination and little appressorium formation at early infection on mango leaves and fruit. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses identified several pathogenicity-related genes regulated by ethylene, indicating that ethylene may regulate TYC-2 virulence partially by regulating the expression of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Kao
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ta Wu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Che Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Keng Hsieh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Lin
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miin-Huey Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Miin-Huey Lee,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Burgess EC, Schaeffer RN. The Floral Microbiome and Its Management in Agroecosystems: A Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9819-9825. [PMID: 35917340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disease management is critical to ensuring healthy crop yields and is often targeted at flowers because of their susceptibility to pathogens and direct link to reproduction. Many disease management strategies are unsustainable however because of the potential for pathogens to evolve resistance, or nontarget effects on beneficial insects. Manipulating the floral microbiome holds some promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical means of disease control. In this perspective, we discuss the current state of research concerning floral microbiome assembly and management in agroecosystems as well as future directions aimed at improving the sustainability of disease control and insect-mediated ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Burgess
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Robert N Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adhikary R, Mandal S, Mandal V. Seasonal Variation Imparts the Shift in Endophytic Bacterial Community Between Mango and its Hemiparasites. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:287. [PMID: 35962289 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of community composition and community structure is important to know the ecological behaviour and community dynamics of the participating species and to understand the molecular interplay that lies between them. The community diversity greatly lies in the physiological status of the host and the environmental factors. The present study aims to explore the endophytic bacterial communities and their dynamics in the pre-flowering and post-flowering seasons in the horticulturally important Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and its hemiparasites: Loranthus parasiticus (L.) Marr. and Macrosolen colchinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. through a metagenomic approach using the sequence of V3 region of 16S rRNA gene. The genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Corynebacterium, under the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively, were found to be the most abundant genera present in mango and its hemiparasites. It was found that during the post-flowering season, the twigs and leaves of mango had lesser endophytes than in other seasons while the alpha-diversity indices of the representative genera were the highest in L. parasiticus during the same seasons. However, in M. colchinchinensis, the alpha diversity was also higher in the post-flowering season similar to another hemiparasite plant L. parasiticus. The ecological, taxonomic and complex correlation studies unravelled that the hemiparasites act as the potent reservoirs of endophytic communities throughout the year and during favourable conditions, these bacterial communities disseminate to the mango plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajsekhar Adhikary
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour, Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, WB, 732103, India.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour, Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, WB, 732103, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo Z, Luo CX, Wu HJ, Peng B, Kang BS, Liu LM, Zhang M, Gu QS. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease of Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:790. [PMID: 36012779 PMCID: PMC9410023 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species are important plant pathogens, causing anthracnose in virtually every crop grown throughout the world. However, little is known about the species that infect watermelon. A total of 526 strains were isolated from diseased watermelon samples of eight major watermelon growing provinces in China. Phylogenetic analyses using seven loci (ITS, gadph, chs-1, his3, act, tub2, and gs) coupled with morphology of 146 representative isolates showed that they belonged to 12 known species of Colletotrichum, including C. aenigma, C. chlorophyti, C. fructicola, C. jiangxiense, C. karstii, C. magnum, C. nymphaeae, C. nigrum, C. orbiculare, C. plurivorum, C. sojae, and C. truncatum and three new species, here described as C. citrulli, C. kaifengense, and C. qilinense. Colletotrichum orbiculare was the dominant species. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all isolates of the species described above were pathogenic, with C. magnum and C. kaifengense being the most aggressive to leaves and fruits, respectively. This is the first report of C. aenigma, C. chlorophyti, C. fructicola, C. jiangxiense, C. nymphaeae, C. nigrum, C. plurivorum, and C. sojae on watermelon. These findings shed light on the Colletotrichum spp. involved in watermelon anthracnose and provide useful information for implementing effective control of watermelon anthracnose in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Hui-Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Bin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Bao-Shan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Li-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Qin-Sheng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Z.G.); (H.-J.W.); (B.P.); (B.-S.K.); (L.-M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim TY, Hwang SH, Noh JS, Cho JY, Maung CEH. Antifungal Potential of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 for the Control of Different Colletotrichum Species through Isolation of Active Dipeptide, Cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-D-prolyl). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147786. [PMID: 35887144 PMCID: PMC9318854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species are important fungal pathogens causing anthracnose of tropical and subtropical fruit and vegetable crops. Dual culture assay indicated that Bacillus velezensis CE 100 was a strong antagonist against C. acutatum, C. coccodes, C. dematium, and C. gloeosporioides. The volatile organic compounds produced by B. velezensis CE 100 affected mycelial growth of Colletotrichum species tested in our study and caused twisted hyphal structures of all these fungal species. Chloroform crude compounds of B. velezensis CE 100 inhibited four Colletotrichum species in a concentration-dependent manner and induced severe damage in hyphal morphology of these fungal pathogens, including swelling, bulging, and multiple branching. Moreover, the active cyclic dipeptide, cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-D-prolyl), was isolated from chloroform crude extract and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect of cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-D-prolyl) on conidial germination of C. gloeosporioides occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The conidial germination rate was completely inhibited by a concentration of 3 mg/mL of cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-D-prolyl). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the exposure to cyclic dipeptide resulted in seriously deformed hyphae and conidia with shriveled surfaces in dipeptide-treated C. gloeosporioides. Therefore, active dipeptide-producing B. velezensis CE 100 is a promising biocontrol agent for Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Seo Hyun Hwang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.H.H.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Jun Su Noh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.H.H.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (C.E.H.M.)
| | - Chaw Ei Htwe Maung
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.H.H.); (J.S.N.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (C.E.H.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Doren J, Hadad R, McKEAG L, Tucker C, Newbold E. Food Safety Risks of Harvesting Dropped and Drooping Produce: A Review. J Food Prot 2022; 85:571-582. [PMID: 34914837 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Produce Safety Rule of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) sets forth minimum standards for fruit and vegetable production in the United States. One provision states that growers must not harvest dropped produce because damage or ground contact may contaminate produce. In an unpublished survey of 2020 food safety inspections conducted by the Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, handling of dropped produce covered by the FSMA was a common misunderstood and noncompliance issue among growers in the Northeast. In consideration of this provision's on-farm practicality, this review was conducted to evaluate the risks associated with dropped and drooping produce, to guide growers in making informed risk management decisions, and to answer the following questions: (i) what are the risk factors that influence transferability of pathogens from touching the ground to produce and (ii) what are the risks associated with harvesting dropped or drooping produce covered under the Produce Safety Rule? A search of online databases revealed 12 relevant publications, which highlighted moisture, contact time, and crop features as affecting contamination rates from a ground surface to a crop surface. Soil and mulch posed a differential risk, with bare soil generally presenting a lower risk than plastic mulch. The effects of other mulch types are unclear. Mulches may promote pathogen persistence in soil, although they may also protect produce from contaminated soils. These studies were limited in their scope and applicability and most did not directly address dropped produce. Research is needed to clarify the various effects of dropped and drooping produce, the impact of ground surface type on pathogen survivability and transfer, soil and crop features that facilitate contamination, and postharvest risks of harvesting dropped or drooping produce. A comprehensive understanding of these issues will guide growers in implementing preventive measures and better managing risk in a way practicable to each farm's unique conditions. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Doren
- Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, University of Vermont Extension, Bennington, Vermont 05201
| | - Robert Hadad
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Rochester, New York 14617
| | - Lisa McKEAG
- Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, University of Massachusetts Extension, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Caitlin Tucker
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Rochester, New York 14617
| | - Elizabeth Newbold
- Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, University of Vermont Extension, Bennington, Vermont 05201
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gonçalves DDC, Ribeiro WR, Gonçalves DC, Menini L, Costa H. Recent advances and future perspective of essential oils in control Colletotrichum spp.: A sustainable alternative in postharvest treatment of fruits. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110758. [PMID: 34865776 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The world population growth has raised concerns about food security. Agricultural systems are asked to satisfy a growing demand for food with increasingly limited resources, and simultaneously still must reduce the impacts on the environment. This scenario encourages the search for safe and sustainable production strategies. Reducing losses in the production process can be one of the main ways to guarantee food safety. In fruticulture, it is estimated that more than 50% of the production can be lost between harvest and the final consumer due to postharvest diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. The fungi of the genus Colletotrichum are opportunistic and are associated with several diseases, being the anthracnose the most relevant in terms of the quality and yield losses in fruit species around worldwide. To control these diseases, the use of synthetic fungicides has been the main instrument utilized, however, because of their phytotoxicity to human health, the environment, and strong selection pressure imposed by continuous applications, the fungicides have caused resistance in the pathogen populations. So reducing the excessive application of these products is indispensable for human health and for sustainable Agriculture. Towards this purpose, research has been carried out to identify the phytopathological potentiality of essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants. Therefore, this review aims to contribute to the formation of knowledge bases, about the discoveries, recent advances, and the use of EOs as a strategy to alternatively control fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. in postharvest fruits. Here, we provide valuable information exploring the application potential of essential oils as commercially useful biorational pesticides for food preservation, contributing to sustainable production and global food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila da Costa Gonçalves
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES - Alegre), Rodovia Br 482, Km 47 s/n, Alegre - ES 29520-000, Brazil.
| | - Wilian Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), Alto Universitário, S/N Guararema, Alegre - ES 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Débora Cristina Gonçalves
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), Alto Universitário, S/N Guararema, Alegre - ES 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Menini
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES - Alegre), Rodovia Br 482, Km 47 s/n, Alegre - ES 29520-000, Brazil.
| | - Hélcio Costa
- Fazenda do Estado - Incaper. BR 262, km 94 - Domingos, Martins - ES 29278-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
CgMFS1, a Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter, Is Required for Sugar Transport, Oxidative Stress Resistance, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Hevea brasiliensis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1548-1557. [PMID: 34698108 PMCID: PMC8929089 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the main causal agent of anthracnose in various plant species. Determining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity and fungicide resistance of C. gloeosporioides could help build new strategies for disease control. The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) has multiple roles in the transport of a diverse range of substrates. In the present study, an MFS protein CgMFS1 was characterized in C. gloeosporioides. This protein contains seven transmembrane domains, and its predicted 3D structure is highly similar to the reported hexose transporters. To investigate the biological functions of CgMFS1, the gene knock-out mutant ΔCgMFS1 was constructed. A colony growth assay showed that the mutant was remarkably decreased in vegetative growth in minimal medium supplemented with monosaccharides and oligosaccharides as the sole carbon sources, whereas it showed a similar growth rate and colony morphology as wild types when using soluble starch as the carbon source. A stress assay revealed that CgMFS1 is involved in oxidative stress but not in the fungicide resistance of C. gloeosporioides. Furthermore, its pathogenicity was significantly impaired in the mutant, although its appressorium formation was not affected. Our results demonstrate that CgMFS1 is required for sugar transport, resistance to oxidative stress, and the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Hevea brasiliensis.
Collapse
|
23
|
DeShields JB, Kc AN. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria spp. Isolated from European Pears. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2531-2540. [PMID: 33434041 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2143-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a recent survey of post-harvest rot pathogens in European pear in Southern Oregon, Alternaria spp. were frequently isolated from orchard samples of pear flowers and fruits. Morphological differences were observed within the isolated cultures. A preliminary NCBI BLAST search analysis using sequences of the ATPase locus across 94 isolates of Alternaria spp. obtained from pear fruit rots revealed three major Alternaria sections: sect. Alternata, sect. Infectoriae, and sect. Ulocladioides. Thirteen isolates were selected based on their genetic and morphological diversity across three Alternaria sections and were subjected to multilocus phylogenetic analysis using sequences from plasma membrane ATPase, calmodulin, and Alt a1 loci. Within sect. Alternata, four Alternaria arborescens isolates and one A. destruens isolate were identified; within sections Infectoriae and Ulocladioides, one A. rosae isolate and two A. botrytis isolates were identified, respectively. The remaining five isolates could not be identified based on the available sequences for the three loci used in this study. In addition to the phylogenetic analysis, pathogenicity assays revealed differential responses to these isolates on four pear cultivars: Anjou, Bartlett, Comice, and Bosc. Inoculation of isolates within Alternaria sect. Alternata resulted in fruit lesions across all cultivars, with Bosc pear being significantly susceptible (P < 0.0001). Isolates within Alternaria sect. Ulocladioides caused rots on Anjou and Bosc pears, while isolates within Alternaria sect. Infectoriae developed rots on Bosc pear only. This study suggests that there is differential susceptibility of pear cultivars to Alternaria rots, and the severity of post-harvest rot depends on the type of Alternaria spp. and cultivar predominant in a region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B DeShields
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR 97502
| | - Achala N Kc
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR 97502
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Post-harvest fungal occurrence on commercial strawberry cultivars grown in Australia: impact of phytochemical composition. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Rajarammohan S. Redefining Plant-Necrotroph Interactions: The Thin Line Between Hemibiotrophs and Necrotrophs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673518. [PMID: 33995337 PMCID: PMC8113614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
26
|
Bika R, Baysal-Gurel F, Jennings C. Botrytis cinereamanagement in ornamental production: a continuous battle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 43:345-365. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/07060661.2020.1807409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bika
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| | - Fulya Baysal-Gurel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| | - Christina Jennings
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boufleur TR, Ciampi‐Guillardi M, Tikami Í, Rogério F, Thon MR, Sukno SA, Massola Júnior NS, Baroncelli R. Soybean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species: Current status and future prospects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:393-409. [PMID: 33609073 PMCID: PMC7938629 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important cultivated plants worldwide as a source of protein-rich foods and animal feeds. Anthracnose, caused by different lineages of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum, is one of the main limiting factors to soybean production. Losses due to anthracnose have been neglected, but their impact may threaten up to 50% of the grain production. TAXONOMY While C. truncatum is considered the main species associated with soybean anthracnose, recently other species have been reported as pathogenic on this host. Until now, it has not been clear whether the association of new Colletotrichum species with the disease is related to emerging species or whether it is due to the undergoing changes in the taxonomy of the genus. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Typical anthracnose symptoms are pre- and postemergence damping-off; dark, depressed, and irregular spots on cotyledons, stems, petioles, and pods; and necrotic laminar veins on leaves that can result in premature defoliation. Symptoms may evolve to pod rot, immature opening of pods, and premature germination of grains. CHALLENGES As accurate species identification of the causal agent is decisive for disease control and prevention, in this work we review the taxonomic designation of Colletotrichum isolated from soybean to understand which lineages are pathogenic on this host. We also present a comprehensive literature review of soybean anthracnose, focusing on distribution, symptomatology, epidemiology, disease management, identification, and diagnosis. We consider the knowledge emerging from population studies and comparative genomics of Colletotrichum spp. associated with soybean providing future perspectives in the identification of molecular factors involved in the pathogenicity process. USEFUL WEBSITE Updates on Colletotrichum can be found at http://www.colletotrichum.org/. All available Colletotrichum genomes on GenBank can be viewed at http://www.colletotrichum.org/genomics/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais R. Boufleur
- Department of Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
- Instituto Hispano‐Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Maisa Ciampi‐Guillardi
- Department of Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Ísis Tikami
- Department of Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Flávia Rogério
- Department of Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Instituto Hispano‐Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Instituto Hispano‐Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Instituto Hispano‐Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Silva CJ, van den Abeele C, Ortega-Salazar I, Papin V, Adaskaveg JA, Wang D, Casteel CL, Seymour GB, Blanco-Ulate B. Host susceptibility factors render ripe tomato fruit vulnerable to fungal disease despite active immune responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2696-2709. [PMID: 33462583 PMCID: PMC8006553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The increased susceptibility of ripe fruit to fungal pathogens poses a substantial threat to crop production and marketability. Here, we coupled transcriptomic analyses with mutant studies to uncover critical processes associated with defense and susceptibility in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Using unripe and ripe fruit inoculated with three fungal pathogens, we identified common pathogen responses reliant on chitinases, WRKY transcription factors, and reactive oxygen species detoxification. We established that the magnitude and diversity of defense responses do not significantly impact the interaction outcome, as susceptible ripe fruit mounted a strong immune response to pathogen infection. Then, to distinguish features of ripening that may be responsible for susceptibility, we utilized non-ripening tomato mutants that displayed different susceptibility patterns to fungal infection. Based on transcriptional and hormone profiling, susceptible tomato genotypes had losses in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, while jasmonic acid accumulation and signaling coincided with defense activation in resistant fruit. We identified and validated a susceptibility factor, pectate lyase (PL). CRISPR-based knockouts of PL, but not polygalacturonase (PG2a), reduced susceptibility of ripe fruit by >50%. This study suggests that targeting specific genes that promote susceptibility is a viable strategy to improve the resistance of tomato fruit against fungal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Silva
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Casper van den Abeele
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victor Papin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jaclyn A Adaskaveg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Duoduo Wang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Biosciences, Plant and Crop Science Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - Clare L Casteel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Graham B Seymour
- School of Biosciences, Plant and Crop Science Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lenzi A, Marvasi M, Baldi A. Agronomic practices to limit pre- and post-harvest contamination and proliferation of human pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in vegetable produce. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
30
|
Triplex Real-Time PCR Approach for the Detection of Crucial Fungal Berry Pathogens- Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp. and Verticillium spp. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228469. [PMID: 33187143 PMCID: PMC7697166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause undeniably serious damage in agriculture by harming fruit cultivations and lowering harvest yields, which as a consequence substantially reduces food production efficiency. Fungi of the Botrytis, Colletotrichum and Verticillium genera are a main concern in berry production. However, no rapid detection method for detecting all of these pathogens simultaneously has been developed to date. Therefore, in this study, a multiplex real-time PCR assay for this purpose was established. Universal fungal primers for the D2 region of the large subunit ribosomal DNA and three multiplexable fluorogenic probes specific for the chosen fungi were designed and deployed. The triplex approach for the molecular detection of these fungi, which was developed in this study, allows for the rapid and effective detection of crucial berry pathogens, which contributes to a more rapid implementation of protective measures in plantations and a significant reduction in losses caused by fungal diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Waller TJ, Gager J, Constantelos C, Oudemans PV. The Role of Flowers in the Disease Cycle of Colletotrichum fioriniae and Other Cranberry Fruit Rot Fungi. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1270-1279. [PMID: 32267201 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Floral extracts (FEs) can influence the infectivity and epidemiology of fruit infecting Colletotrichum species. In this study, Colletotrichum fioriniae responded to cranberry FEs with an increased rate and magnitude of secondary conidiation and appressorium formation. Four other cranberry fruit rotting species also showed an increased rate of germination in the presence of FEs. However, increased appressorium formation was observed only in the latent pathogens Coleophoma cylindrospora, Colletotrichum fructivorum, and Colletotrichum fioriniae. Two other fruit rotting species, Phyllosticta vaccinii and Allantophomopsis lycopodina, did not form appressoria while secondary conidiation was only seen with the Colletotrichum spp. When conidia of Colletotrichum fioriniae were inoculated in the presence of FE, the incidence of disease was greater on cranberry fruit. Conidia of this species also formed appressoria at lower than expected temperatures in the presence of FE. Dissection of the flowers revealed that the corolla (with stamens and stigma) was the most stimulatory part of the inflorescence. These observations suggest an important and ephemeral role of flowers in the epidemiology of fruit rot. Stimulatory floral signals were readily detected using a conidial germination bioassay and rainwater samples collected from the plant canopy throughout the growing season confirmed that bioactivity was highest during the bloom period, and declined as the fruit developed. The data presented show that floral signals can alter the growth patterns of a larger than previously observed range of fungi and the mobility of floral signals within the canopy implicates these phenology-specific cues in modifying the disease cycles of numerous plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Waller
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - J Gager
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Christine Constantelos
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Peter V Oudemans
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pszczółkowska A, Androsiuk P, Jastrzębski JP, Paukszto Ł, Okorski A. rps3 as a Candidate Mitochondrial Gene for the Molecular Identification of Species from the Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E552. [PMID: 32422999 PMCID: PMC7290925 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species form one of the most economically significant groups of pathogenic fungi and lead to significant losses in the production of major crops-in particular, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. Members of the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose disease in many plants. Due to their considerable variation, these fungi have been widely investigated in genetic studies as model organisms. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of four Colletotrichum species (C. fioriniae, C. lupini, C. salicis, and C. tamarilloi). The reported circular mitogenomes range from 30,020 (C. fioriniae) to 36,554 bp (C. lupini) in size and have identical sets of genes, including 15 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 29 tRNA genes. All four mitogenomes are characterized by a rather poor repetitive sequence content with only forward repeat representatives and a low number of microsatellites. The topology of the phylogenetic tree reflects the systematic positions of the studied species, with representatives of each Colletotrichum species complex gathered in one clade. A comparative analysis reveals consistency in the gene composition and order of Colletotrichum mitogenomes, although some highly divergent regions are also identified, like the rps3 gene which appears as a source of potential diagnostic markers for all studied Colletotrichum species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Piotr Androsiuk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Adam Okorski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Papavasileiou A, Tanou G, Samaras A, Samiotaki M, Molassiotis A, Karaoglanidis G. Proteomic analysis upon peach fruit infection with Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa identify responses contributing to brown rot resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7807. [PMID: 32385387 PMCID: PMC7210933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is a major peach disease worldwide. In this study, the response of peach cultivars Royal Glory (RG) and Rich Lady (RL) to infection by Monilinia fructicola or Monilinia laxa, was characterized. Phenotypic data, after artificial inoculations, revealed that ‘RL’ was relatively susceptible whereas ‘RG’ was moderately resistant to Monilinia spp. Comparative proteomic analysis identified mesocarp proteins of the 2 cultivars whose accumulation were altered by the 2 Monilinia species. Functional analysis indicated that pathogen-affected proteins in ‘RG’ were mainly involved in energy and metabolism, while, differentially accumulated proteins by the pathogen presence in ‘RL’ were involved in disease/defense and metabolism. A higher number of proteins was differentiated in ‘RG’ fruit compared to ‘RL’. Upon Monilinia spp. infection, various proteins were-down accumulated in ‘RL’ fruit. Protein identification by mass spectrometric analysis revealed that several defense-related proteins including thaumatin, formate dehydrogenase, S-formylglutathione hydrolase, CBS domain-containing protein, HSP70, and glutathione S-transferase were up-accumulated in ‘RG’ fruit following inoculation. The expression profile of selected defense-related genes, such as major latex allergen, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and UDP-glycoltransferase was assessed by RT-PCR. This is the first study deciphering differential regulations of peach fruit proteome upon Monilinia infection elucidating resistance responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Papavasileiou
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-Demeter Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, 570 01, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece.
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ziv C, Kumar D, Sela N, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Schaffer AA, Prusky DB. Sugar-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Colletotrichum and Penicillium requires differential mechanisms of pathogenicity and fruit responses. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2870-2891. [PMID: 32323444 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium expansum cause postharvest diseases in tropical and deciduous fruit. During colonization, C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum secrete ammonia in hosts with low sugar content (LowSC) and gluconic acid in hosts with high sugar content (HighSC), respectively, as a mechanism to modulate enhanced pathogenicity. We studied the pathogens interactions with tomato lines of similar genetic background but differing in their sugar content. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed enhanced colonization of the LowSC line with differential expression response of 15% of its genes including enhanced relative expression of glycosyl hydrolases, glucanase and MFS-transporter genes. Enhanced colonization of P. expansum occurred in the HighSC line, accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate metabolic processes mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and only 4% of differentially expressed genes. Gene response of the two host lines strongly differed depending on the sugar level. Limited colonization of HighSC line by C. gloeosporioides was accompanied by a marked alteration of gene expression compared the LowSC response to the same pathogen; while colonization by P. expansum resulted in a similar response of the two different hosts. We suggest that this differential pattern of fungal/host responses may be the basis for the differential of host range of both pathogens in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Arthur A Schaffer
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Negrini F, O’Grady K, Hyvönen M, Folta KM, Baraldi E. Genomic structure and transcript analysis of the Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) gene family during host-pathogen crosstalk in Fragaria vesca and Fragaria x ananassa strawberry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226448. [PMID: 32214345 PMCID: PMC7098601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are cysteine-rich peptides ubiquitous within plant kingdom. They play multiple roles as hormonal signals in diverse processes, including root elongation, cell growth, pollen tube development, and fertilization. Their involvement in host-pathogen crosstalk as negative regulators of immunity in Arabidopsis has also been recognized. In addition, peptides homologous to RALF are secreted by different fungal pathogens as effectors during early stages of infection. Previous studies have identified nine RALF genes in the diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca) genome. This work describes the genomic organization of the RALF gene families in commercial octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and the re-annotated genome of F. vesca, and then compares findings with orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We reveal the presence of 15 RALF genes in F. vesca genotype Hawaii 4 and 50 in Fragaria x ananassa cv. Camarosa, showing a non-homogenous localization of genes among the different Fragaria x ananassa subgenomes. Expression analysis of Fragaria x ananassa RALF genes upon infection with Colletotrichum acutatum or Botrytis cinerea showed that FanRALF3-1 was the only fruit RALF gene upregulated after fungal infection. In silico analysis was used to identify distinct pathogen inducible elements upstream of the FanRALF3-1 gene. Agroinfiltration of strawberry fruit with deletion constructs of the FanRALF3-1 promoter identified a 5' region required for FanRALF3-1 expression in fruit, but failed to identify a region responsible for fungal induced expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Negrini
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kevin O’Grady
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Folta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Villafana RT, Rampersad SN. Diversity, structure, and synteny of the cutinase gene of Colletotrichum species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1425-1443. [PMID: 32076525 PMCID: PMC7029052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species complexes are among the top 10 economically important fungal plant pathogens worldwide because they can infect climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit at the pre and/or postharvest stages. C. truncatum is the major pathogen responsible for anthracnose of green and red bell pepper fruit worldwide. C. brevisporum was recently reported to be a minor pathogen of red bell pepper fruit in Trinidad, but has recently been reported as pathogenic to other host species in other countries. The ability of these phytopathogens to produce and secrete cutinase is required for dismantling the cuticle of the host plant and, therefore, crucial to the necrotrophic phase of their infection strategy. In vitro bioassays using different lipid substrates confirmed the ability of C. truncatum and C. brevisporum isolates from green and red bell peppers to secrete cutinase. The diversity, structure and organization and synteny of the cutinase gene were determined among different Colletotrichum species. Cluster analysis indicated a low level of nucleotide variation among C. truncatum sequences. Nucleotide sequences of C. brevisporum were more related to C. truncatum cutinase nucleotide sequences than to C. gloeosporioides. Cluster patterns coincided with haplotype and there was evidence of significant positive selection with no recombination signatures. The structure of the cutinase gene included two exons with one intervening intron and, therefore, one splice variant. Although amino acid sequences were highly conserved among C. truncatum isolates, diversity "hot spots" were revealed when the 66-amino acid coding region of 200 fungal species was compared. Twenty cutinase orthologues were detected among different fungal species, whose common ancestor is Pezizomycotina and it is purported that these orthologues arose through a single gene duplication event prior to speciation. The cutinase domain was retained both in structure and arrangement among 34 different Colletotrichum species. The order of aligned genomic blocks between species and the arrangement of flanking protein domains were also conserved and shared for those domains immediately located at the N- and C-terminus of the cutinase domain. Among these were an RNA recognition motif, translation elongation factor, signal peptide, pentatricopeptide repeat, and Hsp70 family of chaperone proteins, all of which support the expression of the cutinase gene. The findings of this study are important to understanding the evolution of the cutinase gene in C. truncatum as a key component of the biotrophic-necrotrophic switch which may be useful in developing gene-targeting strategies to decrease the pathogenic potential of Colletotrichum species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria T. Villafana
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Life SciencesBiochemistry Research LabThe University of the West IndiesSt. AugustineTrinidad and Tobago – West Indies
| | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Life SciencesBiochemistry Research LabThe University of the West IndiesSt. AugustineTrinidad and Tobago – West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu TH, Yaghmour MA, Lee MH, Gradziel TM, Leveau JHJ, Bostock RM. An roGFP2-Based Bacterial Bioreporter for Redox Sensing of Plant Surfaces. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:297-308. [PMID: 31483224 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reduction-oxidation (redox) environment of the phytobiome (i.e., the plant-microbe interface) can strongly influence the outcome of the interaction between microbial pathogens, commensals, and their host. We describe a noninvasive method using a bacterial bioreporter that responds to reactive oxygen species and redox-active chemicals to compare microenvironments perceived by microbes during their initial encounter of the plant surface. A redox-sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein (roGFP2), responsive to changes in intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, was expressed under the constitutive SP6 and fruR promoters in the epiphytic bacterium Pantoea eucalypti 299R (Pe299R/roGFP2). Analyses of Pe299R/roGFP2 cells by ratiometric fluorometry showed concentration-dependent responses to several redox active chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), dithiothreitol (DTT), and menadione. Changes in intracellular redox were detected within 5 min of addition of the chemical to Pe299R/roGFP2 cells, with approximate detection limits of 25 and 6 μM for oxidation by H2O2 and menadione, respectively, and 10 μM for reduction by DTT. Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid mitigated the H2O2-induced oxidation of the roGFP2 bioreporter. Aqueous washes of peach and rose flower petals from young blossoms created a lower redox state in the roGFP2 bioreporter than washes from fully mature blossoms. The bioreporter also detected differences in surface washes from peach fruit at different stages of maturity and between wounded and nonwounded sites. The Pe299R/roGFP2 reporter rapidly assesses differences in redox microenvironments and provides a noninvasive tool that may complement traditional redox-sensitive chromophores and chemical analyses of cell extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hang Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| | | | - Miin-Huey Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Thomas M Gradziel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Johan H J Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Richard M Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Merino MC, Guidarelli M, Negrini F, De Biase D, Pession A, Baraldi E. Induced expression of the Fragaria × ananassa Rapid alkalinization factor-33-like gene decreases anthracnose ontogenic resistance of unripe strawberry fruit stages. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1252-1263. [PMID: 31355517 PMCID: PMC6715598 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) genes encode for ubiquitous small peptides that stimulate apoplastic alkalinization through interaction with malectin-like receptor kinase. RALF peptides may act as negative regulators of plant immune response, inhibiting the formation of the signal receptor complex for immune activation. Recently RALF homologues were identified in different fungal pathogen genomes contributing to host infection ability. Here, FaRALF-33-like gene expression was evaluated in strawberry fruits inoculated with Colletotrichum acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, or Penicillium expansum after 24 and 48 h post-infection. To investigate the role of FaRALF-33-like in strawberry susceptibility, transient transformation was used to overexpress it in white unripe fruits and silence it in red ripe fruits. Agroinfiltrated fruits were inoculated with C. acutatum and expression, and histological analysis of infection were performed. Silencing of FaRALF-33-like expression in C. acutatum-inoculated red fruits led to a delay in fruit colonization by the fungal pathogen, and infected tissues showed less penetrated infective hyphae than in wild-type fruits. In contrast, C. acutatum-inoculated white unripe fruits overexpressing the FaRALF-33-like gene decreased the ontogenic resistance of these fruits, leading to the appearance of disease symptoms and penetrated subcuticular hyphae, normally absent in white unripe fruits. The different response of transfected strawberry fruits to C. acutatum supports the hypothesis that the FaRALF-33-like gene plays an important role in the susceptibility of fruits to the fungal pathogen C. acutatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Merino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
- Present address:
Instituto de Patología Vegetal Ing. Agr. Sergio Fernando Nome (IPAVE) – Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA) INTA-CONICETCentro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Michela Guidarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
| | - Francesca Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaVia San Giacomo 14Bologna40126Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaVia San Giacomo 14Bologna40126Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Louw JP, Korsten L. Impact of Postharvest Storage on the Infection and Colonization of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium expansum on Nectarine. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1584-1594. [PMID: 31025905 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-18-1475-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have investigated the host-pathogen interaction of Penicillium spp. on nectarine. Penicillium digitatum was identified as pathogenic and highly aggressive on nectarine. A strong association was made with host age/ripeness. This points to a new mechanism or life strategy used by P. digitatum to infect and colonize previously thought nonhosts. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of postharvest storage of nectarine on the infection and colonization of P. digitatum and Penicillium expansum at molecular and physical (firmness and pH) levels. The impact of environmental conditions (cold storage) and pathogen pressure (inoculum load) was also investigated. Although disease incidence was much lower, lesions caused by P. digitatum were similar in size to those caused by P. expansum on freshly harvested nectarine. Disease incidence and lesion diameter significantly increased (larger than P. expansum) on longer stored fruit. Cold storage had the largest effect on P. digitatum. Inoculum load had a meaningful effect on both Penicillium spp. Storage significantly affected pH modulation and gene expression. The pathogens not only decreased but also, increased and maintained (similar to initial pH of the host) pH of infected tissue. The polygalacturonase (PG) gene and creA were upregulated by P. digitatum on 7-day postharvest fruit (other genes were unaffected). It partly explains the larger lesions on older or riper fruit. A different expression profile was observed from P. expansum: strong downregulation in PG and slight upregulation in pacC. Very different life strategies were used by the two Penicillium spp. when infecting nectarine. Unlike what is known on citrus, P. digitatum showed an opportunistic lifestyle that takes advantage of specific host and environmental conditions. It is largely still unclear (gene expression) what specifically triggers the increase in disease incidence (infection) and lesion diameter (colonization) of P. digitatum on older or riper fruit. The differences between in vivo and in vitro studies make it difficult to directly correlate results. Additional research is still needed to differentiate and understand the infection and colonization of these pathogens on the same host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Petrus Louw
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest 0083, South Africa
- 2 University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest 0083, South Africa
- 2 University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Forlani S, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. Fruit ripening: the role of hormones, cell wall modifications, and their relationship with pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2993-3006. [PMID: 30854549 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruits result from complex biological processes that begin soon after fertilization. Among these processes are cell division and expansion, accumulation of secondary metabolites, and an increase in carbohydrate biosynthesis. Later fruit ripening is accomplished by chlorophyll degradation and cell wall lysis. Fruit maturation is an essential step to optimize seed dispersal, and is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors and genetic regulators that are strongly influenced by phytohormones. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are the major regulators of ripening and senescence in both dry and fleshy fruits, as demonstrated by numerous ripening-defective mutants, effects of exogenous hormone application, and transcriptome analyses. While ethylene is the best characterized player in the final step of a fruit's life, ABA also has a key regulatory role, promoting ethylene production and acting as a stress-related hormone in response to drought and pathogen attack. In this review, we focus on the role of ABA and ethylene in relation to the interconnected biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect ripening and senescence. We integrate and discuss the most recent data available regarding these biological processes, which are crucial for post-harvest fruit conservation and for food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wu Y, Li T, Gong L, Wang Y, Jiang Y. Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Fumonisin Production and FUM Gene Expression by Fusarium proliferatum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050289. [PMID: 31121925 PMCID: PMC6563204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum can infect many crops and then produce fumonisins that are very harmful to humans and animals. Previous study indicates that carbon sources play important roles in regulating the fumonisin biosynthesis. Unfortunately, there is limited information on the effects of carbon starvation in comparison with the carbon sources present in the host of fumonisin production in F. proliferatum. Our results indicated that F. proliferatum cultivated in the Czapek's broth (CB) medium in the absence of sucrose could greatly induce production of fumonisin, while an additional supplementation of sucrose to the culture medium significantly reduced the fumonisin production. Furthermore, cellulose and hemicellulose, and polysaccharide extracted from banana peel, which replaced sucrose as the carbon source, can reduce the production of fumonisin by F. proliferatum. Further work showed that these genes related to the synthesis of fumonisin, such as FUM1 and FUM8, were significantly up-regulated in the culture medium in the absence of sucrose. Consistent with fumonisin production, the expressions of FUM gene cluster and ZFR1 gene decreased after the addition of sucrose. Moreover, these genes were also significantly down-regulated in the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose or polysaccharide extracted from peel. Altogether, our results suggested that fumonisin production was regulated in F. proliferatum in response to different carbon source conditions, and this regulation might be mainly via the transcriptional level. Future work on these expressions of the fumonisin biosynthesis-related genes is needed to further clarify the response under different carbon conditions during the infection of F. proliferatum on banana fruit hosts. The findings in this study will provide a new clue regarding the biological effect of the fumonisin production in response to environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhongshan 528403, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Frare GF, Silva-Junior GJ, Lanza FE, Bassanezi RB, Ramires TG, Amorim L. Sweet Orange Fruit Age and Inoculum Concentration Affect the Expression of Citrus Black Spot Symptoms. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:913-921. [PMID: 30893025 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-18-0492-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, affects different citrus species worldwide. CBS is mainly expressed as false melanose and hard spot symptoms. There is no consensus in the literature about the period when fruit are susceptible to P. citricarpa infection and the length of the CBS incubation period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of sweet orange variety, fruit age, and inoculum concentration on the incubation period and the expression of different CBS symptoms. Attached fruit of Hamlin, Pera, and Valencia sweet orange at 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 cm diameter were inoculated with suspensions containing 103 and 105 conidia/ml of P. citricarpa. The percent conidial germination was quantified using scanning electron microscopy. The CBS symptoms on fruit were assessed monthly. The four diameters did not significantly affect conidial germination on the inoculated fruit, although CBS incidences were lower when larger fruit were inoculated. Hard spot symptoms on sweet orange fruit did not develop from the false melanose symptoms and vice versa. The incubation periods for false melanose were shorter than those observed for hard spot. False melanose began to appear 44 days after inoculation, but hard spot only formed at 113 days or later. Incubation periods were shorter and incidences of false melanose were higher following inoculation with higher inoculum concentration and smaller fruit diameter. The incubation period of hard spot varied among varieties and fruit diameters. However, there was no relationship between hard spot incidence and variety. This study provides a better understanding of the factors affecting the variation in the CBS incubation period and disease incidence on fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F Frare
- 1 Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
| | | | - Fabrício E Lanza
- 2 Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, 14807-040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago G Ramires
- 1 Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Lilian Amorim
- 1 Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Malarczyk D, Panek J, Frąc M. Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops-A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071200. [PMID: 30934757 PMCID: PMC6479758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Malarczyk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Panek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haile ZM, Malacarne G, Pilati S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Masuero D, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Baraldi E, Moser C. Dual Transcriptome and Metabolic Analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir Berry and Botrytis cinerea During Quiescence and Egressed Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 32082332 PMCID: PMC7002552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotroph in vineyards. Primary infections are mostly initiated by airborne conidia from overwintered sources around bloom, then the fungus remains quiescent from bloom till maturity and egresses at ripeness. We previously described in detail the process of flower infection and quiescence initiation. Here, we complete the characterization studying the cross-talk between the plant and the fungus during pathogen quiescence and egression by an integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cv. Pinot Noir were inoculated with a GFP-labeled strain of B. cinerea at full cap-off stage, and molecular analyses were carried out at 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi, fungal quiescent state) and at 12 wpi (fungal pre-egression and egression states). The expressed fungal transcriptome highlighted that the fungus remodels its cell wall to evade plant chitinases besides undergoing basal metabolic activities. Berries responded by differentially regulating genes encoding for different PR proteins and genes involved in monolignol, flavonoid, and stilbenoid biosynthesis pathways. At 12 wpi, the transcriptome of B. cinerea in the pre-egressed samples showed that virulence-related genes were expressed, suggesting infection process was initiated. The egressed B. cinerea expressed almost all virulence and growth related genes that enabled the pathogen to colonize the berries. In response to egression, ripe berries reprogrammed different defense responses, though futile. Examples are activation of membrane localized kinases, stilbene synthases, and other PR proteins related to SA and JA-mediated responses. Our results indicated that hard-green berries defense program was capable to hamper B. cinerea growth. However, ripening associated fruit cell wall self-disassembly together with high humidity created the opportunity for the fungus to egress and cause bunch rot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Malacarne,
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of gray mold, is one of the most important pathogens affecting raspberry in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and worldwide. Fungicides are currently applied to control the disease starting from 5 to 10% bloom and continuing on a calendar basis throughout the season rather than according to inoculum level or infection risk primarily because the disease cycle on red raspberry is poorly understood. Botrytis cinerea was isolated from raspberry flowers and fruit sampled at seven developmental stages during each of 2015 and 2016 in a northwestern Washington raspberry field untreated with fungicides. Incidence of colonization of flowers was low (15% of total sampled flowers), but increased as fruit developed, and peaked in mature fruit (67% of total sampled fruit). In the early stages of flower development, B. cinerea recovery was greatest from the carpel (80% of carpels colonized) compared with other floral organs. As fruit matured, additional floral parts were colonized by B. cinerea, possibly facilitating secondary internal or external infections of mature fruit. Average weekly minimum air temperature, average weekly night air temperature, cumulative rain, average weekly leaf wetness percentage, and duration of leaf wetness >90% were significantly positively correlated with B. cinerea colonization of raspberry in NW Washington during two seasons of this study. Our data does not support the hypothesis that the bloom period is the critical window for B. cinerea colonization of red raspberry and suggest that later colonization of developing fruit may be more important for gray mold development on raspberry. The outcomes of this research provide useful information for improvement of gray mold disease management strategies for red raspberry in NW Washington and elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kozhar
- First and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman 99164
| | - T L Peever
- First and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman 99164
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ngah N, Thomas RL, Shaw MW, Fellowes MDE. Asymptomatic Host Plant Infection by the Widespread Pathogen Botrytis cinerea Alters the Life Histories, Behaviors, and Interactions of an Aphid and Its Natural Enemies. INSECTS 2018; 9:E80. [PMID: 29986404 PMCID: PMC6164234 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens can profoundly affect host plant quality as perceived by their insect herbivores, with potentially far-reaching implications for the ecology and structure of insect communities. Changes in host plants may have direct effects on the life-histories of their insect herbivores, which can then influence their value as prey to their natural enemies. While there have been many studies that have explored the effects of infection when plants show symptoms of disease, little is understood about how unexpressed infection may affect interactions at higher trophic levels. We examined how systemic, asymptomatic, and seed-borne infection by the ubiquitous plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, infecting two varieties of the lettuce Lactuca sativa, affected aphids (the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae) and two widely used biocontrol agents (the parasitoid Aphidius colemani and the ladybird predator Adalia bipunctata). Lettuce varieties differed in host plant quality. Asymptomatic infection reduced chlorophyll content and dry weight of host plants, irrespective of plant variety. Aphids reared on asymptomatic plants were smaller, had reduced off-plant survival time and were less fecund than aphids reared on uninfected plants. Parasitoids showed reduced attack rates on asymptomatically infected plants, and wasps emerging from hosts reared on such plants were smaller and showed reduced starvation resistance. When given a choice in an olfactometer, aphids preferentially chose uninfected plants of one variety (Tom Thumb) but showed no preference with the second (Little Gem) variety. Parasitoids preferentially chose aphids on uninfected plants, irrespective of host plant variety, but ladybirds did not show any such preference. These results suggest that the reduced quality of plants asymptomatically infected by Botrytis cinerea negatively affects the life history of aphids and their parasitoids, and alters the behaviors of aphids and parasitoids, but not of ladybirds. Fungal pathogens are ubiquitous in nature, and this work shows that even when host plants are yet to show symptoms, pathogens can affect interactions between insect herbivores and their natural enemies. This is likely to have important implications for the success of biological control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Ngah
- People and Wildlife Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK.
- Fakulti Biosumber dan Industri Makanan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Terengganu 22200, Malaysia.
| | - Rebecca L Thomas
- People and Wildlife Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Michael W Shaw
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Mark D E Fellowes
- People and Wildlife Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Griffin EA, Carson WP. Tree Endophytes: Cryptic Drivers of Tropical Forest Diversity. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
49
|
Moral J, Xaviér CJ, Viruega JR, Roca LF, Caballero J, Trapero A. Variability in Susceptibility to Anthracnose in the World Collection of Olive Cultivars of Cordoba (Spain). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1892. [PMID: 29163612 PMCID: PMC5681583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose of olive (Olea europaea ssp. europaea L.), caused by Colletotrichum species, is a serious disease causing fruit rot and branch dieback, whose epidemics are highly dependent on cultivar susceptibility and environmental conditions. Over a period of 10 years, there have been three severe epidemics in Andalusia (southern Spain) that allowed us to complete the assessment of the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba, one of the most important cultivar collections worldwide.A total of 308 cultivars from 21 countries were evaluated, mainly Spain (174 cvs.), Syria (29 cvs.), Italy (20 cvs.), Turkey (15 cvs.), and Greece (16 cvs.). Disease assessments were performed using a 0-10 rating scale, specifically developed to estimate the incidence of symptomatic fruit in the tree canopy. Also, the susceptibility of five reference cultivars was confirmed by artificial inoculation. Because of the direct relationship between the maturity of the fruit and their susceptibility to the pathogen, evaluations were performed at the end of fruit ripening, which forced coupling assessments according to the maturity state of the trees. By applying the cluster analysis to the 308 cultivars, these were classified as follows: 66 cvs. highly susceptible (21.4%), 83 cvs. susceptible (26.9%), 66 cvs. moderately susceptible (21.4%), 61 cvs. resistant (19.8%), and 32 cvs. highly resistant (10.4%). Representative cultivars of these five categories are "Ocal," "Lechín de Sevilla," "Arbequina," "Picual," and "Frantoio," respectively. With some exceptions, such as cvs. Arbosana, Empeltre and Picual, most of the Spanish cultivars, such as "Arbequina," "Cornicabra," "Hojiblanca," "Manzanilla de Sevilla," "Morisca," "Picudo," "Farga," and "Verdial de Huévar" are included in the categories of moderately susceptible, susceptible or highly susceptible. The phenotypic evaluation of anthracnose reaction is a limiting factor for the selection of olive cultivars by farmers, technicians, and breeders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlos J. Xaviér
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José R. Viruega
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F. Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Caballero
- Departamento de Olivicultura, IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lara-Márquez A, Oyama K, Zavala-Páramo MG, Villa-Rivera MG, Conejo-Saucedo U, Cano-Camacho H. Evolutionary Analysis of Pectin Lyases of the Genus Colletotrichum. J Mol Evol 2017; 85:120-136. [PMID: 29071357 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-017-9812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pectin lyases (PNLs) are important enzymes that are involved in plant cell wall degradation during the infection process. Colletotrichum is a diverse genus of fungi, which allows the study of the evolution of PNLs and their possible role in pathogen-host interactions and lifestyle adaptations. The phylogenetic reconstruction of PNLs from Colletotrichum and analysis of selection pressures showed the formation of protein lineages by groups of species with different selection pressures and specific patterns. The analysis of positive selection at individual sites using different methods allowed for the identification of three codons with evidence of positive selection in the oligosaccharide-binding region and two codons on the antiparallel sheet, which may influence the interaction with the substrate. Seven codons on the surface of the protein, mainly in the peripheral helices of the PNLs, could have an important function in evasion of plant defenses, as has been proposed in other enzymes. According to our results, it is possible that events of genetic duplication occurred in ancestral lines, followed by episodes of genetic diversification and gene loss, probably influenced by differences in the composition of the host cell wall. Additionally, different patterns of evolution in Colletotrichum appear to be molded by a strong purifying selection and positive selection episodes that forged the observed evolutionary patterns, possibly influenced by host interaction or substrate specificity. This work represents a starting point for the study of sites that may be important for evasion of plant defenses and biotechnological purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lara-Márquez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - María G Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Maria G Villa-Rivera
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ulises Conejo-Saucedo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| |
Collapse
|