1
|
Zhu C, Li S. Role of CRH in colitis and colitis-associated cancer: a combinative result of central and peripheral effects? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1363748. [PMID: 38616821 PMCID: PMC11010637 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1363748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor family peptides (CRF peptides) comprise corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin (UCN1), UCN2 and UCN3. CRH is first isolated in the brain and later with UCNs found in many peripheral cells/tissues including the colon. CRH and UCNs function via the two types of receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, with CRH mainly acting on CRF1, UCN1 on both CRF1 &CRF2 and UCN2-3 on CRF2. Compiling evidence shows that CRH participates in inflammation and cancers via both indirect central effects related to stress response and direct peripheral influence. CRH, as a stress-response mediator, plays a significant central role in promoting the development of colitis involving colon motility, immunity and gut flora, while a few anti-colitis results of central CRH are also reported. Moreover, CRH is found to directly influence the motility and immune/inflammatory cells in the colon. Likewise, CRH is believed to be greatly related to tumorigenesis of many kinds of cancers including colon cancer via the central action during chronic stress while the peripheral effects on colitis-associated-colon cancer (CAC) are also proved. We and others observe that CRH/CRF1 plays a significant peripheral role in the development of colitis and CAC in that CRF1 deficiency dramatically suppresses the colon inflammation and CAC. However, up to date, there still exist not many relevant experimental data on this topic, and there seems to be no absolute clearcut between the central and direct peripheral effects of CRH in colitis and colon cancer. Taken together, CRH, as a critical factor in stress and immunity, may participate in colitis and CAC as a centrally active molecule; meanwhile, CRH has direct peripheral effects regulating the development of colitis and CAC, both of which will be summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Understanding the Connection between Gut Homeostasis and Psychological Stress. J Nutr 2023; 153:924-939. [PMID: 36806451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to adverse life events that provoke acute or chronic psychological stress (hereinafter "stress") can negatively affect physical health and even increase susceptibility to psychological illnesses, such as anxiety and depression. As a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) released from the hypothalamus is primarily responsible for the stress response. Typically, CRF disrupts the gastrointestinal system and leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis, thereby increasing risk of functional gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, CRF increases oxidative damage to the colon and triggers immune responses involving mast cells, neutrophils, and monocytes. CRF even affects the differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), causing enterochromaffin cells to secrete excessive amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Therefore, stress is often accompanied by damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier function, followed by increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. There are multi-network interactions between the gut microbiota and stress, and gut microbiota may relieve the effects of stress on the body. Dietary intake of probiotics can provide energy for ISCs through glycolysis, thereby alleviating the disruption to homeostasis caused by stress, and it significantly bolsters the intestinal barrier, alleviates intestinal inflammation, and maintains endocrine homeostasis. Gut microbiota also directly affect the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as CRF, 5-HT, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Moreover, the Mediterranean diet enhances the stress resistance to some extent by regulating the intestinal flora. This article reviews recent research on how stress damages the gut and microbiota, how the gut microbiota can improve gut health by modulating injury due to stress, and how the diet relieves stress injury by interfering with intestinal microflora. This review gives insight into the potential role of the gut and its microbiota in relieving the effects of stress via the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Arabacı Tamer S, Akbulut S, Erdoğan Ö, Çevik Ö, Ercan F, Yeğen BÇ. Neuropeptide W Exhibits Preventive and Therapeutic Effects on Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis via Modulation of the Cyclooxygenase Enzyme System. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:2441-2453. [PMID: 36631709 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel peptide neuropeptide W (NPW) was originally shown to function in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the putative preventive and therapeutic effects of NPW on colitis-associated oxidative injury and the underlying mechanisms for its action. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats in the acute colitis groups received NPW (0.5, 1 or 5 µg/kg/day) injections prior to induction of colitis with acetic acid, while the chronic colitis groups were treated after the induction of colitis. In both acute and chronic colitis (CC) groups, treatments were continued for 5 days and the rats were decapitated at the 24th hour of the last injections and colon tissues were collected for assessments. RESULTS NPW pretreatment given for 5 days before colitis induction, as well as treating rats with NPW during the 5-day course of CC, abolished colonic lipid peroxidation. NPW treatment prevented colitis-induced reduction in blood flow, diminished neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. NPW pretreatment only at the higher dose reduced colonic edema and microscopic score and preserved colonic glutathione stores. Elevations in cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity and COX-1 protein level during the acute phase of colitis as well as reduction in COX-2 were all reversed with NPW pretreatment. In contrast, NPW treatment was effective in reducing the elevated COX-2 concentration during the chronic phase. CONCLUSIONS NPW alleviates acetic acid-induced oxidative colonic injury in rats through the upregulation of colonic blood flow as well as the inhibition of COX-2 protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Arabacı Tamer
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Basibüyük Mah. Maltepe Basibüyük Yolu No. 9/1, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Selin Akbulut
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Erdoğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Özge Çevik
- Department of Biochemistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Basibüyük Mah. Maltepe Basibüyük Yolu No. 9/1, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matisz C, Gruber A. Neuroinflammatory remodeling of the anterior cingulate cortex as a key driver of mood disorders in gastrointestinal disease and disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
5
|
Badarnee M, Weiss B, Shouval D, Kreitler S. Motivational disposition towards psychological characteristics of israeli children with inflammatory bowel diseases: A case-control study. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 62:e131-e138. [PMID: 34465507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress is a general and non-specific factor associated with many health conditions, including Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). It is related not only to external stressors but also to internal characteristics which enhance patients' vulnerability to stress. PURPOSE To identify specific psychological characteristics of pediatric IBD related to stress. DESIGN AND METHODS A case-control-cohort study that compared the psychological characteristics of 49 patients and 56 comparisons. The psychological characteristics were defined by four belief types - beliefs about self, general beliefs, beliefs about norms, and goals - which refer to a set of specific themes. RESULTS The belief types differentiated between the two groups, and the patients were characterized by six themes: like routines, strive to get others' love, caring about the body and the health, doing things only at their own pace, expressing negative emotion without regulations, and feeling over-identification with others. Patients' likelihood of being characterized by the themes is 2.18 to 2.90 times higher than the comparisons. CONCLUSION Children with IBD are characterized by a set of specific psychological characteristics. These characteristics were discussed mainly concerning generating chronic stress (e.g., over-identification with others) and interpersonal conflicts (e.g., doing things only at their own pace) among the patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE It is suggested to healthcare workers to be aware of the specific psychological characteristics of children with IBD, and sensitive to these characteristics during interactions with them. Besides, the characteristics may pave the way for developing a targeted psychological intervention that corresponds specifically to the patients' needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Badarnee
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; The Psycho-Oncology Research Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; The Latif Mental Health Clinics in Umm Al-Fahim and Shefa-Amr, Israel.
| | - Batia Weiss
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Dror Shouval
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Shulamith Kreitler
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; The Psycho-Oncology Research Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bakheet NZ, A.J AQM, B. FI. Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Improvement with Fenugreek Seeds as A prebiotic and Synbiotic with Lactobacillus acidophilus in Rats Experimentally Infected with Escherichia coli. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i2.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic action of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotic) has been suggested to be more effective than the two separate components in the prevention and treatment of many intestinal and immune diseases. The present study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory role of Fenugreek as synbiotic with Lactobacillus acidophilus against Escherichia coli. Twenty four adult males of Wister rats aged 3-4 months and weighted 200-250 gm were used and divided into 4 groups: 1st and 2nd groups were negative and positive control (C and C++) fed with basal diet, the 3rd group (T1) fed diet with Fenugreek seeds (5%) and the 4th group (T2) fed with the synbiotic Fenugreek seeds (5%) and L. acidophilus (5 × 108 CFU/ml) for 45 days. After that, rats in the C++, T1, and T2 had induced enteritis by administrating 1 ml (2.5 × 106 cfu/ml) of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC O125:H6). The preventive role of prebiotic and synbiotic was evaluated depending on macro and microscopic duodenum pathological changes in correlation with butyric acid production for 7 days of infection. The results of the macro and microscopic scoring of enteritis revealed that the synergistic effects of the synbiotic in preventing E. coli enteritis was favored by an increase in goblet cells mucin secretion. This anti-inflammatory role was significantly increased by synbiotic and correlated with the production of butyric acid. The synbiotic improved the anti-inflammatory response of intestinal mucosa adaptive immunity via elevation of the immunoglobulin IgA from plasma cells. In conclusion, the inclusion of nutritional supplements containing fibers that constitute a source of butyric acid production, such as Fenugreek seeds, would improve intestinal resistance to inflammation by acting as anti-inflammatory through improving intestinal lymphoid tissues and increasing the production of IgA
Collapse
|
7
|
Chiremba TT, Neufeld KL. Constitutive Musashi1 expression impairs mouse postnatal development and intestinal homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:28-44. [PMID: 33175598 PMCID: PMC8098822 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein Musashi1 (Msi1) can regulate developmentally relevant genes. Here we report the generation and characterization of a mouse model that allows inducible Msi1 overexpression in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. We show that ubiquitous Msi1 induction in ∼5-wk-old mice delays overall growth, alters organ-to-body proportions, and causes premature death. Msi1-overexpressing mice had shortened intestines, diminished intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation, and decreased growth of small intestine villi and colon crypts. Although Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cell numbers remained constant in Msi1-overexpressing tissue, an observed reduction in Cdc20 expression provided a potential mechanism underlying the intestinal growth defects. We further demonstrated that Msi1 overexpression affects IEC differentiation in a region-specific manner, with ileum tissue being influenced the most. Ilea of mutant mice displayed increased expression of enterocyte markers, but reduced expression of the goblet cell marker Mucin2 and fewer Paneth cells. A higher hairy and enhancer of split 1:mouse atonal homolog 1 ratio in ilea from Msi1-overexpressing mice implicated Notch signaling in inducing enterocyte differentiation. Together, this work implicates Msi1 in mouse postnatal development of multiple organs, with Notch signaling alterations contributing to intestinal defects. This new mouse model will be a useful tool to further elucidate the role of Msi1 in other tissue settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thelma T Chiremba
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dua S, Ruiz-Garcia M, Bond S, Durham SR, Kimber I, Mills C, Roberts G, Skypala I, Wason J, Ewan P, Boyle R, Clark A. Effect of sleep deprivation and exercise on reaction threshold in adults with peanut allergy: A randomized controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1584-1594.e2. [PMID: 31319102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy causes severe and fatal reactions. Current food allergen labeling does not address these risks adequately against the burden of restricting food choice for allergic patients because of limited data on thresholds of reactivity and the influence of everyday factors. OBJECTIVE We estimated peanut threshold doses for a United Kingdom population with peanut allergy and examined the effect of sleep deprivation and exercise. METHODS In a crossover study, after blind challenge, participants with peanut allergy underwent 3 open peanut challenges in random order: with exercise after each dose, with sleep deprivation preceding challenge, and with no intervention. Primary outcome was the threshold dose triggering symptoms (in milligrams of protein). Primary analysis estimated the difference between the nonintervention challenge and each intervention in log threshold (as percentage change). Dose distributions were modeled, deriving eliciting doses in the population with peanut allergy. RESULTS Baseline challenges were performed in 126 participants, 100 were randomized, and 81 (mean age, 25 years) completed at least 1 further challenge. The mean threshold was 214 mg (SD, 330 mg) for nonintervention challenges, and this was reduced by 45% (95% CI, 21% to 61%; P = .001) and 45% (95% CI, 22% to 62%; P = .001) for exercise and sleep deprivation, respectively. Mean estimated eliciting doses for 1% of the population were 1.5 mg (95% CI, 0.8-2.5 mg) during nonintervention challenge (n = 81), 0.5 mg (95% CI, 0.2-0.8 mg) after sleep, and 0.3 mg (95% CI, 0.1-0.6 mg) after exercise. CONCLUSION Exercise and sleep deprivation each significantly reduce the threshold of reactivity in patients with peanut allergy, putting them at greater risk of a reaction. Adjusting reference doses using these data will improve allergen risk management and labeling to optimize protection of consumers with peanut allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Dua
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Allergy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Monica Ruiz-Garcia
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation Repair and Development National heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Roberts
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Skypala
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Wason
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Ewan
- Department of Allergy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Boyle
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Allergy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy A, Wojcik D, Magierowski M, Surmiak M, Kwiecien S, Magierowska K, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Sliwowski Z, Brzozowski T. Effect of Forced Physical Activity on the Severity of Experimental Colitis in Normal Weight and Obese Mice. Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Biomarkers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051127. [PMID: 31117199 PMCID: PMC6567060 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders represented by two major phenotypic forms, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Cross talk between adipokines and myokines, as well as changes in intestinal microcirculation, was proposed in pathogenesis of these disorders. C57BL/6 male mice were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks a standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). After the adaptation period, two groups of animals fed SD or HFD were subjected to 6 weeks of the forced treadmill exercise and the experimental colitis was induced in both groups of sedentary and exercising mice fed SD and HFD by intra-colonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The disease activity index (DAI), colonic blood flow (CBF), the weight of animals, caloric intake, the mesenteric fad pad, the colonic oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and intestinal expression and protein content of proinflammatory markers were evaluated. Macroscopic and microscopic colitis in sedentary SD mice was accompanied by a significant fall in CBF and exacerbated in those fed a HFD. The contents of MDA, GSH, and SOD activity were significantly increased in both SD and HFD fed mice with treadmill exercise as compared with sedentary mice. In sedentary HFD mice a significant increase in the intestinal oxidative stress parameters and mucosal expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-10 protein were observed and these effects were aggravated in mice subjected to forced treadmill exercise. The mucosal expression of mRNA for TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, SOD-1, SOD-2, GPx mRNAs, and the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein expression were upregulated in colonic mucosa of treadmill exercising HFD mice with colitis compared with those without exercise. We conclude that forced treadmill running exacerbates the severity of colonic damage in obese mice due to a fall in colonic microcirculation, an increase in oxidative stress, and the rise in expression and activity of proinflammatory biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Wojcik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gottlieb DH, Del Rosso L, Sheikhi F, Gottlieb A, McCowan B, Capitanio JP. Personality, environmental stressors, and diarrhea in Rhesus macaques: An interactionist perspective. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22908. [PMID: 30152539 PMCID: PMC6705421 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has repeatedly shown both personality and psychological stress to predict gastrointestinal disorders and chronic diarrhea in humans. The goal of the present research was to evaluate the role of personality, as well as psychological stressors (i.e., housing relocations and rearing environment), in predicting chronic diarrhea in captive Rhesus macaques, with particular attention to how personality regulated the impact of such stressors. Subjects were 1,930 R. macaques at the California National Primate Research Center reared in a variety of environments. All subjects took part in an extensive personality evaluation at approximately 90-120 days of age. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models to determine how personality, rearing condition, housing relocations, and personality by environment interactions, predicted both diarrhea risk (an animal's risk for having diarrhea at least once) and chronic diarrhea (how many repeated bouts of diarrhea an animal had after their initial bout). Much like the human literature, we found that certain personality types (i.e., nervous, gentle, vigilant, and not confident) were more likely to have chronic diarrhea, and that certain stressful environments (i.e., repeated housing relocations) increased diarrhea risk. We further found multiple interactions between personality and environment, supporting the "interactionist" perspective on personality and health. We conclude that while certain stressful environments increase risk for chronic diarrhea, the relative impact of these stressors is highly dependent on an animal's personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Gottlieb
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Laura Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Andrea Gottlieb
- San Jose University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Jose California
| | - Brenda McCowan
- Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - John P. Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holzer P, Farzi A, Hassan AM, Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F. Visceral Inflammation and Immune Activation Stress the Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1613. [PMID: 29213271 PMCID: PMC5702648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress refers to a dynamic process in which the homeostasis of an organism is challenged, the outcome depending on the type, severity, and duration of stressors involved, the stress responses triggered, and the stress resilience of the organism. Importantly, the relationship between stress and the immune system is bidirectional, as not only stressors have an impact on immune function, but alterations in immune function themselves can elicit stress responses. Such bidirectional interactions have been prominently identified to occur in the gastrointestinal tract in which there is a close cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the local immune system, governed by the permeability of the intestinal mucosa. External stressors disturb the homeostasis between microbiota and gut, these disturbances being signaled to the brain via multiple communication pathways constituting the gut-brain axis, ultimately eliciting stress responses and perturbations of brain function. In view of these relationships, the present article sets out to highlight some of the interactions between peripheral immune activation, especially in the visceral system, and brain function, behavior, and stress coping. These issues are exemplified by the way through which the intestinal microbiota as well as microbe-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharide communicate with the immune system and brain, and the mechanisms whereby overt inflammation in the GI tract impacts on emotional-affective behavior, pain sensitivity, and stress coping. The interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain take place along the gut-brain axis, the major communication pathways of which comprise microbial metabolites, gut hormones, immune mediators, and sensory neurons. Through these signaling systems, several transmitter and neuropeptide systems within the brain are altered under conditions of peripheral immune stress, enabling adaptive processes related to stress coping and resilience to take place. These aspects of the impact of immune stress on molecular and behavioral processes in the brain have a bearing on several disturbances of mental health and highlight novel opportunities of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu X, Yang G, Jiang H, Lin S, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zeng H, Su Z, Huang S, Shen L, Zhang X. Patchouli oil ameliorates acute colitis: A targeted metabolite analysis of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1184-1192. [PMID: 28810577 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic, relapsing intestinal inflammation, has continually increased in recent years. A previous study by our group identified five potential metabolic markers possibly associated with the pathology of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced IBD in rats. The present study aimed to examine the potential therapeutic effects of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (also known as patchouli; PO) on TNBS-induced rats and investigate the concomitant metabolic changes by targeting the previously identified potential markers. Pogostemon cablin is widely used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, including IBD, in China. The results of the present study showed that PO (270 mg/kg, rectal instillation) significantly alleviated colonic damage and reduced disease activity indicators and colonic myeloperoxidase in TNBS-induced rats. In addition, a targeted metabolic profiling study identified that four metabolites were elevated in the urine of the animals in the TNBS group, which were significantly inhibited by treatment with PO: Two tryptophan metabolites [4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid and 4,6-cihydroxyquinoline] and two gut microbial metabolites (phenylacetylglycine and p-cresol glucuronide). Taken together, these findings suggested that PO ameliorated the symptoms of TNBS-induced IBD and reversed the metabolic changes potentially associated with TNBS-induced IBD in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Analysis Center of Shimadzu Enterprise Management (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Shuhai Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Analysis Center of Shimadzu Enterprise Management (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zinni M, Zuena AR, Marconi V, Petrella C, Fusco I, Giuli C, Canu N, Severini C, Broccardo M, Theodorou V, Lattanzi R, Casolini P. Maternal exposure to low levels of corticosterone during lactation protects adult rat progeny against TNBS-induced colitis: A study on GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect and prokineticin system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173484. [PMID: 28267767 PMCID: PMC5340375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The early phase of life represents a critical period for the development of an organism. Interestingly, early life experiences are able to influence the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the reactivity to colonic inflammatory stress. We recently demonstrated that adult male rats exposed to low doses of corticosterone during lactation (CORT-nursed rats) are protected against experimental colitis induced by the intracolonic infusion of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Based on these interesting results, we wanted to better investigate which cellular actors could be involved in the protection of CORT-nursed rats from TNBS-induced experimental colitis. Therefore, in the present work, we focused our attention on different factors implicated in GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect. To address this issue, colonic tissues, collected from control and CORT-nursed healthy animals and from control and CORT-nursed colitic rats, were processed and the following inflammatory factors were evaluated: the expression of (i) glucocorticoid receptors (GR), (ii) glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), (iii) phospho-p65NF-κB, (iv) the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, (v) the prokineticins PK2 and PK2L and (vi) their receptors PKR1 and PKR2. We found that adult CORT-nursed rats, in comparison to controls, showed increased expression of colonic GR and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, TNF-α, PK2 and PK2L) in response to inflammatory colitis. The observed changes were associated with an increase in GILZ colonic expression and with a reduction in phospo-p65NF-κB colonic expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zinni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Marconi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fusco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Giuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Canu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Broccardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- INRA, EI-Purpan, UMR 1331 TOXALIM Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toulouse, France
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
GÜÇLÜ M, AĞAN AF. Relationship of peripheral blood neutrophil to lymphocyteratio and irritable bowel syndrome. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:1067-1071. [DOI: 10.3906/sag-1509-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
15
|
Simon K, Arts JAJ, de Vries Reilingh G, Kemp B, Lammers A. Effects of early life dextran sulfate sodium administration on pathology and immune response in broilers and layers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1529-1542. [PMID: 26976905 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal pathology early in life may affect immune development and therefore immune responses later in life. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis in rodents and is a widely used model for inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study investigated DSS as a model for early life intestinal pathology and its consequences on intestinal pathology, ileal cytokine, and immunoglobulin mRNA expression levels as well as the antibody response towards an immunological challenge later in life in chickens. Broiler and layer chicks received 2.5% DSS in drinking water during d 11 through d 18 post hatch or plain drinking water as a control. As an immunological challenge all birds received a combination of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and human serum albumin (HuSA) intramuscularly (i.m.) at d 35, and antibody titers against LPS, HuSA, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were determined to investigate effects of intestinal inflammation early in life on humoral immunity later in life. DSS treated birds showed a decrease in BW from which broilers quickly recovered, but which persisted for several weeks in layers. Histological examination of intestinal samples showed symptoms similar to those in rodents, including shortening and loss of villi and crypts as well as damage of the epithelial cell layer of different parts of the intestine. Effects of DSS on intestinal morphology were less severe in broilers that also showed a lower mortality in response to DSS than layers. No effect of DSS on ileal cytokine expression levels could be observed, but ileal immunoglobulin expression levels were decreased in DSS treated broilers that also showed lower antibody titers against LPS in response to the challenge. In conclusion, DSS may serve as a model for intestinal pathology early in life, although more research on the appropriate dose is necessary and is likely to differ between breeds. Results from the present study could indicate that broilers are less susceptible to DSS compared with layers or have a better capacity to recover from intestinal pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Simon
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brzozowski B, Mazur-Bialy A, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Bilski J, Zwolinska-Wcislo M, Mach T, Brzozowski T. Mechanisms by which Stress Affects the Experimental and Clinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Role of Brain-Gut Axis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:892-900. [PMID: 27040468 PMCID: PMC5333596 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160404124127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress of different origin is known to alter so called "braingut axis" and contributes to a broad array of gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional gastrointestinal diseases. The stressful situations and various stressors including psychosocial events, heat, hypo- and hyperthermia may worsen the course of IBD via unknown mechanism. The aims of this paper were to provide an overview of experimental and clinical evidences that stress activates the brain-gut axis which results in a mucosal mast cells activation and an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and other endocrine and humoral mediators. METHODS Research and online content related to effects of stress on lower bowel disorders are reviewed and most important mechanisms are delineated. RESULTS Brain conveys the neural, endocrine and circulatory messages to the gut via brain-gut axis reflecting changes in corticotrophin releasing hormone, mast cells activity, neurotransmission at the autonomic nerves system and intestinal barrier function all affecting the pathogenesis of animal colitis and human IBD. Stress triggers the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and the activation of the autonomic nervous system, an increase in cortisol levels and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6. CONCLUSION The acute or chronic stress enhances the intestinal permeability weakening of the tight junctions and increasing bacterial translocation into the intestinal wall. An increased microbial load in the colonic tissue, excessive cytokine release and a partially blunted immune reactivity in response to stress result in its negative impact on IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Brzozowski
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Physical Exercise, Faculty of Health Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland and
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Bilski
- Department of Physical Exercise, Faculty of Health Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland and
| | | | - Tomasz Mach
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Im E. Multi-facets of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Modulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:25-32. [PMID: 25540945 PMCID: PMC4288099 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) composed of 4 ligands including CRF, urocortin (Ucn) 1, Ucn2, and Ucn3 is expressed both in the central nervous system and the periphery including the gastrointestinal tract. Two different forms of G protein coupled receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, differentially recognize CRF family members, mediating various biological functions. A large body of evidence suggests that the CRF family plays an important role in regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. Of particular interest is a contrasting role of the CRF family during inflammatory processes. The CRF family can exert both pro-and anti-inflammatory functions depending on the type of receptors, the tissues, and the disease phases. In addition, there has been a growing interest in a possible role of the CRF family in angiogenesis. Regulation of angiogenesis by the CRF family has been shown to modulate endogenous blood vessel formation, inflammatory neovascularization and cardiovascular function. This review outlines the effect of the CRF family and its receptors on 2 major biological events: inflammation and angiogenesis, and provides a possibility of their application for the treatment of inflammatory vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yildiz G, Yildiz Y, Ulutas PA, Yaylali A, Ural M. Resveratrol Pretreatment Ameliorates TNBS Colitis in Rats. RECENT PATENTS ON ENDOCRINE, METABOLIC & IMMUNE DRUG DISCOVERY 2015; 9:134-40. [PMID: 26246013 PMCID: PMC4997944 DOI: 10.2174/1872214809666150806105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in humans constituting a major health concern today whose prevalence has been increasing over the world. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disturbed capacity of antioxidant defense in IBD subjects have been reported. Antioxidants may play a significant role in IBD treatment. This study aimed at evaluating ameliorative effects of intraperitoneal resveratrol pretreatment on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Thirty five Wistar-Albino female rats were divided equally into five groups. Inflammation was induced by the intrarectal administration of TNBS under anesthesia. Intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol (RSV) at a concentration of 10mg/kg/day for 5 days before the induction of colitis significantly reduced microscopy score and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activity compared to TNBS and vehicle groups. Also an insignificant increase in catalase (CAT) activity was observed in the RSV treated group compared to TNBS and vehicle groups. In this paper, the most recent patent on the identification and treatment of IBD was indicated. In conclusion, antioxidant RSV proved to have a beneficial effect on TNBS colitis in rats. In light of these advantageous results, the RSV can be considered as adjuvant agent in IBD treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Muruvvet Ural
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey 09100.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The intensity and severity of perceived pain does not correlate consistently with the degree of peripheral or central nervous system tissue damage or with the intensity of primary afferent or spinal nociceptive neurone activity. In this respect, the modulation of pain by emotion and context is now widely recognized. In particular, stress, fear and anxiety exert potent, but complex, modulatory influences on pain. Stress can either suppress pain (stress-induced analgesia) or exacerbate it (stress-induced hyperalgesia; SIH) depending on the nature, duration and intensity of the stressor. Herein, we review the methods and models used to study the phenomenon of SIH in rodents and humans and then present a detailed discussion of our current understanding of neural substrates and neurobiological mechanisms. The review provides perspectives and challenges for the current and future treatment of pain and the co-morbidity of pain with stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weredeselam M Olango
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mozaffari S, Esmaily H, Rahimi R, Baeeri M, Sanei Y, Asadi-Shahmirzadi A, Salehi-Surmaghi MH, Abdollahi M. Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on rat irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacogn Mag 2012. [PMID: 21969792 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), disturbance of bowel motility is associated with infiltration of inflammatory mediators and cytokines into the intestine, such as neutrophils, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), and lipid peroxide. AIMS Regarding promising anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Hypericum perforatum (HP) extract, besides its anti-depressant effect, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of HP in an experimental model of IBS. SETTINGS AND DESIGN IBS was induced by a 5-day restraint stress in rats. The HP extract was administered by gavage in doses of 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg for 26 days. Fluoxetine and loperamide were used as positive controls. Gastric emptying and small bowel and colon transit, besides the levels of TNF-α, MPO, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant power, were determined in colon homogenates. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A significant reduction in small bowel and colonic transit (450 mg/kg), TNF-α, MPO, and lipid peroxidation and an increase in antioxidant power in all HP-treated groups (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg) were seen as compared with the control group. Gastric emptying did not alter significantly when compared with the control group. Treatment with loperamide (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited gastric emptying and small bowel and colonic transit, while flouxetine (10 mg/kg) decreased gastric emptying, TNF-α, MPO, and lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant power of the samples in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSIONS HP diminished the recruitment of inflammatory cells and TNF-α following restraint stress not in a dose-dependent manner, possibly via inhibition of MPO activity and increasing colon antioxidant power, without any difference with fluoxetine. The HP extract inhibits small bowel and colonic transit acceleration like loperamide but has minimal effect on gastric emptying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Mozaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Effects of nadroparin sodium, a low molecular weight heparin, in colitis was investigated by analyzing proteins implicated in nuclear factor E2-related factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Twenty-eight rats were used. Colitis was induced by acetic acid (AA). Nadroparin sodium was given to prevention and treatment groups in addition to AA. Colitis was assessed histologically and levels of proteins were analyzed with Western blot. Nadroparin not only prevented and ameliorated the AA-induced colitis histopathologically but also decreased expression of colon NF-κB, activator protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6, which were significantly increased in group AA compared to control. The accumulation of Nrf2 in nuclear fraction and HO-1 found low in group AA was increased with nadroparin (p < 0.05). The mean malondialdehyde level increased with AA and was decreased significantly with nadroparin prevention and treatment (p < 0.001). Nadroparin sodium has both protective and therapeutic effects against colonic inflammation via exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
|
22
|
Spiller R, Lam C. An Update on Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Role of Genetics, Immune Activation, Serotonin and Altered Microbiome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18:258-68. [PMID: 22837873 PMCID: PMC3400813 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is reviewed with special emphasis on recent new data. Further accounts of this phenomenon continue to be reported following a range of infections including giardiasis as well as viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. Risk factors such as severity of initial illness, female gender together with adverse psychological factors have been confirmed. Recent evidence of a genetic predisposition needs replication. Animal studies suggest activation of mast cells and inflammation driven impairment of serotonin transporter may be important, which are findings supported by some recent human studies in IBS with diarrhoea. Experimentally induced inflammation leads to damage and remodelling of enteric nerves. Similar changes have been reported in IBS patients with increase in nerves expressing transient receptor potential cation channel V1. While changes in microbiota are very likely this area has yet to be explored using modern techniques. Since the prognosis is for slow improvement, treatments should currently target the key symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Future therapies aimed at correcting underlying mechanisms including immune activation and serotonin excess are currently being explored and may provide better treatments in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Spiller
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qin HY, Xiao HT, Wu JCY, Berman BM, Sung JJY, Bian ZX. Key factors in developing the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome model in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2481-92. [PMID: 22654445 PMCID: PMC3360446 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i20.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the key factors in developing the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) model in rats.
METHODS: TNBS was administered to rats at the following conditions: (1) with different doses (20, 10, 5 mg/0.8 mL per rat); (2) with same dose in different concentrations (20 mg/rat, 25, 50 mg/mL); (3) in different ethanol percentage (25%, 50%); and (4) at depth either 4 cm or 8 cm from anus. At 5 d and 4 wk after TNBS administration, inflammation severity and inflammation resolution were evaluated. At 4 and 8 wk after TNBS application, visceral hyperalgesia and enterochromaffin (EC) cell hyperplasia were assayed by abdominal withdrawal reflex test, silver staining and capillary electrophoresis.
RESULTS: Our results showed that: (1) TNBS induced dose-dependent acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. At 5 d post TNBS, the pathological score and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in all TNBS treated rats were significantly elevated compared to that of the control (9.48 ± 1.86, 8.18 ± 0.67, 5.78 ± 0.77 vs 0, and 3.55 ± 1.11, 1.80 ± 0.82, 0.97 ± 0.08 unit/mg vs 0.14 ± 0.01 unit/mg, P < 0.05). At 4 wk post TNBS, the pathological score in high and median dose TNBS-treated rats were still significantly higher than that of the control (1.52 ± 0.38 and 0.80 ± 0.35 vs 0, P < 0.05); (2) Intracolonic TNBS administration position affected the persistence of visceral hyperalgesia. At 4 wk post TNBS, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) threshold pressure in all TNBS-treated groups were decreased compared to that of the control (21.52 ± 1.73 and 27.10 ± 1.94 mmHg vs 34.44 ± 1.89 mmHg, P < 0.05). At 8 wk post TNBS, AWR threshold pressure in 8 cm administration group was still significantly decreased (23.33 ± 1.33 mmHg vs 36.79 ± 2.29 mmHg, P < 0.05); (3) Ethanol percentage affected the TNBS-induced inflammation severity and visceral hyperalgesia. In TNBS-25% ethanol-treated group, the pathological score and MPO activity were significantly lowered compared to that of the TNBS-50% ethanol-treated group, while AWR threshold pressure were significantly elevated (36.33 ± 0.61 mmHg vs 23.33 ± 1.33 mmHg, P < 0.05); and (4) TNBS (5 mg/0.8 mL per rat, in 50% ethanol, 8 cm from anus)-treated rats recovered completely from the inflammation with acquired visceral hyperalgesia and EC cell hyperplasia at 4 wk after TNBS administration.
CONCLUSION: TNBS dosage, concentration, intracolonic administration position, and ethanol percentage play important roles in developing visceral hyperalgesia and EC cell hyperplasia of TNBS-induced PI-IBS rats.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Choi FFK, Zhou Y, Leung FP, Tan S, Lin S, Xu H, Jia W, Sung JJY, Cai Z, Bian Z. Metabolite profiling of plasma and urine from rats with TNBS-induced acute colitis using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-based metabonomics--a pilot study. FEBS J 2012; 279:2322-38. [PMID: 22520047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, a relapsing intestinal condition whose precise etiology is still unclear, has continually increased over recent years. Metabolic profiling is an effective method with high sample throughput that can detect and identify potential biomarkers, and thus may be useful in investigating the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, using a metabonomics approach, a pilot study based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was performed to characterize the metabolic profile of plasma and urine samples of rats with experimental colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Acquired metabolic profile data were processed by multivariate data analysis for differentiation and screening of potential biomarkers. Five metabolites were identified in urine: two tryptophan metabolites [4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid and 4,6-cihydroxyquinoline], two gut microbial metabolites (phenyl-acetylglycine and p-cresol glucuronide), and the bile acid 12α-hydroxy-3-oxocholadienic acid. Seven metabolites were identified in plasma: three members of the bile acid/alcohol group (cholic acid, 12α-hydroxy-3-oxocholadienic acid and cholestane-3,7,12,24,25-pentol) and four lysophosphatidylcholines [LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(18:1) and LysoPC(18:0)]. These metabolites are associated with damage of the intestinal barrier function, microbiota homeostasis, immune modulation and the inflammatory response, and play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Our results positively support application of the metabonomic approach in study of the pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Matsunaga H, Hokari R, Ueda T, Kurihara C, Hozumi H, Higashiyama M, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Nakamura M, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Sekiyama A, Miura S. Physiological stress exacerbates murine colitis by enhancing proinflammatory cytokine expression that is dependent on IL-18. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G555-64. [PMID: 21719737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00482.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress is an environmental factor considered to be a precipitating factor of inflammatory bowel disease. Interleukin (IL)-18 plays a role in stress-induced aggravation in some diseases. The aim of this study was to establish a model of murine colitis exacerbated by psychological stress and to clarify the role of IL-18 in this model. Male C57Bl/6 mice and IL-18(-/-) mice were used for this study. The mice received dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for induction of colitis. Some mice were exposed to psychological stress using a communication box. Body weight, colonic length, and histological inflammation were measured for assessment of colitis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-18 expression in the colon and IL-18 expression in the adrenal gland were analyzed using real-time PCR. The effect of anti-IL-18 antibody was also investigated. Effects of TNF-α and IL-18 on cytokine expressions were studied using the colonic epithelial cell line LS174T. Induction of psychological stress in DSS-treated wild-type mice significantly exacerbated colitis with enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-18. However, induction of psychological stress in DSS-treated IL-18(-/-) mice did not aggravate colitis compared with that in the IL-18(-/-) group given only DSS treatment. Stress-induced aggravation of colitis was ameliorated significantly by anti-IL-18 antibody treatment. IL-18 did not enhance TNF-α-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or IL-8 in LS174T. We established a model of colitis exacerbated by psychological stress. Psychological stress enhanced IL-18 expression and plays a proinflammatory role in stress-induced aggravation of colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Matsunaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mozaffari S, Esmaily H, Rahimi R, Baeeri M, Sanei Y, Asadi-Shahmirzadi A, Salehi-Surmaghi MH, Abdollahi M. Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on rat irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacogn Mag 2011; 7:213-23. [PMID: 21969792 PMCID: PMC3173896 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.84235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), disturbance of bowel motility is associated with infiltration of inflammatory mediators and cytokines into the intestine, such as neutrophils, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), and lipid peroxide. AIMS Regarding promising anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Hypericum perforatum (HP) extract, besides its anti-depressant effect, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of HP in an experimental model of IBS. SETTINGS AND DESIGN IBS was induced by a 5-day restraint stress in rats. The HP extract was administered by gavage in doses of 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg for 26 days. Fluoxetine and loperamide were used as positive controls. Gastric emptying and small bowel and colon transit, besides the levels of TNF-α, MPO, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant power, were determined in colon homogenates. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A significant reduction in small bowel and colonic transit (450 mg/kg), TNF-α, MPO, and lipid peroxidation and an increase in antioxidant power in all HP-treated groups (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg) were seen as compared with the control group. Gastric emptying did not alter significantly when compared with the control group. Treatment with loperamide (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited gastric emptying and small bowel and colonic transit, while flouxetine (10 mg/kg) decreased gastric emptying, TNF-α, MPO, and lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant power of the samples in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSIONS HP diminished the recruitment of inflammatory cells and TNF-α following restraint stress not in a dose-dependent manner, possibly via inhibition of MPO activity and increasing colon antioxidant power, without any difference with fluoxetine. The HP extract inhibits small bowel and colonic transit acceleration like loperamide but has minimal effect on gastric emptying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Mozaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Esmaily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yara Sanei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Asadi-Shahmirzadi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Salehi-Surmaghi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deniz M, Sahin HH, Tekin S, Yeşiller M, Ağaoğlu B, Cetinel S, Yeğen BÇ. Nicotine withdrawal alleviates acetic acid-induced gastric injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:200-205. [PMID: 21783940 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoking intensifies gastric ulceration. Although nicotine can act as an anxiolytic and antidepressant, its withdrawal may also lead to increased anxiety and depression. In order to associate the toxic actions of nicotine on gastric mucosa with alterations of anxiety level and to evaluate the impact of nicotine withdrawal on the anxiety level and the severity of ulcer, an acetic acid-induced ulcer model was used. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either tap water or nicotine bitartarate (50μg/ml in drinking water) for 15 days, while another group of rats had 5 days of withdrawal following 10 days of nicotine treatment. Ulcer was induced by acetic acid on the 15th day of the treatments, and the rats were followed for 3 days until they were decapitated and the gastric tissues were obtained. Using the hole-board test, basal anxiety levels measured on the first day of the treatments were compared with the measurements made at the early and late phases of ulcer induction. Chronic administration of nicotine did not have a potentiating effect on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer, since the gastric injury, as assessed by both macroscopic and microscopic evaluation and increased gastric myeloperoxidase activity indicating neutrophil recruitment, was not exaggerated or attenuated by nicotine intake. On the other hand, nicotine withdrawal attenuated gastric mucosal injury, despite an increased level of anxiety. Smoking cessation, which triggers the onset of depressive symptoms with nicotine withdrawal, still has a worthwhile positive effect on the gastric mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Deniz
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Haydarpaşa 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wood JD. Effects of bacteria on the enteric nervous system: implications for the irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41 Suppl 1:S7-19. [PMID: 17438418 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31802f1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A unified scenario emerges when it is considered that a major impact of stress on the intestinal tract is reflected by symptoms reminiscent of the diarrhea-predominant form of irritable bowel syndrome. Cramping abdominal pain, fecal urgency, and explosive watery diarrhea are hallmarks not only of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, but also of infectious enteritis, radiation-induced enteritis, and food allergy. The scenario starts with stress-induced compromise of the intestinal mucosal barrier and continues with microorganisms or other sensitizing agents crossing the barrier and being intercepted by enteric mast cells. Mast cells signal the presence of the agent to the enteric nervous system (ie, the brain-in-the-gut), which uses one of the specialized programs from its library of programs to remove the "threat." This is accomplished by stimulating mucosal secretion, which flushes the threatening agent into the lumen and maintains it in suspension. The secretory response then becomes linked to powerful propulsive motility, which propels the secretions together with the offending agent rapidly in the anal direction. Cramping abdominal pain accompanies the strong propulsive contractions. Urgency is experienced when arrival of the large bolus of liquid distends the recto-sigmoid region and reflexly opens the internal anal sphincter, with continence protection now provided only by central reflexes that contract the puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles. Sensory information arriving in the brain from receptors in the rapidly distending recto-sigmoid accounts for the conscious sensation of urgency and might exacerbate the individual's emotional stress. The symptom of explosive watery diarrhea becomes self-explanatory in this scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie D Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barreau F, Cartier C, Leveque M, Ferrier L, Moriez R, Laroute V, Rosztoczy A, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Pathways involved in gut mucosal barrier dysfunction induced in adult rats by maternal deprivation: corticotrophin-releasing factor and nerve growth factor interplay. J Physiol 2007; 580:347-56. [PMID: 17234701 PMCID: PMC2075424 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) increases gut paracellular permeability (GPP) through mast cells and nerve growth factor (NGF), and modifies corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and corticosterone levels. CRF, corticosterone and mast cells are involved in stress-induced mucosal barrier impairment. Consequently, this study aimed to specify whether corticosteronaemia and colonic expression of both preproCRF and CRF are modified by NMD, and to determine if altered expression may participate in the elevated GPP in connection with NGF and mast cells. Male Wistar rat pups were either separated from postnatal days 2-14, or left undisturbed with their dam. At 12 weeks of age, adult rats were treated with mifepristone (an antagonist of corticoid receptors), alpha-helical CRF((9-41)) (a non-specific CRF receptor antagonist), or SSR-125543 (CRF-R(1) receptor antagonist). We also determined corticosteronaemia and both colonic preproCRF and CRF expression. Then, control rats were treated by CRF, doxantrazole (mast cell stabilizer), BRX-537A (a mast cell activator) and anti-NGF antibody. NMD did not modify colonic CRF level but increased colonic preproCRF expression and corticosteronaemia. Peripheral CRF, via CRF-R(1) receptor, but not corticosterone, was involved in the elevated GPP observed in these rats, through a mast-cell-mediated mechanism, since the increase of GPP induced by exogenous CRF was abolished by doxantrazole. Anti-NGF antibody treatment also reduced the elevated GPP induced by CRF or BRX-537A. CRF acts through CRF-R(1) receptors to stimulate NGF release from mast cells, which participates in the elevated GPP observed in NMD adult rats. This suggests that early traumatic experience induced neuro-endocrine dysfunction, involved in alterations of gut mucosal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Barreau
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, INRA, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP.3, 31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Stress, defined as an acute threat to homeostasis, evokes an adaptive or allostatic response and can have both a short- and long-term influence on the function of the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system is connected bidirectionally to the brain by parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways forming the brain-gut axis. The neural network of the brain, which generates the stress response, is called the central stress circuitry and includes the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray. It receives input from the somatic and visceral afferent pathways and also from the visceral motor cortex including the medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortex. The output of this central stress circuit is called the emotional motor system and includes automatic efferents, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and pain modulatory systems. Severe or long-term stress can induce long-term alteration in the stress response (plasticity). Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a key mediator of the central stress response. Two CRF receptor subtypes, R1 and R2, have been described. They mediate increased colonic motor activity and slowed gastric emptying, respectively, in response to stress. Specific CRF receptor antagonists injected into the 0 block these visceral manifestations of stress. Circulating glucocorticoids exert an inhibitory effect on the stress response by receptors located in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Many other neurotransmitters and neuroimmunomodulators are being evaluated. Stress increases the intestinal permeability to large antigenic molecules. It can lead to mast cell activation, degranulation and colonic mucin depletion. A reversal of small bowel water and electrolyte absorption occurs in response to stress and is mediated cholinergically. Stress also leads to increased susceptibility to colonic inflammation, which can be adaptively transferred among rats by sensitized CD4(+) lymphocytes. The association between stress and various gastrointestinal diseases, including functional bowel disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease, is being actively investigated. Attention to the close relation between the brain and gut has opened many therapeutic avenues for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhatia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gülpinar MA, Ozbeyli D, Arbak S, Yeğen BC. Anti-inflammatory effect of acute stress on experimental colitis is mediated by cholecystokinin-B receptors. Life Sci 2004; 75:77-91. [PMID: 15102523 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of electric shock (ES) on the course of experimental colitis and the involvement of possible central and peripheral mechanisms. In Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 190) colitis was induced by intracolonic administration 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The effects of ES (0.3-0.5 mA) or the central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; astressin, 10 microg/kg) or cholecystokinin (CCKB; 20 microg/kg) receptor antagonists and peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (RU-486; 10 mg/kg) or ganglion (hexamethonium; 15 mg/kg) blockers on TNBS-induced colitis were studied by the assessment of macroscopic score, histological analysis and tissue myeloperoxidase activity. ES reduced all colonic damage scores (p < 0.05-0.01), while central CRF (p < 0.05-0.001) and CCKB receptor (p < 0.05-0.01) blockers or peripheral hexamethonium (p < 0.05-0.01) and RU-486 (p < 0.05) reversed stress-induced improvement. ES demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect on colitis, which appears to be mediated by central CRF and CCK receptors with the participation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Gülpinar
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Haydarpaşa, 81326 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Forsythe P, Ebeling C, Gordon JR, Befus AD, Vliagoftis H. Opposing effects of short- and long-term stress on airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:220-6. [PMID: 14604839 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200307-979oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 20% and 35% of subjects with asthma experience asthma exacerbations during periods of stress. The biological mechanisms underlying these exacerbations are not clearly understood, and the role of psychologic factors in the pathophysiology of asthma remains controversial. We investigated the ability of psychologic stress to modulate airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine in a murine model of asthma. Animals were exposed to a stressor daily for 3 (short-term stress) or 7 (long-term stress) days. After allergen challenge, AHR was assessed through plethysmography, and bronchoalveolar lavage cells were counted as a measure of inflammation. After short-term stress, inflammatory cell number was decreased compared with unstressed animals, whereas levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-9, and IL-13 were increased. Administration of a corticosteroid receptor antagonist, before stress, prevented the decrease in inflammatory cell numbers. In contrast, animals stressed for 7 consecutive days showed a significant increase in inflammatory cell numbers, which was independent of the glucocorticoid response, but no change in cytokine levels. AHR was not altered in stressed animals. Our results indicate that repeated exposure to stress over the long term engages different mechanisms than short-term stress and can exacerbate the chronic inflammatory responses of the airway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Eutamene H, Theodorou V, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Acute stress modulates the histamine content of mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract through interleukin-1 and corticotropin-releasing factor release in rats. J Physiol 2003; 553:959-66. [PMID: 14555722 PMCID: PMC2343625 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.052274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress results in activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and affects illnesses such as neuroinflammatory syndrome. In vivo acute stress (restraint stress) induces gastrointestinal function disturbances through colonic mast cell activation. This study investigated the effect of acute stress in histamine content of colonic mast cells, and the central role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in this effect. After a restraint stress session colonic segments were isolated and submitted to three protocols: (i) determination of histamine levels by radioimmunoassay (RIA) after incubation with 48/80 compound, (ii) evaluation by histology of mucosal mast cell (MMC) number and (iii) determination of histamine immunoreactivity of MMC. These procedures were conducted (1) in sham or stressed rats, (2) in stressed rats previously treated with intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) IL-1ra or alpha-helical CRF9-41, (3) in naive rats pretreated with I.C.V. rhIL-1beta or CRF and (4) in rats treated with central IL-1beta and CRF plus alpha-helical CRF and IL-1ra, respectively (cross-antagonism reaction). Acute stress increases histamine content in colonic mast cells, without degranulation. I.C.V. pretreatment with IL-1ra or alpha-helical CRF9-41 blocked stress-induced mast cell histamine content increase. Both I.C.V. rhIL-1beta and CRF injections reproduced the stress-linked changes. I.C.V. treatment with CRF antagonist blocked I.C.V. rhIL-1beta-induced mast cell histamine content increase, whereas central IL-1ra did not affect stress events induced by I.C.V. CRF administration. These results suggest that in rats acute stress increases colonic mast cell histamine content. This effect is mediated by the release in cascade in the brain first of IL-1 and secondly of CRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Eutamene
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Department of Neurogastroenterology and Nutrition, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, 31931 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Söderholm JD, Yates DA, Gareau MG, Yang PC, MacQueen G, Perdue MH. Neonatal maternal separation predisposes adult rats to colonic barrier dysfunction in response to mild stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G1257-63. [PMID: 12388189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal dysfunction is related to stress and early life events, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Our aim was to determine whether early trauma predisposes adult rats to intestinal mucosal dysfunction in response to stress. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were individually separated from their mothers for 3 h/day at 4-21 days of age. Between days 80 and 90, separated and control rats were subjected to mild acute stress (30-min water avoidance) or sham stress. Mucosal barrier function and ion transport were assessed in colonic tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. Mild stress increased short-circuit current, conductance, and transepithelial transport of macromolecules in separated rats, while having minimal effects in controls. Pretreatment of the separated rats with a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist, the peptide alpha-helical CRH(9-41) injected intraperitoneally 20 min before stress, abolished the stress-induced mucosal changes. Our results indicate that neonatal trauma can induce phenotypic changes in adulthood, including enhanced vulnerability of the gut mucosa to stress via mechanisms involving peripherally located CRH receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan D Söderholm
- Intestinal Disease Research Program, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Milde AM, Murison R. A study of the effects of restraint stress on colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium in singly housed rats. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2002; 37:140-50. [PMID: 12186308 DOI: 10.1007/bf02688826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are multifactorial diseases. Clinical reports indicate that emotional stress may contribute to the onset, progression and remission of these diseases. Using an experimental animal model of ulcerative colitis, the effect of stress on the development of and recovery from symptoms was studied prospectively. Singly housed rats received 4 percent dextran sulphate sodium orally until fecal blood was detected, indicating the presence of colonic erosions. Tap water was then administered until there were no signs of fecal blood. Two hours of restraint stress were administered daily over four successive days, either prior to or after the induction of colitis. Latencies in days to symptom development and recovery were compared to an unstressed group. Daily measures of fluid-intake, body-weight, and hemoglobulin in feces were made. RESULTS Rats exposed to restraint stress procedures prior to induction of colitis had shorter latencies to development of symptoms. There was no significant difference in latency to recovery. The amount of fluid-intake did not significantly differ between groups, nor did the groups differ in body-weight. CONCLUSION There is an effect of stress on the latency to develop colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium. This preliminary study suggests that the impact of stress may be one factor underlying the emergence of ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marita Milde
- Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kresse AE, Million M, Saperas E, Taché Y. Colitis induces CRF expression in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons and blunts CRF gene response to stress in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1203-13. [PMID: 11668029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.5.g1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated hypothalamic neuronal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression changes in response to visceral inflammation induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB) and acute stress. Seven days after TNB, rats were subjected to water-avoidance stress (WAS) or restraint for 30 min and euthanized. Hypothalamic CRF primary transcripts (heteronuclear RNA, hnRNA) and CRF and arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNAs were assessed by in situ hybridization. Antisense (35)S-labeled cRNA probes against CRF mRNA intronic and exonic sequences and an oligonucleotide probe against the AVP mRNA were used. TNB induced macroscopic lesions and a fivefold elevation in myeloperoxidase activity in the colon. Colitis increased CRF hnRNA and mRNA signals in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and supraoptic neurons, whereas AVP mRNA was not altered. Colitis did not modify CRF hnRNA signal in the parvocellular part of the PVN (pPVN), plasma corticosterone, and serum osmolarity levels. However, CRF hnRNA expression in the pPVN and the rise in corticosterone and defecation induced by WAS or restraint were blunted in colitic rats. These data show that colitis upregulates CRF gene synthesis in magnocellular hypothalamic neurons but dampens CRF gene transcription in the pPVN and plasma corticosterone responses to environmental acute stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Kresse
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gwee KA. Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001; 4:287-291. [PMID: 11469986 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-001-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) should be considered in patients who present with a change in bowel habits or an onset of new abdominal pain or discomfort following a recent confirmed or presumed exposure to infectious organisms, or in those who have recently returned from a tropical or developing country. In patients who are greatly distressed by their symptoms, an extended workup early in the course of their illness may give physician and patient confidence in focusing on IBS. The author favors a proactive, multicomponent approach to management, as it gives the physician and patient a sense of control. Treatment should include stress management, dietary advice to minimize exposure to trigger foods, and pharmacotherapy to alleviate anxiety and target disturbed physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Ann Gwee
- Glenealges Hospital, Annexe Block Suite 05-37, 6A Napier Road, Singapore 258 500. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Collins SM. Stress and the Gastrointestinal Tract IV. Modulation of intestinal inflammation by stress: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G315-8. [PMID: 11171612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.3.g315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The stress response in a healthy organism is generally viewed as a warning and thus a protective reaction to a threat. However, the response may be deleterious if it is linked to an inflammatory stimulus or if it proceeds an inflammatory event. Prior stress enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus by a mechanism that is independent of the release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or arginine vasopressin. Putative mechanisms include an increase in intestinal permeability as well as the release of the proinflammatory neuropeptide substance P. Stress may also reactivate previous inflammation when applied in conjunction with a small luminal stimulus. This reactivation involves increased permeability and requires the presence of T lymphocytes. Inflammatory mediators activate hypothalamic pathways, and a negative feedback loop, mediated by CRF release, has been proposed because animals with impaired hypothalamic CRF responses are more susceptible to inflammatory stimuli. Together, these experimental observations provide insights into the expression of inflammatory disorders in humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and postinfective irritable bowel syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|