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Masenga SK, Liweleya S, Kirabo A. High salt intake and HIV infection on endothelial glycocalyx shedding in salt-sensitive hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1395885. [PMID: 39081863 PMCID: PMC11286502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1395885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is closely associated with various physiological and pathophysiological events. Significant modification of the endothelial glycocalyx is an early process in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. High dietary salt and HIV infection damages the endothelial glycocalyx causing endothelial dysfunction and increasing the risk for salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The two factors, HIV infection and dietary salt are critical independent predictors of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and often synergize to exacerbate and accelerate disease pathogenesis. Salt-sensitive hypertension is more common among people living with HIV and is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart attack and even death. However, the underlying mechanisms linking endothelial glycocalyx damage to dietary salt and HIV infection are lacking. Yet, both HIV infection/treatment and dietary salt are closely linked to endothelial glycocalyx damage and development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Moreover, the majority of individuals globally, consume more salt than is recommended and the burden of HIV especially in sub-Sahara Africa is disproportionately high. In this review, we have discussed the missing link between high salt and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. We have further elaborated the role played by HIV infection and treatment in modifying endothelial glycocalyx integrity to contribute to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Situmbeko Liweleya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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O’Hare N, Millican K, Ebong EE. Unraveling neurovascular mysteries: the role of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1394725. [PMID: 39027900 PMCID: PMC11254711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1394725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While cardiovascular disease, cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality rates have decreased over the past 20 years, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) deaths have risen by 145% since 2010. Despite significant research efforts, effective AD treatments remain elusive due to a poorly defined etiology and difficulty in targeting events that occur too downstream of disease onset. In hopes of elucidating alternative treatment pathways, now, AD is commonly being more broadly defined not only as a neurological disorder but also as a progression of a variety of cerebrovascular pathologies highlighted by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), which is an essential regulator of vascular physiology, plays a crucial role in the function of the neurovascular system, acting as an essential vascular mechanotransducer to facilitate ultimate blood-brain homeostasis. Shedding of the cerebrovascular GCX could be an early indication of neurovascular dysfunction and may subsequently progress neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Recent advances in in vitro modeling, gene/protein silencing, and imaging techniques offer new avenues of scrutinizing the GCX's effects on AD-related neurovascular pathology. Initial studies indicate GCX degradation in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases and have begun to demonstrate a possible link to GCX loss and cerebrovascular dysfunction. This review will scrutinize the GCX's contribution to known vascular etiologies of AD and propose future work aimed at continuing to uncover the relationship between GCX dysfunction and eventual AD-associated neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O’Hare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karina Millican
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Ta HQ, Kuppusamy M, Sonkusare SK, Roeser ME, Laubach VE. The endothelium: gatekeeper to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Respir Res 2024; 25:172. [PMID: 38637760 PMCID: PMC11027545 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of lung transplantation is limited by the high rate of primary graft dysfunction due to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Lung IRI is characterized by a robust inflammatory response, lung dysfunction, endothelial barrier disruption, oxidative stress, vascular permeability, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. These events are dependent on the health of the endothelium, which is a primary target of IRI that results in pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction. Over the past 10 years, research has focused more on the endothelium, which is beginning to unravel the multi-factorial pathogenesis and immunologic mechanisms underlying IRI. Many important proteins, receptors, and signaling pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction after IR are starting to be identified and targeted as prospective therapies for lung IRI. In this review, we highlight the more significant mediators of IRI-induced endothelial dysfunction discovered over the past decade including the extracellular glycocalyx, endothelial ion channels, purinergic receptors, kinases, and integrins. While there are no definitive clinical therapies currently available to prevent lung IRI, we will discuss potential clinical strategies for targeting the endothelium for the treatment or prevention of IRI. The accruing evidence on the essential role the endothelium plays in lung IRI suggests that promising endothelial-directed treatments may be approaching the clinic soon. The application of therapies targeting the pulmonary endothelium may help to halt this rapid and potentially fatal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Ta
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P. O. Box 801359, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mark E Roeser
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P. O. Box 801359, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P. O. Box 801359, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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4
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Sahoo DK, Wong D, Patani A, Paital B, Yadav VK, Patel A, Jergens AE. Exploring the role of antioxidants in sepsis-associated oxidative stress: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348713. [PMID: 38510969 PMCID: PMC10952105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a potentially fatal condition characterized by organ dysfunction caused by an imbalanced immune response to infection. Although an increased inflammatory response significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis, several molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of sepsis are associated with increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and exhausted antioxidant pathways. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the involvement of ROS in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the potential application of antioxidants with antimicrobial properties as an adjunct to primary therapies (fluid and antibiotic therapies) against sepsis. This article delves into the advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilization of antioxidants in the therapeutic approach to sepsis, which has been explored in a variety of animal models and clinical trials. While the application of antioxidants has been suggested as a potential therapy to suppress the immune response in cases where an intensified inflammatory reaction occurs, the use of multiple antioxidant agents can be beneficial as they can act additively or synergistically on different pathways, thereby enhancing the antioxidant defense. Furthermore, the utilization of immunoadjuvant therapy, specifically in septic patients displaying immunosuppressive tendencies, represents a promising advancement in sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anil Patani
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Gujarat, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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5
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Lankin VZ, Sharapov MG, Tikhaze AK, Goncharov RG, Antonova OA, Konovalova GG, Novoselov VI. Dicarbonyl-Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins Are Key Inducers of LOX-1 and NOX1 Gene Expression in the Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endotheliocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2125-2136. [PMID: 38462455 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Expression of LOX-1 and NOX1 genes in the human umbilical vein endotheliocytes (HUVECs) cultured in the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) modified with various natural dicarbonyls was investigated for the first time. It was found that among the investigated dicarbonyl-modified LDLs (malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified LDLs, glyoxal-modified LDLs, and methylglyoxal-modified LDLs), the MDA-modified LDLs caused the greatest induction of the LOX-1 and NOX1 genes, as well as of the genes of antioxidant enzymes and genes of proapoptotic factors in HUVECs. Key role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of vascular wall damage and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Mars G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Ruslan G Goncharov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Olga A Antonova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Novoselov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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6
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Almazmomi MA, Esmat A, Naeem A. Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Management, and Promising Therapeutic Target. Cureus 2023; 15:e51228. [PMID: 38283512 PMCID: PMC10821757 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by a sudden loss of renal function, resulting in the build-up of waste products and a significant increase in mortality and morbidity. It is commonly diagnosed in critically ill patients, with its occurrence estimated at up to 50% in patients hospitalized in the intensive critical unit. Despite ongoing efforts, the death rate associated with AKI has remained high over the past half-century. Thus, it is critical to investigate novel therapy options for preventing the epidemic. Many studies have found that inflammation and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation have a significant role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Noteworthy, challenges in the search for efficient pharmacological therapy for AKI have arisen due to the multifaceted origin and complexity of the clinical history of people with the disease. This article focuses on kidney injury's epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiological processes. Specifically, it focuses on the role of TLRs especially type 4 in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaad A Almazmomi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Anjum Naeem
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
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7
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Zhou HL, Jiang XZ, Ventikos Y. Role of blood flow in endothelial functionality: a review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259280. [PMID: 37905167 PMCID: PMC10613523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, located on the surface of blood vessel walls, are constantly stimulated by mechanical forces from the blood flow. The mechanical forces, i.e., fluid shear stress, induced by the blood flow play a pivotal role in controlling multiple physiological processes at the endothelium and in regulating various pathways that maintain homeostasis and vascular function. In this review, research looking at different blood fluid patterns and fluid shear stress in the circulation system is summarized, together with the interactions between the blood flow and the endothelial cells. This review also highlights the flow profile as a response to the configurational changes of the endothelial glycocalyx, which is less revisited in previous reviews. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in maintaining endothelium health and the strategies for the restoration of damaged endothelial glycocalyx are discussed from the perspective of the fluid shear stress. This review provides a new perspective regarding our understanding of the role that blood flow plays in regulating endothelial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Zhuo Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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8
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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Current Knowledge on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Impact and Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5592. [PMID: 37685660 PMCID: PMC10488607 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary no-reflow (CNR) is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following reperfusion therapy. CNR is highly dynamic, develops gradually (over hours) and persists for days to weeks after reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) developing as a consequence of myocardial ischemia, distal embolization and reperfusion-related injury is the main pathophysiological mechanism of CNR. The frequency of CNR or MVO after primary PCI differs widely depending on the sensitivity of the tools used for diagnosis and timing of examination. Coronary angiography is readily available and most convenient to diagnose CNR but it is highly conservative and underestimates the true frequency of CNR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive method to diagnose MVO and CNR that provides information on the presence, localization and extent of MVO. CMR imaging detects intramyocardial hemorrhage and accurately estimates the infarct size. MVO and CNR markedly negate the benefits of reperfusion therapy and contribute to poor clinical outcomes including adverse remodeling of left ventricle, worsening or new congestive heart failure and reduced survival. Despite extensive research and the use of therapies that target almost all known pathophysiological mechanisms of CNR, no therapy has been found that prevents or reverses CNR and provides consistent clinical benefit in patients with STEMI undergoing reperfusion. Currently, the prevention or alleviation of MVO and CNR remain unmet goals in the therapy of STEMI that continue to be under intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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9
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Machin DR, Trott DW, Gogulamudi VR, Islam MT, Bloom SI, Vink H, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Glycocalyx-targeted therapy ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. GeroScience 2023; 45:2351-2365. [PMID: 36787090 PMCID: PMC10651573 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is accompanied by arterial dysfunction, as well as a diminished glycocalyx, which may be linked to reduced high molecular weight-hyaluronan (HMW-HA) synthesis. However, the impact of glycocalyx deterioration in age-related arterial dysfunction is unknown. We sought to determine if manipulations in glycocalyx properties would alter arterial function. Tamoxifen-induced hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) reduction was used to decrease glycocalyx properties. Three weeks post-tamoxifen treatment, glycocalyx thickness was lower in Has2 knockout compared to wild-type mice (P<0.05). Has2 reduction induced arterial dysfunction, demonstrated by impaired endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) and elevated aortic stiffness (P<0.05). To augment glycocalyx properties, old mice received 10 weeks of a glycocalyx-targeted therapy via Endocalyx™ (old+ECX), which contains HMW-HA and other glycocalyx components. Compared to old control mice, glycocalyx properties and EDD were augmented, and aortic stiffness decreased in old+ECX mice (P<0.05). Old+ECX mice had a more youthful aortic phenotype, demonstrated by lower collagen content and higher elastin content than old control mice (P<0.05). Functional outcomes were repeated in old mice that underwent a diet supplemented solely with HMW-HA (old+HA). Compared to old controls, glycocalyx properties and EDD were augmented, and aortic stiffness was lower in old+HA mice (P<0.05). We did not observe any differences between old+HA and old+ECX mice (P>0.05). Has2 reduction phenocopies age-related arterial dysfunction, while 10 weeks of glycocalyx-targeted therapy that restores the glycocalyx also ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. These findings suggest that the glycocalyx may be a viable therapeutic target to ameliorate age-related arterial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Machin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Daniel W Trott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Md Torikul Islam
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MicroVascular Health Solutions LLC, Alpine, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VA Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VA Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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10
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Zhang Y, Fai TG. Influence of the vessel wall geometry on the wall-induced migration of red blood cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011241. [PMID: 37459356 PMCID: PMC10374106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometry of the blood vessel wall plays a regulatory role on the motion of red blood cells (RBCs). The overall topography of the vessel wall depends on many features, among which the endothelial lining of the endothelial surface layer (ESL) is an important one. The endothelial lining of vessel walls presents a large surface area for exchanging materials between blood and tissues. The ESL plays a critical role in regulating vascular permeability, hindering leukocyte adhesion as well as inhibiting coagulation during inflammation. Changes in the ESL structure are believed to cause vascular hyperpermeability and entrap immune cells during sepsis, which could significantly alter the vessel wall geometry and disturb interactions between RBCs and the vessel wall, including the wall-induced migration of RBCs and the thickening of a cell-free layer. To investigate the influence of the vessel wall geometry particularly changed by the ESL under various pathological conditions, such as sepsis, on the motion of RBCs, we developed two models to represent the ESL using the immersed boundary method in two dimensions. In particular, we used simulations to study how the lift force and drag force on a RBC near the vessel wall vary with different wall thickness, spatial variation, and permeability associated with changes in the vessel wall geometry. We find that the spatial variation of the wall has a significant effect on the wall-induced migration of the RBC for a high permeability, and that the wall-induced migration is significantly inhibited as the vessel diameter is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Fai
- Department of Mathematics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Wang Q, Zuurbier CJ, Huhn R, Torregroza C, Hollmann MW, Preckel B, van den Brom CE, Weber NC. Pharmacological Cardioprotection against Ischemia Reperfusion Injury-The Search for a Clinical Effective Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:1432. [PMID: 37408266 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological conditioning aims to protect the heart from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Despite extensive research in this area, today, a significant gap remains between experimental findings and clinical practice. This review provides an update on recent developments in pharmacological conditioning in the experimental setting and summarizes the clinical evidence of these cardioprotective strategies in the perioperative setting. We start describing the crucial cellular processes during ischemia and reperfusion that drive acute IRI through changes in critical compounds (∆GATP, Na+, Ca2+, pH, glycogen, succinate, glucose-6-phosphate, mitoHKII, acylcarnitines, BH4, and NAD+). These compounds all precipitate common end-effector mechanisms of IRI, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, Ca2+ overload, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (mPTP). We further discuss novel promising interventions targeting these processes, with emphasis on cardiomyocytes and the endothelium. The limited translatability from basic research to clinical practice is likely due to the lack of comorbidities, comedications, and peri-operative treatments in preclinical animal models, employing only monotherapy/monointervention, and the use of no-flow (always in preclinical models) versus low-flow ischemia (often in humans). Future research should focus on improved matching between preclinical models and clinical reality, and on aligning multitarget therapy with optimized dosing and timing towards the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ragnar Huhn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kerckhoff-Clinic-Center for Heart, Lung, Vascular and Rheumatic Disease, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Torregroza
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kerckhoff-Clinic-Center for Heart, Lung, Vascular and Rheumatic Disease, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charissa E van den Brom
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina C Weber
- Department of Anesthesiology-L.E.I.C.A., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Cardiovascular Science, Meibergdreef 11, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Melkumyants AM. Malondialdehyde as an Important Key Factor of Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Wall Damage under Heart Diseases Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010128. [PMID: 36613568 PMCID: PMC9820205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review is devoted to a specific issue: the role of malondialdehyde (MDA)-a secondary product of free radical lipid peroxidation-in the molecular mechanisms of the formation of primary atherosclerotic vascular wall lesions. The principal difference between this review and the available literature is that it discusses in detail the important role in atherogenesis not of "oxidized" LDL (i.e., LDL particles containing lipohydroperoxides), but of LDL particles chemically modified by the natural low-molecular weight dicarbonyl MDA. To confirm this, we consider the data obtained by us earlier, indicating that "atherogenic" are not LDL oxidized as a result of free radical lipoperoxidation and containing lipohydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids in the outer layer of particles, but LDL whose apoprotein B-100 has been modified due to the chemical reaction of terminal lysine residue amino groups of the apoB-100 with the aldehyde groups of the MDA (Maillard reaction). In addition, we present our original data proving that MDA injures endothelial glycocalyx that suppress the ability of the endothelium to control arterial tone according to changes in wall shear stress. In summary, this mini review for the first time exhaustively discloses the key role of MDA in atherogenesis.
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13
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Ouyang Y, Tang L, Hu S, Tian G, Dong C, Lai H, Wang H, Zhao J, Wu H, Zhang F, Yang H. Shengmai san-derived compound prescriptions: A review on chemical constituents, pharmacokinetic studies, quality control, and pharmacological properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154433. [PMID: 36191550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shengmai San Formula (SMS), composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ophiopogon Radix and Schisandra chinensis Fructus, was a famous formula in Tradition Chinese Medicine (TCM). With the expansion of clinical applications, SMS was developed to different dosage forms, including Shengmai Yin Oral liquid (SMY), Shengmai Capsule (SMC), Shengmai Granule (SMG), Shengmai Injection (SMI) and Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule (DZSMC). These above SMS-derived compound prescriptions (SSCPs) play an important role in the clinical treatment. This review is aimed to providing a comprehensive perspective of SSCP. METHODS The relevant literatures were collected from classical TCM books and a variety of databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data. RESULTS The chemical constituents of SSCPs, arrived from the individual medicinal materials including Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ophiopogon Radix, Schisandra chinensis Fructus, Erigerontis Herba, were firstly summarized respectively. Then the pharmacokinetics studies, quality control, and pharmacological properties of SSCPs were all reviewed. The active compounds, pharmacokinetics characterizes, quality control markers, the effects and mechanisms of pharmacology of the different dosage forms of SSCPs were summarized. Furthermore, the research deficiencies of SSCPs and an innovative research paradigm for Chinese materia medica (CMM) formula were proposed. CONCLUSIONS SMS, as a famous CMM formula, has great values in drug research and in clinical treatment especially for cardiocerebrovascular diseases. This article firstly make a comprehensive and systematic review on SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shaowei Hu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghuan Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huaqing Lai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Fangbo Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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14
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Sauer A, Seeliger B, Jandl K, Erfinanda L, Wilhelm J, Alexopoulos I, Baal N, Birnhuber A, David S, Welte T, Barreto G, Gaertner U, Kwapiszewska G, Seeger W, Kuebler WM, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. Circulating hyaluronic acid signature in CAP and ARDS - the role of pneumolysin in hyaluronic acid shedding. Matrix Biol 2022; 114:67-83. [PMID: 36456058 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shedding of hyaluronan (HA), the component of endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx, has been associated with acute lung injury. HA degradation allows plasma proteins and fluid to penetrate across the vascular wall leading to lung edema formation and leukocyte recruitment. Here, we analyzed sHA levels and size in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), correlated them to disease severity, and evaluated the impact of pneumolysin (PLY), the Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.p.) exotoxin, on HA shedding from human pulmonary microvascular EC (HPMVEC). sHA levels were elevated in CAP and ARDS and correlated with the CRB65 severity score and with markers of inflammation (interleukin-6), EC activation (E-selectin), and basement membrane destruction (collagen IV). Furthermore, sHA levels were associated with an increase in 28-day mortality. Small and large sHA fragments were detected in plasma of most severe CAP or ARDS patients, and the presence of large sHA fragments was accompanied by the elevated levels of circulating collagen IV. In vitro, PLY induced sHA release from HPMVEC. This effect was dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and was not associated with endothelial barrier dysfunction. Conversely, HA shedding was impaired following HPMVEC infection with a S.p. PLY-deficient mutant. Our study identifies association between the severity of CAP and ARDS and the levels and size of sHA in plasma. It links sHA levels with, inflammation, EC activation status and basement membrane disassembly in ARDS and provides insights into the mechanism of HA shedding during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Sauer
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Seeliger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lasti Erfinanda
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Multiscale Imaging Platform, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Birnhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha David
- Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR 7365; Nancy, France; Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gaertner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Bao J, Zha Y, Chen S, Yuan J, Qiao J, Cao L, Yang Q, Liu M, Shao M. The importance of serum LMAN2 level in septic shock and prognosis prediction in sepsis patients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11409. [PMID: 36387495 PMCID: PMC9647472 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To study the importance of LMAN2 in septic shock and prognosis prediction in sepsis patients. Methods Serum LMAN2 was measured by ELISA in 109 sepsis patients within 24 h after their admission to ICU. We also collected clinical and laboratory variables. Results Compared with sepsis group (1.21 (1.05) ng/ml), serum LMAN2 level was significantly higher in patients with septic shock (1.75 (2.04) ng/ml) on the day of admission to the ICU (P < 0.001), and serum LMAN2 level were significantly higher in the sepsis non-survival group (1.91 (1.66) ng/ml) than in the survival group (1.15 (1.17) ng/ml). COX regression analysis showed that high serum LMAN2 level (>1.28 ng/ml) was a predictor of 28-day mortality in sepsis patients. Conclusions This study shows that high serum LMAN2 level may indicate septic shock and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Bao
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yutao Zha
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiejie Qiao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Limian Cao
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qigang Yang
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Parasite Teaching and Research Office, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Min Shao
- Department of Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Dicarbonyl-Dependent Modification of LDL as a Key Factor of Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerotic Vascular Wall Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081565. [PMID: 36009284 PMCID: PMC9405452 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents evidence that the main damage to the vascular wall occurs not from the action of “oxidized” LDL, which contain hydroperoxy acyls in the phospholipids located in their outer layer, but from the action of LDL particles whose apoprotein B-100 is chemically modified with low molecular weight dicarbonyls, such as malondialdehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal. It has been argued that dicarbonyl-modified LDL, which have the highest cholesterol content, are particularly “atherogenic”. High levels of dicarbonyl-modified LDL have been found to be characteristic of some mutations of apoprotein B-100. Based on the reviewed data, we hypothesized a common molecular mechanism underlying vascular wall damage in atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. The important role of oxidatively modified LDL in endothelial dysfunction is discussed in detail. In particular, the role of the interaction of the endothelial receptor LOX-1 with oxidatively modified LDL, which leads to the expression of NADPH oxidase, which in turn generates superoxide anion radical, is discussed. Such hyperproduction of ROS can cause destruction of the glycocalyx, a protective layer of endotheliocytes, and stimulation of apoptosis in these cells. On the whole, the accumulated evidence suggests that carbonyl modification of apoprotein B-100 of LDL is a key factor responsible for vascular wall damage leading to atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. Possible ways of pharmacological correction of free radical processes in atherogenesis and diabetogenesis are also discussed.
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17
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Hobbs KJ, Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Schultz L, Foote CA. Plasma syndecan‐1 concentration as a biomarker for endothelial glycocalyx degradation in septic adult horses. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:456-462. [PMID: 35842924 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available regarding endothelial glycocalyx degradation during sepsis in horses. Plasma syndecan-1 concentrations are increased in consequence of sepsis in other species and have been useful for prognostication. OBJECTIVES To determine whether plasma syndecan-1 levels are increased in adult horses affected with sepsis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Adult horses were assigned to one of three groups based on results of physical and laboratory examinations, clinical diagnosis, and results of previously described SIRS classification: Group 1 horses included healthy, nonseptic horses; Group 2 included horses in which clinical illness was identified but that were not considered to be septic; Group 3 included horses with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Plasma syndecan-1 concentration was determined in blood obtained at admission into the hospital for each horse, using an equine specific ELISA. Data were analysed using ANOVA and linear regression (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS One hundred and ninety-one horses were included and divided into three groups. Scores for SIRS were highest for Group 3 horses and lowest in Groups 1 and 2. Plasma syndecan-1 concentrations in Group 3 horses (50.73 ± 84.24 μg/ml; n = 42) were greater than those for Group 1 (15.69 ± 11.28 μg/ml; n = 66) and Group 2 (16.88 ± 15.30 μg/ml; n = 83). There was no difference regarding syndecan concentrations between Groups 1 and 2. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study design, solitary time point of measurement for each patient, and lack of a widely accepted consensus regarding definitive diagnosis of sepsis in adult horses. CONCLUSIONS Circulating plasma levels of syndecan-1, a biochemical marker of endothelial glycocalyx damage, are increased in septic adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher A. Foote
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia Mo 65211 USA
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18
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Duca ȘT, Chetran A, Miftode RȘ, Mitu O, Costache AD, Nicolae A, Iliescu-Halițchi D, Halițchi-Iliescu CO, Mitu F, Costache II. Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with COVID-19 Infection: Between Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Electrocardiographic Findings. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071015. [PMID: 35888103 PMCID: PMC9318430 DOI: 10.3390/life12071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the possible pathophysiological links between myocardial ischemia and SARS-CoV-2 infection, several studies have focused attention on acute coronary syndromes in order to improve patients’ morbidity and mortality. Understanding the pathophysiological aspects of myocardial ischemia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can open a broad perspective on the proper management for each patient. The electrocardiogram (ECG) remains the easiest assessment of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients, due to its non-invasive profile, accessibility, low cost, and lack of radiation. The ECG changes provide insight into the patient’s prognosis, indicating either the worsening of an underlying cardiac illnesses or the acute direct injury by the virus. This indicates that the ECG is an important prognostic tool that can affect the outcome of COVID-19 patients, which important to correlate its aspects with the clinical characteristics and patient’s medical history. The ECG changes in myocardial ischemia include a broad spectrum in patients with COVID-19 with different cases reported of ST-segment elevation, ST-segment depression, and T wave inversion, which are associated with severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefania Teodora Duca
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Chetran
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-741089910
| | - Radu Ștefan Miftode
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Nicolae
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Iliescu-Halițchi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Arcadia Hospital, 700620 Iasi, Romania
| | - Codruța-Olimpiada Halițchi-Iliescu
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Pedriatics, Arcadia Hospital, 700620 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700145 Iasi, Romania; (Ș.T.D.); (R.Ș.M.); (O.M.); (A.D.C.); (A.N.); (D.I.-H.); (F.M.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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Taghavi S, Abdullah S, Toraih E, Packer J, Drury RH, Aras OA, Kosowski EM, Cotton-Betteridge A, Karim M, Bitonti N, Shaheen F, Duchesne J, Jackson-Weaver O. Dimethyl malonate slows succinate accumulation and preserves cardiac function in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:13-20. [PMID: 35234713 PMCID: PMC9232889 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate (SI) is a citric acid cycle metabolite that accumulates in tissues during hemorrhagic shock (HS) due to electron transport chain uncoupling. Dimethyl malonate (DMM) is a competitive inhibitor of SI dehydrogenase, which has been shown to reduce SI accumulation and protect against reperfusion injury. Whether DMM can be therapeutic after severe HS is unknown. We hypothesized that DMM would prevent SI buildup during resuscitation (RES) in a swine model of HS, leading to better physiological recovery after RES. METHODS The carotid arteries of Yorkshire pigs were cannulated with a 5-Fr catheter. After placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter and femoral arterial line, the carotid catheters were opened and the animals were exsanguinated to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 45 mm. After 30 minutes in the shock state, the animals were resuscitated to a MAP of 60 mm using lactated ringers. A MAP above 60 mm was maintained throughout RES. One group received 10 mg/kg of DMM (n = 6), while the control received sham injections (n = 6). The primary end-point was SI levels. Secondary end-points included cardiac function and lactate. RESULTS Succinate levels increased from baseline to the 20-minute RES point in control, while the DMM cohort remained unchanged. The DMM group required less intravenous fluid to maintain a MAP above 60 (450.0 vs. 229.0 mL; p = 0.01). The DMM group had higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at the 20-minute and 40-minute RES points. The DMM group had better recovery of cardiac output and index during RES, while the control had no improvement. While lactate levels were similar, DMM may lead to increased ionized calcium levels. DISCUSSION Dimethyl malonate slows SI accumulation during HS and helps preserve cardiac filling pressures and function during RES. In addition, DMM may protect against depletion of ionized calcium. Dimethyl malonate may have therapeutic potential during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharven Taghavi
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah Abdullah
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eman Toraih
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jacob Packer
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert H. Drury
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Oguz A.Z. Aras
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Mardeen Karim
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Farhana Shaheen
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Juan Duchesne
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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20
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Zha D, Fu M, Qian Y. Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Potential Targeted Therapy in COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121972. [PMID: 35741101 PMCID: PMC9221624 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is characterized by progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage, inflammatory infiltrates, endotheliitis, and pulmonary and systemic coagulopathy forming obstructive microthrombi with multi-organ dysfunction, indicating that endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The glycocalyx is defined as a complex gel-like layer of glycosylated lipid–protein mixtures, which surrounds all living cells and acts as a buffer between the cell and the extracellular matrix. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) plays an important role in vascular homeostasis via regulating vascular permeability, cell adhesion, mechanosensing for hemodynamic shear stresses, and antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we review the new findings that described EGL damage in ARDS, coagulopathy, and the multisystem inflammatory disease associated with COVID-19. Mechanistically, the inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), the glycocalyx fragments, and the viral proteins may contribute to endothelial glycocalyx damage in COVID-19. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the EGL for the treatment of severe COVID-19 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zha
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Mingui Fu
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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22
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Hossain MA, Kim JH. Possibility as role of ginseng and ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: A systematic review. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:321-330. [PMID: 35068945 PMCID: PMC8767974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world since it broke out in China in 2019. Respiratory diseases caused by coronavirus infection cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infections to severe pneumonia and cardiovascular complications, leading to death. In this regard, natural products are being studied to prevent various diseases caused by COVID-19. In current review, we would like to present mechanisms related to the inhibition of heart disease in ginseng and ginsenoside against SARS-CoV-2. In many previous studies, ginseng and ginsenoside are known to have antioxidant, blood flow improvement, improvement of vascular and heart function, blood pressure control, suppression of myocardial infarction and heart failure, and antiarrhythmia. Therefore, ginseng and ginsenoside have a possibility to suppress cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19. Many of research provide evidence for ginseng and ginsenoside as treatments for the risk of cardiovascular complications. However, in this review, more specific contents on the proposition of the efficacy of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented. Therefore, we hope that researches to reduce cardiovascular complications of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented to reduce mortality for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zwart SR, Auñón-Chancellor SM, Heer M, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, Oral Contraceptives, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Astronauts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1232-1239. [PMID: 35389755 PMCID: PMC9126217 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A venous thromboembolism (VTE) event occurred in a female astronaut during long-duration spaceflight. Multiple factors may have contributed to this risk, including the use of combined (progestin + estrogen) oral contraceptives (cOC). METHODS Biochemistry data from 65 astronauts were evaluated for associations with cOC use and with sex. RESULTS The female astronauts who used cOCs had lower concentrations of serum albumin and higher concentrations of transferrin, a protein involved in the clotting cascade, than the male astronauts and the female astronauts who were not taking cOCs (P<0.001). The women who used cOCs had higher serum concentrations of the acute phase reactant ceruloplasmin during flight and cortisol (P<0.001) than the men and the women who were not taking cOCs; they also had higher calculated whole blood viscosity than women not taking cOCs (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower circulating concentrations of albumin, higher concentrations of transferrin, and elevated markers of inflammation all could contribute to an increased risk of VTE during spaceflight. These changes, in association with a higher blood viscosity can directly affect endothelial glycocalyx integrity and hypercoagulability status, both of which contribute to VTE risk in terrestrial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Serena M Auñón-Chancellor
- LSU Health New Orleans School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Martina Heer
- IU International University of Applied Sciences and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Mark Melin
- M Health Fairview (University of Minnesota Physicians), Edina, MN, United States
| | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Xiao Y, Su C, Zhang G, Liang L, Jin T, Bradley J, Ornato JP, Tang W. Vitamin C Improves the Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Alters Shedding of Syndecan-1 and p38/MAPK Phosphorylation in a Rat Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023787. [PMID: 35289183 PMCID: PMC9075447 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Post‐resuscitation syndrome, involves a severe inflammatory response following successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The potential mechanism of Vitamin C (VitC) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral function, duration of survival is undefined. Methods and Results A first set of experiments were done in 18 male Sprague‐Dawley rats for the investigation of short‐term follow‐up, randomized into 3 groups: (1) sham; (2) controls; (3) VitC. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and untreated for 6 minutes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compression and mechanical ventilation were then initiated and continued for 8 minutes followed by defibrillation. At 5 minutes after return of spontaneous circulation, either VitC (200 mg/kg) or placebo was administered by intravenous infusion with a syringe pump for half an hour. There were significant improvements in myocardial function and buccal microcirculation in rats treated with VitC after return of spontaneous circulation 4 hours compared with controls. VitC inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α), SDC‐1 (Syndecan‐1), and hyaluronic acid in plasma compared with controls (P<0.01). VitC decreased reactive oxygen species production and inhibited p38/MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) pathway phosphorylation. A second set with 20 animals was used for assessing the neurological deficit score after return of spontaneous circulation 72 hours, randomized into 2 groups: 1) controls; 2) VitC. The survival rate and neurological deficit score after return of spontaneous circulation 72 hours were improved in VitC‐treated animals compared with those of the control group. Conclusions VitC reduces the severity of post‐resuscitation myocardial and cerebral dysfunction and improves the survival. The mechanisms may involve inhibiting transcription of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, thus protecting the integrity of the vascular endothelium. Meanwhile VitC reduces shedding of SDC‐1 and alters p38/MAPK phosphorylation and microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Soochow China.,Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Chenglei Su
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Center the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Lian Liang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Tao Jin
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Jennifer Bradley
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Joseph P Ornato
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond VA
| | - Wanchun Tang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond VA
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25
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Jakob A, Bohlig S, König M, Nussbaum C, Dalla-Pozza R, Hermann M, Haas NA, Pastor-Villaescusa B. Kawasaki disease and increased cardiovascular risk: Is there a link to circulating glycocalyx biomarkers? Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104269. [PMID: 34699846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis with possible long-term impact of general cardio-vascular health. An endothelial glycocalyx disorder during the disease's acute phase might predispose to long-term vascular anomalies leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. To investigate any association between increased cardiovascular risk and endothelial glycocalyx, we assessed circulating glycocalyx components in patients with a KD history, and analysed their association with acute-phase clinical features and more importantly, with patients' current cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study included 51 subjects: 31 patients with a history of KD, and 20 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. We analysed serum syndecan-1 and hyaluronan via ELISA. We assessed features reported during the acute phase of KD such as blood counts, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), and their current blood pressure and lipid markers in relation to measured glycocalyx components. RESULTS Our multivariate analysis revealed that hyaluronan and syndecan-1 levels were not associated with KD. However, the latter exhibited a significant association with acute-phase blood count alterations in patients with KD. Furthermore, significant interactions of hyaluronan and syndecan-1 with certain cardiovascular risk factors like blood lipids and blood pressure were only present in KD patients. CONCLUSION Vasculitis during KD's acute phase might predispose to a long-term endothelial glycocalyx alteration, influenced by other factors having a vascular impact such as blood pressure and circulating lipids. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register on 25th February 2016, DRKS00010071 https://www.drks.de/drks_web/.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Jakob
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarah Bohlig
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam König
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Nussbaum
- Div. of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Dalla-Pozza
- Div. of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Hermann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus A Haas
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Belén Pastor-Villaescusa
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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Masola V, Greco N, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Heparanase as active player in endothelial glycocalyx remodeling. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 13:100097. [PMID: 35036899 PMCID: PMC8749438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of all animal cells is coated with a layer of carbohydrates linked in various ways to the outer side of the plasma membrane. These carbohydrates are mainly bound to proteins in the form of glycoproteins and proteoglycans and together with the glycolipids constitute the so-called glycocalyx. In particular, the endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal layer of the endothelium is composed of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulphate -HS and hyaluronic acid -HA), proteoglycans (syndecans and glypicans) and adsorbed plasma proteins. Thanks to its ability to absorb water, this structure contributes to making the surface of the vessels slippery but at the same time acts by modulating the mechano-transduction of the vessels, the vascular permeability and the adhesion of leukocytes in thus regulating several physiological and pathological events. Among the various enzymes involved in the degradation of the glycocalyx, heparanase (HPSE) has been shown to be particularly involved. This enzyme is responsible for the cutting of heparan sulfate (HS) chains at the level of the proteoglycans of the endothelial glycocalyx whose dysfunction appears to have a role in organ fibrosis, sepsis and viral infection. In this mini-review, we describe the mechanisms by which HPSE contributes to glycocalyx remodeling and then examine the role of glycocalyx degradation in the development of pathological conditions and pharmacological strategies to preserve glycocalyx during disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Renal Unit, Dept. of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Greco
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Renal Unit, Dept. of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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27
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Lazzaro A, De Girolamo G, Filippi V, Innocenti GP, Santinelli L, Ceccarelli G, Trecarichi EM, Torti C, Mastroianni CM, d’Ettorre G, Russo A. The Interplay between Host Defense, Infection, and Clinical Status in Septic Patients: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020803. [PMID: 35054993 PMCID: PMC8776148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. Despite significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its pathogenesis and mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the recent developments in our understanding of the hallmarks of sepsis pathogenesis (immune and adaptive immune response, the complement system, the endothelial disfunction, and autophagy) and highlight novel laboratory diagnostic approaches. Clinical management is also discussed with pivotal consideration for antimicrobic therapy management in particular settings, such as intensive care unit, altered renal function, obesity, and burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lazzaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Gabriella De Girolamo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Valeria Filippi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Carlo Torti
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Fernández-Sarmiento J, Schlapbach LJ, Acevedo L, Santana CR, Acosta Y, Diana A, Monsalve M, Carcillo JA. Endothelial Damage in Sepsis: The Importance of Systems Biology. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:828968. [PMID: 35356443 PMCID: PMC8959536 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.828968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis and appropriate stratification of sepsis continues to be one of the most important challenges in modern medicine. Single isolated biomarkers have not been enough to improve diagnostic and prognostic strategies and to progress toward therapeutic goals. The information generated by the human genome project has allowed a more holistic approach to the problem. The integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics in sepsis has allowed us to progress in the knowledge of new pathways which are pathophysiologically involved in this disease. Thus, we have understood the importance of and complex interaction between the inflammatory response and the endothelium. Understanding the role of important parts of the microcirculation, such as the endothelial glycocalyx and its interaction with the inflammatory response, has provided early recognition elements for clinical practice that allow the rational use of traditional medical interventions in sepsis. This comprehensive approach, which differs from the classical mechanistic approach, uses systems biology to increase the diagnostic and prognostic spectrum of endothelial damage biomarkers in sepsis, and to provide information on new pathways involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. This, in turn, provides tools for perfecting traditional medical interventions, using them at the appropriate times according to the disease's pathophysiological context, while at the same time discovering new and improved therapeutic alternatives. We have the challenge of transferring this ideal scenario to our daily clinical practice to improve our patients' care. The purpose of this article is to provide a general description of the importance of systems biology in integrating the complex interaction between the endothelium and the inflammatory response in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Sarmiento
- Department of Pediatrics and Intensive Care, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Universidad de La Sabana, Escuela de Graduados CES, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Department of Paediatric Critical Care Research Group, The University of Queensland and Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Critical Care, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Critical Care, University Children's Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorena Acevedo
- Department of Pediatrics and Intensive Care, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Universidad de La Sabana, Escuela de Graduados CES, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ampudia Diana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Joseph A Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Park JE, Jo YH, Hwang SY, Kim WY, Ryoo SM, Jang DH, Kim T, Kim YJ, Kim S, Cho H, Lee GT, Chung SP, Choi SH, Shin TG, Suh GJ. Biomarker Analysis for Combination Therapy of Vitamin C and Thiamine in Septic Shock: A Post-Hoc Study of the ATESS Trial. Shock 2022; 57:81-87. [PMID: 34482319 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the effects of vitamin C and thiamine administration on biomarkers in patients with septic shock. METHODS This was a post-hoc analysis of the Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine Effect in Septic Shock (ATESS) trial, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to either a treatment group (intravenous vitamin C and thiamine for 48 h) or a control group. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, angiopoietin-II (AP2), and S100β were assessed at baseline and at 72 h. The primary outcomes were the biomarker levels at 72 h, and the secondary outcome was reduction rate. RESULTS Forty-five patients were assigned to the treatment group and 52 were assigned to the control group. Baseline biomarker levels and at 72 h were not significantly different between the treatment and the placebo groups. The reduction rates were not significantly different between the two groups. These outcome variables showed fair diagnostic accuracy for predicting 28-day mortality according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSION Vitamin C and thiamine administration during the early phase of septic shock did not significantly change prognostic biomarker levels of IL-6, IL-10, AP2, and S100β. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03756220, ATESS. Registered 28 November 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03756220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Eun Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Hwan Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mok Ryoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Jang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taegyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gun Tak Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Phil Chung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Gun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil Joon Suh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Endothelial glycocalyx degradation during sepsis: Causes and consequences. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100094. [PMID: 34917925 PMCID: PMC8668992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a ubiquitous intravascular structure essential for vascular homeostasis. During sepsis, the glycocalyx is degraded via the collective action of a variety of redundant sheddases, the regulation of which remains the focus of active investigation. Septic loss of the glycocalyx imparts both local vascular injury (leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury) as well as the systemic consequences of circulating glycosaminoglycan fragments (leading to cognitive dysfunction). Glycocalyx degradation during sepsis is potentially shaped by clinically-modifiable factors, suggesting opportunities for therapeutic intervention to mitigate the end-organ consequences of sepsis.
The glycocalyx is a ubiquitous structure found on endothelial cells that extends into the vascular lumen. It is enriched in proteoglycans, which are proteins attached to the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. In health and disease, the endothelial glycocalyx is a central regulator of vascular permeability, inflammation, coagulation, and circulatory tonicity. During sepsis, a life-threatening syndrome seen commonly in hospitalized patients, the endothelial glycocalyx is degraded, significantly contributing to its many clinical manifestations. In this review we discuss the intrinsically linked mechanisms responsible for septic endothelial glycocalyx destruction: glycosaminoglycan degradation and proteoglycan cleavage. We then examine the consequences of local endothelial glycocalyx loss to several organ systems and the systemic consequences of shed glycocalyx constituents. Last, we explore clinically relevant non-modifiable and modifiable factors that exacerbate or protect against endothelial glycocalyx shedding during sepsis.
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Key Words
- ADAM, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase
- ANP, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Ang2, Angiopoietin-2
- DAMP, Damage-associated Molecular Pattern
- Endothelial glycocalyx
- FFP, Fresh Frozen Plasma
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycan
- Glycosaminoglycans
- HPSE-1/2, Heparanase-1/2
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, Matrix Metalloproteinase
- PG, Proteoglycan
- Proteoglycans
- Sepsis
- TIMP, Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase
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Toro-Pérez J, Rodrigo R. Contribution of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of postoperative complications and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Redox Rep 2021; 26:35-44. [PMID: 33622196 PMCID: PMC7906620 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1891808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of the damage following surgery has been subject of study for several years. Numerous surgical complications can impact postoperative quality of life of patients and even can cause mortality. Although these complications are generally due to multifactorial mechanisms, oxidative stress plays a key pathophysiological role. Moreover, oxidative stress could be an unavoidable effect derived even from the surgical procedure itself. METHODS A systematic review was performed following an electronic search of Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases. Keywords such as sepsis, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, antioxidants, outcomes in postoperative complications, among others, were used. Review articles were preferably used between the years 2015 onwards, not excluding older ones. RESULTS The vast majority point to the role of oxidative stress in generating greater damage and worse prognosis in postoperative patients without the necessary care and precautions, taking importance on the use of antioxidants to prevent this problem. DISCUSSIONS Oxidative stress represents a common final pathway related to pathological processes such as inflammation or ischemia-reperfusion, among others. The expression of greater severity of these complications can result in multiple organ dysfunction or sepsis. The aim of this study was to present an update of the role of oxidative stress on surgical postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Joffre J, Hellman J. Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Sepsis and Acute Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1291-1307. [PMID: 33637016 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Under homeostatic conditions, the endothelium dynamically regulates vascular barrier function, coagulation pathways, leukocyte adhesion, and vasomotor tone. During sepsis and acute inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) undergo multiple phenotypic and functional modifications that are initially adaptive but eventually become harmful, leading to microvascular dysfunction and multiorgan failure. Critical Issues and Recent Advances: Sepsis unbalances the redox homeostasis toward a pro-oxidant state, characterized by an excess production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and a breakdown of antioxidant systems. In return, oxidative stress (OS) alters multiple EC functions and promotes a proinflammatory, procoagulant, and proadhesive phenotype. The OS also induces glycocalyx deterioration, cell death, increased permeability, and impaired vasoreactivity. Thus, during sepsis, the ECs are both a significant source and one of the main targets of OS. Future Directions: This review aims at covering the current understanding of the role of OS in the endothelial adaptive or maladaptive multifaceted response to sepsis and to outline the therapeutic potential and issues of targeting OS and endothelial dysfunction during sepsis and septic shock. One of the many challenges in the management of sepsis is now based on the detection and correction of these anomalies of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Joffre
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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Richards JE, Samet RE, Grissom TE. Scratching the Surface: Endothelial Damage in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock. Adv Anesth 2021; 39:35-51. [PMID: 34715980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aan.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Richards
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite T1R77, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ron E Samet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite T1R77, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas E Grissom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite T1R77, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Sirufo MM, Catalogna A, Raggiunti M, De Pietro F, Galeoto G, Bassino EM, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Capillaroscopic Evidence of Microvascular Damage in Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10601. [PMID: 34682347 PMCID: PMC8535409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volleyball players experience repetitive stress that involves their hands and, in particular, their fingers. Literature reports that repetitive trauma can lead to local vascular abnormalities, such as reduced capillarization and lower resting blood flow. These anomalies could be related to the presence of dysfunctional endothelium. The aim of this study is to correlate the capillaroscopic findings by nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) to volleyball practice in order to early detect possible anomalies and perform an adequate follow-up to avoid damages that could negatively affect sport practice and the players' health status. In this study, 38 subjects were enrolled, 19 volleyball players and 19 healthy non-players as a comparison group. In almost all the players, we found capillaroscopic alterations of the "aspecific pattern" type without substantial gender differences. We may assume that the repeated traumas involving players' fingers can negatively modify their microcirculation. Based on these observations, it could be a desirable clinical practice to screen professional volleyball players with NVC in order to implement preventive strategies aimed at protecting the health of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Catalogna
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Martina Raggiunti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca De Pietro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galeoto
- Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Enrica Maria Bassino
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Shinohara A, Ushiyama A, Iijima T. Time-Dependent Dynamics Required for the Degradation and Restoration of the Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Layer in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Septic Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:730298. [PMID: 34595224 PMCID: PMC8476805 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.730298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) plays a key role in the development of organ failure following sepsis. Researchers have investigated GCX degradation caused by pathological conditions. Nonetheless, the GCX restoration process remains poorly understood. Herein, we developed a model in which GCX restoration could be reproduced in mice using in vivo imaging and a dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC). The severity of sepsis was controlled by adjusting the dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) used to trigger GCX degradation in BALB/c mice. We evaluated the GCX thickness, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, and vascular permeability using in vivo imaging through DSC under intravital microscopy. The plasma concentration of syndecan-1(Sdc-1), a GCX structural component, was also determined as a marker of GCX degradation. Thus, we developed a reproducible spontaneous GCX recovery model in mice. Degraded GCX was restored within 24 h by the direct visualization of the endothelial GCX thickness, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions. In contrast, indirectly related indicators of recovery from sepsis, such as body weight and blood pressure, required a longer recovery time. This model can be used to study intractable angiopathy following sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Shinohara
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Iijima
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Inhalation of 2% Hydrogen Improves Survival Rate and Attenuates Shedding of Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx in Rats with Heat Stroke. Shock 2021; 56:593-600. [PMID: 34524269 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Heat stroke is characterized by excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, both of which are implicated in vascular endothelial glycocalyx shedding and heat-stroke mortality. Although molecular hydrogen has antioxidation and anti-inflammatory potency, its effect on the vascular endothelial glycocalyx in heat stroke has not been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hydrogen inhalation on the survival and thickness of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx of rats subjected to heat stroke. Altogether, 98 Wistar rats were assigned to the experiments. A heat-controlled chamber set at 40°C temperature and 60% humidity was used to induce heat stroke. After preparation, the anesthetized rats that underwent the heating process were subjected to an hour of stabilization in which 0%, 2%, or 4% hydrogen gas was inhaled and maintained until the experiment ended. In addition to survival rate assessments, blood samples and left ventricles were collected to evaluate the thickness of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx and relevant biomarkers. The results showed that 2% hydrogen gas significantly improved survival in the heat-stroked rats and partially preserved the thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx. In addition, serum levels of endotoxin, syndecan-1, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α decreased, whereas superoxide dismutase levels increased, indicating that inhalation of 2% hydrogen attenuated the damage to the vascular endothelial glycocalyx through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Qu J, Cheng Y, Wu W, Yuan L, Liu X. Glycocalyx Impairment in Vascular Disease: Focus on Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730621. [PMID: 34589494 PMCID: PMC8473795 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a complex polysaccharide-protein layer lining the lumen of vascular endothelial cells. Changes in the structure and function of the glycocalyx promote an inflammatory response in blood vessels and play an important role in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases (e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis, and sepsis). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammation-related diseases. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to tissue swelling, chronic inflammation, and thrombosis. Therefore, elimination of endothelial inflammation could be a potential target for the treatment of vascular diseases. This review summarizes the key role of the glycocalyx in the inflammatory process and the possible mechanism by which it alleviates this process by interrupting the cycle of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Especially, we highlight the roles of different components of the glycocalyx in modulating the inflammatory process, including components that regulate leukocyte rolling, L-selectin binding, inflammasome activation and the signaling interactions between the glycocalyx components and the vascular cells. We discuss how the glycocalyx interferes with the development of inflammation and the importance of preventing glycocalyx impairment. Finally, drawing on current understanding of the role of the glycocalyx in inflammation, we consider a potential strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Public Laboratory of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4936571. [PMID: 34484561 PMCID: PMC8410438 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4936571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are frequently reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may impact patient clinical course and mortality. Although the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear, several potential mechanisms have been hypothesized, including oxygen supply/demand imbalance, direct viral cellular damage, systemic inflammatory response with cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction. The severe hypoxic state, combined with other conditions frequently reported in COVID-19, namely sepsis, tachyarrhythmias, anemia, hypotension, and shock, can induce a myocardial damage due to the mismatch between oxygen supply and demand and results in type 2 myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, COVID-19 promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability and thrombus formation and may precipitate type 1 MI. Patients with severe disease often show decrease in platelets count, higher levels of d-dimer, ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers, tissue factor, and prolongation of prothrombin time, which reflects a prothrombotic state. An endothelial dysfunction has been described as a consequence of the direct viral effects and of the hyperinflammatory environment. The expression of tissue factor, von Willebrand factor, thromboxane, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes the prothrombotic status. In addition, endothelial cells generate superoxide anions, with enhanced local oxidative stress, and endothelin-1, which affects the vasodilator/vasoconstrictor balance and platelet aggregation. The optimal management of COVID-19 patients is a challenge both for logistic and clinical reasons. A deeper understanding of ACS pathophysiology may yield novel research insights and therapeutic perspectives in higher cardiovascular risk subjects with COVID-19.
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Gemmel M, Sutton EF, Brands J, Burnette L, Gallaher MJ, Powers RW. l-Citrulline supplementation during pregnancy improves perinatal and postpartum maternal vascular function in a mouse model of preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R364-R376. [PMID: 34259017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a spontaneously occurring pregnancy complication diagnosed by new-onset hypertension and end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria. This pregnancy-specific syndrome contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality and can have detrimental effects on fetal outcomes. Preeclampsia is also linked to increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease throughout life. Despite intense investigation of this disorder, few treatment options are available. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of maternal l-citrulline supplementation on pregnancy-specific vascular dysfunction in the male C57BL/6J × female C57BL/6J C1q-/- preeclampsia-like mouse model. l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid that is converted to l-arginine to promote smooth muscle and blood vessel relaxation and improve nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vascular function. To model a preeclampsia-like pregnancy, female C57BL/6J mice were mated to C1q-/- male mice, and a subset of dams was supplemented with l-citrulline throughout pregnancy. Blood pressure, systemic vascular glycocalyx, and ex vivo vascular function were investigated in late pregnancy, and postpartum at 6 and 10 mo of age. Main findings show that l-citrulline reduced blood pressure, increased vascular glycocalyx volume, and rescued ex-vivo vascular function at gestation day 17.5 in this preeclampsia-like model. The vascular benefit of l-citrulline also extended postpartum, with improved vascular function and glycocalyx measures at 6 and 10 mo of age. l-Citrulline-mediated vascular improvements appear, in part, attributable to NO pathway signaling. Taken together, l-citrulline supplementation during pregnancy appears to have beneficial effects on maternal vascular health, which may have translational implications for improved maternal cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gemmel
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth F Sutton
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Brands
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Robert W Powers
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Attenuates Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Stabilizes Hemodynamics in a Rat Hemorrhagic Shock Model. Shock 2021; 54:377-385. [PMID: 32804466 PMCID: PMC7458091 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Background: Hydrogen gas (H2) inhalation during hemorrhage stabilizes post-resuscitation hemodynamics, improving short-term survival in a rat hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R) model. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of H2 in HS/R is unclear. Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) damage causes hemodynamic failure associated with HS/R. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that H2 alleviates oxidative stress by suppressing xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and/or preventing tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α)-mediated syndecan-1 shedding during EG damage. Methods: HS/R was induced in rats by reducing mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 35 mm Hg for 60 min followed by resuscitation. Rats inhaled oxygen or H2 + oxygen after achieving shock either in the presence or absence of an XOR inhibitor (XOR-I) for both the groups. In a second test, rats received oxygen alone or antitumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α monoclonal antibody with oxygen or H2. Two hours after resuscitation, XOR activity, purine metabolites, cytokines, syndecan-1 were measured and survival rates were assessed 6 h after resuscitation. Results: H2 and XOR-I both suppressed MAP reduction and improved survival rates. H2 did not affect XOR activity and the therapeutic effects of XOR-I and H2 were additive. H2 suppressed plasma TNF-α and syndecan-1 expression; however, no additional H2 therapeutic effect was observed in the presence of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Conclusions: H2 inhalation after shock stabilized hemodynamics and improved survival rates in an HS/R model independent of XOR. The therapeutic action of H2 was partially mediated by inhibition of TNF-α-dependent syndecan-1 shedding.
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Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P, Preiser JC. Selenocompounds and Sepsis: Redox Bypass Hypothesis for Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Part A-Early Acute Phase of Sepsis: An Extraordinary Redox Situation (Leukocyte/Endothelium Interaction Leading to Endothelial Damage). Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:113-138. [PMID: 33567962 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is a health disaster. In sepsis, an initial, beneficial local immune response against infection evolves rapidly into a generalized, dysregulated response or a state of chaos, leading to multiple organ failure. Use of life-sustaining supportive therapies creates an unnatural condition, enabling the complex cascades of the sepsis response to develop in patients who would otherwise die. Multiple attempts to control sepsis at an early stage have been unsuccessful. Recent Advances: Major events in early sepsis include activation and binding of leukocytes and endothelial cells in the microcirculation, damage of the endothelial surface layer (ESL), and a decrease in the plasma concentration of the antioxidant enzyme, selenoprotein-P. These events induce an increase in intracellular redox potential and lymphocyte apoptosis, whereas apoptosis is delayed in monocytes and neutrophils. They also induce endothelial mitochondrial and cell damage. Critical Issues: Neutrophil production increases dramatically, and aggressive immature forms are released. Leukocyte cross talk with other leukocytes and with damaged endothelial cells amplifies the inflammatory response. The release of large quantities of reactive oxygen, halogen, and nitrogen species as a result of the leukocyte respiratory burst, endothelial mitochondrial damage, and ischemia/reperfusion processes, along with the marked decrease in selenoprotein-P concentrations, leads to peroxynitrite damage of the ESL, reducing flow and damaging the endothelial barrier. Future Directions: Endothelial barrier damage by activated leukocytes is a time-sensitive event in sepsis, occurring within hours and representing the first step toward organ failure and death. Reducing or stopping this event is necessary before irreversible damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Forceville
- Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Great Hospital of East Francilien-Meaux Site, Hôpital Saint Faron, Meaux, France.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1414), CHU de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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Zou Z, Li L, Schäfer N, Huang Q, Maegele M, Gu Z. Endothelial glycocalyx in traumatic brain injury associated coagulopathy: potential mechanisms and impact. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:134. [PMID: 34126995 PMCID: PMC8204552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide; more than 10 million people are hospitalized for TBI every year around the globe. While the primary injury remains unavoidable and not accessible to treatment, the secondary injury which includes oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, but also complicating coagulation abnormalities, is potentially avoidable and profoundly affects the therapeutic process and prognosis of TBI patients. The endothelial glycocalyx, the first line of defense against endothelial injury, plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance between blood coagulation and anticoagulation. However, this component is highly vulnerable to damage and also difficult to examine. Recent advances in analytical techniques have enabled biochemical, visual, and computational investigation of this vascular component. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on (i) structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx, (ii) its potential role in the development of TBI associated coagulopathy, and (iii) the options available at present for detecting and protecting the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zou
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China
| | - Nadine Schäfer
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Marc Maegele
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany. .,Department for Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany.
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.
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Sugiyama N, Tawada M, Sun T, Suzuki Y, Kinashi H, Yamaguchi M, Katsuno T, Aten J, Vlahu CA, van Kuppevelt TH, Takei Y, Ishimoto T, Maruyama S, Mizuno M, Ito Y. Low-GDP, pH-neutral solutions preserve peritoneal endothelial glycocalyx during long-term peritoneal dialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021; 25:1035-1046. [PMID: 33999275 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-021-02078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During peritoneal dialysis (PD), solute transport and ultrafiltration are mainly achieved by the peritoneal blood vasculature. Glycocalyx lies on the surface of endothelial cells and plays a role in vascular permeability. Low-glucose degradation product (GDP), pH-neutral PD solutions reportedly offer higher biocompatibility and lead to less peritoneal injury. However, the effects on the vasculature have not been clarified. METHODS Peritoneal tissues from 11 patients treated with conventional acidic solutions (acidic group) and 11 patients treated with low-GDP, pH-neutral solutions (neutral group) were examined. Control tissues were acquired from 5 healthy donors of kidney transplants (control group). CD31 and ratio of luminal diameter to vessel diameter (L/V ratio) were evaluated to identify endothelial cells and vasculopathy, respectively. Immunostaining for heparan sulfate (HS) domains and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1) binding was performed to assess sulfated glycosaminoglycans and the fucose-containing sugar chain of glycocalyx. RESULTS Compared with the acidic group, the neutral group showed higher CD31 positivity. L/V ratio was significantly higher in the neutral group, suggesting less progression of vasculopathy. Both HS expression and UEA-1 binding were higher in the neutral group, whereas HS expression was markedly more preserved than UEA-1 binding in the acidic group. In vessels with low L/V ratio, which were found only in the acidic group, HS expression and UEA-1 binding were diminished, suggesting a loss of glycocalyx. CONCLUSION Peritoneal endothelial glycocalyx was more preserved in patients treated with low-GDP, pH-neutral solution. The use of low-GDP, pH-neutral solutions could help to protect peritoneal vascular structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugiyama
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tawada
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsuno
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Location AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen A Vlahu
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Location AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshifumi Takei
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Aichi Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
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Baljinnyam T, Radnaa E, Ouellette CM, Nelson C, Niimi Y, Andersen CR, Popov V, Lee JW, Prough DS, Enkhbaatar P. High molecular weight sodium hyaluronate improves survival of syndecan-1-deficient septic mice by inhibiting neutrophil migration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250327. [PMID: 33930030 PMCID: PMC8087021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Sepsis was induced by cotton smoke inhalation followed by intranasal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in female (> 6 months) Balb/c and syndecan-1 knockout mice. Survival of mice, lung capillary endothelial glycocalyx integrity, lung water content, and vascular hyper-permeability were determined with or without HMW-SH treatment in these mice. Effects of HMW-SH on endothelial permeability and neutrophil migration were tested in in vitro setting. RESULTS In septic wildtype mice, we found a severely damaged pulmonary microvascular endothelial glycocalyx and elevated levels of shed syndecan-1 in the circulation. These changes were associated with significantly increased pulmonary vascular permeability. In septic syndecan-1 knockout mice, extravascular lung water content was higher, and early death was observed. The administration of HMW-SH significantly reduced mortality and lung water content in septic syndecan-1 knockout mice, but not in septic wildtype mice. In in vitro setting, HMW-SH inhibited neutrophil migration and reduced cultured endothelial cell permeability increases. However, these effects were reversed by the addition of recombinant syndecan-1 ectodomain. CONCLUSIONS HMW-SH reduced lung tissue damage and mortality in the absence of syndecan-1 protein, possibly by reducing vascular hyper-permeability and neutrophil migration. Our results further suggest that increased shed syndecan-1 protein levels are linked with the inefficiency of HMW-SH in septic wildtype mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshintugs Baljinnyam
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Casey M. Ouellette
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yosuke Niimi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clark R. Andersen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF School of Medicine, San-Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Perenlei Enkhbaatar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx and Organ Preservation-From Physiology to Possible Clinical Implications for Solid Organ Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084019. [PMID: 33924713 PMCID: PMC8070558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a thin layer consisting of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans that lines the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells. It acts as a barrier and contributes to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and microperfusion. During solid organ transplantation, the endothelial glycocalyx of the graft is damaged as part of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (IRI), which is associated with impaired organ function. Although several substances are known to mitigate glycocalyx damage, it has not been possible to use these substances during graft storage on ice. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) emerges as an alternative technology for organ preservation and allows for organ evaluation, but also offers the possibility to treat and thus improve organ quality during storage. This review highlights the current knowledge on glycocalyx injury during organ transplantation, presents ways to protect the endothelial glycocalyx and discusses potential glycocalyx protection strategies during normothermic machine perfusion.
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Heparin prevents in vitro glycocalyx shedding induced by plasma from COVID-19 patients. Life Sci 2021; 276:119376. [PMID: 33781826 PMCID: PMC7997864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe forms and worsened outcomes of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) are closely associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Endothelial cells express Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the entrance door for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The hallmarks of severe illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are increased levels of IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy and microthrombi of alveolar capillaries. The endothelial glycocalyx, a proteoglycan- and glycoprotein-rich layer covering the luminal side of endothelial cells, contributes to vascular homeostasis. It regulates vascular tonus and permeability, prevents thrombosis, and modulates leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory response. We hypothesized that cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation associated with COVID-19 leads to glycocalyx degradation. A cohort of 20 hospitalized patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Mechanisms associated with glycocalyx degradation in COVID-19 were investigated. Increased plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL1-β, as well as increased lipid peroxidation and glycocalyx components were detected in plasma from COVID-19 patients compared to plasma from healthy subjects. Plasma from COVID-19 patients induced glycocalyx shedding in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and disrupted redox balance. Treatment of HUVECs with low molecular weight heparin inhibited the glycocalyx perturbation. In conclusion, plasma from COVID-19 patients promotes glycocalyx shedding and redox imbalance in endothelial cells, and heparin treatment potentially inhibits glycocalyx disruption.
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Target of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation-Where Have We Gone So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042157. [PMID: 33671524 PMCID: PMC7926299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage of the endothelial glycocalyx as a consequence of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury (IRI) following kidney transplantation has come at the spotlight of research due to potential associations with delayed graft function, acute rejection as well as long-term allograft dysfunction. The disintegration of the endothelial glycocalyx induced by IRI is the crucial event which exposes the denuded endothelial cells to further inflammatory and oxidative damage. The aim of our review is to present the currently available data regarding complex links between shedding of the glycocalyx components, like syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate, and CD44 with the activation of intricate immune system responses, including toll-like receptors, cytokines and pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Evidence on modes of protection of the endothelial glycocalyx and subsequently maintenance of endothelial permeability as well as novel nephroprotective molecules such as sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), are also depicted. Although advances in technology are making the visualization and the analysis of the endothelial glycocalyx possible, currently available evidence is mostly experimental. Ongoing progress in understanding the complex impact of IRI on the endothelial glycocalyx, opens up a new era of research in the field of organ transplantation and clinical studies are of utmost importance for the future.
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Kröpfl JM, Beltrami FG, Rehm M, Gruber HJ, Stelzer I, Spengler CM. Acute exercise-induced glycocalyx shedding does not differ between exercise modalities, but is associated with total antioxidative capacity. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:689-695. [PMID: 33632661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regular physical exercise is known to protect endothelial integrity. It has been proposed that acute exercise-induced changes of the (anti-)oxidative system influence early (glycocalyx shedding) and sustained endothelial activation (shedding of endothelial cells, ECs) as well as endothelial-cell repair by circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). However, results are not conclusive and data in trained participants performing different exercise modalities is lacking. DESIGN Eighteen healthy, well-trained participants (9 runners, 9 cyclists; age: 29.7 ± 4.2 yrs) performed a strenuous acute exercise session consisting of 4 bouts of 4-min high-intensity with decreasing power profile and 3-min low-intensity in-between. METHODS Average power/speed of intense phases was 85% of the peak achieved in a previous incremental test. Before and shortly after exercise, total oxidative and antioxidative capacities (TAC), shedding of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, ECs, and circulating HPCs were investigated. RESULTS TAC decreased from 1.81 ± 0.42 nmol/L to 1.47 ± 0.23 nmol/L post-exercise (p = 0.010) only in runners. Exercise-induced early and sustained endothelial activation were enhanced post-exercise- syndecan-1: 103.2 ± 63.3 ng/mL to 111.3 ± 71.3 ng/mL, heparan sulfate: from 2637.9 ± 800.1 ng/mL to 3197.1 ± 1416.3 ng/mL, both p < 0.05; hyaluronan: 84.3 ± 21.8 ng/mL to 121.4 ± 29.4 ng/mL, ECs: from 6.6 ± 4.5 cells/μL to 9.5 ± 6.2 cells/μL, both p < 0.01; results were not different between exercise modalities and negatively related to TAC concentrations post-exercise. HPC proportions and self-renewal ability were negatively, while EC concentrations were positively associated with circulating hyaluronan concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the antioxidative system to prevent the endothelium from acute exercise-induced vascular injury - independent of exercise modality - in well-trained participants. Endothelial-cell repair is associated with hyluronan signaling, possibly a similar mechanism as in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kröpfl
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, LKH Hochsteiermark, Austria
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yang H, Shang X, Zhong G, Hong L, Li Z, Zhuang W, Cheng J. Berberine protects human and rat cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-triggered apoptosis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:659-671. [PMID: 33594316 PMCID: PMC7868847 DOI: pmid/33594316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) confers potential cardioprotective effects. However, the relevant mechanisms underlying its regulation of cardiomyocyte survival following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment remain unknown. The present study investigated whether BBR could protect H/R by suppressing apoptosis and explored how TGF-β/Smad4 signaling pathway influenced H/R in vitro. Two cardiomyocyte cell lines-AC16 and H9c2- were treated with H/R and BBR. The survival and apoptosis of these two cell lines were assessed using the MTT and BrdU assays and western blotting (WB) and flow cytometry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase (Cas)-3, Cas-8, and Cas-9 activation were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as WB. Compared to the control group, H/R resulted in notable cell apoptosis, whereas BBR treatment evidently counteracted the process. BBR also markedly suppressed H/R-triggered excessive mitochondrial ROS generation and inhibited Smad4 expression. Overexpressing Smad4 in BBR-treated H/R-exposed cardiomyocytes reversed the effect of BBR treatment on apoptosis. Therefore, BBR protects H/R-treated cardiomyocytes from apoptosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College & Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology & Laboratory of Molecular ImagingShantou 515041, China
| | - Xu Shang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong KongShantou 515041, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Zhi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Wanling Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Jidong Cheng
- School Medical, Xiamen UniversityShantou 515041, China
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Oshima Y, Otsuki A, Endo R, Nakasone M, Harada T, Takahashi S, Inagaki Y. The Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Basic to Clinical Studies. J Surg Res 2020; 260:325-344. [PMID: 33373852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Case reports from as early as the 1970s have shown that intravenous injection of even a small dose of volatile anesthetics result in fatal lung injury. Direct contact between volatile anesthetics and pulmonary vasculature triggers chemical damage in the vessel walls. A wide variety of factors are involved in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI), such as pulmonary endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, platelets, proinflammatory cytokines, and surfactant. With a constellation of factors involved, the assessment of the protective effect of volatile anesthetics in LIRI is difficult. Multiple animal studies have reported that with regards to LIRI, sevoflurane demonstrates an anti-inflammatory effect in immunocompetent cells and an anti-apoptotic effect on lung tissue. Scattered studies have dismissed a protective effect of desflurane against LIRI. While a single-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that volatile anesthetics including desflurane demonstrated a lung-protective effect in thoracic surgery, a multicenter RCT did not demonstrate a lung-protective effect of desflurane. LIRI is common in lung transplantation. One study, although limited due to its small sample size, found that the use of volatile anesthetics in organ procurement surgery involving "death by neurologic criteria" donors did not improve lung graft survival. Future studies on the protective effect of volatile anesthetics against LIRI must examine not only the mechanism of the protective effect but also differences in the effects of different types of volatile anesthetics, their optimal dosage, and the appropriateness of their use in the event of marked alveolar capillary barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Oshima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yonago Medical Center, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Otsuki
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ryo Endo
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masato Nakasone
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomomi Harada
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Takahashi
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Inagaki
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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