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Curry BA, Drane AL, Atencia R, Feltrer Y, Calvi T, Milnes EL, Moittié S, Weigold A, Knauf-Witzens T, Sawung Kusuma A, Howatson G, Palmer C, Stembridge MR, Gorzynski JE, Eves ND, Dawkins TG, Shave RE. Left ventricular trabeculation in Hominidae: divergence of the human cardiac phenotype. Commun Biol 2024; 7:682. [PMID: 38877299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the gross morphology of the heart is conserved across mammals, subtle interspecific variations exist in the cardiac phenotype, which may reflect evolutionary divergence among closely-related species. Here, we compare the left ventricle (LV) across all extant members of the Hominidae taxon, using 2D echocardiography, to gain insight into the evolution of the human heart. We present compelling evidence that the human LV has diverged away from a more trabeculated phenotype present in all other great apes, towards a ventricular wall with proportionally greater compact myocardium, which was corroborated by post-mortem chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) hearts. Speckle-tracking echocardiographic analyses identified a negative curvilinear relationship between the degree of trabeculation and LV systolic twist, revealing lower rotational mechanics in the trabeculated non-human great ape LV. This divergent evolution of the human heart may have facilitated the augmentation of cardiac output to support the metabolic and thermoregulatory demands of the human ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony A Curry
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Aimee L Drane
- International Primate Heart Project, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute, Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Yedra Feltrer
- International Primate Heart Project, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Thalita Calvi
- Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage, Solwesi Road, Chingola, Zambia
| | - Ellie L Milnes
- Wildlife Health, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Sophie Moittié
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Congo Dam Access Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Annika Weigold
- Wilhelma Zoological-Botanical Gardens, Wilhelma 13, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany
| | | | - Arga Sawung Kusuma
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, Central Kalimantan Orangutan Reintroduction Project at Nyaru Menteng, Jalan Cilik Riwut km 28, Palangkaraya, 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
- Water Research Group, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Christopher Palmer
- Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mike R Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - John E Gorzynski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Neil D Eves
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rob E Shave
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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2
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Perkins DR, Talbot JS, Lord RN, Dawkins TG, Baggish AL, Zaidi A, Uzun O, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA, Cooper SM, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Shave RE, Stembridge M. Adaptation of Left Ventricular Twist Mechanics in Exercise-Trained Children Is Only Evident after the Adolescent Growth Spurt. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:538-549. [PMID: 38056578 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of structural cardiac remodeling in response to endurance training is maturity dependent. In adults, this structural adaptation is often associated with the adaptation of left ventricular (LV) twist mechanics. For example, an increase in LV twist often follows an expansion in end-diastolic volume, whereas a reduction in twist may follow a thickening of the LV walls. While structural cardiac remodeling has been shown to be more prominent post-peak height velocity (PHV), it remains to be determined how this maturation-dependent structural remodeling influences LV twist. Therefore, we aimed to (1) compare LV twist mechanics between trained and untrained children pre- and post-PHV and (2) investigate how LV structural variables relate to LV twist mechanics pre- and post-PHV. METHODS Left ventricular function and morphology were assessed (echocardiography) in endurance-trained and untrained boys (n = 38 and n = 28, respectively) and girls (n = 39 and n = 34, respectively). Participants were categorized as either pre- or post-PHV using maturity offset to estimate somatic maturation. RESULTS Pre-PHV, there were no differences in LV twist or torsion between trained and untrained boys (twist: P = .630; torsion: P = .382) or girls (twist: P = .502; torsion: P = .316), and LV twist mechanics were not related with any LV structural variables (P > .05). Post-PHV, LV twist was lower in trained versus untrained boys (P = .004), with torsion lower in trained groups, irrespective of sex (boys: P < .001; girls: P = .017). Moreover, LV torsion was inversely related to LV mass (boys: r = -0.55, P = .001; girls: r = -0.46, P = .003) and end-diastolic volume (boys: r = -0.64, P < .001; girls: r = -0.36, P = .025) in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS A difference in LV twist mechanics between endurance-trained and untrained cohorts is only apparent post-PHV, where structural and functional remodeling were related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R Perkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Orhan Uzun
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rob E Shave
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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3
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Almeida ALC, Melo MDTD, Bihan DCDSL, Vieira MLC, Pena JLB, Del Castillo JM, Abensur H, Hortegal RDA, Otto MEB, Piveta RB, Dantas MR, Assef JE, Beck ALDS, Santo THCE, Silva TDO, Salemi VMC, Rocon C, Lima MSM, Barberato SH, Rodrigues AC, Rabschkowisky A, Frota DDCR, Gripp EDA, Barretto RBDM, Silva SME, Cauduro SA, Pinheiro AC, Araujo SPD, Tressino CG, Silva CES, Monaco CG, Paiva MG, Fisher CH, Alves MSL, Grau CRPDC, Santos MVCD, Guimarães ICB, Morhy SS, Leal GN, Soares AM, Cruz CBBV, Guimarães Filho FV, Assunção BMBL, Fernandes RM, Saraiva RM, Tsutsui JM, Soares FLDJ, Falcão SNDRS, Hotta VT, Armstrong ADC, Hygidio DDA, Miglioranza MH, Camarozano AC, Lopes MMU, Cerci RJ, Siqueira MEMD, Torreão JA, Rochitte CE, Felix A. Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230646. [PMID: 38232246 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Central Illustration : Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023 Proposal for including strain in the integrated diastolic function assessment algorithm, adapted from Nagueh et al.67 Am: mitral A-wave duration; Ap: reverse pulmonary A-wave duration; DD: diastolic dysfunction; LA: left atrium; LASr: LA strain reserve; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; TI: tricuspid insufficiency. Confirm concentric remodeling with LVGLS. In LVEF, mitral E wave deceleration time < 160 ms and pulmonary S-wave < D-wave are also parameters of increased filling pressure. This algorithm does not apply to patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), mitral annulus calcification, > mild mitral valve disease, left bundle branch block, paced rhythm, prosthetic valves, or severe primary pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - José Luiz Barros Pena
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
- Hospital Felicio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
| | | | - Henry Abensur
- Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vera Maria Cury Salemi
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Camila Rocon
- Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Márcio Silva Miguel Lima
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliza de Almeida Gripp
- Hospital Pró-Cardiaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Veronica Camara Dos Santos
- Departamento de Cardiologia Pediátrica (DCC/CP) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Nunes Leal
- Instituto da Criança e do Adolescente do Hospital das Clinicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Viviane Tiemi Hotta
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Daniel de Andrade Hygidio
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão, SC - Brasil
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza
- EcoHaertel - Hospital Mae de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Andion Torreão
- Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Santa Casa da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Alex Felix
- Diagnósticos da América SA (DASA), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
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4
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Wilson AJ, Sands GB, Wang VY, Pontre B, Ennis DB, Young AA, LeGrice IJ, Nash MP. Quinapril treatment curtails decline of global longitudinal strain and mechanical function in hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1606-1614. [PMID: 37466436 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) has been proposed as an early imaging biomarker of cardiac mechanical dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment of hypertensive heart disease on LV GLS and mechanical function. METHODS The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of hypertensive heart disease ( n = 38) was studied. A subset of SHRs received quinapril (TSHR, n = 16) from 3 months (mo). Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY, n = 13) were used as controls. Tagged cardiac MRI was performed using a 4.7 T Varian preclinical scanner. RESULTS The SHRs had significantly lower LV ejection fraction (EF) than the WKYs at 3 mo (53.0 ± 1.7% vs. 69.6 ± 2.1%, P < 0.05), 14 mo (57.0 ± 2.5% vs. 74.4 ± 2.9%, P < 0.05) and 24 mo (50.1 ± 2.4% vs. 67.0 ± 2.0%, P < 0.01). At 24 mo, ACE inhibitor treatment was associated with significantly greater LV EF in TSHRs compared to untreated SHRs (64.2 ± 3.4% vs. 50.1 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01). Peak GLS magnitude was significantly lower in SHRs compared with WKYs at 14 months (7.5% ± 0.4% vs. 9.9 ± 0.8%, P < 0.05). At 24 months, Peak GLS magnitude was significantly lower in SHRs compared with both WKYs (6.5 ± 0.4% vs. 9.7 ± 1.0%, P < 0.01) and TSHRs (6.5 ± 0.4% vs. 9.6 ± 0.6%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ACE inhibitor treatment curtails the decline in global longitudinal strain in hypertensive rats, with the treatment group exhibiting significantly greater LV EF and GLS magnitude at 24 mo compared with untreated SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicky Y Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Beau Pontre
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel B Ennis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alistair A Young
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Martyn P Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Dufva MJ, Boehm M, Ichimura K, Truong U, Qin X, Tabakh J, Hunter KS, Ivy D, Spiekerkoetter E, Kheyfets VO. Pulmonary arterial banding in mice may be a suitable model for studies on ventricular mechanics in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:66. [PMID: 34078382 PMCID: PMC8173855 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interventricular mechanics in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its relation to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been largely overlooked. Here, we characterize the impact of maintained pressure overload in the RV-pulmonary artery (PA) axis on myocardial strain and left ventricular (LV) mechanics in pediatric PAH patients in comparison to a preclinical PA-banding (PAB) mouse model. We hypothesize that the PAB mouse model mimics important aspects of interventricular mechanics of pediatric PAH and may be beneficial as a surrogate model for some longitudinal and interventional studies not possible in children. METHODS Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images of 18 PAH and 17 healthy (control) pediatric subjects were retrospectively analyzed using CMR feature-tracking (FT) software to compute measurements of myocardial strain. Furthermore, myocardial tagged-CMR images were also analyzed for each subject using harmonic phase flow analysis to derive LV torsion rate. Within 48 h of CMR, PAH patients underwent right heart catheterization (RHC) for measurement of PA/RV pressures, and to compute RV end-systolic elastance (RV_Ees, a measure of load-independent contractility). Surgical PAB was performed on mice to induce RV pressure overload and myocardial remodeling. bSSFP-CMR, tagged CMR, and intra-cardiac catheterization were performed on 12 PAB and 9 control mice (Sham) 7 weeks after surgery with identical post-processing as in the aforementioned patient studies. RV_Ees was assessed via the single beat method. RESULTS LV torsion rate was significantly reduced under hypertensive conditions in both PAB mice (p = 0.004) and pediatric PAH patients (p < 0.001). This decrease in LV torsion rate correlated significantly with a decrease in RV_Ees in PAB (r = 0.91, p = 0.05) and PAH subjects (r = 0.51, p = 0.04). In order to compare combined metrics of LV torsion rate and strain parameters principal component analysis (PCA) was used. PCA revealed grouping of PAH patients with PAB mice and control subjects with Sham mice. Similar to LV torsion rate, LV global peak circumferential, radial, and longitudinal strain were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced under hypertensive conditions in both PAB mice and children with PAH. CONCLUSIONS The PAB mouse model resembles PAH-associated myocardial mechanics and may provide a potential model to study mechanisms of RV/LV interdependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Dufva
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045-2560, USA.
| | - Mario Boehm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenzo Ichimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uyen Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xulei Qin
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tabakh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kendall S Hunter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dunbar Ivy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vitaly O Kheyfets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Kihlberg J, Gupta V, Haraldsson H, Sigfridsson A, Sarvari SI, Ebbers T, Engvall JE. Clinical validation of three cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques to measure strain and torsion in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:83. [PMID: 33280612 PMCID: PMC7720468 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques can measure myocardial strain and torsion with high accuracy. The purpose of this study was to compare displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), tagging and feature tracking (FT) for measuring circumferential and radial myocardial strain and myocardial torsion in order to assess myocardial function and infarct scar burden both at a global and at a segmental level. METHOD 116 patients with a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (European SCORE > 15%) underwent CMR examination including cine images, tagging, DENSE and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the short axis direction. In total, 97 patients had signs of myocardial disease and 19 had no abnormalities in terms of left ventricular (LV) wall mass index, LV ejection fraction, wall motion, LGE or a history of myocardial infarction. Thirty-four patients had myocardial infarct scar with a transmural LGE extent (transmurality) that exceeded 50% of the wall thickness in at least one segment. Global circumferential strain (GCS) and global radial strain (GRS) was analyzed using FT of cine loops, deformation of tag lines or DENSE displacement. RESULTS DENSE and tagging both showed high sensitivity (82% and 71%) at a specificity of 80% for the detection of segments with > 50% LGE transmurality, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed significantly higher area under the curve-values (AUC) for DENSE (0.87) than for tagging (0.83, p < 0.001) and FT (0.66, p = 0.003). GCS correlated with global LGE when determined with DENSE (r = 0.41), tagging (r = 0.37) and FT (r = 0.15). GRS had a low but significant negative correlation with LGE; DENSE r = - 0.10, FT r = - 0.07 and tagging r = - 0.16. Torsion from DENSE and tagging had a weak correlation (- 0.20 and - 0.22 respectively) with global LGE. CONCLUSION Circumferential strain from DENSE detected segments with > 50% scar with a higher AUC than strain determined from tagging and FT at a segmental level. GCS and torsion computed from DENSE and tagging showed similar correlation with global scar size, while when computed from FT, the correlation was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kihlberg
- Department of Radiology in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Haraldsson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andreas Sigfridsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology & Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian I Sarvari
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tino Ebbers
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan E Engvall
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Stanley A, Athanasuleas C, Buckberg G. How His bundle pacing prevents and reverses heart failure induced by right ventricular pacing. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:1311-1324. [PMID: 32318885 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ideal heart performance demands vigorous systolic contractions and rapid diastolic relaxation. These sequential events are precisely timed and interdependent and require the rapid synchronous electrical stimulation provided by the His-Purkinje system. Right ventricular (RV) pacing creates slow asynchronous electrical stimulation that disrupts the timing of the cardiac cycle and results in left ventricular (LV) mechanical asynchrony. Long-term mechanical asynchrony produces LV dysfunction, remodeling, and clinical heart failure. His bundle pacing preserves synchronous electrical and mechanical LV function, prevents or reverses RV pacemaker-induced remodeling, and reduces heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Stanley
- Cardiovascular Associates of the Southeast, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Constantine Athanasuleas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerald Buckberg
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Leitman M, Efrati S, Fuchs S, Hadanny A, Vered Z. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on myocardial function. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:833-840. [PMID: 31953651 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy is successfully implemented for the treatment of several disorders. Data on the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on echocardiographic parameters in asymptomatic patients is limited. The current study sought to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on echocardiographic parameters in asymptomatic patients. Thirty-one consecutive patients underwent a 60-sessions course of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy in an attempt to improve cognitive impairment. In all subjects, echocardiography examination was performed before and after a course of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy. Conventional and speckle tracking imaging parameters were calculated and analyzed. The mean age was 70 ± 9.5 years, 28 [90%] were males. History of coronary artery disease was present in 12 [39%]. 94% suffered from hypertension, 42% had diabetes mellitus. Baseline wall motion abnormalities were found in eight patients, however, global ejection fraction was within normal limits. During the study, ejection fraction [EF], increased from 60.71 ± 6.02 to 62.29 ± 5.19%, p = 0.02. Left ventricular end systolic volume [LVESV], decreased from 38.08 ± 13.30 to 35.39 ± 13.32 ml, p = 0.01. Myocardial performance index [MPi] improved, from 0.29 ± 0.07 to 0.26 ± 0.08, p = 0.03. Left ventricular [LV] global longitudinal strain increased from - 19.31 ± 3.17% to - 20.16 ± 3.34%, p = 0.036 due to improvement in regional strain in the apical and antero-septal segments. Twist increased from 18.32 ± 6.61° to 23.12 ± 6.35° p = 0.01, due to improvement in the apical rotation, from 11.76 ± 4.40° to 16.10 ± 5.56°, p = 0.004. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to improve left ventricular function, especially in the apical segments, and is associated with better cardiac performance. If our results are confirmed in further studies, HBOT can be used in many patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leitman
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Shai Efrati
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Fuchs
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Hadanny
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Vered
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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9
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M H BT, H Z, H P, Sh N, A E, A G. Sex-related Left Ventricle Rotational and Torsional Mechanics by Block Matching Algorithm. J Biomed Phys Eng 2019; 9:541-550. [PMID: 31750268 PMCID: PMC6820028 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate how left ventricular twist and torsion are associated with sex between sex groups of the same age.
Materials and Methods: In this analytical study, twenty one healthy subjects were scanned in left ventricle basal and apical short axis views to run the block matching algorithm; instantaneous changes in the base and apex rotation angels were estimated by this algorithm and then instantaneous changes of the twist and torsion were calculated over the cardiac cycle.
Results: The rotation amount between the consecutive frames in basal and apical levels was extracted from short axis views by tracking the speckle pattern of images. The maximum basal rotation angle for men and women were -6.94°±1.84 and 9.85°±2.36 degrees (p-value = 0.054), respectively. Apex maximum rotation for men was -8.89°±2.04 and for women was 12.18°±2.33 (p-value < 0.05). The peak of twist angle for men and women was 16.78 ± 1.83 and 20.95± 2.09 degrees (p-value < 0.05), respectively. In men and women groups, the peak of calculated torsion angle was 5.49°±1.04 and 7.12± 1.38 degrees (p-value < 0.05), respectively.
Conclusion: The conclusion is that although torsion is an efficient parameter for left ventricle function assessment, because it can take in account the heart diameter and length,
statistic evaluation of the results shows that among men and women LV mechanical parameters are significantly different. This study was mainly ascribed to the dependency of the torsion and twist on patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahreini Toosi M H
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zarghani H
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Poorzand H
- MD, Atherosclerosis Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseri Sh
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Eshraghi A
- MD, Atherosclerosis Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Golabpour A
- PhD, Biomedical Informatics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Cooke S, Samuel TJ, Cooper SM, Stöhr EJ. Adaptation of myocardial twist in the remodelled athlete's heart is not related to cardiac output. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1456-1468. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cooke
- Discipline of Physiology & Health; Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Sport); Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - T. Jake Samuel
- Discipline of Physiology & Health; Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Sport); Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- Discipline of Physiology & Health; Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Sport); Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Eric J. Stöhr
- Discipline of Physiology & Health; Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Sport); Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
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11
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Ahmad Bakir A, Al Abed A, Stevens MC, Lovell NH, Dokos S. A Multiphysics Biventricular Cardiac Model: Simulations With a Left-Ventricular Assist Device. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30271353 PMCID: PMC6142745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models have become essential in predicting medical device efficacy prior to clinical studies. To investigate the performance of a left-ventricular assist device (LVAD), a fully-coupled cardiac fluid-electromechanics finite element model was developed, incorporating electrical activation, passive and active myocardial mechanics, as well as blood hemodynamics solved simultaneously in an idealized biventricular geometry. Electrical activation was initiated using a simplified Purkinje network with one-way coupling to the surrounding myocardium. Phenomenological action potential and excitation-contraction equations were adapted to trigger myocardial contraction. Action potential propagation was formulated within a material frame to emulate gap junction-controlled propagation, such that the activation sequence was independent of myocardial deformation. Passive cardiac mechanics were governed by a transverse isotropic hyperelastic constitutive formulation. Blood velocity and pressure were determined by the incompressible Navier-Stokes formulations with a closed-loop Windkessel circuit governing the circulatory load. To investigate heart-LVAD interaction, we reduced the left ventricular (LV) contraction stress to mimic a failing heart, and inserted a LVAD cannula at the LV apex with continuous flow governing the outflow rate. A proportional controller was implemented to determine the pump motor voltage whilst maintaining pump motor speed. Following LVAD insertion, the model revealed a change in the LV pressure-volume loop shape from rectangular to triangular. At higher pump speeds, aortic ejection ceased and the LV decompressed to smaller end diastolic volumes. After multiple cycles, the LV cavity gradually collapsed along with a drop in pump motor current. The model was therefore able to predict ventricular collapse, indicating its utility for future development of control algorithms and pre-clinical testing of LVADs to avoid LV collapse in recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahmad Bakir
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Amr Al Abed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Innovative Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nigel H Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Socrates Dokos
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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12
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Leitman M, Tyomkin V, Sternik L, Copel L, Goitein O, Vered Z. Intramyocardial dissecting hematoma: Two case reports and a meta-analysis of the literature. Echocardiography 2018; 35:260-266. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leitman
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Zerifin Israel
| | - Vladimir Tyomkin
- Department of Cardiology; Assaf Harofeh Medical Center; Zerifin Israel
| | - Leonid Sternik
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Zerifin Israel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery; Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer Israel
| | - Laurian Copel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Zerifin Israel
- Department of Radiology; Assaf Harofeh Medical Center; Zerifin Israel
| | - Orly Goitein
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Zerifin Israel
- Department of Radiology; Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer Israel
| | - Zvi Vered
- Department of Cardiology; Assaf Harofeh Medical Center; Zerifin Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Zerifin Israel
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13
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Abstract
Non-Doppler, 2-dimensional strain imaging is a new echocardiographic technique for obtaining strain and strain rate measurements, which serves as a major advancement in understanding myocardial deformation. It analyzes motion in ultrasound imaging by tracking speckles in 2 dimensions. There are a lot of data emerging with multiple applications of strain imaging in the clinical practice of echocardiography. As incorporation of strain imaging in daily practice has been challenging, we intend to systematically highlight the top 10 applications of speckle-tracking echocardiography, which every cardiologist should be aware of: chemotherapy cardiotoxicity, left ventricular assessment, cardiac amyloidosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular dysfunction, valvular heart diseases (aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation), cardiac sarcoidosis, athlete heart, left atrial assessment, and cardiac dyssynchrony.
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14
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Bulut M, Acar RD, Acar Ş, Fidan S, Yesin M, İzci S, Efe SC, Çakır H. Evaluation of torsion and twist mechanics of the left ventricle in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Anatol J Cardiol 2015; 16:434-9. [PMID: 26680549 PMCID: PMC5331377 DOI: 10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2015.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has great importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rotation and twisting mechanics of the left ventricle (LV) in patients with SLE. Methods: Forty-three patients fulfilled at least four of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE and 30 individuals as controls were included in the study. SLE disease activity was assessed using the SELENA–SLEDAI score. Echocardiography was performed for all subjects. The patients fulfilled at least four of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were enrolled in the study. SLE disease activity was assessed using the SELENA-SLEDAI score. Echocardiography was performed for all individuals. Comparisons between groups were made using independent samples t-test with the standard statistical software (SPSS, version 15.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Each image was digitally stored for offline analysis. Measurement of global strain assessed by 17-segment model and rotational parameters were performed. LV ejection fraction was calculated by the biplane Simpson's method. Comparisons between groups were made using the independent samples t-test with the standard statistical software. A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The values of mean global longitudinal strain, basal global circumferential strain (GCS), mean basal radial strain, and apical GCS were significantly lower in SLE patients. The difference between basal rotation, apical rotation, twist of the LV, and torsion of the LV in the SLE patients and controls were not significant (8.8±5.5 vs. 10.6±5.8, p=0.183;-4.7±3.0 vs. -4.8±3.2, p=0.947; 11.7±6.4 vs. 13.2±6.4, p=0.366; and 1.8±0.8 vs. 1.9±2.3, p=0.725, respectively). Although there was not any significant relationship between SELENA–SLEDAI score and myocardial strain analyses of the LV, the basal rotation and the torsion of the LV were lower in patients with SLE having a SLEDAI score of ≥17 (p=0.024 for basal rotation and p=0.032 for torsion). Conclusion: The number of segmental and global strain analyses were decreased in SLE patients with globally normal LVEF. The twist and torsion mechanics of the LV were preserved according to the control group, and the left ventricular torsion and basal rotation were found to be significantly decreased in those with an activity score of ≥17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bulut
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Koşuyolu Education and Research Hospital; İstanbul-Turkey.
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15
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Bakermans AJ, Abdurrachim D, Moonen RPM, Motaal AG, Prompers JJ, Strijkers GJ, Vandoorne K, Nicolay K. Small animal cardiovascular MR imaging and spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 88-89:1-47. [PMID: 26282195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of MR imaging and spectroscopy for studying cardiovascular disease processes in small animals has increased tremendously over the past decade. This is the result of the remarkable advances in MR technologies and the increased availability of genetically modified mice. MR techniques provide a window on the entire timeline of cardiovascular disease development, ranging from subtle early changes in myocardial metabolism that often mark disease onset to severe myocardial dysfunction associated with end-stage heart failure. MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques play an important role in basic cardiovascular research and in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and therapy follow-up. This is due to the broad range of functional, structural and metabolic parameters that can be quantified by MR under in vivo conditions non-invasively. This review describes the spectrum of MR techniques that are employed in small animal cardiovascular disease research and how the technological challenges resulting from the small dimensions of heart and blood vessels as well as high heart and respiratory rates, particularly in mice, are tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus J Bakermans
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desiree Abdurrachim
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rik P M Moonen
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abdallah G Motaal
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Vandoorne
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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16
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Kurt M, Tanboga IH, Aksakal E. Two-Dimensional Strain Imaging: Basic principles and Technical Consideration. Eurasian J Med 2015; 46:126-30. [PMID: 25610311 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and TDI-derived strain provide considerably accurate information in the non-invasive assessment of local myocardial functions. Given its high temporal and spatial resolution, TDI allows assessment of local myocardial functions in each phase of cardiac cycle. However, the most important limitation of this method is its angle dependence. New techniques to measure myocardial deformation, such as speckle tracking echocardiography, overcome the angle-dependence limitation of TDI-derived strain. Moreover, these techniques provide more unique information about myocardial fiber orientation. This review examines the architectural structure and function of the myocardium and includes technical revisions of this information that will provide a basis for STE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kurt
- Department of Cardiology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
| | | | - Enbiya Aksakal
- Department of Cardiology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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17
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Kramer SP, Powell DK, Haggerty CM, Binkley CM, Mattingly AC, Cassis LA, Epstein FH, Fornwalt BK. Obesity reduces left ventricular strains, torsion, and synchrony in mouse models: a cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:109. [PMID: 24380567 PMCID: PMC3882783 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity affects a third of adults in the US and results in an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. While the mechanisms underlying this increased risk are not well understood, animal models of obesity have shown direct effects on the heart such as steatosis and fibrosis, which may affect cardiac function. However, the effect of obesity on cardiac function in animal models is not well-defined. We hypothesized that diet-induced obesity in mice reduces strain, torsion, and synchrony in the left ventricle (LV). METHODS Ten 12-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were randomized to a high-fat or low-fat diet. After 5 months on the diet, mice were imaged with a 7 T ClinScan using a cine DENSE protocol. Three short-axis and two long-axis slices were acquired for quantification of strains, torsion and synchrony in the left ventricle. RESULTS Left ventricular mass was increased by 15% (p = 0.032) with no change in volumes or ejection fraction. Subepicardial strain was lower in the obese mice with a 40% reduction in circumferential strain (p = 0.008) a 53% reduction in radial strain (p = 0.032) and a trend towards a 19% reduction in longitudinal strain (p = 0.056). By contrast, subendocardial strain was modestly reduced in the obese mice in the circumferential direction by 12% (p = 0.028), and no different in the radial (p = 0.690) or longitudinal (p = 0.602) directions. Peak torsion was reduced by 34% (p = 0.028). Synchrony of contraction was also reduced (p = 0.032) with a time delay in the septal-to-lateral direction. CONCLUSIONS Diet-induced obesity reduces left ventricular strains and torsion in mice. Reductions in cardiac strain are mostly limited to the subepicardium, with relative preservation of function in the subendocardium. Diet-induced obesity also leads to reduced synchrony of contraction and hypertrophy in mouse models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnosis
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myocardial Contraction
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/diagnosis
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Stress, Mechanical
- Stroke Volume
- Time Factors
- Torsion, Mechanical
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnosis
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage P Kramer
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David K Powell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Haggerty
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cassi M Binkley
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Andrea C Mattingly
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick H Epstein
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brandon K Fornwalt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St, MN-150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Graduate Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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Li SN, Yu W, Lai CTM, Wong SJ, Cheung YF. Left ventricular mechanics in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with and without pulmonary valve replacement: analysis by three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78826. [PMID: 24223166 PMCID: PMC3819374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered septal curvature and left ventricular (LV) geometry secondary to right ventricular (RV) dilation render two-dimensional assessment of LV mechanics difficult in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients. The novel three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography enables comprehensive evaluation of true 3D LV mechanics. Methods and Results Seventy-six patients aged 23.6±8.3 years, 55 with isolated repair (group I) and 21 with subsequent pulmonary valve replacement (group II), and 34 healthy controls were studied. Three-dimensional volume datasets were acquired for assessment of LV global and regional 3D strain, systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI), twist, twist gradient (twist/LV length), and ejection fraction. A global performance index was calculated as (global 3D strain•twist gradient)/SDI. The septal curvature and LV eccentricity were determined from the mid-ventricular short-axis. Compared with controls, group I and II patients had significantly reduced LV global 3D strain, LV twist, twist gradient, septal curvature, and global performance index, and greater LV systolic and diastolic eccentricity and SDI (all p<0.05). All but the four apical LV segments in patients had reduced regional 3D strain compared with controls (all p<0.05). Septal curvature correlated with LV global 3D strain (r = 0.41, p<0.001), average septal strain (r = 0.38, p<0.001), twist (r = 0.32, p<0.001), twist gradient (r = 0.33, p<0.001), and global performance index (r = 0.43, p<0.001). Conclusions Adverse 3D LV mechanics as characterized by impaired global and regional 3D systolic strain, mechanical dyssynchrony, and reduced twist is related to reduced septal curvature in repaired TOF patients with and without pulmonary valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-na Li
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clare Tik-man Lai
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sophia J. Wong
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu-fai Cheung
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Haggerty CM, Kramer SP, Binkley CM, Powell DK, Mattingly AC, Charnigo R, Epstein FH, Fornwalt BK. Reproducibility of cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance for measuring left ventricular strains, torsion, and synchrony in mice. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:71. [PMID: 23981339 PMCID: PMC3765995 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced measures of cardiac function are increasingly important to clinical assessment due to their superior diagnostic and predictive capabilities. Cine DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is ideal for quantifying advanced measures of cardiac function based on its high spatial resolution and streamlined post-processing. While many studies have utilized cine DENSE in both humans and small-animal models, the inter-test and inter-observer reproducibility for quantification of advanced cardiac function in mice has not been evaluated. This represents a critical knowledge gap for both understanding the capabilities of this technique and for the design of future experiments. We hypothesized that cine DENSE CMR would show excellent inter-test and inter-observer reproducibility for advanced measures of left ventricular (LV) function in mice. METHODS Five normal mice (C57BL/6) and four mice with depressed cardiac function (diet-induced obesity) were imaged twice, two days apart, on a 7T ClinScan MR system. Images were acquired with 15-20 frames per cardiac cycle in three short-axis (basal, mid, apical) and two long-axis orientations (4-chamber and 2-chamber). LV strain, twist, torsion, and measures of synchrony were quantified. Images from both days were analyzed by one observer to quantify inter-test reproducibility, while inter-observer reproducibility was assessed by a second observer's analysis of day-1 images. The coefficient of variation (CoV) was used to quantify reproducibility. RESULTS LV strains and torsion were highly reproducible on both inter-observer and inter-test bases with CoVs ≤ 15%, and inter-observer reproducibility was generally better than inter-test reproducibility. However, end-systolic twist angles showed much higher variance, likely due to the sensitivity of slice location within the sharp longitudinal gradient in twist angle. Measures of synchrony including the circumferential (CURE) and radial (RURE) uniformity of strain indices, showed excellent reproducibility with CoVs of 1% and 3%, respectively. Finally, peak measures (e.g., strains) were generally more reproducible than the corresponding rates of change (e.g., strain rate). CONCLUSIONS Cine DENSE CMR is a highly reproducible technique for quantification of advanced measures of left ventricular cardiac function in mice including strains, torsion and measures of synchrony. However, myocardial twist angles are not reproducible and future studies should instead report torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Haggerty
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sage P Kramer
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cassi M Binkley
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrea C Mattingly
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard Charnigo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick H Epstein
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brandon K Fornwalt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Altered regional cardiac wall mechanics are associated with differential cardiomyocyte calcium handling due to nebulette mutations in preclinical inherited dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:151-60. [PMID: 23632046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nebulette (NEBL) is a sarcomeric Z-disk protein involved in mechanosensing and force generation via its interaction with actin and tropomyosin-troponin complex. Genetic abnormalities in NEBL lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans and animal models. The objectives of this study are to determine the earliest preclinical mechanical changes in the myocardium and define underlying molecular mechanisms by which NEBL mutations lead to cardiac dysfunction. We examined cardiac function in 3-month-old non-transgenic (non-Tg) and transgenic (Tg) mice (WT-Tg, G202R-Tg, A592E-Tg) by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Contractility and calcium transients were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. A592E-Tg mice exhibited enhanced in vivo twist and untwisting rate compared to control groups. Ex vivo analysis of A592E-Tg cardiomyocytes showed blunted calcium decay response to isoproterenol. CMR imaging of G202R-Tg mice demonstrated reduced torsion compared to non-Tg and WT-Tg, but conserved twist and untwisting rate after correcting for geometric changes. Ex vivo analysis of G202R-Tg cardiomyocytes showed elevated calcium decay at baseline and a conserved contractile response to isoproterenol stress. Protein analysis showed decreased α-actinin and connexin43, and increased cardiac troponin I phosphorylation at baseline in G202R-Tg, providing a molecular mechanism for enhanced ex vivo calcium decay. Ultrastructurally, G202R-Tg cardiomyocytes exhibited increased I-band and sarcomere length, desmosomal separation, and enlarged t-tubules. A592E-Tg cardiomyocytes also showed abnormal ultrastructural changes and desmin downregulation. This study showed distinct effects of NEBL mutations on sarcomere ultrastructure, cellular contractile function, and calcium homeostasis in preclinical DCM in vivo. We suggest that these abnormalities correlate with detectable myocardial wall motion patterns.
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Reyhan M, Natsuaki Y, Ennis DB. Off-resonance insensitive complementary SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (ORI-CSPAMM) for quantification of left ventricular twist. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 39:339-45. [PMID: 23625854 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate Off Resonance Insensitive Complementary SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (ORI-CSPAMM) and Fourier Analysis of STimulated echoes (FAST) for the quantification of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and compare it with the previously validated FAST+SPAMM technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS LV short-axis tagged images were acquired with ORI-CSPAMM and SPAMM in healthy volunteers (n = 13). The FAST method was used to automatically estimate LV systolic and diastolic twist parameters from rotation of the stimulated echo and stimulated anti-echo about the middle of k-space subsequent to ∼3 min of user interaction. RESULTS There was no significant difference between measures obtained for FAST+ORI-CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM for mean peak twist (12.9 ± 3.4° versus 11.9 ± 4.0°; P = 0.4), torsion (3.3 ± 0.9°/cm versus 2.9 ± 1.0°/cm, P = 0.3), circumferential-longitudinal shear angle (9.1 ± 3.0° versus 8.2 ± 3.4°, P = 0.3), twisting rate (79.6 ± 20.2°/s versus 68.2 ± 23.4°/s, P = 0.1), untwisting rate (-117.5 ± 31.4°/s versus -106.6 ± 32.4°/s, P = 0.3), normalized untwisting rate (-9.3 ± 2.0/s versus -9.9 ± 4.4/s, P = 0.7), and time of peak twist (281 ± 18 ms versus 293 ± 25 ms, P = 0.04). FAST+ORI-CSPAMM also provided measures of duration of untwisting (148 ± 21 ms) and the ratio of rapid untwisting to peak twist (0.9 ± 0.3). Bland-Altman analysis of FAST+ORI-CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM twist data demonstrates excellent agreement with a bias of -0.1° and 95% confidence intervals of (-1.0°, 3.2°). CONCLUSION FAST+ORI-CSPAMM is a semi-automated method that provides a quick and quantitative assessment of LV systolic and diastolic twist and torsion. ORI-CSPAMM corrects off-resonance accrued during tagging preparation and readout and visibly removes chemical shift from the tagging pattern, which confers greater robustness to the derived quantitative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Reyhan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Biomedical Physics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Arab-Baferani Z, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Roshanali F. Extraction of left-ventricular torsion angle from the long-axis view by block-matching algorithm: Comparison with the short-axis view. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:552-560. [PMID: 23149062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to limitations in measuring the torsion angle in the short-axis view when studying through-plane motion and so it is dependent on reference levels, in this study, we follow myocardial movement along the long-axis of the left ventricle (LV). Then, LV torsion is estimated in the long-axis view and compared with LV torsion in the short-axis view. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two dimensional echocardiographic images of healthy persons were recorded in cine loop format position throughout four cardiac cycles at basal and apical levels in the long- and short-axis views. The motion vectors for reign of interest in the horizontal and vertical directions were obtained by block matching algorithm. Correlation between the values of automated analysis and manual tracing was performed by Pearson correlation analysis. Then, the maximum rotation angles of the short- and long-axis views at basal and apical levels were assessed. Left-ventricular torsion angles in short-axis and long-axis views were calculated and compared based on rotation angles. RESULTS There was a high correlation between the measured myocardial wall displacement of automated analysis (BM algorithm) and manual tracing (R=0.96, p<0.05). The maximum rotation angles of basal and apical levels in the short-axis view are 7.96±1.57° and 9.49±1.72° and so in the long-axis view are 18.51±3.41° and 14.74±2.91°, respectively. The LV torsion angles and the time to reach peak LV torsion angles in the short-axis views are 17.26±2.53°, 293±26ms and in the long-axis view are 32.26±5.60° and 290±22ms respectively. There was a high correlation between the left-ventricular torsion angle in the short-axis view and the long-axis view (R=0.92, p<0.05). There was also a high correlation between the time to reach peak left-ventricular torsion angle in the short-axis view as compared to the long-axis view (R=0.97, p<0.05). CONCLUSION This study suggested that the LVtorsion angles in the short- and long-axis views were significantly correlated. It is concluded that torsion and rotation angles in the long-axis view are similar to those determined using the short-axis view.
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Reyhan M, Ennis DB. Quantitative assessment of systolic and diastolic left ventricular twist using Fourier Analysis of Stimulated echoes (FAST) and CSPAMM. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 37:678-83. [PMID: 23371791 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate Fourier Analysis of Stimulated echoes (FAST) and CSPAMM for the quantification of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and compare it with the previously validated FAST+SPAMM technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS LV short-axis tagged images were acquired with CSPAMM and SPAMM in healthy volunteers (n = 13). The FAST method was used to automatically estimate LV systolic and diastolic twist parameters from rotation of the stimulated echo and stimulated anti-echo about the middle of k-space subsequent to ∼3 min of user interaction. RESULTS There was no significant difference between measures obtained for FAST+CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM for mean peak twist (13.5 ± 2.7° versus 11.9 ± 4.0°), torsion (3.4 ± 0.8°/cm versus 2.9 ± 1.0°/cm), twisting rate (76.8 ± 22.2°/s versus 68.2 ± 23.4°/s), untwisting rate (-102.7 ± 24.6°/s versus -106.6 ± 32.4°/s), normalized untwisting rate (-7.9 ± 2.2/s versus -9.9 ± 4.4/s), and time of peak twist (279 ± 23 ms versus 293 ± 25 ms) (all P > 0.01). FAST+CSPAMM also provided measures of duration of untwisting (148 ± 21 ms) and the ratio of rapid untwist to peak twist (0.8 ± 0.3). Bland-Altman analysis of FAST+CSPAMM and FAST+SPAMM twist data demonstrates excellent agreement with a bias of 1.1° and 95% confidence intervals of [-3.3°, 5.2°]. CONCLUSION FAST+CSPAMM is a semi-automated method that provides a quick and quantitative assessment of LV systolic and diastolic twist and torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Reyhan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7206, USA.
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Akki A, Gupta A, Weiss RG. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the murine cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H633-48. [PMID: 23292717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00771.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful and reliable tool to noninvasively study the cardiovascular system in clinical practice. Because transgenic mouse models have assumed a critical role in cardiovascular research, technological advances in MRI have been extended to mice over the last decade. These have provided critical insights into cardiac and vascular morphology, function, and physiology/pathophysiology in many murine models of heart disease. Furthermore, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has allowed the nondestructive study of myocardial metabolism in both isolated hearts and in intact mice. This article reviews the current techniques and important pathophysiological insights from the application of MRI/MRS technology to murine models of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Akki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Jung B, Odening KE, Dall’Armellina E, Föll D, Menza M, Markl M, Schneider JE. A quantitative comparison of regional myocardial motion in mice, rabbits and humans using in-vivo phase contrast CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:87. [PMID: 23270566 PMCID: PMC3579745 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically manipulated animals like mice or rabbits play an important role in the exploration of human cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore important to identify animal models that closely mimic physiological and pathological human cardiac function. METHODS In-vivo phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was used to measure regional three-directional left ventricular myocardial motion with high temporal resolution in mice (N=18), rabbits (N=8), and humans (N=20). Radial, long-axis, and rotational myocardial velocities were acquired in left ventricular basal, mid-ventricular, and apical short-axis locations. RESULTS Regional analysis revealed different patterns of motion: 1) In humans and rabbits, the apex showed slower radial velocities compared to the base. 2) Significant differences within species were seen in the pattern of long-axis motion. Long-axis velocities during systole were fairly homogeneously distributed in mice, whereas humans showed a dominant component in the lateral wall and rabbits in the base. 3) Rotational velocities and twist showed the most distinct patterns in both temporal evolution and relative contribution of base, mid-ventricle and apex, respectively. Interestingly, a marked difference in rotational behavior during early-systole was found in mice, which exhibited clockwise rotation in all slice locations compared to counter-clockwise rotation in rabbits and humans. CONCLUSIONS Phase contrast CMR revealed subtle, but significantly different regional myocardial motion patterns in mice, rabbits and humans. This finding has to be considered when investigating myocardial motion pattern in small animal models of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Jung
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Föll
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Menza
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Parisi V, Losi MA, Contaldi C, Chiacchio E, Pastore F, Scatteia A, Giamundo A, di Nardo C, Lombardi R, Betocchi S. Speckle-tracking analysis based on 2D echocardiography does not reliably measure left ventricular torsion. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:117-21. [PMID: 23383689 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worldwide left ventricular (LV) twist is measured by 2D speckle tracking acquiring apical short axis at a LV level where papillary muscles are no longer visible; however, we hypothesized that this methodological recommendation is not enough accurate to obtain a reliable measurement of apical rotation. METHODS We measured twist and untwist rate in 30 healthy subjects by following the earlier method. By 3D echocardiography, we identified two LV apex levels: (i) 3D Apex, defined as the last apical slice at which LV cavity was visible; (ii) 2D Apex, defined as the level where diameters are equal to those of apical LV short axis used for twist analysis in the same subject. The ratio between the distance of 2D Apex and 3D Apex from LV base was calculated and expressed as percentage (2D Apex/3D Apex). RESULTS 2D Apex/3D Apex was strongly related to the magnitude of twist and untwisting rate (r = 0·82, P<0·001; r = -0·46, P = 0·015, respectively). The only determinant of twist was 2D Apex/3D Apex (r(2) = 0·68; r = 0·82; F ratio: 52·6, P<0·001); whereas untwisting rate was influenced by 2D Apex/3D Apex and age (r(2) = 0·42; r = 0·65; F ratio: 7·7; P = 0·003 for 2D Apex/3D Apex; and P = 0·011 for age). CONCLUSIONS Left ventricular apical level acquisition, even when recorded in a standard manner, determines variability of twist mechanics measurements. Thus, current anatomical markers used to identify LV apex for twist analysis are not reliable and need different standardization. 3D echocardiography may help in such standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parisi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Heart failure is a major health problem in developed countries and a growing one in developing countries. Cardiac remodeling in heart failure affects myocardial mechanics, which requires comprehensive evaluation in three dimensions. The novel technique of 3D wall motion tracking applies speckle tracking technology to full volume, 3D echocardiographic datasets. Quantification of conventional and novel left ventricular (LV) parameters including volumes, ejection fraction, global and regional 3D strain, endocardial area strain, twist, and dyssynchrony, and identification of the site of latest mechanical activation are feasible on the basis of a single acquisition of a full-volume dataset. Clinical applications of 3D wall motion tracking include the assessment of global and regional LV performance in ischemic and nonischemic heart diseases, evaluation of mechanics in cardiomyopathies and congenital heart disease, potential selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy and prediction of their response, and detection of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in diseases with likelihood of progression to heart failure. Technological advances with improvement in spatial and temporal resolution of this novel imaging modality are expected. Although 3D wall motion tracking is still in its infancy, this method has begun to provide new insights into LV mechanics and has already found clinical applications. Future developments in 3D assessment of right ventricular and myocardial layer-specific mechanics are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu-fai Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Deformation Imaging in Selected Congenital Heart Disease: Is It Evolving to Clinical Use? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:919-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zenker S, Kim HK, Clermont G, Pinsky MR. Robust model-based quantification of global ventricular torsion from spatially sparse three-dimensional time series data by orthogonal distance regression: evaluation in a canine animal model under different pacing regimes. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2012; 36:13-23. [PMID: 22897587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of global ventricular rotational deformation, expressed as twist or torsion, and its dynamic changes is important in understanding the pathophysiology of heart disease and its therapy. Various techniques, such as sonomicrometry, allow tracking of specific sites within the myocardium. Quantification of twist from such data requires a longitudinal reference axis of rotation. Current methods require specific positioning and numbers of myocardial markers and assumptions about temporal positional evolution that may be violated during dyssynchronous contraction. METHODS We present a new method to assess myocardial twist that makes minimal fully explicit assumptions while removing extraneous assumptions, by performing a least squares orthogonal distance regression of all position data on an ellipsoidal ventricular model. Rotational deformation is quantified in terms of the ellipsoid's internal coordinate system, allowing intuitive visualization. RESULTS We tested this method on a set of sparse, noisy sonomicrometric crystal data in dogs under different pacing regimes to model dyssynchrony and cardiac resynchronization. We found that this method yielded robust and plausible data. This technique is also fully automated while identifying when data may be insufficient for reliable quantification of rotational deformation. CONCLUSION This approach may allow future analysis of myocardial contraction with less tracking sites and relaxed positioning requirements while identifying situations where data are insufficient for reliable quantification of rotational deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Zenker
- Cardiopulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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30
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Abstract
A heart attack kills off many cells in the heart. Parts of the heart become thin and fail to contract properly following the replacement of lost cells by scar tissue. However, the notion that the same adult cardiomyocytes beat throughout the lifespan of the organ and organism, without the need for a minimum turnover, gives way to a fascinating investigations. Since the late 1800s, scientists and cardiologists wanted to demonstrate that the cardiomyocytes cannot be generated after the perinatal period in human beings. This curiosity has been passed down in subsequent years and has motivated more and more accurate studies in an attempt to exclude the presence of renewed cardiomyocytes in the tissue bordering the ischaemic area, and then to confirm the dogma of the heart as terminally differentiated organ. Conversely, peri-lesional mitosis of cardiomyocytes were discovered initially by light microscopy and subsequently confirmed by more sophisticated technologies. Controversial evidence of mechanisms underlying myocardial regeneration has shown that adult cardiomyocytes are renewed through a slow turnover, even in the absence of damage. This turnover is ensured by the activation of rare clusters of progenitor cells interspersed among the cardiac cells functionally mature. Cardiac progenitor cells continuously interact with each other, with the cells circulating in the vessels of the coronary microcirculation and myocardial cells in auto-/paracrine manner. Much remains to be understood; however, the limited functional recovery in human beings after myocardial injury clearly demonstrates weak regenerative potential of cardiomyocytes and encourages the development of new approaches to stimulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Barile
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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31
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Sheikh F, Ouyang K, Campbell SG, Lyon RC, Chuang J, Fitzsimons D, Tangney J, Hidalgo CG, Chung CS, Cheng H, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Kasahara H, Ghassemian M, Omens JH, Peterson KL, Granzier HL, Moss RL, McCulloch AD, Chen J. Mouse and computational models link Mlc2v dephosphorylation to altered myosin kinetics in early cardiac disease. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1209-21. [PMID: 22426213 DOI: 10.1172/jci61134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-myosin interactions provide the driving force underlying each heartbeat. The current view is that actin-bound regulatory proteins play a dominant role in the activation of calcium-dependent cardiac muscle contraction. In contrast, the relevance and nature of regulation by myosin regulatory proteins (for example, myosin light chain-2 [MLC2]) in cardiac muscle remain poorly understood. By integrating gene-targeted mouse and computational models, we have identified an indispensable role for ventricular Mlc2 (Mlc2v) phosphorylation in regulating cardiac muscle contraction. Cardiac myosin cycling kinetics, which directly control actin-myosin interactions, were directly affected, but surprisingly, Mlc2v phosphorylation also fed back to cooperatively influence calcium-dependent activation of the thin filament. Loss of these mechanisms produced early defects in the rate of cardiac muscle twitch relaxation and ventricular torsion. Strikingly, these defects preceded the left ventricular dysfunction of heart disease and failure in a mouse model with nonphosphorylatable Mlc2v. Thus, there is a direct and early role for Mlc2 phosphorylation in regulating actin-myosin interactions in striated muscle contraction, and dephosphorylation of Mlc2 or loss of these mechanisms can play a critical role in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California 92093-0613C, USA.
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Trumble DR, McGregor WE, Kerckhoffs RCP, Waldman LK. Cardiac assist with a twist: apical torsion as a means to improve failing heart function. J Biomech Eng 2012; 133:101003. [PMID: 22070328 DOI: 10.1115/1.4005169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in muscle fiber orientation across the wall of the left ventricle (LV) cause the apex of the heart to turn 10-15 deg in opposition to its base during systole and are believed to increase stroke volume and lower wall stress in healthy hearts. Studies show that cardiac torsion is sensitive to various disease states, which suggests that it may be an important aspect of cardiac function. Modern imaging techniques have sparked renewed interest in cardiac torsion dynamics, but no work has been done to determine whether mechanically augmented apical torsion can be used to restore function to failing hearts. In this report, we discuss the potential advantages of this approach and present evidence that turning the cardiac apex by mechanical means can displace a clinically significant volume of blood from failing hearts. Computational models of normal and reduced-function LVs were created to predict the effects of applied apical torsion on ventricular stroke work and wall stress. These same conditions were reproduced in anesthetized pigs with drug-induced heart failure using a custom apical torsion device programmed to rotate over various angles during cardiac systole. Simulations of applied 90 deg torsion in a prolate spheroidal computational model of a reduced-function pig heart produced significant increases in stroke work (25%) and stroke volume with reduced fiber stress in the epicardial region. These calculations were in substantial agreement with corresponding in vivo measurements. Specifically, the computer model predicted torsion-induced stroke volume increases from 13.1 to 14.4 mL (9.9%) while actual stroke volume in a pig heart of similar size and degree of dysfunction increased from 11.1 to 13.0 mL (17.1%). Likewise, peak LV pressures in the computer model rose from 85 to 95 mm Hg (11.7%) with torsion while maximum ventricular pressures in vivo increased in similar proportion, from 55 to 61 mm Hg (10.9%). These data suggest that: (a) the computer model of apical torsion developed for this work is a fair and accurate predictor of experimental outcomes, and (b) supra-physiologic apical torsion may be a viable means to boost cardiac output while avoiding blood contact that occurs with other assist methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennnis R Trumble
- Allegheny-Singer Research and the McGinnis Cardiovascular Institutes, Allegheny General Hospital, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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Dall'Armellina E, Jung BA, Lygate CA, Neubauer S, Markl M, Schneider JE. Improved method for quantification of regional cardiac function in mice using phase-contrast MRI. Magn Reson Med 2012; 67:541-51. [PMID: 21674616 PMCID: PMC3378699 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that allows for characterization of regional cardiac function and for measuring transmural myocardial velocities in human hearts with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of this technique (also known as tissue phase mapping) to murine hearts has been very limited so far. The aim of our study was to implement and to optimize tissue phase mapping for a comprehensive assessment of murine transmural wall motion. Baseline values for regional motion patterns in mouse hearts, based on the clinically used American Heart Association's 17-segment model, were established, and a detailed motion analysis of mouse heart for the entire cardiac cycle (including epicardial and endocardial motion patterns) is provided. Black-blood contrast was found to be essential to obtain reproducible velocity encoding. Tissue phase mapping of the mouse heart permits the detailed assessment of regional myocardial velocities. While a proof-of-principle application in a murine ischemia-reperfusion model was performed, future studies are warranted to assess its potential for the investigation of systolic and diastolic functions in genetically and surgically manipulated mouse models of human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dall'Armellina
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd A Jung
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital FreiburgGermany
| | - Craig A Lygate
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital FreiburgGermany
| | - Jürgen E Schneider
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
High-resolution magnetic resonance cine imaging (cine-MRI) allows for a non-invasive assessment of ventricular function and mass in normal mice and in genetically and surgically modified mouse models of cardiac disease. The assessment of myocardial mass and function by cine-MRI does not rely on geometric assumptions, as the hearts are covered from the base to the apex, typically by a stack of two-dimensional images. The MR data acquisition is then followed by image segmentation of specific cine frames in each slice to obtain geometric and functional parameters, such as end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) or ejection fraction (EF). This technique has been well established in clinical routine application and it is now also becoming the reference method in experimental cardiovascular MRI. The cine images are typically acquired in short- and long-axis orientations of the heart to facilitate an accurate assessment of cardiac functional parameters. These views can be difficult to identify, particularly in animals with diseased hearts. Furthermore, data analysis can be the source of a systematic error, mainly for myocardial mass measurement. We have established protocols that allow for a quick and reproducible way of obtaining the relevant cardiac views for cine-MRI, and for accurate image analysis.
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Botnar RM, Makowski MR. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in small animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:227-61. [PMID: 22137434 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging studies involving small animals are becoming increasingly important in preclinical pharmacological, genetic, and biomedical cardiovascular research. Especially small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using high field and clinical MRI systems has gained significant importance in recent years. Compared to other imaging modalities, like computer tomography, MRI can provide an excellent soft tissue contrast, which enables the characterization of different kinds of tissues without the use of contrast agents. In addition, imaging can be performed with high spatial and temporal resolution. Small animal MRI cannot only provide anatomical information about the beating murine heart; it can also provide functional and molecular information, which makes it a unique imaging modality. Compared to clinical MRI examinations in humans, small animal MRI is associated with additional challenges. These included a smaller size of all cardiovascular structures and a up to ten times higher heart rate. Dedicated small animal monitoring devices make a reliable cardiac triggering and respiratory gating feasible. MRI in combination with molecular probes enables the noninvasive imaging of biological processes at a molecular level. Different kinds of iron oxide or gadolinium-based contrast agents can be used for this purpose. Compared to other molecular imaging modalities, like single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), MRI can also provide imaging with high spatial resolution, which is of high importance for the assessment of the cardiovascular system. The sensitivity for detection of MRI contrast agents is however lower compared to sensitivity of radiation associated techniques like PET and SPECT. This chapter is divided into the following sections: (1) "Introduction," (2) "Principals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging," (3) "MRI Systems for Preclinical Imaging and Experimental Setup," and (4) "Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging."
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Affiliation(s)
- René M Botnar
- Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhong X, Gibberman LB, Spottiswoode BS, Gilliam AD, Meyer CH, French BA, Epstein FH. Comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance of myocardial mechanics in mice using three-dimensional cine DENSE. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2011; 13:83. [PMID: 22208954 PMCID: PMC3278394 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-13-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative noninvasive imaging of myocardial mechanics in mice enables studies of the roles of individual genes in cardiac function. We sought to develop comprehensive three-dimensional methods for imaging myocardial mechanics in mice. METHODS A 3D cine DENSE pulse sequence was implemented on a 7T small-bore scanner. The sequence used three-point phase cycling for artifact suppression and a stack-of-spirals k-space trajectory for efficient data acquisition. A semi-automatic 2D method was adapted for 3D image segmentation, and automated 3D methods to calculate strain, twist, and torsion were employed. A scan protocol that covered the majority of the left ventricle in a scan time of less than 25 minutes was developed, and seven healthy C57Bl/6 mice were studied. RESULTS Using these methods, multiphase normal and shear strains were measured, as were myocardial twist and torsion. Peak end-systolic values for the normal strains at the mid-ventricular level were 0.29 ± 0.17, -0.13 ± 0.03, and -0.18 ± 0.14 for E(rr), E(cc), and E(ll), respectively. Peak end-systolic values for the shear strains were 0.00 ± 0.08, 0.04 ± 0.12, and 0.03 ± 0.07 for E(rc), E(rl), and E(cl), respectively. The peak end-systolic normalized torsion was 5.6 ± 0.9°. CONCLUSIONS Using a 3D cine DENSE sequence tailored for cardiac imaging in mice at 7 T, a comprehensive assessment of 3D myocardial mechanics can be achieved with a scan time of less than 25 minutes and an image analysis time of approximately 1 hour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce S Spottiswoode
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Craig H Meyer
- Radiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Brent A French
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Frederick H Epstein
- Radiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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GHISTA DHANJOON, LIU LI, CHUA LEOKPOH, ZHONG LIANG, TAN RUSAN, TAN YONGSENG. MECHANISM OF LEFT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE INCREASE DURING ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION, AND DETERMINATION OF ITS EQUIVALENT MYOCARDIAL FIBERS ORIENTATION. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519409002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The left ventricle (LV) is modelled as a fluid-filled, thick-walled finite-elasticity cylindrical shell, subject to internal pressure increase during isovolumic contraction. Our objective is to elucidate that the tremendous internal pressure build-up during isovolumic contraction is caused by stress development in the spirally-wound myocardial fibers due to their contraction. The LV model data consists of LV chamber pressure, LV dynamic geometry and LV twist angle. In our analysis, the LV chamber pressure increase and LV (radial, longitudinal, and twist) deformations are formatted to be caused by the contractile stresses in the LV myocardial fibers (based on the hyper-elastic constitutive property of the LV myocardial wall, expressed in terms of the strain energy density function). The LV wall stresses are expressed in terms of the strain energy density function, and hence in terms of the measured LV wall strains and the material parameters. Then, by satisfying the stress boundary conditions, from the measured data on LV deformation state and LV pressure, we first determine the LV wall's constitutive properties, and then the instantaneous stress state in the LV. The stress generated in the LV cylindrical model is equivalent to the development of active compression force and torsion within the model, as a mechanism for the high intra-LV cavity pressure build-up during isovolumic contraction. We in turn adopt (i) the principal compressive stress to be the stresses developed in the myocardial fibers (by their contraction), and (ii) the principal stress trajectory to correspond to the orientation of the myocardial fibers. The results show that the myocardial fiber orientation changes during the isovolumic phase, as the LV contracts. Hence, an important determinant of our analysis is the orientation of the myocardial fibers. Conversely, it can be said that the fibers are so optimally oriented, that their contraction causes LV deformation to in turn cause the appropriate increase in intra-LV pressure. Another important outcome of our analysis is the determination of the "LV torque vs twist angle" relationship, which has the potential to be employed as an index of contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - LI LIU
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - LEOK POH CHUA
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - LIANG ZHONG
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center, Singapore 168752, Singapore
| | - RU SAN TAN
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center, Singapore 168752, Singapore
| | - YONG SENG TAN
- Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Medical Center, Singapore 228510, Singapore
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Reyhan M, Natsuaki Y, Ennis DB. Fourier analysis of STimulated echoes (FAST) for the quantitative analysis of left ventricular twist. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 35:587-93. [PMID: 22069227 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a novel method for the rapid and facile quantification of left ventricular (LV) twist from tagged magnetic resonance images and demonstrate the potential clinical utility in a series of 20 healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) short-axis images were acquired with tissue tagging in 20 healthy subjects and six canines. The tagged images were processed using a novel Fourier Analysis of the STimulated echoes (FAST) method, which uses a series of Fourier-space operations to measure LV twist with limited user interaction. A subset of eight healthy subjects and the canine data were compared to results from previously validated "gold standard" software (FindTags). Interobserver and intraobserver coefficients of variation (CV(INTER) and CV(INTRA) ), linear regression, and Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess agreement between observers and methods. RESULTS CV(INTRA) for peak systolic twist (2.9% and 2.6%) and CV(INTER) (4.3% and 4.2%) were all small. Linear regression analysis of the FAST and FindTags twist values indicated very good agreement in healthy subjects (R = 0.91) and in canines (R = 0.95). Bland-Altman comparison of the FAST and FindTags twist results indicated excellent agreement in healthy subjects (bias of -0.5°, 95% confidence intervals (-4.3°, 4.3°)) and canines (bias of 0.2°, 95% confidence intervals (-2.7°, 3.1°)). Peak systolic twist in healthy subjects averaged 10.5 ± 1.9° degrees. CONCLUSION The FAST method for quantifying LV twist produces results that are not significantly different from the current "gold standard" in a fraction of the user interaction time and has demonstrated feasibility in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Reyhan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Evaluation of left ventricular twist in acute myocardial infarction patients using speckle tracking imaging. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 61:673-8. [PMID: 21713529 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences of left ventricular (LV) twist and untwisting rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as compared with healthy subjects by means of Speckle Tracking Imaging (STI). 45 AMI patients (AMI group) and 48 healthy subjects (NOR group) were studied. Two-dimensional STI was performed in all patients. Peak apical rotation, peak basal rotation, peak LV twist, peak basal untwisting rate, peak apical untwisting rate, peak LV untwisting rate, time to peak LV twist, and untwisting rate were measured. In comparison with the NOR group, peak LV rotational parameters were found to be decreased in the AMI group (P < 0.01). A strong correlation was found between the peak LV twist and LV ejection fraction in the overall study population (P < 0.001). The LV twist is strongly related to LV systolic function, and the impairment of LV function observed in patients with AMI is associated with a decrease of LV twist and untwist rate. The STI appears to accurately evaluate LV function.
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Leitman M, Bachner-Hinenzon N, Adam D, Fuchs T, Theodorovich N, Peleg E, Krakover R, Moravsky G, Uriel N, Vered Z. Speckle tracking imaging in acute inflammatory pericardial diseases. Echocardiography 2011; 28:548-55. [PMID: 21539601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) function in acute perimyocarditis is variable. We evaluated LV function in patients with acute perimyocarditis with speckle tracking. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with acute perimyocarditis and 20 normal subjects underwent echocardiographic examination. Three-layers strain and twist angle were assessed with a speckle tracking. Follow-up echo was available in 21 patients. RESULTS Strain was higher in normal subjects than in patients with perimyocarditis. Twist angle was reduced in perimyocarditis--10.9° ± 5.4 versus 17.6° ± 5.8, P < 0.001. Longitudinal strain and twist angle were higher in normal subjects than in patients with perimyocarditis and apparently normal LV function. Follow-up echo in 21 patients revealed improvement in longitudinal strain. CONCLUSIONS Patients with acute perimyocarditis have lower twist angle, longitudinal and circumferential strain. Patients with perimyocarditis and normal function have lower longitudinal strain and twist angle. Short-term follow-up demonstrated improvement in clinical parameters and longitudinal strain despite of residual regional LV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leitman
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Nakatani S. Left ventricular rotation and twist: why should we learn? J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011; 19:1-6. [PMID: 21519484 PMCID: PMC3079077 DOI: 10.4250/jcu.2011.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The left ventricle twists in systole storing potential energy and untwists (recoils) in diastole releasing the energy. Twist aids left ventricular ejection and untwist aids relaxation and ventricular filling. Therefore, rotation and torsion are important in cardiac mechanics. However, the methodology of their investigations is limited to invasive techniques or magnetic resonance imaging. With the advent of speckle tracking echocardiography, however, rotation and torsion (twist) become familiar to echocardiographers. In this review, I outline the mechanism and influencing factors of rotation and torsion with the anticipation of the routine use of these measurements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakatani
- Division of Functional Diagnostics, Department of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Chuang JS, Zemljic-Harpf A, Ross RS, Frank LR, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Determination of three-dimensional ventricular strain distributions in gene-targeted mice using tagged MRI. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:1281-8. [PMID: 20981782 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A model-based method for calculating three-dimensional (3D) cardiac wall strain distributions in the mouse has been developed and tested in a genetically engineered mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Data from MR tagging and harmonic phase (HARP) tracking were used to measure material point displacements, and 3D Lagrangian strains were calculated throughout the entire left ventricle (LV) with a deformable parametric model. A mouse model where cardiomyocytes are specifically made deficient in vinculin (VclKO) were compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. 3D strain analysis revealed differences in LV wall mechanics between WT and VclKO mice at 8 weeks of age when systolic function had just begun to decline. Most notably, end-systolic radial strain and torsional shear were reduced in VclKO hearts which contributed to regional mechanical dysfunction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRI tagging methods to detect alterations in 3D myocardial strain distributions in genetically engineered mouse models of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S Chuang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Li W, Yu X. Quantification of myocardial strain at early systole in mouse heart: restoration of undeformed tagging grid with single-point HARP. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 32:608-14. [PMID: 20815058 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop accurate strain and torsion quantification method for the assessment of myocardial contraction in mice by MRI tagging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ventricular wall motion at baseline and during beta-adrenergic stimulation was assessed in mice using MRI tagging. Myocardial strain and torsion were quantified using finite element analysis method. A harmonic phase (HARP) based method was developed for the restoration of undeformed taglines for more accurate calculation of myocardial wall strain and torsion. RESULTS Myocardial deformation was observed at early systole (<20 msec after QRS) both at baseline and during beta-adrenergic stimulation. The HARP-based method allowed robust restoration of undeformed taglines that can be used as the reference in finite element analysis of the tagged images. Without such correction for myocardial deformation in the reference image, inaccuracy in strain quantification underestimated significant strain development at early systole in dobutamine-stimulated hearts. CONCLUSION The HARP-based method developed in the current study enabled automated restoration of undeformed taglines in mouse hearts, leading to more accurate calculation of myocardial wall strain and torsion during dobutamine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, USA
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Price AN, Cheung KK, Cleary JO, Campbell AE, Riegler J, Lythgoe MF. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in experimental models. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:278-92. [PMID: 21331311 PMCID: PMC3040459 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the modality of choice for clinical studies of the heart and vasculature, offering detailed images of both structure and function with high temporal resolution. Small animals are increasingly used for genetic and translational research, in conjunction with models of common pathologies such as myocardial infarction. In all cases, effective methods for characterising a wide range of functional and anatomical parameters are crucial for robust studies. CMR is the gold-standard for the non-invasive examination of these models, although physiological differences, such as rapid heart rate, make this a greater challenge than conventional clinical imaging. However, with the help of specialised magnetic resonance (MR) systems, novel gating strategies and optimised pulse sequences, high-quality images can be obtained in these animals despite their small size. In this review, we provide an overview of the principal CMR techniques for small animals for example cine, angiography and perfusion imaging, which can provide measures such as ejection fraction, vessel anatomy and local blood flow, respectively. In combination with MR contrast agents, regional dysfunction in the heart can also be identified and assessed. We also discuss optimal methods for analysing CMR data, particularly the use of semi-automated tools for parameter measurement to reduce analysis time. Finally, we describe current and emerging methods for imaging the developing heart, aiding characterisation of congenital cardiovascular defects. Advanced small animal CMR now offers an unparalleled range of cardiovascular assessments. Employing these methods should allow new insights into the structural, functional and molecular basis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Price
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine and UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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Bachner-Hinenzon N, Ertracht O, Leitman M, Vered Z, Shimoni S, Beeri R, Binah O, Adam D. Layer-specific strain analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography reveals differences in left ventricular function between rats and humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H664-72. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00017.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rat heart is commonly used as an experimental model of the human heart in both health and disease states, assuming that heart function of rats and humans is alike. When studying a rat model, echocardiography is usually performed on sedated rats, whereas standard echocardiography on adult humans does not require any sedation. Since echocardiography results of sedated rats are usually inferred to alert humans, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that differences in left ventricular (LV) function may be present between rats sedated by a low dose of ketamine-xylazine and alert humans. Echocardiography was applied to 110 healthy sedated rats and 120 healthy alert humans. Strain parameters were calculated from the scans using a layer-specific speckle tracking echocardiography program. The results showed that layer longitudinal strain is equal in rats and humans, whereas segmental strain is heterogeneous ( P < 0.05) in a different way in rats and humans ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, layer circumferential strain is larger in humans ( P < 0.001), and the segmental results showed different segmental heterogeneity in rats and humans ( P < 0.05). Radial strain was found to be homogeneous at the apex and papillary muscle levels in humans and heterogeneous in rats ( P < 0.001). Additionally, whereas LV twist was equal in rats and humans, in rats the rotation was larger at the apex ( P < 0.01) and smaller at the base ( P < 0.001). The torsion-to-shortening ratio parameter, which indicates the transmural distribution of contractile myofibers, was found to be equal in rats and humans. Thus, when evaluating LV function of sedated rats under ketamine-xylazine, it is recommended to measure the global longitudinal strain, LV twist, and torsion-to-shortening ratio, since no scaling is required when converting these parameters and inferring them to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Offir Ertracht
- Department of Physiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, and
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
| | - Marina Leitman
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Zvi Vered
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Sara Shimoni
- Department of Cardiology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot; and
| | - Ronen Beeri
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Binah
- Department of Physiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, and
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
| | - Dan Adam
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering and
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Zhong J, Yu X. Strain and torsion quantification in mouse hearts under dobutamine stimulation using 2D multiphase MR DENSE. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64:1315-22. [PMID: 20740659 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a 2D multiphase magnetic resonance displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) imaging and analysis method was developed for direct quantification of Lagrangian strain in the mouse heart. Using the proposed method, <10 ms temporal resolution and 0.56 mm in-plane resolution were achieved. A validation study that compared strain calculation by displacement encoding with stimulated echoes and by magnetic resonance tagging showed high correlation between the two methods (R(2) > 0.80). Regional ventricular wall strain and twist were characterized in mouse hearts at baseline and under dobutamine stimulation. Dobutamine stimulation induced significant increase in radial and circumferential strains and torsion at peak systole. A rapid untwisting was also observed during early diastole. This work demonstrates the capability of characterizing cardiac functional response to dobutamine stimulation in the mouse heart using 2D multiphase magnetic resonance displacement encoding with stimulated echoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Leitman M, Lysiansky M, Lysyansky P, Friedman Z, Tyomkin V, Fuchs T, Adam D, Krakover R, Vered Z. Circumferential and longitudinal strain in 3 myocardial layers in normal subjects and in patients with regional left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:64-70. [PMID: 20122496 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The left ventricle is not homogenous and is composed of 3 myocardial layers. Until recently, magnetic resonance imaging has been the only noninvasive technique for detailed evaluation of the left ventricular (LV) wall. The aim of this study was to analyze strain in 3 myocardial layers using speckle-tracking echocardiography. METHODS Twenty normal subjects and 21 patients with LV dysfunction underwent echocardiography. Short-axis (for circumferential) and apical (for longitudinal strain) views were analyzed using modified speckle-tracking software enabling the analysis of strain in 3 myocardial layers. RESULTS In normal subjects, longitudinal and circumferential strain was highest in the endocardium and lowest in the epicardium. Longitudinal endocardial and mid layer strain was highest in the apex and lowest in the base. Epicardial longitudinal strain was homogenous over the left ventricle. Circumferential 3-layer strain was highest in the apex and lowest in the base. In patients with LV dysfunction, strain was lower, with late diastolic or double peak. CONCLUSIONS Three-layer analysis of circumferential and longitudinal strain using speckle-tracking imaging can be performed on a clinical basis and may become an important method for the assessment of real-time, quantitative global and regional LV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leitman
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
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Liu X, Li Z. Assessment of Cardiac Twist in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using Velocity Vector Imaging. Echocardiography 2010; 27:400-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Arts T, Prinzen FW, Delhaas T. Potentials and limitations of ventricular torsion as indicator of cardiac function. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:181-4. [PMID: 19964470 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New non-invasive imaging techniques allow quantification of torsion of the left ventricle (LV). Presently, it is not well know what torsion can add as an indicator of left ventricular pump function. A frame work for understanding of cardiac motion has been designed that is based on general principles of mechanics. In this frame work experimental and clinical findings on torsion were related to various indices of LV function. The time courses of torsion and volume have much information in common. However, the rate of torsion during isovolumic relaxation provides important information on rate of LV pressure decay. Most importantly, assessment of the relation between torsion and the changing inner diameter during ejection renders unique information about the transmural gradient of contractile performance of the LV myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Arts
- Maastricht University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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