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Wang R, Khan S, Liao G, Wu Y, Tang DD. Nestin Modulates Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Migration by Affecting Spatial Rearrangement of Vimentin Network and Focal Adhesion Assembly. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193047. [PMID: 36231009 PMCID: PMC9562664 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle cell migration plays a role in the progression of airway remodeling, a hallmark of allergic asthma. However, the mechanisms that regulate cell migration are not yet entirely understood. Nestin is a class VI intermediate filament protein that is involved in the proliferation/regeneration of neurons, cancer cells, and skeletal muscle. Its role in cell migration is not fully understood. Here, nestin knockdown (KD) inhibited the migration of human airway smooth muscle cells. Using confocal microscopy and the Imaris software, we found that nestin KD attenuated focal adhesion sizes during cell spreading. Moreover, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56 have been previously shown to affect focal adhesion assembly. Here, nestin KD reduced Plk1 phosphorylation at Thr-210 (an indication of Plk1 activation), vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56, the contacts of vimentin filaments to paxillin, and the morphology of focal adhesions. Moreover, the expression of vimentin phosphorylation-mimic mutant S56D (aspartic acid substitution at Ser-56) rescued the migration, vimentin reorganization, and focal adhesion size of nestin KD cells. Together, our results suggest that nestin promotes smooth muscle cell migration. Mechanistically, nestin regulates Plk1 phosphorylation, which mediates vimenitn phosphorylation, the connection of vimentin filaments with paxillin, and focal adhesion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dale D. Tang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(518)-262-6416; Fax: +1-(518)-262-8101
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Lee YJ, Im DS. Efficacy Comparison of LPA2 Antagonist H2L5186303 and Agonist GRI977143 on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in BALB/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179745. [PMID: 36077141 PMCID: PMC9456302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an intercellular lipid mediator, is increased in the bronchoalveolar fluids of patients with asthma after allergen exposure. LPA administration exaggerates allergic responses, and the type 2 LPA receptor (LPA2) has been reported as a therapeutic target for asthma. However, results with LPA2 agonist and antagonist along with LPA2 gene deficient mice have been controversial and contradictory. We compared the effects of LPA2 antagonist (H2L5186303) and agonist (GRI977143) in a single experimental protocol of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma by treating drugs before antigen sensitization or challenge. H2L5186303 showed strong suppressive efficacy when administered before OVA sensitization and challenge, such as suppression of airway hyper responsiveness, inflammatory cytokine levels, mucin production, and eosinophil numbers. However, GRI977143 showed significant suppression when administered before an OVA challenge. Increases in eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Th2 cytokine levels, inflammatory scores, and mucin production were differentially ameliorated by the two drugs. The results demonstrate the multiple roles of LPA2 in asthmatic responses. We suggest that the development of LPA2 antagonists would achieve better therapeutic efficacy against asthma than agonists.
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Wang R, Wang Y, Liao G, Chen B, Panettieri RA, Penn RB, Tang DD. Abi1 mediates airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and airway remodeling via Jak2/STAT3 signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103833. [PMID: 35198891 PMCID: PMC8851273 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex pulmonary disorder with multiple pathological mechanisms. A key pathological feature of chronic asthma is airway remodeling, which is largely attributed to airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia that contributes to thickening of the airway wall and further drives asthma pathology. The cellular processes that mediate ASM cell proliferation are not completely elucidated. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that the adapter protein Abi1 (Abelson interactor 1) is upregulated in ∼50% of ASM cell cultures derived from patients with asthma. Loss-of-function studies demonstrate that Abi1 regulates the activation of Jak2 (Janus kinase 2) and STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) as well as the proliferation of both nonasthmatic and asthmatic human ASM cell cultures. These findings identify Abi1 as a molecular switch that activates Jak2 kinase and STAT3 in ASM cells and demonstrate that a dysfunctional Abi1-associated pathway contributes to the progression of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yinna Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Guoning Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Bohao Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Raymond B. Penn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dale D. Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Distinctive roles of Abi1 in regulating actin-associated proteins during human smooth muscle cell migration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10667. [PMID: 32606387 PMCID: PMC7326921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell migration is essential for many diverse biological processes such as pulmonary/cardiovascular development and homeostasis. Abi1 (Abelson interactor 1) is an adapter protein that has been implicated in nonmuscle cell migration. However, the role and mechanism of Abi1 in smooth muscle migration are largely unknown. Here, Abi1 knockdown by shRNA reduced human airway smooth muscle cell migration, which was restored by Abi1 rescue. Abi1 localized at the tip of lamellipodia and its protrusion coordinated with F-actin at the leading cell edge of live cells. In addition, we identified profilin-1 (Pfn-1), a G-actin transporter, as a new partner for Abi1. Abi1 knockdown reduced the recruitment of Pfn-1 to the leading cell edge. Moreover, Abi1 knockdown reduced the localization of the actin-regulatory proteins c-Abl (Abelson tyrosine kinase) and N-WASP (neuronal Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Protein) at the cell edge without affecting other migration-related proteins including pVASP (phosphorylated vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein), cortactin and vinculin. Furthermore, we found that c-Abl and integrin β1 regulated the positioning of Abi1 at the leading edge. Taken together, the results suggest that Abi1 regulates cell migration by affecting Pfn-1 and N-WASP, but not pVASP, cortactin and focal adhesions. Integrin β1 and c-Abl are important for the recruitment of Abi1 to the leading edge.
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The roles of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid in immune regulation and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158641. [PMID: 32004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are present in almost all organ systems and play diverse roles through its receptors. Asthma is an airway disease characterized by chronic allergic inflammation where various innate and adaptive immune cells participate in establishing Th2 immune response. Here, we will review the contribution of LPA and its receptors to the functions of immune cells that play a key role in establishing allergic airway inflammation and aggravation of allergic asthma.
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Liao G, Wang R, Rezey AC, Gerlach BD, Tang DD. MicroRNA miR-509 Regulates ERK1/2, the Vimentin Network, and Focal Adhesions by Targeting Plk1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12635. [PMID: 30135525 PMCID: PMC6105636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been implicated in mitosis, cytokinesis, and proliferation. The mechanisms that regulate Plk1 expression remain to be elucidated. It is reported that miR-100 targets Plk1 in certain cancer cells. Here, treatment with miR-100 did not affect Plk1 protein expression in human airway smooth muscle cells. In contrast, treatment with miR-509 inhibited the expression of Plk1 in airway smooth muscle cells. Exposure to miR-509 inhibitor enhanced Plk1 expression in cells. Introduction of miR-509 reduced luciferase activity of a Plk1 3'UTR reporter. Mutation of miR-509 targeting sequence in Plk1 3'UTR resisted the reduction of the luciferase activity. Furthermore, miR-509 inhibited the PDGF-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, and cell proliferation without affecting the expression of c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase implicated in cell proliferation. Moreover, we unexpectedly found that vimentin filaments contacted paxillin-positive focal adhesions. miR-509 exposure inhibited vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56, vimentin network reorganization, focal adhesion formation, and cell migration. The effects of miR-509 on ERK1/2 and vimentin were diminished in RNAi-resistant Plk1 expressing cells treated with miR-509. Taken together, these findings unveil previously unknown mechanisms that miR-509 regulates ERK1/2 and proliferation by targeting Plk1. miR-509 controls vimentin cytoskeleton reorganization, focal adhesion assembly, and cell migration through Plk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ruping Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Alyssa C Rezey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
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Ninou I, Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin in Pathophysiology and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:180. [PMID: 29951481 PMCID: PMC6008954 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid signaling is emerging as a druggable regulator of pathophysiological responses, and especially fibrosis, exemplified by the relative ongoing clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. In this review, we focus on ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), or as more widely known Autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. In turn, LPA is a bioactive phospholipid autacoid, forming locally upon increased ATX levels and acting also locally through its receptors, likely guided by ATX's structural conformation and cell surface associations. Increased ATX activity levels have been detected in many inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions, while genetic and pharmacologic studies have confirmed a pleiotropic participation of ATX/LPA in different processes and disorders. In pulmonary fibrosis, ATX levels rise in the broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) and stimulate LPA production. LPA engagement of its receptors activate multiple G-protein mediated signal transduction pathways leading to different responses from pulmonary cells including the production of pro-inflammatory signals from stressed epithelial cells, the modulation of endothelial physiology, the activation of TGF signaling and the stimulation of fibroblast accumulation. Genetic or pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuated disease development in animal models, thus providing the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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Knowlden SA, Hillman SE, Chapman TJ, Patil R, Miller DD, Tigyi G, Georas SN. Novel Inhibitory Effect of a Lysophosphatidic Acid 2 Agonist on Allergen-Driven Airway Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:402-9. [PMID: 26248018 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0124oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid signaling molecule associated with asthma pathobiology. LPA elicits its effects by binding to at least six known cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6) that are expressed in the lung in a cell type-specific manner. LPA2 in particular has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in asthma because it appears to transduce inhibitory or cell-protective signals. We studied a novel and specific small molecule LPA2 agonist (2-[4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzoisoquinolin-2-yl)butylsulfamoyl] benzoic acid [DBIBB]) in a mouse model of house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Mice injected with DBIBB developed significantly less airway and lung inflammation compared with vehicle-treated controls. Levels of lung Th2 cytokines were also significantly attenuated by DBIBB. We conclude that pharmacologic activation of LPA2 attenuates Th2-driven allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Targeting LPA receptor signaling holds therapeutic promise in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Knowlden
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sara E Hillman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Steve N Georas
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Aubier M, Thabut G, Hamidi F, Guillou N, Brard J, Dombret MC, Borensztajn K, Aitilalne B, Poirier I, Roland-Nicaise P, Taillé C, Pretolani M. Airway smooth muscle enlargement is associated with protease-activated receptor 2/ligand overexpression in patients with difficult-to-control severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:729-739.e11. [PMID: 27001157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease with heterogeneous features of airway inflammation and remodeling. The increase in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is an essential component of airway remodeling in patients with severe asthma, yet the pathobiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes associated with ASM enlargement remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare ASM area in control subjects and patients with mild-to-moderate or severe asthma and to identify specific clinical and pathobiological characteristics associated with ASM enlargement. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens from 12 control subjects, 24 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 105 patients with severe asthma were analyzed for ASM area, basement membrane thickness, vessels, eosinophils, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). In parallel, the levels of several ASM mitogenic factors, including the PAR-2 ligands, mast cell tryptase, trypsin, tissue factor, and kallikrein (KLK) 5 and KLK14, were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Data were correlated with asthma severity and control both at inclusion and after 12 to 18 months of optimal management and therapy. RESULTS Analyses across ASM quartiles in patients with severe asthma demonstrated that patients with the highest ASM quartile (median value of ASM area, 26.3%) were younger (42.5 vs ≥50 years old in the other groups, P ≤ .04) and had lower asthma control after 1 year of optimal management (P ≤ .006). ASM enlargement occurred independently of features of airway inflammation and remodeling, whereas it was associated with PAR-2 overexpression and higher alveolar tryptase (P ≤ .02) and KLK14 (P ≤ .03) levels. CONCLUSION Increase in ASM mass, possibly involving aberrant expression and activation of PAR-2-mediated pathways, characterizes younger patients with severe asthma with poor asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Aubier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Thabut
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie B, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Hamidi
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Julien Brard
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Dombret
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Aitilalne
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Poirier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Roland-Nicaise
- Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Taillé
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marina Pretolani
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France.
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Choi SH, Moon JS, Jeon BS, Jeon YJ, Yoon BI, Lim CJ. Hair growth promoting potential of phospholipids purified from porcine lung tissues. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:174-9. [PMID: 25767686 PMCID: PMC4354319 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BP201, porcine lung tissue-derived phospholipids, consists of phosphatidylcholine as a major phospholipid species. BP201 promoted hair growth after application onto the shaved backs of BALB/c and C3H mice. Its effect was enhanced when applied together with minoxidil (MNX) in C3H mice. When the tissue specimens prepared from the shaved skins of BP201-treated and control mice were microscopically examined, the total numbers of hair follicles in both anagen and telogen phases of BP201-treated mice were significantly higher than those of control mice. The numbers of hair follicles in the anagen phase of BP201-treated mice were also higher than those of control mice. In combination with MNX, BP201 further increased the total number of hair follicles, but did not alter the percentage of hair follicles in the anagenic phase. BP201 also increased the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Collectively, BP201 possesses hair growth promoting potential, which would suggest its use singly or in combination for hair growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong-Su Moon
- Biopid Co., Shinbuk, Chuncheon 200-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Suk Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Knowlden S, Georas SN. The autotaxin-LPA axis emerges as a novel regulator of lymphocyte homing and inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:851-7. [PMID: 24443508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid molecule with potent effects on cell growth and motility. Major progress has been made in recent years in deciphering the mechanisms of LPA generation and how it acts on target cells. Most research has been conducted in other disciplines, but emerging data indicate that LPA has an important role to play in immunity. A key discovery was that autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme previously implicated in cancer cell motility, generates extracellular LPA from the precursor lysophosphatidylcholine. Steady-state ATX is expressed by only a few tissues, including high endothelial venules in lymph nodes, but inflammatory signals can upregulate ATX expression in different tissues. In this article, we review current thinking about the ATX/LPA axis in lymphocyte homing, as well as in models of allergic airway inflammation and asthma. New insights into the role of LPA in regulating immune responses should be forthcoming in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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Nikitopoulou I, Oikonomou N, Karouzakis E, Sevastou I, Nikolaidou-Katsaridou N, Zhao Z, Mersinias V, Armaka M, Xu Y, Masu M, Mills GB, Gay S, Kollias G, Aidinis V. Autotaxin expression from synovial fibroblasts is essential for the pathogenesis of modeled arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:925-33. [PMID: 22493518 PMCID: PMC3348105 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fibroblasts from patients and mice with arthritis express autotaxin, and ablation of autotaxin in fibroblasts ameliorates disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is a destructive arthropathy characterized by chronic synovial inflammation that imposes a substantial socioeconomic burden. Under the influence of the proinflammatory milieu, synovial fibroblasts (SFs), the main effector cells in disease pathogenesis, become activated and hyperplastic, releasing proinflammatory factors and tissue-remodeling enzymes. This study shows that activated arthritic SFs from human patients and animal models express significant quantities of autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2), a lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX expression from SFs was induced by TNF, and LPA induced SF activation and effector functions in synergy with TNF. Conditional genetic ablation of ATX in mesenchymal cells, including SFs, resulted in disease attenuation in animal models of arthritis, establishing the ATX/LPA axis as a novel player in chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of arthritis and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Nikitopoulou
- Institute of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, 16672 Athens, Greece
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14
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Emo J, Meednu N, Chapman TJ, Rezaee F, Balys M, Randall T, Rangasamy T, Georas SN. Lpa2 is a negative regulator of both dendritic cell activation and murine models of allergic lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3784-90. [PMID: 22427635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative regulation of innate immune responses is essential to prevent excess inflammation and tissue injury and promote homeostasis. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid that regulates cell growth, migration, and activation and is constitutively produced at low levels in tissues and in serum. Extracellular LPA binds to specific G protein-coupled receptors, whose function in regulating innate or adaptive immune responses remains poorly understood. Of the classical LPA receptors belonging to the Edg family, lpa2 (edg4) is expressed by dendritic cells (DC) and other innate immune cells. In this article, we show that DC from lpa2(-/-) mice are hyperactive compared with their wild-type counterparts and are less susceptible to inhibition by different LPA species. In transient-transfection assays, we found that lpa2 overexpression inhibits NF-κB-driven gene transcription. Using an adoptive-transfer approach, we found that allergen-pulsed lpa2(-/-) DC induced substantially more lung inflammation than did wild-type DC after inhaled allergen challenge. Finally, lpa2(-/-) mice develop greater allergen-driven lung inflammation than do their wild-type counterparts in models of allergic asthma involving both systemic and mucosal sensitization. Taken together, these findings identify LPA acting via lpa2 as a novel negative regulatory pathway that inhibits DC activation and allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Emo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14610, USA
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15
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Abstract
Airway smooth muscle has classically been of interest for its contractile response linked to bronchoconstriction. However, terminally differentiated smooth muscle cells are phenotypically plastic and have multifunctional capacity for proliferation, cellular hypertrophy, migration, and the synthesis of extracellular matrix and inflammatory mediators. These latter properties of airway smooth muscle are important in airway remodeling which is a structural alteration that compounds the impact of contractile responses on limiting airway conductance. In this overview, we describe the important signaling components and the functional evidence supporting a view of smooth muscle cells at the core of fibroproliferative remodeling of hollow organs. Signal transduction components and events are summarized that control the basic cellular processes of proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, and cellular migration. We delineate known intracellular control mechanisms and suggest future areas of interest to pursue to more fully understand factors that regulate normal myocyte function and airway remodeling in obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
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16
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Zhao Y, Tong J, He D, Pendyala S, Evgeny B, Chun J, Sperling AI, Natarajan V. Role of lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA2 in the development of allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Respir Res 2009; 10:114. [PMID: 19930563 PMCID: PMC2788521 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays a critical role in airway inflammation through G protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPA1-3). We have demonstrated that LPA induced cytokine and lipid mediator release in human bronchial epithelial cells. Here we provide evidence for the role of LPA and LPA receptors in Th2-dominant airway inflammation. METHODS Wild type, LPA1 heterozygous knockout mice (LPA1+/-), and LPA2 heterozygous knockout mice (LPA2+/-) were sensitized with inactivated Schistosoma mansoni eggs and local antigenic challenge with Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg Ag (SEA) in the lungs. Bronchoalveolar larvage (BAL) fluids and lung tissues were collected for analysis of inflammatory responses. Further, tracheal epithelial cells were isolated and challenged with LPA. RESULTS BAL fluids from Schistosoma mansoni egg-sensitized and challenged wild type mice (4 days of challenge) showed increase of LPA level (approximately 2.8 fold), compared to control mice. LPA2+/- mice, but not LPA1+/- mice, exposed to Schistosoma mansoni egg revealed significantly reduced cell numbers and eosinophils in BAL fluids, compared to challenged wild type mice. Both LPA2+/- and LPA1+/- mice showed decreases in bronchial goblet cells. LPA2+/- mice, but not LPA1+/- mice showed the decreases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and LPA levels in BAL fluids after SEA challenge. The PGE2 production by LPA was reduced in isolated tracheal epithelial cells from LPA2+/- mice. These results suggest that LPA and LPA receptors are involved in Schistosoma mansoni egg-mediated inflammation and further studies are proposed to understand the role of LPA and LPA receptors in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiankun Tong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donghong He
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Srikanth Pendyala
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Berdyshev Evgeny
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Kassel KM, Schulte NA, Toews ML. Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor binding to human airway smooth muscle cells by glucocorticoids and beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L693-9. [PMID: 19201814 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90446.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EGF receptors (EGFRs) are increased in airway smooth muscle in asthma, which may contribute to both their hyperproliferation and hypercontractility. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a candidate pathological agent in asthma and other airway diseases, and LPA upregulates EGFRs in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. We tested whether therapeutic glucocorticoids and/or beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) agonists also alter EGFR binding in HASM cells. Exposure to glucocorticoids for 24 h induced a twofold increase in EGFR binding similar to that with LPA; fluticasone was markedly more potent than dexamethasone. The increase in EGFR binding by glucocorticoids required 24-h exposure, consistent with transcription-mediated effects. Although the increase in EGFR binding was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide for LPA, fluticasone, and dexamethasone, only LPA induced a significant increase in EGFR protein expression detected by immunoblotting. In contrast to the increased binding induced by the glucocorticoids, the beta(2)AR agonists isoproterenol, albuterol, and salmeterol all induced a decrease in EGFR binding. beta(2)AR agonist effects were multiphasic, with an initial decline at 2-4 h that reversed by 6 h and a second, somewhat greater decrease by 18-24 h. In cells pretreated with glucocorticoids, the decreases in EGFR binding by subsequent beta(2)AR treatment were not statistically significant; glucocorticoid upregulation of EGFRs also prevented further increases by LPA. Similar increases by glucocorticoids and decreases by beta(2)AR agonists were found in HFL-1 human lung fibroblasts. These complex and opposing effects of clinically relevant glucocorticoids and beta(2)AR agonists on airway mesenchymal cell EGFRs likely contribute to their overall therapeutic profile in the diseased airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Kassel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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18
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Xu MY, Porte J, Knox AJ, Weinreb PH, Maher TM, Violette SM, McAnulty RJ, Sheppard D, Jenkins G. Lysophosphatidic acid induces alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation via the LPA2 receptor and the small G protein G alpha(q). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1264-79. [PMID: 19147812 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of latent transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) by alphavbeta6 integrin is critical in the pathogenesis of lung injury and fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that the stimulation of protease activated receptor 1 promotes alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation via RhoA, which is known to modulate cell contraction. However, whether other G protein-coupled receptors can also induce alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation is unknown; in addition, the alphavbeta6 integrin signaling pathway has not yet been fully characterized. In this study, we show that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces alphavbeta6-mediated TGF-beta activation in human epithelial cells via both RhoA and Rho kinase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LPA-induced alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated TGF-beta activity is mediated via the LPA2 receptor, which signals via G alpha(q). Finally, we show that the expression levels of both the LPA2 receptor and alphavbeta6 integrin are up-regulated and are spatially and temporally associated following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, both the LPA2 receptor and alphavbeta6 integrin are up-regulated in the overlying epithelial areas of fibrosis in patients with usual interstitial pneumonia. These studies demonstrate that LPA induces alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation in epithelial cells via LPA2, G alpha(q), RhoA, and Rho kinase, and that this pathway might be clinically relevant to the development of lung injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan Xu
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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19
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Guo H, Makarova N, Cheng Y, E S, Ji RR, Zhang C, Farrar P, Tigyi G. The early- and late stages in phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells: differential roles for lysophosphatidic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:571-81. [PMID: 18602022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been implicated as causative in phenotypic modulation (PM) of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in their transition to the dedifferentiated phenotype. We evaluated the contribution of the three major LPA receptors, LPA1 and LPA2 GPCR and PPARgamma, on PM of VSMC. Expression of differentiated VSMC-specific marker genes, including smooth muscle alpha-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, SM-22alpha, and h-caldesmon, was measured by quantitative real-time PCR in VSMC cultures and aortic rings kept in serum-free chemically defined medium or serum- or LPA-containing medium using wild-type C57BL/6, LPA1, LPA2, and LPA1&2 receptor knockout mice. Within hours after cells were deprived of physiological cues, the expression of VSMC marker genes, regardless of genotype, rapidly decreased. This early PM was neither prevented by IGF-I, inhibitors of p38, ERK1/2, or PPARgamma nor significantly accelerated by LPA or serum. To elucidate the mechanism of PM in vivo, carotid artery ligation with/without replacement of blood with Krebs solution was used to evaluate contributions of blood flow and pressure. Early PM in the common carotid was induced by depressurization regardless of the presence/absence of blood, but eliminating blood flow while maintaining blood pressure or after sham surgery elicited no early PM. The present results indicate that LPA, serum, dissociation of VSMC, IGF-I, p38, ERK1/2, LPA1, and LPA2 are not causative factors of early PM of VSMC. Tensile stress generated by blood pressure may be the fundamental signal maintaining the fully differentiated phenotype of VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhang Guo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Suite 426, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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20
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Regulation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in airway smooth muscle. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:47-57. [PMID: 18094084 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200705-054vs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to regulate numerous signaling events and functions in airway smooth muscle (ASM). In this article, we detail the function and regulation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in ASM. We further discuss recent advances in the development of experimental tools in the study of G protein signaling, and speculate how these tools might be used in therapeutic strategies that seek to mitigate bronchospasm and airway remodeling that occur in obstructive airway disease.
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21
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Penn RB. Embracing emerging paradigms of G protein-coupled receptor agonism and signaling to address airway smooth muscle pathobiology in asthma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 378:149-69. [PMID: 18278482 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate numerous airway cell functions, and signaling events transduced by GPCRs are important in both asthma pathogenesis and therapy. Indeed, most asthma therapies target GPCRs either directly or indirectly. Within recent years, our understating of how GPCRs signal and are regulated has changed significantly as new concepts have emerged and traditional ideas have evolved. In this review, we discuss current concepts regarding constitutive GPCR activity and receptor agonism, functional selectivity, compartmentalized signaling, and GPCR desensitization. We further discuss the relevance of these ideas to asthma and asthma therapy, while emphasizing their potential application to the GPCR signaling in airway smooth muscle that regulates airway patency and thus disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Penn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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22
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Kassel KM, Wyatt TA, Panettieri RA, Toews ML. Inhibition of human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation by beta 2-adrenergic receptors and cAMP is PKA independent: evidence for EPAC involvement. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L131-8. [PMID: 17993585 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00381.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which beta-adrenergic receptor (beta AR) agonists inhibit proliferation of human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells were investigated because of their potential relevance to smooth muscle hyperplasia in asthma. We hypothesized that beta AR agonists would inhibit mitogenesis in HASM cells via the beta 2AR, an increase in cAMP, and PKA activation. HASM cells were treated for 24 h with various agents and then analyzed for [3H]thymidine incorporation as a measure of cell proliferation. EGF stimulated proliferation by approximately 10-fold. The nonselective beta AR agonist isoproterenol and the beta 2AR-selective agonists albuterol and salmeterol inhibited EGF-stimulated proliferation by more than 50%, with half-maximal effects at 4.8 nM, 110 nM, and 6.7 nM, respectively. A beta 2AR-selective antagonist inhibited the isoproterenol effect with 100-fold greater potency than a beta 1AR-selective antagonist, confirming beta 2AR involvement in the inhibition of proliferation. The cAMP-elevating agents PGE2 and forskolin decreased EGF-induced proliferation, suggesting cAMP as the mediator. beta 2AR agonists and forskolin also inhibited proliferation stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as well as the synergistic proliferation stimulated by LPA+EGF. Importantly, PKA-selective cAMP analogs did not inhibit proliferation at concentrations that maximally activated PKA (10-100 microM), whereas a cAMP analog selective for the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyl-cAMP, maximally inhibited proliferation at a concentration that did not activate PKA (10 microM). These data show that beta 2AR agonists and other cAMP-elevating agents decrease proliferation in HASM cells via a PKA-independent mechanism, and they provide pharmacological evidence for involvement of EPAC or an EPAC-like cAMP effector protein instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Kassel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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23
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Gosens R, Dueck G, Rector E, Nunes RO, Gerthoffer WT, Unruh H, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, Halayko AJ. Cooperative regulation of GSK-3 by muscarinic and PDGF receptors is associated with airway myocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1348-58. [PMID: 17873004 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00346.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors synergistically induce proliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), but the pathways that regulate these effects are not yet completely identified. We hypothesized that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a kinase that represses several promitogenic signaling pathways in its unphosphorylated form, is cooperatively inhibited by PDGF and muscarinic receptors in immortalized human ASM cell lines. PDGF or methacholine alone induced rapid GSK-3 phosphorylation. This phosphorylation was sustained only for PDGF; however, methacholine potentiated PDGF-induced sustained GSK-3 phosphorylation. Synergistic effects of methacholine also were observed on PDGF-induced retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Suppression of GSK-3 inhibitory function using SB 216763 also augmented PDGF-induced Rb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression; this synergy was similar in magnitude to that seen for methacholine with PDGF. GSK-3 phosphorylation induced by methacholine required PKC, since it was abolished by GF 109203X and Gö 6976; however, inhibition of PKC had no effect on cell responses to PDGF. PKC inhibition also specifically abolished the synergistic effect of methacholine on PDGF-induced GSK-3 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Collectively, these results show that GSK-3 plays a key repressive role in ASM cell proliferation. Moreover, muscarinic receptors mediate PKC-dependent GSK-3 inhibition, and this appears to be a primary mechanism underpinning augmentation of PDGF-induced cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Gosens
- Departments of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
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24
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Ganguly K, Stoeger T, Wesselkamper SC, Reinhard C, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, Tomlinson CR, Bolle I, Mason JM, Leikauf GD, Schulz H. Candidate genes controlling pulmonary function in mice: transcript profiling and predicted protein structure. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:410-21. [PMID: 17804602 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00260.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired development and reduced lung capacity are risk factors of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Previously, our genomewide linkage analysis of C3H/HeJ (C3H) and JF1/Msf (JF1) mouse strains identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the complex traits of dead space volume (Vd), total lung capacity (TLC), lung compliance (CL), and diffusing capacity for CO (D(CO)). We assessed positional candidate genes by comparing C3H with JF1 lung transcript levels by microarray and by comparing C3H, BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6J, A/J, PWD/PhJ, and JF1 strains, using exon sequencing to predict protein structure. Microarray identified >900 transcripts differing in C3H and JF1 lungs related to lung development, function, and remodeling. Of these, three genes localized to QTLs associated with differences in lung function. C3H and JF1 strains differed in transcript and protein levels of superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular [SOD3; mouse chromosome (mCh) 5: VD] and transcript of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2; mCh 17: TLC and D(CO)), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2; mCh 15: TLC and CL). Nucleotide sequencing of Sod3, Tff2, and previously identified Relaxin 1 (Rln1; mCh 19: CL) uncovered polymorphisms that could lead to nonsynonymous amino acid changes and altered predicted protein structure. Gene-targeted Sod3(-/-) mice had increased conducting airway volume (Vd/TLC) compared with strain-matched control Sod3(+/+) mice, consistent with the QTL on mCh 5. Two novel genes (Tff2 and Enpp2) have been identified and two suspected genes (Sod3 and Rln1) have been supported as determinants of lung function in mice. Findings with gene-targeted mice suggest that SOD3 is a contributing factor defining the complex trait of conducting airway volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ganguly
- National Research Center for Environment and Health (GSF), Institute for Inhalation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
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25
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Coordinating epidermal growth factor-induced motility promotes efficient wound closure. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C109-21. [PMID: 15371256 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00024.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a response to injury that is initiated to reconstruct damaged tissue. In skin, reepithelialization involves both epithelial cells and fibroblasts and contributes to the reformation of a barrier between the external environment and internal milieu. Growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF) play important roles in promoting this process. In the present studies we employed CV-1 fibroblasts in a tissue culture model of reepithelialization to develop strategies for optimizing wound closure stimulated by EGF. We found that EGF enhanced cell motility within 6-8 h of EGF treatment in serum-free medium but wounds failed to close within 24 h. However, if medium on these cultures was exchanged for medium containing serum, cells pretreated with EGF closed new scrape wounds more rapidly than did cells that were not pretreated. These results indicate that serum factors work in concert with EGF to coordinate cell motility for efficient wound closure. Indeed, EGF enhanced the rate of wound closure in the presence of serum, and this effect also persisted for at least 24 h after EGF was removed. This coordination of EGF-induced cell motility was accompanied by an increase in the transient phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2. The persistent effects of EGF were blocked by transient exposure to reversible inhibitors of transcription and translation, indicating that the expression of new proteins mediated this response. We propose that EGF-stimulated CV-1 fibroblast motility is coordinated by a serum component that induces cell-cell adhesive properties consistent with an epithelial phenotype, thereby enhancing the reepithelialization process.
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Sakai J, Oike M, Hirakawa M, Ito Y. Theophylline and cAMP inhibit lysophosphatidic acid-induced hyperresponsiveness of bovine tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Physiol 2003; 549:171-80. [PMID: 12679373 PMCID: PMC2342922 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.039024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established an in vitro model of airway hyperresponsiveness, using a bovine tracheal smooth muscle cell (BTSMC)-embedded collagen gel lattice. When the gel was pretreated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which activates the small G protein RhoA, ATP- and high K+ solution-induced gel contraction was significantly augmented. This was not due to the modulation of Ca2+ mobilizing properties, since ATP- and high K+-induced Ca2+ transients were not significantly different between control and LPA-treated BTSMC. Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, suppressed the LPA-induced augmentation of gel contraction, whereas it did not inhibit the contraction of control gels. Theophylline (> or = 1 microM) reversed the LPA-induced augmentation of gel contraction, whereas it inhibited control gel contraction only with a very high concentration (100 microM). We confirmed that theophylline increased the intracellular concentration of cAMP ([cAMP]i) in BTSMC. Elevation of [cAMP]i with dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin also reversed the LPA-induced augmentation of gel contraction. Furthermore, theophylline, as well as dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin, suppressed the LPA-induced membrane translocation of RhoA, indicating that they prevented airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting RhoA. We conclude from these results that theophylline inhibits LPA-induced, RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated hyperresponsiveness of tracheal smooth muscle cells due to the accumulation of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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27
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Ediger TL, Danforth BL, Toews ML. Lysophosphatidic acid upregulates the epidermal growth factor receptor in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L91-8. [PMID: 11741820 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2002.282.1.l91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human airway smooth muscle cells treated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) exhibit synergistic stimulation of mitogenesis (Ediger TL and Toews ML. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294: 1076-1082, 2000). The effects of LPA treatment of human airway smooth muscle cells on EGF receptor (EGFR) regulation have now been investigated. LPA treatment for 12-24 h resulted in a twofold increase in (125)I-EGF binding and EGFR protein levels as assessed by Western blot analysis. Competition binding assays indicated single-site binding with an affinity of 3 nM, and the affinity was not changed by LPA treatment. EGFR upregulation was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, suggesting that LPA influences transcriptional regulation of EGFR expression. Inhibitor studies revealed a prominent role for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. Both synergism and EGFR upregulation increased with increased cell density, whereas EGFR expression in control cells decreased. The similar requirements for exposure time, LPA concentrations, and cell confluence suggest that EGFR upregulation may be one contributing factor to the synergistic stimulation of mitogenesis seen with LPA plus EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Ediger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6260, USA
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