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Khalafi M, Maleki AH, Symonds ME, Sakhaei MH, Rosenkranz SK, Ehsanifar M, Korivi M, Liu Y. Interleukin-15 responses to acute and chronic exercise in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1288537. [PMID: 38235143 PMCID: PMC10791876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interlukin-15 (IL-15) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in immunology and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether exercise promotes circulating IL-15 concentrations in adults. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to May, 2023 and identified original studies that investigated the effectiveness of acute and/or chronic exercise on serum/plasma IL-15 levels in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of exercise, and training status, health status and body mass indexes (BMI) of participants. Results Fifteen studies involving 411 participants and 12 studies involving 899 participants were included in the acute and chronic exercise analyses, respectively. Our findings showed that acute exercise increased circulating IL-15 concentrations immediately after exercise compared with baseline [SMD=0.90 (95% CI: 0.47 to 1.32), p=0.001], regardless of exercise type and participants' training status. Similarly, acute exercise was also associated with increased IL-15 concentrations even one-hour after exercise [SMD=0.50 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.99), p=0.04]. Nevertheless, chronic exercise did not have a significant effect on IL-15 concentrations [SMD=0.40 (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.88), p=0.10]. Conclusion Our results confirm that acute exercise is effective in increasing the IL-15 concentrations immediately and one-hour after exercise intervention, and thereby playing a potential role in improving metabolism in adults. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=445634, identifier CRD42023445634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Aref Habibi Maleki
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Michael E. Symonds
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Mahsa Ehsanifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:251-266. [PMID: 36242699 PMCID: PMC10023776 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is an important part of human lifestyle although a large percentage of the population remains sedentary. Exercise represents a stress paradigm in which many regulatory endocrine systems are involved to achieve homeostasis. These endocrine adaptive responses may be either beneficial or harmful in case they exceed a certain threshold. The aim of this review is to examine the adaptive endocrine responses of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single bout or regular exercise of three distinct types of exercise, namely endurance, high-intensity interval (HIIE) and resistance exercise. In summary, a single bout of endurance exercise induces cortisol increase, while regular endurance exercise-induced activation of the HPA axis results to relatively increased basal cortisolemia; single bout or regular exercise induce similar GH peak responses; regular HIIE training lowers basal cortisol concentrations, while catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared with a single bout of HIIE. HPA axis response to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild HPA axis stimulation while regular resistance training in elderly results in attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations. In conclusion, it is important to consider which type of exercise and what threshold is suitable for different target groups of exercising people. This approach intends to suggest types of exercise appropriate for different target groups in health and disease and subsequently to introduce them as medical prescription models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Athanasiou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
- grid.414655.70000 0004 4670 4329Dermatology Department, Evangelismos General hospital, Athens, Greece Ipsilantou 45-47, 10676
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
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Farley MJ, Bartlett DB, Skinner TL, Schaumberg MA, Jenkins DG. Immunomodulatory Function of Interleukin-15 and Its Role in Exercise, Immunotherapy, and Cancer Outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:558-568. [PMID: 36730979 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to improve physical and psychosocial outcomes for people across the cancer care continuum. A proposed mechanism underpinning the relationship between exercise and cancer outcomes is exercise-induced immunomodulation via secretion of anti-inflammatory myokines from skeletal muscle tissue. Myokines have the potential to impair cancer growth through modulation of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells while improving the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Interleukin-15 (IL-15), one of the most abundant myokines found in skeletal muscle, has a key immunoregulatory role in supporting the proliferation and maturation of T cells and NK cells, which have a key role in the host's immune response to cancer. Furthermore, IL-15 is being explored clinically as an immunotherapy agent with doses similar to the IL-15 concentrations released by skeletal muscle during exercise. Here we review the role of IL-15 within the immune system, examine how IL-15 is produced as a myokine during exercise, and how it may improve outcomes for people with cancer, specifically as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant to immunotherapy. We summarize the available evidence showing changes in IL-15 in response to both acute exercise and training, and the results are inconsistent; higher quality research is needed to advance the understanding of how exercise-mediated increases in IL-15 potentially benefit those who are being treated for, or who have had, cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Farley
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | - David B Bartlett
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
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McDougle JM, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Jajtner AR, Feito Y. Acute physiological outcomes of high-intensity functional training: a scoping review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14493. [PMID: 36620744 PMCID: PMC9817969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) have been conducted. However, due to a restricted pool of available research, these investigations are often limited in scope. As such, a scoping review investigating the present literature surrounding the acute physiological response to HIFT-based exercise was chosen as a more appropriate structured review. Methodology A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Three large scale databases were searched to reveal any article pertaining to HIFT and related exercise terminology. Results A total of 2,241 articles were found during the initial search. Following this, titles, then abstracts, and full-texts were reviewed to determine inclusion eligibility. A total of 60 articles which investigated a combined total of 35 unique HIFT workouts were included within this review. Conclusions A variety of physiological parameters and HIFT workouts have been examined. Markers of intensity (e.g., blood lactate concentrations, heart rate) have been most consistently assessed across all studies, and these support the idea that HIFT workouts are typically performed at high-intensity. In contrast, the inclusion of most other measures (e.g., hormonal, markers of inflammation and damage, energy expenditure, performance) has been inconsistent and has thus, limited the possibility for making generalized conclusions. Differences in study methodologies have further impacted conclusions, as different studies have varied in sample population characteristics, workouts assessed, and time points. Though it may be impossible to comprehensively research all possible HIFT workouts, consistent adoption of population definitions and workload quantification may overcome this challenge and assist with future comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States,American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Hostrup M, Knudsen JG, Kristensen CM, Jessen S, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J. Beta 2 -agonist increases skeletal muscle interleukin 6 production and release in response to resistance exercise in men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1099-1108. [PMID: 35460295 PMCID: PMC9545867 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several tissues produce and release interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to beta2 -adrenergic stimulation with selective agonists (beta2 -agonists). Moreover, exercise stimulates muscle IL-6 production, but whether beta2 -agonists regulate skeletal muscle production and release of IL-6 in humans in association with exercise remains to be clarified. Thus, we investigated leg IL-6 release in response to beta2 -agonist salbutamol in lean young men at rest and in recovery from resistance exercise. DESIGN The study employed a randomized controlled crossover design, where 12 men ingested either salbutamol (16 mg) or placebo for 4 days, followed by the last dose (24 mg) administered 1½ h before exercise. Arterial and femoral venous plasma IL-6 as well as femoral artery blood flow was measured before and ½-5 h in recovery from quadriceps muscle resistance exercise. Furthermore, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected ½ and 5 h after exercise for determination of mRNA levels of IL-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. RESULTS Average leg IL-6 release was 1.7-fold higher (p = 0.01) for salbutamol than placebo, being 138 ± 76 and 79 ± 66 pg min-1 (mean ± SD) for salbutamol and placebo, respectively, but IL-6 release was not significantly different between treatments within specific sampling points at rest and after exercise. Muscle IL-6 mRNA was 1.5- and 1.7-fold higher (p = 0.001) for salbutamol than placebo ½ and 5 h after exercise, respectively, whereas no significant treatment differences were observed for TNF-α mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Beta2 -adrenergic stimulation with high doses of the selective beta2 -agonist salbutamol, preceeded by 4 consecutive daily doses, induces transcription of IL-6 in skeletal muscle in response to resistance exercise, and increases muscle IL-6 release in lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- August Krogh Section of Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grunnet Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Maag Kristensen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- August Krogh Section of Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- August Krogh Section of Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chen PW, Hsu CC, Lai LF, Chi CP, Yu SH. Effects of Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Preconditioning on Indicators of Muscle Damage After Acute Resistance Exercise in Male Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824210. [PMID: 35514339 PMCID: PMC9062696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute repeated hypoxia–hyperoxia preconditioning on resistance exercise (RE)-induced muscle damage in male athletes. Methods Eleven young male athletes participated in this randomized double-blind counter-balanced crossover study, and were divided into Normoxia (N) and Hypoxia–Hyperoxia (HH) trials. Subjects of the respective trials were supplied with normoxic (FiO2 = 0.21), or alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air (FiO2 = 0.10/0.99, 5 min each) for 60 min. Thirty minutes after preconditioning, subjects performed acute bouts of RE consisting of bench press, deadlift, and squats. Each exercise included 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% one-repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min rest between sets. After a 2-week washout period, subjects changed trials and completed the same study procedure after the alternate preconditioning. Muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and circulating biochemical markers were tested before preconditioning (baseline) and during recovery at 0, 24, and 48 h after exercise. Results Acute RE significantly increased levels of muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb), and decreased levels of peak knee extension torque in the N trial. Muscle soreness, CK, and Mb levels of the HH trial were significantly lower than that of the N trial after exercise. Interestingly, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of the HH trial increased significantly 0 h after exercise compared to baseline and were significantly higher than that of the N trial 0 and 24 h after exercise. However, no significant differences of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), cortisol, testosterone, peak torque, and average power levels were found between N and HH trials during recovery. Conclusion Our data suggest that pre-exercise treatment of alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air could attenuate muscle damage and pain after acute RE, but has no effect on muscle strength recovery in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wen Chen
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Lai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pu Chi
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
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Fortino SA, Wageh M, Pontello R, McGlory C, Kumbhare D, Phillips SM, Parise G. Sex-Based Differences in the Myogenic Response and Inflammatory Gene Expression Following Eccentric Contractions in Humans. Front Physiol 2022; 13:880625. [PMID: 35574443 PMCID: PMC9099417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.880625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After muscle injury, the interaction between muscle satellite cells (SC) and the immune response is instrumental for the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. Studies have reported sex-based differences in the skeletal muscle inflammatory and regenerative response following injury. However, many of these studies investigated such differences by manipulating the concentration of estradiol, in rodents and humans, without directly comparing males to females. We sought to explore differences in the myogenic and inflammatory response following unaccustomed eccentric exercise in males and females. We hypothesized that females would have a blunted myogenic and inflammatory response as compared to males. Methods: 26 (13 male, 13 female) healthy young adults (22 ± 0.4 years [mean ± SEM]) performed 300 maximal eccentric contractions (180°/s) of the knee extensors. Muscle biopsies were taken before (pre) and 48 h (post) following eccentric damage. SC content and activation were determined by immunohistochemical and real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) analysis. Inflammatory markers were analyzed using rt-PCR. Results: Following eccentric damage, males had a greater expansion of type I-associated SC (p < 0.05), and there was a trend for a greater expansion in total SC (type I + II fibers) (p = 0.06) compared to females. There was a trend for a greater increase in Pax7 and CCL2 gene expression in males compared to females (p = 0.09). Conclusion: We conclude that there are sex-based differences in the myogenic and inflammatory response, where females have a blunted SC and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai Wageh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Riley Pontello
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gianni Parise,
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Mauvieux B, Hingrand C, Drigny J, Hodzic A, Baron P, Hurdiel R, Jouffroy R, Vauthier JC, Pessiglione M, Wiehler A, Degache F, Pavailler S, Heyman E, Plard M, Noirez P, Dubois B, Esculier JF, Nguyen AP, Van Cant J, Roy Baillargeon O, Pairot de Fontenay B, Delaunay PL, Besnard S. Study of the kinetics of the determinants of performance during a mountain ultra marathon: Multidisciplinary protocol of the first Trail Scientifique de Clécy 2021 (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e38027. [PMID: 35704381 PMCID: PMC9244647 DOI: 10.2196/38027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growing interest of the scientific community in trail running has highlighted the acute effects of practice at the time of these races on isolated aspects of physiological and structural systems; biological, physiological, cognitive, and muscular functions; and the psychological state of athletes. However, no integrative study has been conducted under these conditions with so many participants and monitoring of pre-, per-, and postrace variables for up to 10 days over a distance close to 100 miles. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of the performance parameters during a 156 km trail run and 6000 m of elevation gain in pre-, per-, and postrace conditions. The general hypothesis is based on significant alterations in the psychological, physiological, mechanical, biological, and cognitive parameters. Methods The Trail Scientifique de Clécy took place on November 11, 2021. This prospective experimental study provides a comprehensive exploration of the constraints and adaptations of psychophysiological and sociological variables assessed in real race conditions during a trail running of 156 km on hilly ground and 6000 m of elevation gain (D+). The study protocol allowed for repeatability of study measurements under the same experimental conditions during the race, with the race being divided into 6 identical loops of 26 km and 1000 m D+. Measurements were conducted the day before and the morning of the race, at the end of each lap, after a pit stop, and up to 10 days after the race. A total of 55 participants were included, 43 (78%) men and 12 (22%) women, who were experienced in ultra–trail-running events and with no contraindications to the practice of this sport. Results The launch of the study was authorized on October 26, 2021, under the trial number 21-0166 after a favorable opinion from the Comité de Protection des Personnes Ouest III (21.09.61/SIRIPH 2G 21.01586.000009). Of the 55 runners enrolled, 41 (75%) completed the race and 14 (25%) dropped out for various reasons, including gastric problems, hypothermia, fatigue, and musculoskeletal injuries. All the measurements for each team were completed in full. The race times (ie, excluding the measurements) ranged from 17.8206 hours for the first runner to 35.9225 hours for the last runner. The average time to complete all measurements for each lap was 64 (SD 3) minutes. Conclusions The Trail Scientifique de Clécy, by its protocol, allowed for a multidisciplinary approach to the discipline. This approach will allow for the explanation of the studied parameters in relation to each other and observation of the systems of dependence and independence. The initial results are expected in June 2022. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/38027
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joffrey Drigny
- U1075 Comete/INSERM, Université de Caen, Caen, France
- Unité de Médecine du Sport, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Amir Hodzic
- U1075 Comete/INSERM, Université de Caen, Caen, France
- Unité de Médecine du Sport, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Pauline Baron
- ULR 7369 - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Rémy Hurdiel
- ULR 7369 - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Romain Jouffroy
- Intensive Care Unit, Anaethesiology, SAMU, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- IRMES - Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
- INSERM U-1018, Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Vauthier
- Departement de Medecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine - Département du Grand Est de recherche en soins primaires, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior lab, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière Inserm U1127, CNRS U9225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), Paris, France
| | - Antonius Wiehler
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior lab, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière Inserm U1127, CNRS U9225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Elsa Heyman
- ULR 7369 - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Université de Lille, LILLE, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Plard
- Espace et Sociétés UMR 6590 CNRS, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Performance Santé Métrologie Société (EA7507), Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Anh Phong Nguyen
- La Clinique du Coureur, Lac Beauport, QC, Canada
- Neuromusculoskeletal Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joachim Van Cant
- La Clinique du Coureur, Lac Beauport, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Stéphane Besnard
- Explorations Fonctionnelles Neurologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
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Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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10
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Luk HY, Levitt DE, Appell C, Vingren JL. Sex Dimorphism in Muscle Damage-induced Inflammation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1595-1605. [PMID: 34261990 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercise (RE)-induced hormonal changes on intramuscular cytokine gene expression after muscle damage in untrained men and women. METHODS Men (n = 8, 22 ± 3 yr) and women (n = 8, 19 ± 1 yr) completed two sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions followed by either an upper body RE bout (EX) or a time-matched period (CON). Muscle samples (vastus laterals) were analyzed for mRNA expression of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10, IL-15, TNFA, TGFB, CCL2, and CD68 at PRE, 12 h, and 24 h after the session. RESULTS A significant time-sex-condition interaction was found for TGFB with an increase for EX in men at 12 h from PRE. For EX, TGFB was also greater in men than in women at 12 and 24 h. Significant time-sex and condition-sex interactions were found for IL-10 with an increase for men that was greater than for women at 12 and 24 h. IL-10 was lower in EX than CON for men. A significant time-sex interaction was found for TNFA with an increase for men that was greater than for women at 24 h. A significant time-condition interaction was found for CD68 with an increase at 12 h and decrease at 24 h for EX and CON. CD68 was lower in EX than CON at 12 h. A significant time effect was found for IL6 and CCL2 with an increase at 12 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that women seem to have a muted intramuscular cytokine (i.e., IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β) response to muscle damage compared with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Luk
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Casey Appell
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
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Valigura HC, Leatherwood JL, Martinez RE, Norton S, White-Springer SH. Dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product attenuates exercise-induced stress markers in young horses. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6310836. [PMID: 34181712 PMCID: PMC8521742 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of exercise-induced stress is of key interest in determining ways to optimize performance horse health. To test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product would decrease markers of exercise-induced stress and inflammation in young horses, Quarter Horse yearlings (mean ± SD; 9 ± 1 mo) were randomly assigned to receive either no supplementation (CON; n = 8) or 21 g/d S. cerevisiae fermentation product (10.5 g/feeding twice daily; SCFP; n = 10) top-dressed on a basal diet of custom-formulated grain as well as ad libitum Coastal bermudagrass hay. After 8 wk of dietary treatments, horses underwent a 2-h submaximal exercise test (SET) on a free-stall mechanical exerciser. Serum was collected before dietary treatment supplementation (week 0), at week 8 pre-SET, and 0, 1, and 6 h post-SET and analyzed for concentrations of cortisol and serum amyloid A (SAA) by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for cytokine concentrations by commercial bead-based ELISA. Data were analyzed using linear models with repeated measures in SAS v9.4. From week 0 to 8 (pre-SET), serum cortisol decreased (P = 0.01) and SAA did not change, but neither were affected by diet. Serum concentrations of all cytokines decreased from week 0 to 8 (P ≤ 0.008), but granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) decreased to a greater extent in CON than in SCFP horses (P ≤0.003). In response to the week 8 SET, serum cortisol increased in all horses (P < 0.0001) but returned to pre-SET levels by 1 h post-SET in horses receiving SCFP. At 6 h post-SET, cortisol concentrations in CON horses returned to pre-SET concentrations, whereas cortisol declined further in SCFP horses to below pre-SET levels (P = 0.0002) and lower than CON (P = 0.003) at that time point. SAA increased at 6 h post-SET in CON (P < 0.0001) but was unchanged through 6 h in SCFP horses. All cytokines except G-CSF increased in response to the SET (P < 0.0001) but showed differing response patterns. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were lesser (P ≤ 0.05), and concentrations of G-CSF and IL-18 tended to be lesser (P ≤ 0.09) in SCFP compared with CON horses throughout recovery from the SET. In summary, 8 wk of dietary supplementation with 21 g/d of SCFP may mitigate cellular stress following a single, prolonged submaximal exercise bout in young horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Valigura
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, US
| | - Jessica L Leatherwood
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, US
| | - Rafael E Martinez
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, US
| | | | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, US
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Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031261. [PMID: 33572495 PMCID: PMC7908590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of physical activity—endurance, resistance or dynamic power—stimulate cytokine release from various tissues to the bloodstream. Receptors for exercise-induced cytokines are present in muscle tissue, adipose tissue, liver, brain, bones, cardiovascular system, immune system, pancreas, and skin. They have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Many of them regulate the myocyte growth and differentiation necessary for muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis. They also modify energy homeostasis, lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, regulate inflammation and exchange information (crosstalk) between remote organs. So far, interleukin 6 and irisin have been the best studied exercise-induced cytokines. However, many more can be grouped into myokines, hepatokines and adipomyokines. This review focuses on the less known exercise-induced cytokines such as myostatin, follistatin, decorin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 and interleukin 15, and their relation to various forms of exercise, i.e., acute vs. chronic, regular training in healthy people.
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Effects of grape juice consumption on oxidative stress and inflammation in male volleyball players: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2020; 54:102570. [PMID: 33183673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some foods are also demonstrated benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and ergogenic activity, similar to that of sports supplements. Grape juice has been considered an important source of polyphenols and these compounds could promote positive effects to the sports players. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effects of purple grape juice consumption on indicators of oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, global histone H4 acetylation levels, and muscle strength and muscle power in volleyball athletes. METHODS This is a randomized double-blind clinical trial in which 12 male volleyball players (16 ± 0.6 years old) participated in three different moments with match simulation: control (without beverage) (WB), grape juice (GJ) and placebo (PLA) (400 mL/day of grape juice or placebo (maltodextrin) for 14 days in a cross-over model). Before and immediately after each match, blood collection for analysis of indicators of systemic redox status, systemic concentrations of Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4), muscle damage, by Creatine Kinase (CK-NAC) and levels of global histone H4 acetylation were performed, as well as handgrip strength (HG) and lower limb power tests. RESULTS Consumption of grape juice significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (p = 0.04) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) damage (p = 0.01) after the match. IFN-γ levels, IL-4, CK-NAC, and histone H4 acetylation post-match did not alter with the grape juice consumption. Lower limb power improved after acute exercise in WB and GJ conditions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this pilot trial, the intake of grape juice for two weeks seems to reduce the protein oxidation and DNA damage by intermittent physical exercise, without epigenetics influence.
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Morehen JC, Clarke J, Batsford J, Barrow S, Brown AD, Stewart CE, Morton JP, Close GL. Montmorency tart cherry juice does not reduce markers of muscle soreness, function and inflammation following professional male rugby League match-play. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1003-1012. [PMID: 32672095 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1797181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rugby League (RL) match-play causes muscle damage, inflammation and symptoms of fatigue. To facilitate recovery, nutritional interventions are often employed, including Montmorency cherry juice (MC). We assessed the effects of MC on recovery following RL match-play in eleven male professional RL players who played in two matches (7-days apart) with MC or placebo (PLB) supplemented for 5-days pre-match, matchday and 2-days post-match. Blood was collected 48h pre-match, half-time, within 30-mins of full-time and 48h post-match to assess Interleukin concentrations (IL-6, -8 -10). Self-reported sleep, fatigue, mood, stress, and muscle-soreness were assessed 24h pre and 24 and 48h post-matches with muscle function assessed 48h pre and 48h post-match. No differences in distance covered (6334 ± 1944 Vs 6596 ± 1776m) and total collisions (28 ± 11 Vs 29 ± 13) were observed between both matches. There was a small albeit significant increase in IL-6, -8 and -10 concentrations pre to post-match in both PLB (IL-6: 0.83 ± 0.92 Vs 2.91 ± 1.40, IL-8: 2.16 ± 1.22 Vs 3.91 ± 1.61 and IL-10: 2.51 ± 2.14 Vs 0.61 ± 0.50 pg.mL-1) and MC groups (IL-6: 0.53 ± 0.53 Vs 2.24 ± 1.73, IL-8: 1.85 ± 0.96 Vs 3.46 ± 1.12 and IL-10: 0.48 ± 0.50 Vs 2.54 ± 2.10 pg.mL-1), although there were no significant differences between groups (P<0.05). Likewise, there was a small but significant increase in muscle soreness (P=0.01) and reduction in CMJ (P=0.003) with no significant differences between groups. No significant changes in sleep, fatigue or mood (P>0.05) were observed pre to post-match or between groups. These data suggest MC does not affect the modest changes observed in cytokine responses and markers of recovery from RL match-play.Keywords: Team Sport, Nutrition, Performance, Recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Morehen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jon Clarke
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Jake Batsford
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Stuart Barrow
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Alexander D Brown
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Eskandari A, Fashi M, Saeidi A, Boullosa D, Laher I, Ben Abderrahman A, Jabbour G, Zouhal H. Resistance Exercise in a Hot Environment Alters Serum Markers in Untrained Males. Front Physiol 2020; 11:597. [PMID: 32655403 PMCID: PMC7324790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We examined the effects of moderate resistance exercise (RE) on serum cortisol, testosterone, extracellular heat shock protein (HSP70), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15 concentrations in untrained males in a hot environment. Methods: Ten untrained young males (26 ± 3 years; 75.8 ± 6 kg; 177.4 ± 5.3 cm) performed two series of full body RE [3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions, 30–60 s recovery between series with 70% of one maximal repetition (1-RM), with a rest period of 1 to 3 min between exercises] carried out in a random order in both heated (∼35°C) and thermoneutral (22°C) conditions. Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 and IL-15 were measured before, at the end, and 1 h after RE sessions. Participants in both groups consumed 4 ml of water/kg body mass every 15 min. Results: There were time-related changes in testosterone, HSP70, and IL-6 (P < 0.001), and cortisol and IL-15 (P < 0.05). Levels of cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 increased immediately for RE at 35°C, and testosterone and IL-15 levels were decreased. Changes in serum testosterone, HSP70, cortisol, and IL-15 and IL-6 levels were reversed after 1 h. A significant time × condition interaction was observed for IL-15 and HSP70 (P < 0.001), cortisol and IL-6 (P < 0.05), but not for testosterone (P > 0.05). Conclusion: RE in a heated environment may not be appropriate for achieving muscle adaptations due to acute changes of hormonal and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Fashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hassane Zouhal
- Université de Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
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Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle are integrated organs and their coupling has been considered mainly a mechanical one in which bone serves as attachment site to muscle while muscle applies load to bone and regulates bone metabolism. However, skeletal muscle can affect bone homeostasis also in a non-mechanical fashion, i.e., through its endocrine activity. Being recognized as an endocrine organ itself, skeletal muscle secretes a panel of cytokines and proteins named myokines, synthesized and secreted by myocytes in response to muscle contraction. Myokines exert an autocrine function in regulating muscle metabolism as well as a paracrine/endocrine regulatory function on distant organs and tissues, such as bone, adipose tissue, brain and liver. Physical activity is the primary physiological stimulus for bone anabolism (and/or catabolism) through the production and secretion of myokines, such as IL-6, irisin, IGF-1, FGF2, beside the direct effect of loading. Importantly, exercise-induced myokine can exert an anti-inflammatory action that is able to counteract not only acute inflammation due to an infection, but also a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation raised as consequence of physical inactivity, aging or metabolic disorders (i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this review article, we will discuss the effects that some of the most studied exercise-induced myokines exert on bone formation and bone resorption, as well as a brief overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of myokines during the onset pathological conditions characterized by the development a systemic low-grade inflammation, such as sarcopenia, obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomarasca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Gdańsk University of Physical Education & Sport, Gdańsk, Pomorskie, Poland.
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17
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Nemati A, Alipanah-Moghadam R, Molazadeh L, Naghizadeh Baghi A. The Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 After Exhaustive Exercise. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4215-4223. [PMID: 31849453 PMCID: PMC6912001 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s218606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in plasma and skeletal muscles and an important fuel for immune system cells. It has beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may be considered as a potentially useful supplement for athletes. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 after exhaustive exercise in young healthy males. Materials and methods In this study, 30 healthy males (supplement =15 and control=15) were randomly assigned into two groups. The supplement group received 0.3 g/kg BW of glutamine along with 25 gr of sugar dissolved in 250 cc water per day. The control group received 25 gr of sugar in 250 cc water per day. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of 14 days of intervention. The participants underwent exercise until experiencing full-body exhaustive fatigue for 16 ± 2.84 mins, and then fasting blood samples were taken. Serum levels of TAC, MDA, MMP2, MMP9, glutathione, and hs-CRP were measured. Results Serum levels of MDA and hs-CRP significantly decreased in the supplement group (p< 0.05). The serum level of TAC significantly increased in the supplement group (p< 0.05). Glutathione serum levels significantly increased after exhaustive exercise (p< 0.05). Serum levels of MMP2 and MMP9 remained unchanged. Conclusion Results of this study showed that, some biochemical factors are time-dependent and can increase or decrease over time, as well as, serum levels of hs-CRP and MDA decreased with glutamine supplementation along with the increase in the TAC serum levels, but this supplementation had no effect on serum levels of MMP2 and MMP9 in exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nemati
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Alipanah-Moghadam
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Leila Molazadeh
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
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Aragón-Vela J, Casuso RA, Casals C, Plaza-Díaz J, Fontana L, Huertas JR. Differential IL 10 serum production between an arm-based and a leg-based maximal resistance test. Cytokine 2019; 126:154915. [PMID: 31706202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bench press (i.e. arm-based) and half-squat (i.e. leg-based) are exercises commonly used to increase and evaluate muscular strength. In addition to differences in the location of the muscles that participate in each exercise, the total muscle mass required for the latter is larger than that involved in the former. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a maximal incremental strength test when performed by bench press and by half-squat on myocellular damage, oxidative damage and the inflammatory cytokine response. Ten male athletes were subjected to half-squat and bench press incremental strength tests. Blood samples were collected at rest, 15-minutes and 24 h post-test. Hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations were determined as lipid peroxidation markers. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) activities were determined as markers of muscle damage. α-Actin concentration was determined as a marker of sarcomeric damage. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, IL10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were determined to assess the inflammatory response. LDH and CK-MB values were greater at 15 min and 24 h post bench press exercise (p < 0.05). No differences were found in lipid peroxidation or α-actin. Interestingly, IL10 values were greater in response to the press bench at 24 h post-test (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that, at equivalent workloads, an arm-based exercise induced higher anti-inflammatory effects and more severe muscle damage compared with a leg-based exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aragón-Vela
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - R A Casuso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - C Casals
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - J Plaza-Díaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - L Fontana
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - J R Huertas
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
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Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Oliveira LP, Herrlinger KA, Radom-Aizik S, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Resistance Exercise Selectively Mobilizes Monocyte Subsets: Role of Polyphenols. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2231-2241. [PMID: 29957728 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of polyphenol supplementation on the recruitment, mobilization, and activation of monocyte subsets after resistance exercise. METHODS Thirty-eight recreationally active males (22.1 ± 3.1 yr; 173.9 ± 7.9 cm; 77.8 ± 14.5 kg) were assigned to 28 d of polyphenol blend (PPB) supplementation, placebo (PL), or control (CON). Blood samples were obtained before (PRE) postresistance exercise, immediately (IP) postresistance exercise, 1 h (1H) postresistance exercise, 5 h (5H) postresistance exercise, 24 h (24H) postresistance exercise, and 48 h (48H) postresistance exercise (PPB/PL) or rest (CON). Fine-needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at PRE, 1H, 5H, and 48H. Circulating concentrations of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and fractalkine, as well as intramuscular MCP-1 were analyzed via multiplex assay. Changes in the proportions and expression of CD11b on monocyte subsets were assessed via flow cytometry. RESULTS Circulating MCP-1 increased in PPB and PL at IP with further increases at 5H. Intramuscular MCP-1 was increased at 1H, 5H, and 48H in all groups. Classical monocyte proportions were reduced in PPB and PL at IP, and increased at 1H. Nonclassical monocytes were increased in PPB and PL at IP, whereas intermediate monocytes were increased at IP, and reduced at 1H. Intermediate monocytes were increased in PPB at 24H and 48H. CD11b expression was reduced on PPB compared with PL and CON at PRE on intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Resistance exercise may elicit selective mobilization of intermediate monocytes at 24H and 48H, which may be mediated by tissue damage. Additionally, polyphenol supplementation may suppress CD11b expression on monocyte subsets at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Jajtner
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | | | - Kyle S Beyer
- Department of Exercise Science, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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Shaharudin S, Rahim MFA, Muhamad AS. Effects of Isokinetic versus Isotonic Training and its Cessation on Total Leukocytes and Lymphocytes Count in Adolescent State-level Weightlifters. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 30450173 PMCID: PMC6202783 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_42_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study investigated the effects of isokinetic versus isotonic training among adolescent state-level weightlifters in terms of total leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and its subsets following 24 sessions of training program and a month following training program cessation. Methods: Nineteen adolescent state-level weightlifters were assigned into isokinetic or isotonic groups. All participants were recruited from a pool of weightlifters with standardized training program provided by their coach. Series of immunological tests were carried out before the commencement, immediately upon the completion, and a month after the cessation of the additional training program to evaluate total leukocytes and lymphocytes count. Results: The results revealed a significant time and group interaction and main effects of time on mean total leukocytes (P < 0.05). Mean total leukocytes count at posttest decreased in both groups. In isotonic group, it was further decreased following 1 month of training cessation (P < 0.05) but not in the isokinetic group. However, the decrement was not high and the values were in the normal range. No significant time and group interaction was observed in total lymphocytes and its subsets count. Conclusions: Eight weeks of isokinetic and isotonic additional training with emphasis on shoulder joint only affect mean total leukocytes count in state-level adolescent weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazlin Shaharudin
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faiz Abdul Rahim
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ayu Suzailiana Muhamad
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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The relationship between plasma interleukin-15 levels and sarcopenia in outpatient older people. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:783-790. [PMID: 29071664 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome in which there is a decrease in muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function. Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a myokine released by skeletal muscle, has effects on both muscle and adipose tissue. We evaluated the relationship between plasma IL-15 level and sarcopenia. METHODS We evaluated a total of 160 outpatient older people, and 80 of whom had sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. Plasma IL-15 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Activities of daily living, nutritional and exercise status, co-morbidities, body mass index, waist circumference, sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-6, and vitamin D levels were also evaluated. RESULTS IL-15 levels were significantly higher in control subjects [5.1 (2.75-18.69)] compared to sarcopenic participants [3.91 (2.07-15.56)] (p < 0.001). Plasma IL-15 levels were independently and inversely associated with sarcopenia in multivariate regression analysis [OR: 0.74 (CI 95% 0.6-0.91) p = 0.005]. Age [OR: 1.13 (CI 95% 1.01-1.27) p = 0.03] and BMI [OR: 0.68 (CI 95% 0.51-0.92)] were also associated with sarcopenia in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION A low level of plasma IL-15 is associated with sarcopenia in outpatient older people. Further longitudinal and prospective studies are needed to evaluate changes in IL-15 over time together with muscle mass and strength or therapeutic potential of IL-15.
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Knuiman P, Hopman MTE, Hangelbroek R, Mensink M. Plasma cytokine responses to resistance exercise with different nutrient availability on a concurrent exercise day in trained healthy males. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13708. [PMID: 29870157 PMCID: PMC5987829 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate availability is proposed as a potential regulator of cytokine responses. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a preresistance exercise carbohydrate meal versus fat meal on plasma cytokine responses to resistance exercise after an endurance exercise earlier that day. Thirteen young, healthy, recreationally active males performed two experimental days with endurance exercise in the morning and resistance exercise in the afternoon. Either a carbohydrate (110 g carbohydrate, 52 g protein, 9 g fat; ~750 kcal) or an isocaloric fat meal (20 gr carbohydrate, 52 g protein, 51 g fat) was provided 2 h before resistance exercise. Blood was taken at baseline and at regular time intervals to measure circulating plasma cytokine levels (e.g. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, TNFα, ANGPTL4, decorin and MCP-1). Plasma glucose and insulin were higher in the postprandial period before the start of the resistance exercise on the carbohydrate condition, while free fatty acids were reduced. At 2 h postresistance exercise, IL-6 concentrations were higher in the fat condition compared to the carbohydrate condition (P < 0.05). In addition, in both conditions IL-6 levels were higher at all time points compared with baseline (P < 0.05). The pattern of increase in plasma IL-8 and IL-10 did not differ significantly between conditions (P > 0.05). There were no differences between conditions on TNFα levels and levels remain constant when compared with baseline (P > 0.05). ANGPTL4, IL-15, Decorin and MCP-1 showed no differences between the fat and carbohydrate condition (P > 0.05). The composition of the pre-exercise meal did in general not influence cytokine responses in the postresistance exercise period, except postresistance exercise circulating plasma IL-6 levels being higher in the fat condition compared with carbohydrate. Our findings support the view that pre-exercise carbohydrate availability does not have a major impact on acute responses of circulating plasma cytokines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Knuiman
- Division of Human NutritionWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maria T. E. Hopman
- Division of Human NutritionWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Roland Hangelbroek
- Division of Human NutritionWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human NutritionWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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23
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Sabaratnam R, Pedersen AJT, Kristensen JM, Handberg A, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Intact regulation of muscle expression and circulating levels of myokines in response to exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13723. [PMID: 29924476 PMCID: PMC6009776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The synthesis and secretion of myokines in response to contraction may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. However, some exercise-induced responses may be attenuated in T2D. Here, we investigated whether the effect of acute exercise on selected myokines are impaired in T2D. Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained from 13 men with T2D and 14 weight-matched, glucose-tolerant men before, immediately after and 3-h after acute exercise (60 min cycling) to examine muscle expression and plasma/serum levels of selected myokines. One-hour of exercise increased muscle expression of IL6, FGF21, ANGPTL4, CHI3L1, CTGF and CYR61, of which FGF21, ANGPTL4 and CHI3L1 increased further 3-h into recovery, whereas expression of IL6, CYR61, and CTGF returned to baseline levels. There was no immediate effect of exercise on IL15 expression, but it decreased 3-h into recovery. Plasma IL-6 increased robustly, whereas circulating levels of FGF21, ANGPTL4, IL-15, and CHI3L1 increased only modestly in response to exercise. All returned toward baseline levels 3-h into recovery except for plasma ANGPTL4, which increased further. No significant differences in these responses to exercise were observed between the groups. Our results demonstrate that muscle expression and circulating levels of selected known and putative myokines were equally regulated by acute exercise in patients with T2D and weight-matched controls. This suggests that the potential beneficial metabolic effects of these myokines are not impaired in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Jonas M. Kristensen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
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24
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Jajtner AR, Hoffman JR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Oliveira LP, Herrlinger KA, Radom-Aizik S, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. The effect of polyphenols on cytokine and granulocyte response to resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13058. [PMID: 28039406 PMCID: PMC5210375 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of resistance exercise on the production, recruitment, percentage, and adhesion characteristics of granulocytes with and without polyphenol (PPB) supplementation. Thirty‐eight untrained men were randomized into three groups: PPB (n = 13, 21.8 ± 2.5 years, 171.2 ± 5.5 cm, 71.2 ± 8.2 kg), placebo (PL; n = 15, 21.6 ± 2.5 years, 176.5 ± 4.9 cm, 84.0 ± 15.7 kg), or control (CON; n = 10, 23.3 ± 4.3 years, 173.7 ± 12.6 cm, 77.3 ± 16.3 kg). Blood samples were obtained pre (PRE), immediately (IP), 1 h (1H), 5 h (5H), 24 h (24H), 48 h (48H), and 96 h (96H) postresistance exercise (PPB/PL) or rest (CON). Fine‐needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at PRE, 1H, 5H, and 48H. Plasma concentrations and intramuscular content of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), granulocyte (G‐CSF), and granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were analyzed via multiplex assays. Changes in relative number of circulating granulocytes and adhesion receptor (CD11b) were assessed using flow cytometry. Intramuscular IL‐8 was significantly elevated at 1H, 5H, and 48H (P < 0.001). Area under the curve analysis indicated a greater intramuscular IL‐8 content in PL than PPB (P = 0.011). Across groups, circulating G‐CSF was elevated from PRE at IP (P < 0.001), 1H (P = 0.011), and 5H (P = 0.025), while GM‐CSF was elevated at IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.007). Relative number of granulocytes was elevated at 1H (P < 0.001), 5H (P < 0.001), and 24H (P = 0.005, P = 0.006) in PPB and PL, respectively. Across groups, granulocyte CD11b expression was upregulated from PRE to IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.015). Results indicated an increase in circulating CD11b on granulocytes, and IL‐8 within the muscle following intense resistance exercise. Polyphenol supplementation may attenuate the IL‐8 response, however, did not affect granulocyte percentage and adhesion molecule expression in peripheral blood following resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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25
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Freitas HR, Ferreira GDC, Trevenzoli IH, Oliveira KDJ, de Melo Reis RA. Fatty Acids, Antioxidants and Physical Activity in Brain Aging. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111263. [PMID: 29156608 PMCID: PMC5707735 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants are important mediators in the central nervous system. Lipid derivatives may control the production of proinflammatory agents and regulate NF-κB activity, microglial activation, and fatty acid oxidation; on the other hand, antioxidants, such as glutathione and ascorbate, have been shown to signal through transmitter receptors and protect against acute and chronic oxidative stress, modulating the activity of different signaling pathways. Several authors have investigated the role of these nutrients in the brains of the young and the aged in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and during brain aging due to adiposity- and physical inactivity-mediated metabolic disturbances, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Through a literature review, we aimed to highlight recent data on the role of adiposity, fatty acids, antioxidants, and physical inactivity in the pathophysiology of the brain and in the molecular mechanisms of senescence. Data indicate the complexity and necessity of endogenous/dietary antioxidants for the maintenance of redox status and the control of neuroglial signaling under stress. Recent studies also indicate that omega-3 and -6 fatty acids act in a competitive manner to generate mediators for energy metabolism, influencing feeding behavior, neural plasticity, and memory during aging. Finding pharmacological or dietary resources that mitigate or prevent neurodegenerative affections continues to be a great challenge and requires additional effort from researchers, clinicians, and nutritionists in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo da Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Karen de Jesus Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
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26
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Pedersen BK. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:600-611. [PMID: 28722106 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIMS The aim of this review was to provide the reader with an update of the mechanisms whereby exercise-induced cytokines may impact cardiometabolic diseases. RESULTS Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in pancreatic β-cell damage, whereas TNF-α is a key molecule in peripheral insulin resistance. In addition, TNF-α appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. A marked increase in IL-6 and IL-10 is provoked by exercise and exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of TNF-α and by stimulating IL-1ra, thereby limiting IL-1β signalling. Moreover, muscle-derived IL-6 appears to have direct anti-inflammatory effects and serves as a mechanism to improve glucose tolerance. In addition, indirect anti-inflammatory effects of long-term exercise are mediated via improvements in body composition. CONCLUSION Physical activity represents a natural, strong anti-inflammatory strategy with minor side effects and should be integrated in the management of patients with cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Hennigar SR, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Nutritional interventions and the IL-6 response to exercise. FASEB J 2017; 31:3719-3728. [PMID: 28507168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700080r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biologic effects. In response to prolonged exercise, IL-6 is synthesized by contracting skeletal muscle and released into circulation. Circulating IL-6 is thought to maintain energy status during exercise by acting as an energy sensor for contracting muscle and stimulating glucose production. If tissue damage occurs, immune cells infiltrate and secrete cytokines, including IL-6, to repair skeletal muscle damage. With adequate rest and nutrition, the IL-6 response to exercise is attenuated as skeletal muscle adapts to training. However, sustained elevations in IL-6 due to repeated bouts of unaccustomed activities or prolonged exercise with limited rest may result in untoward physiologic effects, such as accelerated muscle proteolysis and diminished nutrient absorption, and may impair normal adaptive responses to training. Recent intervention studies have explored the role of mixed meals or carbohydrate, protein, ω-3 fatty acid, or antioxidant supplementation in mitigating exercise-induced increases in IL-6. Emerging evidence suggests that sufficient energy intake before exercise is an important factor in attenuating exercise-induced IL-6 by maintaining muscle glycogen. We detail various nutritional interventions that may affect the IL-6 response to exercise in healthy human adults and provide recommendations for future research exploring the role of IL-6 in the adaptive response to exercise.-Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., Pasiakos, S. M. Nutritional interventions and the IL-6 response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hennigar
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA; .,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Gjevestad GO, Hamarsland H, Raastad T, Ottestad I, Christensen JJ, Eckardt K, Drevon CA, Biong AS, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Gene expression is differentially regulated in skeletal muscle and circulating immune cells in response to an acute bout of high-load strength exercise. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28270867 PMCID: PMC5335818 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background High-intensity exercise induces many metabolic responses. In is unknown whether the response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflects the response in skeletal muscle and whether mRNA expression after exercise can be modulated by nutritional intake. The aims were to (i) investigate the effect of dairy proteins on acute responses to exercise in skeletal muscle and PBMCs measuring gene expression and (ii) compare this response in young and older subjects. Methods We performed two separate studies in young (20–40 years) and older subjects (≥70 years). Subjects were randomly allocated to a milk group or a whey group. Supplements were provided immediately after a standardized exercise session. We measured mRNA expression of selected genes after a standardized breakfast and 60/120 min after finishing the exercise, using RT-qPCR. Results We observed no significant differences in mRNA expression between the milk and the whey group; thus, we merged both groups for further analysis. The mRNA expression of IL6, TNF, and CCL2 in skeletal muscle increased significantly after exercise compared with smaller or no increase, in mRNA expression in PBMCs in all participants. The mRNA expression of IL1RN, IL8, and IL10 increased significantly in skeletal muscle and PBMCs. Some mRNA transcripts were differently regulated in older compared to younger participants in PBMCs. Conclusions An acute bout of heavy-load strength exercise, followed by protein supplementation, caused overlapping, but also unique, responses in skeletal muscle and PBMCs, suggesting tissue-specific functions in response to exercise. However, no different effects of the different protein supplements were observed. Altered mRNA expressions in PBMCs of older participants may affect regenerative mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0556-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyrd O Gjevestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,Centre for Research and Development, TINE SA, P.O. Box 7, Kalbakken, 0902 Oslo Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.B. 4104 USA, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.B. 4104 USA, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Kristin Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Anne S Biong
- Centre for Research and Development, TINE SA, P.O. Box 7, Kalbakken, 0902 Oslo Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
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29
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Robertson AH, Larivière C, Leduc CR, McGillis Z, Eger T, Godwin A, Larivière M, Dorman SC. Novel Tools in Determining the Physiological Demands and Nutritional Practices of Ontario FireRangers during Fire Deployments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169390. [PMID: 28107380 PMCID: PMC5249212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The seasonal profession of wildland fire fighting in Canada requires individuals to work in harsh environmental conditions that are physically demanding. The purpose of this study was to use novel technologies to evaluate the physiological demands and nutritional practices of Canadian FireRangers during fire deployments. METHODS Participants (n = 21) from a northern Ontario Fire Base volunteered for this study and data collection occurred during the 2014 fire season and included Initial Attack (IA), Project Fire (P), and Fire Base (B) deployments. Deployment-specific energy demands and physiological responses were measured using heart-rate variability (HRV) monitoring devices (Zephyr BioHarness3 units). Food consumption behaviour and nutrient quantity and quality were captured using audio-video food logs on iPod Touches and analyzed by NutriBase Pro 11 software. RESULTS Insufficient kilocalories were consumed relative to expenditure for all deployment types. Average daily kilocalories consumed: IA: 3758 (80% consumption rate); P: 2945±888.8; B: 2433±570.8. Average daily kilocalorie expenditure: IA: 4538±106.3; P: 4012±1164.8; B: 2842±649.9. The Average Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein was acceptable: 22-25% (across deployment types). Whereas the AMDR for fat and carbohydrates were high: 40-50%; and low: 27-37% respectively, across deployment types. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to use the described methodology to simultaneously evaluate energy expenditures and nutritional practices in an occupational setting. The results support the use of HRV monitoring and video-food capture, in occupational field settings, to assess job demands. FireRangers expended the most energy during IA, and the least during B deployments. These results indicate the need to develop strategies centered on maintaining physical fitness and improving food practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Robertson
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - C. Larivière
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - C. R. Leduc
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Z. McGillis
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - T. Eger
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - A. Godwin
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - M. Larivière
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - S. C. Dorman
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH)–Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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30
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Lipford GF, Evans RK, Acevedo EO, Wolfe LG, Franco RL. Excess Blood Flow Response to Acute Resistance Exercise in Individuals Who are Obese or Nonobese. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:3120-3127. [PMID: 27941490 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipford, GF, Evans, RK, Acevedo, EO, Wolfe, LG, and Franco, RL. Excess blood flow response to acute resistance exercise in individuals who are obese or nonobese. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3120-3127, 2017-Resistance exercise (RE) is a commonly recommended treatment option for obese individuals. However, little is known regarding alterations in vasodilatory responses to RE, which could impair exercise tolerance. No studies to date have compared microvascular vasodilatory capacity, assessed by excess blood flow (EBF), responses in individuals who are obese or nonobese following acute RE. The purpose of the study was to evaluate EBF before and up to 24-hour after a single RE bout in obese (n = 18, 38.1 ± 7.64% body fat) and nonobese (n = 10, 23.6 ± 4.03% body fat) individuals who volunteered to participate. Each subject completed a leg flexion and knee extension one repetition maximum (1RM) test, and subsequently completed 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% of 1RM. Excess blood flow, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were evaluated at baseline (PRE-RE), immediately after (POST-RE), and 1 (POST-1) and 24 (POST-24) hours after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction for EBF between the 2 groups (p = 0.029). The estimated marginal means plot suggested that obese individuals had a significant increase in POST-RE EBF in comparison with PRE-RE EBF (428.54 ± 261.59 vs. 547.00 ± 311.15 ml/100 ml/min·s; p = 0.046). In addition, EBF significantly decreased at POST-24 in comparison with POST-RE in the obese individuals (547.00 ± 311.15 vs. 389.33 ± 252.32 ml/100 ml/min·s; p = 0.011). Changes in EBF were not related to adiponectin or TNF-α. An acute bout of RE resulted in an opposite EBF response between nonobese and obese individuals immediately after RE. Furthermore, only the obese individuals displayed a significant increase in EBF immediately after RE, which was significantly reduced 24 hours after the RE bout. Microvascular vasodilatory capacity may alter the adaptive exercise response associated with RE, requiring alterations to frequency, intensity, and/or duration that are specific to populations of various body composition profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson F Lipford
- 1Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Methodist University, Fayetteville, North Carolina; 2Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and 3Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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31
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Teeman CS, Kurti SP, Cull BJ, Emerson SR, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK. Postprandial lipemic and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals: a review of the roles of acute and chronic exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:80. [PMID: 27891165 PMCID: PMC5112627 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Postprandial inflammation following the prolonged elevation of triglycerides occurring subsequent to ingestion of high-fat meals, provides a likely explanation for increased disease risk. Substantial evidence has shown that acute exercise is an effective modality for attenuation of postprandial lipemia following a high-fat meal. However, much of the evidence pertaining to exercise intensity, duration, and overall energy expenditure for reducing postprandial lipemia is inconsistent. The effects of these different exercise variables on postprandial inflammation is largely unknown. Long-term, frequent exercise, however, appears to effectively reduce systemic inflammation, especially in at-risk or diseased individuals. With regard to an acute postprandial response, without a recent bout of exercise, high levels of chronic exercise do not appear to reduce postprandial lipemia. This review summarizes the current literature on postprandial and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals, and the roles that both acute and chronic exercise play. This review may be valuable for health professionals who wish to provide evidence-based, pragmatic advice for reducing postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk for their patients. A brief review of proposed mechanisms explaining how high-fat meals may result in pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic environments is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby S. Teeman
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Stephanie P. Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, 1A Natatorium, 920 Denison Ave, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Brooke J. Cull
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sam R. Emerson
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Mark D. Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
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Gomes FC, Chuffa LGA, Scarano WR, Pinheiro PFF, Fávaro WJ, Domeniconi RF. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training favor the occurrence of lesions and activate the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate. Andrology 2016; 4:473-80. [PMID: 27011054 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age is a key factor in the development of prostatic lesions. An increase in reactive oxygen species levels occurs during aging. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids and physical exercise alter the availability of hormones and may promote the appearance of lesions. This study examined whether the use of nandrolone decanoate (ND), associated or not with resistance exercise training, affects the pathways related to the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate of adult and aged rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into eight experimental groups: sedentary with ND, sedentary without ND, exercise with ND, and exercise without ND. The animals performed resistance exercise training and received ND two times/week (5 mg/kg, i.m.) for 8 weeks. Adult rats were killed immediately following treatment completion, and aged rats remained untreated until reaching 300 days of age. The adult animals that received ND and performed resistance exercise training showed a higher occurrence of lesions with TLR4 activation. Marked IL-6 expression occurred in the group that performed resistance exercise training. The group exposed to ND showed overexpression of TLR2, TLR4, NOX1, Nrf2, TNF-α, and P38MAPK. The animals that received ND and performed training showed increase levels of NFκB, IRF3, IL-6, TNF-α, and NOX1. TLR2 and TLR4 showed no upregulation in the aged animals. The groups exercise + ND showed lesions in the adult stage and after aging, followed by molecular alterations. We concluded that nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training can promote the onset of prostatic tumors in the adult stage, and during aging, activating pathways involved in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L G A Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W R Scarano
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W J Fávaro
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Bazgir B, Salesi M, Koushki M, Amirghofran Z. Effects of Eccentric and Concentric Emphasized Resistance Exercise on IL-15 Serum Levels and Its Relation to Inflammatory Markers in Athletes and Non-Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e27980. [PMID: 26448857 PMCID: PMC4594145 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.27980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in modulating the muscle's metabolic and immunological responses to exercise. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated changes in the serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-15 as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), as markers of inflammation, in athlete and non-athlete young men following eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) emphasized resistance exercise (RE). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study recruited 28 young males, 14 athletes and 14 non-athletes. Subjects completed two bouts of ECC and CON emphasized RE five days apart. Each bout included seven exercises that emphasized all major muscle groups with weight loads of 70% - 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for CON RE and 90% - 100% of 1RM for ECC RE. We analyzed subjects' blood samples before and immediately after each bout of exercise to determine cytokine and hs-CRP serum levels according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between IL-15 serum levels before and after ECC and CON RE in non-athletes (P = 0.03). In athletes, IL-15 serum level only increased after ECC RE (P = 0.01), which was noted to be the highest degree of change in IL-15 levels in all subjects. For athletes, the hs-CRP levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The serum levels of both TNF-α and hs-CRP were also significantly down-regulated after ECC RE in non-athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that fitness level and RE could modulate circulating levels of IL-15 and suggest the potential anti-inflammatory effects of IL-15 during RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center (EPRC), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Salesi
- Department of Physical Education, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Koushki
- Department of Physical Education, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Department of Immunology, Autoimmune Disease Research Center and Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Zahra Amirghofran, Department of Immunology, Autoimmune Disease Research Center and Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7132351575, E-mail:
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Shin KO, Bae JY, Woo J, Jang KS, Kim KS, Park JS, Kim IK, Kang S. The effect of exercise on expression of myokine and angiogenesis mRNA in skeletal muscle of high fat diet induced obese rat. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:91-8. [PMID: 26244127 PMCID: PMC4523810 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regular treadmill exercise on the mRNA expressions of myokines and angiogenesis factors in the skeletal muscle of obese rats. METHODS Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats (4weeks old) were divided into the CO (control) and HF (high fat diet) groups. Obesity was induced in the HF group by consumption of 45% high-fat diet for 15 weeks. These groups were further subdivided into training groups (COT and HFT); the training groups conducted moderate intensity treadmill training for 8 weeks. Soleus muscles were excised and analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS mRNA expression of myokines, such as PGC-1α, IL-6, and IL-15, in the COT and HFT groups (which conducted regular exercise), were higher as compared with the CO and HF groups (p < 0.05). Also, the levels in the HF group were significantly lower when compared with CO group (p < 0.05). Expression of angiogenesis mRNA, namely mTOR, VEGF, and FLT1, were significantly lower in the HF group, as compared to the CO group (p < 0.05). In addition, COT group had a higher expression of mTORC1, mTORC2, VEGF and FLT mRNA, than the CO group (p < 0.05); the HFT group also had higher expressions of mTOR, VEGF and FLT1 mRNA than the HF group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that mRNA expression of myokines was increased through the activity of muscle contraction, and it also promoted the mRNA expression of angiogenesis due to activation of mTOR. Thus, we conclude that not only under normal health conditions, but in obesity and excess nutritional circumstances also, regular exercise seems to act positively on the glycemic control and insulin sensitivity through the angiogenesis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yong Bae
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soeng Jang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sub Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ki Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwun Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Wright CR, Brown EL, Della Gatta PA, Fatouros IG, Karagounis LG, Terzis G, Mastorakos G, Michailidis Y, Mandalidis D, Spengos K, Chatzinikolaou A, Methenitis S, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Russell AP. Regulation of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor in Skeletal Muscle is Dependent Upon the Type of Inflammatory Stimulus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:710-9. [PMID: 26057332 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) binds to its receptor (G-CSFR) to stimulate hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, myelopoiesis, and the production and activation of neutrophils. In response to exercise-induced muscle damage, G-CSF is increased in circulation and G-CSFR has recently been identified in skeletal muscle cells. While G-CSF/G-CSFR activation mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, our understanding of the role and regulation in the muscle is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the role and regulation of G-CSF and G-CSFR in skeletal muscle under conditions of muscle inflammation and damage. First, C2C12 myotubes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without G-CSF to determine if G-CSF modulates the inflammatory response. Second, the regulation of G-CSF and its receptor was measured following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and the expression levels we investigated for redox sensitivity by administering the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). LPS stimulation of C2C12 myotubes resulted in increases in G-CSF, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) messenger RNA (mRNA) and an increase in G-CSF, IL-6, and MCP-1 release from C2C12 myotubes. The addition of G-CSF following LPS stimulation of C2C12 myotubes increased IL-6 mRNA and cytokine release into the media, however it did not affect MCP-1 or TNFα. Following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in humans, G-CSF levels were either marginally increased in circulation or remain unaltered in skeletal muscle. Similarly, G-CSFR levels remained unchanged in response to damaging exercise and G-CSF/G-CSFR did not change in response to NAC. Collectively, these findings suggest that G-CSF may cooperate with IL-6 and potentially promote muscle regeneration in vitro, whereas in vivo aseptic inflammation induced by exercise did not change G-CSF and G-CSFR responses. These observations suggest that different models of inflammation produce a different G-CSF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Robert Wright
- 1 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin Louise Brown
- 1 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- 1 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini, Greece
- 3 The Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly , Trikala, Greece
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- 4 Nestlé Research Center , Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland
- 5 School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly , Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- 6 Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Mastorakos
- 7 Endocrine Unit, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School , Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Michailidis
- 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini, Greece
| | - Dimitris Mandalidis
- 6 Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Kontantinos Spengos
- 8 The 1st Department of Neurology, University of Athens , School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini, Greece
| | - Spiros Methenitis
- 6 Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- 3 The Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly , Trikala, Greece
- 5 School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly , Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Aaron Paul Russell
- 1 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Benini R, Nunes PRP, Orsatti CL, Portari GV, Orsatti FL. Influence of sex on cytokines, heat shock protein and oxidative stress markers in response to an acute total body resistance exercise protocol. J Exerc Sci Fit 2015; 13:1-7. [PMID: 29541092 PMCID: PMC5812867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the influence of sex on changes in cytokines, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and oxidative stress in response to a single bout of total body resistance exercise. METHODS Sixteen healthy volunteers (8 men and 8 women), active and recreationally trained in resistance exercise, were subjected to a single bout of total body resistance exercise (3 × 8-10 repetition maximum, 10 exercises, rests periods of 90-120 seconds). Serum creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, HSP60, HSP70, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and reduced glutathione were assessed at pre-protocol, and 1 hour, 4 hours, and 24 hours post-protocol. RESULTS Both men and women had a similar increase in CK (p < 0.05) activity at 24 hours post-exercise. Significant sex differences were observed for IL-6. In the men, an increase from baseline was noted at 1 hour for IL-6. In women, an increase from baseline was noted at 4 hours only for IL-6. There was a significant correlation between peak IL-6 blood level and CK level at 24 hours only in the women. No significant changes were observed in IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, HSP60, HSP70, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and reduced glutathione. CONCLUSION Acute total body resistance exercise altered circulating levels of IL-6 and sex differences existed in the temporal pattern and magnitude of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Benini
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Prado Nunes
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Lera Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vannucchi Portari
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lera Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Catoire
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Vardiman JP, Moodie N, Siedlik JA, Kudrna RA, Graham Z, Gallagher P. Short-Wave Diathermy Pretreatment and Inflammatory Myokine Response After High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise. J Athl Train 2015; 50:612-20. [PMID: 25844857 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Various modalities have been used to pretreat skeletal muscle to attenuate inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of short-wave diathermy (SWD) preheating treatment on inflammation and stress markers after eccentric exercise. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory setting. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male (age = 22 ± 4.9 years, height = 179.75 ± 9.56 cm, mass = 82.22 ± 12.67 kg) college-aged students. INTERVENTION(S) Seven participants were selected randomly to receive 40 minutes of SWD heat treatment (HT), and 8 participants served as the control (CON) group and rested without SWD. Both groups completed 7 sets of 10 repetitions of a high-intensity eccentric exercise protocol (EEP) at 120% of the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) leg extension. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We biopsied muscles on days 1, 3 (24 hours post-EEP), and 4 (48 hours post-EEP) and collected blood samples on days 1, 2 (4 hours post-EEP), 3, and 4. We determined 1-RM on day 2 (24 hours post-SWD) and measured 1-RM on days 3 and 4. We analyzed the muscle samples for interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, and heat shock protein 70 and the blood for serum creatine kinase. RESULTS We found a group × time interaction for intramuscular IL-6 levels after SWD (F2,26 = 7.13, P = .003). The IL-6 decreased in HT (F1,6 = 17.8, P = .006), whereas CON showed no change (P > .05). We found a group × time interaction for tumor necrosis factor α levels (F2,26 = 3.71, P = .04), which increased in CON (F2,14 = 7.16, P = .007), but saw no changes for HT (P > .05). No group × time interactions were noted for 1-RM, heat shock protein 70, or creatine kinase (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The SWD preheating treatment provided a treatment effect for intramuscular inflammatory myokines induced through high-intensity eccentric exercise but did not affect other factors associated with intense exercise and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vardiman
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence
| | - Nicole Moodie
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jacob A Siedlik
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence
| | | | - Zachary Graham
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence
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Myokine interleukin-15 expression profile is different in suckling and weaning piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:30-35. [PMID: 29766983 PMCID: PMC5884465 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine highly expressed in skeletal muscle. The objective of the present study was to investigate the development of muscle IL-15 expression in suckling piglets and in early weaning piglets (day 14) at each level, that is, mRNA, protein, and secretion. Eight litters (eight piglets per litter) of newborn healthy piglets (Large × White × Landrace) with a similar initial weight (1618.0 ± 140.1 g) were chosen and divided into two groups. Group one used suckling piglets that were killed, respectively, at days 1, 7, 14, 21, and group two used early (day 14) weaning piglets that were killed respectively, at days 15, 17, 19, 21. In group one, IL-15 gene expression levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) along with increased body weight over time. IL-15 protein expression levels in piglets at day 21 of age were higher (P < 0.05) than those in piglets at other ages, and there was no difference (P > 0.05) among piglets at other ages. These findings indicated that increased IL-15 mRNA expression did not result in a corresponding increase of its protein expression. In group two, which used early weaning piglets from days 15–19, IL-15 mRNA and protein expression levels increased constantly (P < 0.05) and were higher (P < 0.05) than those in suckling piglets. Moreover, there was no gain of body weight (P > 0.05) compared with suckling piglets at day 14 of age. However, IL-15 protein expression levels in early weaning piglets at day 21 of age dropped significantly (P < 0.05) to the levels as suckling piglets at day 21 of age, while body weight increased (P < 0.05) markedly to the levels as suckling piglets at day 21 of age. In both groups, the serum IL-15 levels of piglets decreased significantly (P < 0.01) over time. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-15 expression differs in suckling piglets and in weaning piglets. It is speculated that IL-15 may play an important role in counteracting the effects of early weaning stress.
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Kraemer WJ, Hooper DR, Szivak TK, Kupchak BR, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Flanagan SD, Looney DP, Sterczala AJ, DuPont WH, Pryor JL, Luk HY, Maladoungdock J, McDermott D, Volek JS, Maresh CM. The addition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and isomaltulose to whey protein improves recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:91-9. [PMID: 25758255 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.938790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated whether a combination of whey protein (WP), calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrate exert additive effects on recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. METHODS Thirteen resistance-trained men (age: 22.6 ± 3.9 years; height: 175.3 ± 12.2 cm; weight: 86.2 ± 9.8 kg) completed a double-blinded, counterbalanced, within-group study. Subjects ingested EAS Recovery Protein (RP; EAS Sports Nutrition/Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH) or WP twice daily for 2 weeks prior to, during, and for 2 days following 3 consecutive days of intense resistance exercise. The workout sequence included heavy resistance exercise (day 1) and metabolic resistance exercise (days 2 and 3). The subjects performed no physical activity during day 4 (+24 hours) and day 5 (+48 hours), where recovery testing was performed. Before, during, and following the 3 workouts, treatment outcomes were evaluated using blood-based muscle damage markers and hormones, perceptual measures of muscle soreness, and countermovement jump performance. RESULTS Creatine kinase was lower for the RP treatment on day 2 (RP: 166.9 ± 56.4 vs WP: 307.1 ± 125.2 IU · L(-1), p ≤ 0.05), day 4 (RP: 232.5 ± 67.4 vs WP: 432.6 ± 223.3 IU · L(-1), p ≤ 0.05), and day 5 (RP: 176.1 ± 38.7 vs 264.5 ± 120.9 IU · L(-1), p ≤ 0.05). Interleukin-6 was lower for the RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 1.2 ± 0.2 vs WP: 1.6 ± 0.6 pg · ml(-1), p ≤ 0.05) and day 5 (RP: 1.1 ± 0.2 vs WP: 1.6 ± 0.4 pg · ml(-1), p ≤ 0.05). Muscle soreness was lower for RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 2.0 ± 0.7 vs WP: 2.8 ± 1.1 cm, p ≤ 0.05). Vertical jump power was higher for the RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 5983.2 ± 624 vs WP 5303.9 ± 641.7 W, p ≤ 0.05) and day 5 (RP: 5792.5 ± 595.4 vs WP: 5200.4 ± 501 W, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that during times of intense conditioning, the recovery benefits of WP are enhanced with the addition of HMB and a slow-release carbohydrate. We observed reductions in markers of muscle damage and improved athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- a Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio
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Storey AG, Birch NP, Fan V, Smith HK. Stress responses to short-term intensified and reduced training in competitive weightlifters. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:29-40. [PMID: 25640639 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify and evaluate the tolerance to, and consequences of, short-term variations in training load in competitive weightlifters. Seven international-level lifters performed 1 week of initial training followed by 2 weeks of intensified (INT: +100%, 36.5 ± 11.3 × 10(3) kg/week) and 1 week of subsequently reduced (RED: -25%) training within their annual program. After INT, but not RED, 90 min of weightlifting increased mRNA levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and cellular stress-associated DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 40-240%. Resting- and weightlifting-induced changes in plasma protein carbonyls, indicative of oxidative stress, but not pro-inflammatory CCL4 concentrations differed between INT and RED. Symptoms of stress (Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire) were reported as worse than normal more frequently during INT and RED than initial training. Global (negative) mood state increased during INT and declined during RED. Maximal snatch (-4.3 ± 3.7%) and vertical jump (-7.2 ± 6.5%), but not clean and jerk, were reduced after INT and restored after RED. Chemokine signaling may thus be part of the stress response to intense weightlifting and short-term reductions in training load support recovery from periodic INT training in weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Storey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H K Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Azizbeigi K, Azarbayjani MA, Atashak S, Stannard SR. Effect of Moderate and High Resistance Training Intensity on Indices of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress. Res Sports Med 2015; 23:73-87. [PMID: 25630248 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.975807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Azizbeigi
- Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Sannadaj Branch, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
- Exercise Physiology Departments, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran
| | - Sirvan Atashak
- Exercise Physiology Departments, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Iran
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Exercise-induced myokines in health and metabolic diseases. Integr Med Res 2014; 3:172-179. [PMID: 28664094 PMCID: PMC5481763 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has been emerging as a research field since the past 2 decades. Contraction of a muscle, which acts as a secretory organ, stimulates production, secretion, and expression of cytokines or other muscle fiber-derived peptides, i.e., myokines. Exercise-induced myokines influence crosstalk between different organs in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. Myokines are recently recognized as potential candidates for treating metabolic diseases through their ability to stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, increase glucose uptake, and improve lipolysis. Myokines may have positive effects on metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes, or obesity. Numerous studies on myokines suggested that myokines offer a potential treatment option for preventing metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the positive effects of exercise-induced myokines, such as interleukin-15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, on metabolic diseases.
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Shanely RA, Zwetsloot KA, Triplett NT, Meaney MP, Farris GE, Nieman DC. Human skeletal muscle biopsy procedures using the modified Bergström technique. J Vis Exp 2014:51812. [PMID: 25285722 DOI: 10.3791/51812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergström needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergström needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening ('window') at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90° and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Shanely
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Appalacian State University; College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University;
| | | | | | - Mary Pat Meaney
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Appalacian State University; College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University
| | - Gerard E Farris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center NorthEast
| | - David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Appalacian State University; College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University
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Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Comstock BA, Fragala MS, Davitt PM, Cortis C, Wilson JM, Lee EC, Newton RU, Dunn-Lewis C, Häkkinen K, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Flanagan SD, Looney DP, White MT, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Influence of HMB Supplementation and Resistance Training on Cytokine Responses to Resistance Exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:247-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.911669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle cytokine expression in the elderly. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:80-6. [PMID: 24434040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased circulating pro-inflammatory and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines. Exercise training, in addition to improving muscle function, reduces these circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Yet, few studies have evaluated changes in the expression of cytokines within skeletal muscle after exercise training. The aim of the current study was to examine the expression of cytokines both at rest and following a bout of isokinetic exercise performed before and after 12weeks of resistance exercise training in young (n=8, 20.3±0.8yr) and elderly men (n=8, 66.9±1.6yr). Protein expression of various cytokines was determined in muscle homogenates. The expression of MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-6 (which are traditionally classified as 'pro-inflammatory') increased substantially after acute exercise. By contrast, the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 increased only slightly (or not at all) after acute exercise. These responses were not significantly different between young and elderly men, either before or after 12weeks of exercise training. However, compared with the young men, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines 2h post exercise tended to be greater in the elderly men prior to training. Training attenuated this difference. These data suggest that the inflammatory response to unaccustomed exercise increases with age. Furthermore, regular exercise training may help to normalize this inflammatory response, which could have important implications for muscle regeneration and adaptation in the elderly.
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Acute resistance exercise increases the expression of chemotactic factors within skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2157-67. [PMID: 24968868 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intense resistance exercise causes mechanical loading of skeletal muscle, followed by muscle adaptation. Chemotactic factors likely play an important role in these processes. PURPOSE We investigated the time course of changes in the expression and tissue localization of several key chemotactic factors in skeletal muscle during the early phase of recovery following resistance exercise. METHODS Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from vastus lateralis of eight untrained men (22 ± 0.5 years) before and 2, 4 and 24 h after three sets of leg press, squat and leg extension at 80 % 1-RM. RESULTS Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (95×), interleukin-8 (2,300×), IL-6 (317×), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (15×), vascular endothelial growth factor (2×) and fractalkine (2.5×) mRNA was significantly elevated 2 h post-exercise. Interleukin-8 (38×) and interleukin-6 (58×) protein was also significantly elevated 2 h post-exercise, while monocyte chemotactic protein-1 protein was significantly elevated at 2 h (22×) and 4 h (21×) post-exercise. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 were expressed by cells residing in the interstitial space between muscle fibers and, in some cases, were co-localized with CD68 + macrophages, PAX7 + satellite cells and blood vessels. However, the patterns of staining were inconclusive and not consistent. CONCLUSION In conclusion, resistance exercise stimulated a marked increase in the mRNA and protein expression of various chemotactic factors in skeletal muscle. Myofibers were not the dominant source of these factors. These findings suggest that chemotactic factors regulate remodeling/adaptation of skeletal muscle during the early phase of recovery following resistance exercise.
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Mediators of monocyte migration in response to recovery modalities following resistance exercise. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:145817. [PMID: 24987193 PMCID: PMC4060064 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediators of monocyte migration, complement receptor-3 (CR3), and chemokine ligand-4 (CCL4) were measured in response to recovery modalities following resistance exercise. Thirty resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 2.9 y; 175.2 ± 7.1 cm; 82.1 ± 8.4 kg) were given neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES), cold water immersion (CWI), or control (CON) treatments immediately following resistance exercise. Blood samples were obtained preexercise (PRE), immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30 P), 24 hours (24 H), and 48 hours (48 H) after exercise for measurement of circulating CCL4 and CR3 expression on CD14+ monocytes, by assay and flow cytometry. Circulating CCL4 showed no consistent changes. Inferential analysis indicated that CR3 expression was likely greater in CON at 30 P than NMES (90.0%) or CWI (86.8%). NMES was likely lower than CON at 24 H (92.9%) and very likely lower at 48 H (98.7%). Expression of CR3 following CWI was very likely greater than CON (96.5%) at 24 H. The proportion of CR3+ monocytes was likely greater following CWI than NMES (85.8%) or CON (85.2%) at 24 H. The change in proportion of CR3+ monocytes was likely (86.4%) greater following NMES than CON from IP to 30 P. The increased expression of CR3 and increased proportion of CR3+ monocytes following CWI at 24 H indicate a potentially improved ability for monocyte adhesion to the endothelium, possibly improving phagocytosis of damaged tissues.
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Eckardt K, Görgens SW, Raschke S, Eckel J. Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1087-99. [PMID: 24676645 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an active endocrine organ releasing a host of so-called myokines. These myokines are part of a complex network that mediates communication between muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, the brain and other organs. Recent data suggest that myokines regulated by muscle contraction may play a key role in mediating the health-promoting effects of regular physical activity. Although hundreds of myokines have recently been described in proteomic studies, we currently have a rather limited knowledge of the specific role these myokines play in the prevention of insulin resistance, inflammation and associated metabolic dysfunction. Several myokines are known to have both local and endocrine functions, but in many cases the contribution of physical activity to the systemic level of these molecules remains as yet unexplored. Very recently, novel myokines such as irisin, which is thought to induce a white to brown shift in adipocytes, have gained considerable interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarise the most recent findings on the role of myokines in the regulation of substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We further explore the role of myokines in the regulation of inflammation and provide a critical assessment of irisin and other myokines regarding their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckardt
- German Diabetes Center, Paul Langerhans Group for Integrative Physiology, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Donges CE, Duffield R, Smith GC, Short MJ, Edge JA. Cytokine mRNA expression responses to resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise in sedentary middle-aged men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:130-7. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent resistance and aerobic exercise (CE) is recommended to ageing populations, though is postulated to induce diminished acute molecular responses. Given that contraction-induced cytokine mRNA expression reportedly mediates remunerative postexercise molecular responses, it is necessary to determine whether cytokine mRNA expression may be diminished after CE. Eight middle-aged men (age, 53.3 ±1.8 years; body mass index, 29.4 ± 1.4 kg·m−2) randomly completed (balanced for completion order) 8 × 8 leg extensions at 70% maximal strength (RE), 40 min of cycling at 55% of peak aerobic workload (AE), or (workload-matched) 50% RE and 50% AE (CE). Muscle (vastus lateralis) was obtained pre-exercise, and at 1 h and 4 h postexercise, and analyzed for changes of glycogen concentration, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, TNF receptor-1 and -2 (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, respectively), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-6R, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor-antagonist (IL-1ra). All exercise modes upregulated cytokine mRNA expression at 1 h postexercise comparably (TNFα, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, IL-1β, IL-6) (p < 0.05). Expression remained elevated at 4 h after RE and AE (p < 0.05), though returned to pre-exercise levels after CE (p > 0.05). Moreover, AE and RE upregulated IL-1β and IL-1ra expression, whereas CE upregulated IL-1β expression only (p < 0.05). Only AE reduced muscle glycogen concentration (p < 0.05), whilst upregulating receptor expression the greatest; though, IL-6R expression remained unchanged after all modes (p > 0.05). In conclusion, in middle-aged men, all modes induced commensurate cytokine mRNA expression at 1 h postexercise; however, only CE resulted in ameliorated expression at 4 h postexercise. Whether the RE or AE components of CE are independently or cumulatively sufficient to upregulate cytokine responses, or whether they collectively inhibit cytokine mRNA expression, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyne E. Donges
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Greg C. Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Short
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Johann A. Edge
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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