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van der Sluis RJ, van den Aardweg T, Sijsenaar TJP, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Metyrapone Treatment Protects Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice against Hypercorticosteronemia Development without Changing Atherosclerosis Susceptibility. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1287. [PMID: 37759687 PMCID: PMC10526766 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The steroid 11beta-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone is able to effectively reverse the hypercortisolemia detected in human Cushing's Syndrome patients. In this current preclinical study, we investigated whether metyrapone monotherapy can also reverse the hypercortisolemia-associated increase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. In this instance, female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice fed a cholic acid-containing high cholesterol/high fat diet to induce the development of hypercorticosteronemia and atherosclerotic lesions were treated twice daily with 100 mg/kg metyrapone for 4 weeks. Metyrapone effectively protected against hypercorticosteronemia development with endpoint plasma corticosterone levels remaining 43% lower than in controls (p < 0.01). Gene expression analysis in livers and adrenals validated that glucocorticoid receptor signaling was also reduced. Importantly, metyrapone treatment did not impact plasma cholesterol levels or alter atherosclerotic plaque areas or lesional collagen contents. However, metyrapone induced significant systemic lymphocytopenia as evident from marked decreases in splenic white pulp contents and thymus weights (-48% and -41%, respectively; p < 0.001). In conclusion, we have shown that treatment with metyrapone diminishes hypercorticosteronemia without affecting atherosclerosis susceptibility in cholic acid-containing high cholesterol/high fat diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. These preclinical findings highlight that restoring plasma glucocorticoid levels to normal is not necessarily sufficient to overcome the cardiovascular co-morbidities associated with human Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.S.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Tim van den Aardweg
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.S.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Timothy J. P. Sijsenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.S.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.S.); (M.V.E.)
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.S.); (M.V.E.)
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Senatus L, Egaña-Gorroño L, López-Díez R, Bergaya S, Aranda JF, Amengual J, Arivazhagan L, Manigrasso MB, Yepuri G, Nimma R, Mangar KN, Bernadin R, Zhou B, Gugger PF, Li H, Friedman RA, Theise ND, Shekhtman A, Fisher EA, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. DIAPH1 mediates progression of atherosclerosis and regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:280. [PMID: 36932214 PMCID: PMC10023694 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis evolves through dysregulated lipid metabolism interwoven with exaggerated inflammation. Previous work implicating the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in atherosclerosis prompted us to explore if Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1), which binds to the RAGE cytoplasmic domain and is important for RAGE signaling, contributes to these processes. We intercrossed atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr-/- mice with mice devoid of Diaph1 and fed them Western diet for 16 weeks. Compared to male Ldlr-/- mice, male Ldlr-/- Diaph1-/- mice displayed significantly less atherosclerosis, in parallel with lower plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides. Female Ldlr-/- Diaph1-/- mice displayed significantly less atherosclerosis compared to Ldlr-/- mice and demonstrated lower plasma concentrations of cholesterol, but not plasma triglycerides. Deletion of Diaph1 attenuated expression of genes regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, Acaca, Acacb, Gpat2, Lpin1, Lpin2 and Fasn, without effect on mRNA expression of upstream transcription factors Srebf1, Srebf2 or Mxlipl in male mice. We traced DIAPH1-dependent mechanisms to nuclear translocation of SREBP1 in a manner independent of carbohydrate- or insulin-regulated cues but, at least in part, through the actin cytoskeleton. This work unveils new regulators of atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism through DIAPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senatus
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lander Egaña-Gorroño
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel López-Díez
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Bergaya
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Aranda
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaume Amengual
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Arivazhagan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michaele B Manigrasso
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gautham Yepuri
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramesh Nimma
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaamashri N Mangar
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rollanda Bernadin
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boyan Zhou
- Department of Population Health, Division of Biostatistics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Population Health, Division of Biostatistics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Shekhtman
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Ilyas I, Little PJ, Liu Z, Xu Y, Kamato D, Berk BC, Weng J, Xu S. Mouse models of atherosclerosis in translational research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:920-939. [PMID: 35902281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the major cause of premature human mortality, is a chronic and progressive metabolic and inflammatory disease in large- and medium-sized arteries. Mouse models are widely used to gain mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and have facilitated the discovery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Despite promising preclinical studies, many drug candidates have not translated to clinical use because of the complexity of disease patho-mechanisms including lipid metabolic traits and inflammatory, genetic, and hemodynamic factors. We review the current preclinical utility and translation potential of traditional [apolipoprotein E (APOE)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice] and emerging mouse models that include partial carotid ligation and AAV8-Pcsk9-D377Y injection in atherosclerosis research and drug discovery. This article represents an important resource in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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4
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Xu M, Wu X, Liu Z, Ding Y, Kong W, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. A novel mouse model of diabetes, atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease using an AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y injection and dietary manipulation in db/db mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 622:163-169. [PMID: 35868060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical mouse models of cardiometabolic diseases are crucial to study the pathological mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases and to explore potential new therapeutic agents. Using double-knockouts in the background of ApoE-/- or Ldlr-/- mice requires an extensive amount of breeding and is costly. A significant breakthrough in atherosclerosis research is the use of AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y (a gain-of-function mutant of PCSK9 which promotes LDLR degradation) injection which can induce hyperlipidemia, increased endothelial stiffness, vascular calcification, aneurysm, and atherosclerotic plaque development in normal C57BL/6J mice. The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility that the injection of AAV8-PCSK9 vectors in db/db mice (a well-established animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus) produces a novel mouse model of diabetes, atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease to study the pathomechanisms of cardiometabolic disease and its complications. Db/db mice were injected with AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y (AAV8-PCSK9 for simplicity) or AAV8-control and fed with high-cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. Levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly elevated in AAV8-PCSK9-injected mice compared to the controls. AAV8-PCSK9 injection led to increased serum level of PCSK9, serious liver steatosis, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic plaque as determined by aortic arch/roots histopathological staining, with Oil Red O, Masson-trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics were used to assess the global gene expression in liver tissues. We conclude that AAV8-PCSK9 injection in db/db mice is a promising and time-efficient approach to induce diabetic atherosclerosis with fatty liver. This mouse model can be a new one to investigate the etiology and therapeutics of atherosclerosis with diabetes and fatty liver beyond the traditional model established in ApoE-/- mice or LDLR-/- mice receiving streptozotocin (STZ) injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xiumei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Weian Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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5
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ER-Stress and Senescence Coordinately Promote Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction in Diabetes-Induced Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142786. [PMID: 35889743 PMCID: PMC9323824 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is hallmarked by accelerated atherosclerosis, a major cause of mortality among patients with diabetes. Efficient therapies for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis are absent. Accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients is associated with reduced endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression and impaired activated protein C (aPC) generation. Here, we directly compared the effects of high glucose and oxidized LDL, revealing that high glucose induced more pronounced responses in regard to maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), senescence, and vascular endothelial cell barrier disruption. Ex vivo, diabetic ApoE−/− mice displayed increased levels of senescence and UPR markers within atherosclerotic lesions compared with nondiabetic ApoE−/− mice. Activated protein C pretreatment maintained barrier permeability and prevented glucose-induced expression of senescence and UPR markers in vitro. These data suggest that high glucose-induced maladaptive UPR and associated senescence promote vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, which—however—can be reversed by aPC. Taken together, current data suggest that reversal of glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction is feasible.
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6
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Gisterå A, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin SG, Hansson GK. Animal Models of Atherosclerosis-Supportive Notes and Tricks of the Trade. Circ Res 2022; 130:1869-1887. [PMID: 35679358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the disease process. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins elicit immune reactions and instigate inflammation in the vessel wall. Still, a treatment that is specific to vascular inflammation is lacking, which motivates continued in vivo investigations of the immune-vascular interactions that drive the disease. In this review, we distill old notions with emerging concepts into a contemporary understanding of vascular disease models. Pros and cons of different models are listed and the complex integrative interplay between cholesterol homeostasis, immune activation, and adaptations of the vascular system is discussed. Key limitations with atherosclerosis models are highlighted, and we suggest improvements that could accelerate progress in the field. However, excessively rigid experimental guidelines or limiting usage to certain animal models can be counterproductive. Continued work in improved models, as well as the development of new models, should be of great value in research and could aid the development of cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.).,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark (D.F.J.K)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
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Heather LC, Hafstad AD, Halade GV, Harmancey R, Mellor KM, Mishra PK, Mulvihill EE, Nabben M, Nakamura M, Rider OJ, Ruiz M, Wende AR, Ussher JR. Guidelines on Models of Diabetic Heart Disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H176-H200. [PMID: 35657616 PMCID: PMC9273269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. As cardiovascular disease represents the number one cause of death in people with diabetes, there has been a major emphasis on understanding the mechanisms by which diabetes promotes cardiovascular disease, and how antidiabetic therapies impact diabetic heart disease. With a wide array of models to study diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), the field has made major progress in answering these questions. However, each model has its own inherent limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this guidelines document is to provide the field with information on which aspects of cardiovascular disease in the human diabetic population are most accurately reproduced by the available models. This review aims to emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and to highlight the practical challenges and technical considerations involved. We will review the preclinical animal models of diabetes (based on their method of induction), appraise models of diabetes-related atherosclerosis and heart failure, and discuss in vitro models of diabetic heart disease. These guidelines will allow researchers to select the appropriate model of diabetic heart disease, depending on the specific research question being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne D Hafstad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Departments of Genetics and Cell Biology, and Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michinari Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Oliver J Rider
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam R Wende
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Gaul S, Shahzad K, Medert R, Gadi I, Mäder C, Schumacher D, Wirth A, Ambreen S, Fatima S, Boeckel JN, Khawaja H, Haas J, Brune M, Nawroth PP, Isermann B, Laufs U, Freichel M. Novel Nongenetic Murine Model of Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia-Associated Aggravated Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:813215. [PMID: 35350534 PMCID: PMC8957812 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.813215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis, the main pathology underlying cardiovascular diseases is accelerated in diabetic patients. Genetic mouse models require breeding efforts which are time-consuming and costly. Our aim was to establish a new nongenetic model of inducible metabolic risk factors that mimics hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, or both and allows the detection of phenotypic differences dependent on the metabolic stressor(s). Methods and Results Wild-type mice were injected with gain-of-function PCSK9D377Y (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) mutant adeno-associated viral particles (AAV) and streptozotocin and fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 or 20 weeks or a high-cholesterol/high-fat diet (Paigen diet, PD) for 8 weeks. To evaluate atherosclerosis, two different vascular sites (aortic sinus and the truncus of the brachiocephalic artery) were examined in the mice. Combined hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic (HGHCi) mice fed a HFD or PD displayed characteristic features of aggravated atherosclerosis when compared to hyperlipidemia (HCi HFD or PD) mice alone. Atherosclerotic plaques of HGHCi HFD animals were larger, showed a less stable phenotype (measured by the increased necrotic core area, reduced fibrous cap thickness, and less α-SMA-positive area) and had more inflammation (increased plasma IL-1β level, aortic pro-inflammatory gene expression, and MOMA-2-positive cells in the BCA) after 20 weeks of HFD. Differences between the HGHCi and HCi HFD models were confirmed using RNA-seq analysis of aortic tissue, revealing that significantly more genes were dysregulated in mice with combined hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia than in the hyperlipidemia-only group. The HGHCi-associated genes were related to pathways regulating inflammation (increased Cd68, iNos, and Tnfa expression) and extracellular matrix degradation (Adamts4 and Mmp14). When comparing HFD with PD, the PD aggravated atherosclerosis to a greater extent in mice and showed plaque formation after 8 weeks. Hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mice fed a PD (HGHCi PD) showed less collagen (Sirius red) and increased inflammation (CD68-positive cells) within aortic plaques than hyperlipidemic mice (HCi PD). HGHCi-PD mice represent a directly inducible hyperglycemic atherosclerosis model compared with HFD-fed mice, in which atherosclerosis is severe by 8 weeks. Conclusion We established a nongenetically inducible mouse model allowing comparative analyses of atherosclerosis in HCi and HGHCi conditions and its modification by diet, allowing analyses of multiple metabolic hits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gaul
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Medert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Mäder
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angela Wirth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saira Ambreen
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sameen Fatima
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes-Niels Boeckel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hamzah Khawaja
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Haas
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center (DZD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Department of Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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9
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Brito MDF, Torre C, Silva-Lima B. Scientific Advances in Diabetes: The Impact of the Innovative Medicines Initiative. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:688438. [PMID: 34295913 PMCID: PMC8290522 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.688438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the World Health Organization's priority diseases under research by the first and second programmes of Innovative Medicines Initiative, with the acronyms IMI1 and IMI2, respectively. Up to October of 2019, 13 projects were funded by IMI for Diabetes & Metabolic disorders, namely SUMMIT, IMIDIA, DIRECT, StemBANCC, EMIF, EBiSC, INNODIA, RHAPSODY, BEAT-DKD, LITMUS, Hypo-RESOLVE, IM2PACT, and CARDIATEAM. In general, a total of €447 249 438 was spent by IMI in the area of Diabetes. In order to prompt a better integration of achievements between the different projects, we perform a literature review and used three data sources, namely the official project's websites, the contact with the project's coordinators and co-coordinator, and the CORDIS database. From the 662 citations identified, 185 were included. The data collected were integrated into the objectives proposed for the four IMI2 program research axes: (1) target and biomarker identification, (2) innovative clinical trials paradigms, (3) innovative medicines, and (4) patient-tailored adherence programmes. The IMI funded projects identified new biomarkers, medical and research tools, determinants of inter-individual variability, relevant pathways, clinical trial designs, clinical endpoints, therapeutic targets and concepts, pharmacologic agents, large-scale production strategies, and patient-centered predictive models for diabetes and its complications. Taking into account the scientific data produced, we provided a joint vision with strategies for integrating personalized medicine into healthcare practice. The major limitations of this article were the large gap of data in the libraries on the official project websites and even the Cordis database was not complete and up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Torre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science-Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Silva-Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science-Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Choi JSY, de Haan JB, Sharma A. Animal models of diabetes-associated vascular diseases: an update on available models and experimental analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:748-769. [PMID: 34131901 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with the accelerated development of macrovascular (atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease) and microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy), which remain the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in this population. Current understanding of cellular and molecular pathways of diabetes-driven vascular complications, as well as therapeutic interventions has arisen from studying disease pathogenesis in animal models. Diabetes-associated vascular complications are multi-faceted, involving the interaction between various cellular and molecular pathways. Thus, the choice of an appropriate animal model to study vascular pathogenesis is important in our quest to identify innovative and mechanism-based targeted therapies to reduce the burden of diabetic complications. Herein, we provide up-to-date information on available mouse models of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic vascular complications as well as experimental analysis and research outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S Y Choi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy B de Haan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arpeeta Sharma
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Hyperglycemia does not affect tissue repair responses in shear stress-induced atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7530. [PMID: 29760458 PMCID: PMC5951920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for macrovascular complications in diabetes remain to be fully understood. Recent studies have identified impaired vascular repair as a possible cause of plaque vulnerability in diabetes. This notion is supported by observations of a reduced content of fibrous proteins and smooth muscle cell mitogens in carotid endarterectomy from diabetic patients along with findings of decreased circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells. In the present study we used a diabetic mouse model to characterize how hyperglycemia affects arterial repair responses. We induced atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) and heterozygous glucokinase knockout ApoE-deficient mice (ApoE−/− GK+/−) mice with a shear stress-modifying cast. There were no differences in cholesterol or triglyceride levels between the ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− GK+/− mice. Hyperglycemia did not affect the size of the formed atherosclerotic plaques, and no effects were seen on activation of cell proliferation, smooth muscle cell content or on the expression and localization of collagen, elastin and several other extracellular matrix proteins. The present study demonstrates that hyperglycemia per se has no significant effects on tissue repair processes in injured mouse carotid arteries, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in diabetic plaque vulnerability.
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12
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Sharma A, Tate M, Mathew G, Vince JE, Ritchie RH, de Haan JB. Oxidative Stress and NLRP3-Inflammasome Activity as Significant Drivers of Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications: Therapeutic Implications. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29515457 PMCID: PMC5826188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now increasingly appreciated that inflammation is not limited to the control of pathogens by the host, but rather that sterile inflammation which occurs in the absence of viral or bacterial pathogens, accompanies numerous disease states, none more so than the complications that arise as a result of hyperglycaemia. Individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1D, T2D) are at increased risk of developing cardiac and vascular complications. Glucose and blood pressure lowering therapies have not stopped the advance of these morbidities that often lead to fatal heart attacks and/or stroke. A unifying mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced cellular damage was initially proposed to link elevated blood glucose levels with oxidative stress and the dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Pre-clinical evidence has, in most cases, supported this notion. However, therapeutic strategies to lessen oxidative stress in clinical trials has not proved efficacious, most likely due to indiscriminate targeting by antioxidants such as vitamins. Recent evidence now suggests that oxidative stress is a major driver of inflammation and vice versa, with the latest findings suggesting not only a key role for inflammatory pathways underpinning metabolic and haemodynamic dysfunction in diabetes, but furthermore that these perturbations are driven by activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This review will address these latest findings with an aim of highlighting the interconnectivity between oxidative stress, NLRP3 activation and inflammation as it pertains to cardiac and vascular injury sustained by diabetes. Current therapeutic strategies to lessen both oxidative stress and inflammation will be emphasized. This will be placed in the context of improving the burden of these diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpeeta Sharma
- Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Basic Science Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Heart Failure Pharmacology Laboratory, Basic Science Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geetha Mathew
- Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology Laboratory, Basic Science Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy B de Haan
- Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Basic Science Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Prasad GS, Govardhan P, Deepika G, Vakdevi V, Sashidhar RB. Anti-inflammatory activity of anti-hyperlipidemic drug, fenofibrate, and its phase-I metabolite fenofibric acid: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:973-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Conti P, Lessiani G, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Theoharides TC. Mast cells emerge as mediators of atherosclerosis: Special emphasis on IL-37 inhibition. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:393-400. [PMID: 28420489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis lipoproteins stimulate the innate immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Hypercholesterolemia may activate the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, which induces TNF release in mast cells (MCs). IL-1 and IL-1 family members orchestrate a broadening list of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. MCs are implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases including allergy and inflammation. Activated MCs, located perivascularly, contribute to inflammation in atherosclerosis by producing inflammatory cytokines. MC IL-1-activation leads to the immediate release of inflammatory chemical mediators and TNF, and late inflammatory compounds such as cytokines. MCs can be activated by exogenous cytokines, antigens, microbial products (LPS) and neurotransmitters and generate IL-1 beta, TNF and several other inflammatory cytokines/chemokines along with PGD2, leukotrienes, histamine and proteases. MCs activated with IL-1 induce selective release of IL-6 without degranulation. TNF emerges as one of the most potent inflammatory cytokines involved in the response due to LDL. Cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-33 and TNF, are generated in the inflammatory sites by both macrophages and MCs, mediating atherosclerosis. IL-37 (IL-1 family member 7) binds IL-18Ra chain and acts by an intracellular mechanism down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory signals cJun, MAP kinase p38a, STAT transcription factors and p53. Blocking IL-1 with IL-37 alleviates the symptoms in patients with inflammatory diseases including arteriosclerosis. The impact of IL-37 on inflammatory cytokines mediating atherosclerosis is beneficial and protective. However, more studies are needed to better define this mechanism and the safety and tolerability of IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Lessiani
- Angiology Unit, Medicine and Geriatria, Villa Serena Hospital, Città Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | | | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Molecular Imaging of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091511. [PMID: 27618031 PMCID: PMC5037788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by intimal plaques of the arterial vessels that develop slowly and, in some cases, may undergo spontaneous rupture with subsequent heart attack or stroke. Currently, noninvasive diagnostic tools are inadequate to screen atherosclerotic lesions at high risk of acute complications. Therefore, the attention of the scientific community has been focused on the use of molecular imaging for identifying vulnerable plaques. Genetically engineered murine models such as ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−Fbn1C1039G+/− mice have been shown to be useful for testing new probes targeting biomarkers of relevant molecular processes for the characterization of vulnerable plaques, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, P-selectin, and integrins, and for the potential development of translational tools to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from early therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the main animal models of vulnerable plaques, with an emphasis on genetically altered mice, and the state-of-the-art preclinical molecular imaging strategies.
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16
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Comparative Genome of GK and Wistar Rats Reveals Genetic Basis of Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141859. [PMID: 26529237 PMCID: PMC4631338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, which has been developed by repeated inbreeding of glucose-intolerant Wistar rats, is the most widely studied rat model for Type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the detailed genetic background of T2D phenotype in GK rats is still largely unknown. We report a survey of T2D susceptible variations based on high-quality whole genome sequencing of GK and Wistar rats, which have generated a list of GK-specific variations (228 structural variations, 2660 CNV amplification and 2834 CNV deletion, 1796 protein affecting SNVs or indels) by comparative genome analysis and identified 192 potential T2D-associated genes. The genes with variants are further refined with prior knowledge and public resource including variant polymorphism of rat strains, protein-protein interactions and differential gene expression. Finally we have identified 15 genetic mutant genes which include seven known T2D related genes (Tnfrsf1b, Scg5, Fgb, Sell, Dpp4, Icam1, and Pkd2l1) and eight high-confidence new candidate genes (Ldlr, Ccl2, Erbb3, Akr1b1, Pik3c2a, Cd5, Eef2k, and Cpd). Our result reveals that the T2D phenotype may be caused by the accumulation of multiple variations in GK rat, and that the mutated genes may affect biological functions including adipocytokine signaling, glycerolipid metabolism, PPAR signaling, T cell receptor signaling and insulin signaling pathways. We present the genomic difference between two closely related rat strains (GK and Wistar) and narrow down the scope of susceptible loci. It also requires further experimental study to understand and validate the relationship between our candidate variants and T2D phenotype. Our findings highlight the importance of sequenced-based comparative genomics for investigating disease susceptibility loci in inbreeding animal models.
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17
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Abstract
The rising global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is accompanied by an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality that is attributable to the complications of chronic hyperglycaemia. These complications include blindness, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Current therapeutic options for chronic hyperglycaemia reduce, but do not eradicate, the risk of these complications. Success in defining new preventative and therapeutic strategies hinges on an improved understanding of the molecular processes involved in the development of these complications. This Review explores the role of human genetics in delivering such insights, and describes progress in characterizing the sequence variants that influence individual predisposition to diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and accelerated cardiovascular disease. Numerous risk variants for microvascular complications of diabetes have been reported, but very few have shown robust replication. Furthermore, only limited evidence exists of a difference in the repertoire of risk variants influencing macrovascular disease between those with and those without diabetes. Here, we outline the challenges associated with the genetic analysis of diabetic complications and highlight ongoing efforts to deliver biological insights that can drive translational benefits.
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18
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Heinonen SE, Genové G, Bengtsson E, Hübschle T, Åkesson L, Hiss K, Benardeau A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Gomez MF. Animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications: key players in the development of new therapeutic approaches. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:404085. [PMID: 25785279 PMCID: PMC4345079 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong, incapacitating metabolic disease associated with chronic macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular disorders leading to damage of the kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy). Based on the current trends, the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, novel means to prevent and treat these complications are needed. Under the auspices of the IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative), the SUMMIT (SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macrovascular hard end points for Innovative diabetes Tools) consortium is working on the development of novel animal models that better replicate vascular complications of diabetes and on the characterization of the available models. In the past years, with the high level of genomic information available and more advanced molecular tools, a very large number of models has been created. Selecting the right model for a specific study is not a trivial task and will have an impact on the study results and their interpretation. This review gathers information on the available experimental animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications and evaluates their pros and cons for research purposes as well as for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E. Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
- *Suvi E. Heinonen:
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katrin Hiss
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Agnes Benardeau
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Pharmaceutical Division, pRED, CV and Metabolic Disease, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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19
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Krikke M, van Lelyveld SFL, Tesselaar K, Arends JE, Hoepelman IM, Visseren FLJ. The role of T cells in the development of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:92-8. [PMID: 25238214 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients. Besides the classical cardiovascular risk factors, HIV related factors play a role, such as immune activation and treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The resulting T cell activation is regarded as one of the driving forces behind this accelerated atherogenesis. Interventions, such as early treatment and anti-inflammatory therapy, decreasing T cell activation might lead to a lower incidence of CVD in future HIV infected patients. This review specifically explores the role of T cells in the development of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krikke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S F L van Lelyveld
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - K Tesselaar
- Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - F L J Visseren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Okamoto R, Gery S, Gombart AF, Wang X, Castellani LW, Akagi T, Chen S, Arditi M, Ho Q, Lusis AJ, Li Q, Koeffler HP. Deficiency of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-epsilon reduces atherosclerotic lesions in LDLR-/- mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85341. [PMID: 24489659 PMCID: PMC3904867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are transcription factors involved in hematopoietic cell development and induction of several inflammatory mediators. C/EBPε is expressed only in myeloid cells including monocytes/macrophages. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder of the vascular wall and circulating immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages. Mice deficient in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (Ldlr−/−) fed on a high cholesterol diet (HCD) show elevated blood cholesterol levels and are widely used as models to study human atherosclerosis. In this study, we generated Ldlr and Cebpe double-knockout (llee) mice and compared their atherogenic phenotypes to Ldlr single deficient (llEE) mice after HCD. Macrophages from llee mice have reduced lipid uptake by foam cells and impaired phagokinetic motility in vitro compared to macrophages from llEE mice. Also, compared to llEE mice, llee mice have alterations of lipid metabolism, and reduced atheroma and obesity, particularly the males. Peritoneal macrophages of llee male mice have reduced mRNA expression of FABP4, a fatty acid binding protein implicated in atherosclerosis. Overall, our study suggests that the myeloid specific factor C/EBPε is involved in systemic lipid metabolism and that silencing of C/EBPε could decrease the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sigal Gery
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemisty and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xuping Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence W. Castellani
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Quoc Ho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Quanlin Li
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and National Cancer Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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