The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives

Associations between Dietary Phenolic Compounds and Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation Risk in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Phenolic compounds (PC) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Examining relationships between dietary intake of total PC and atrial fibrillation (AF) risk biomarkers in a Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome may offer new insights about AF physiopathology.

OBJECTIVE

This observational study aims to analyze the relationship between total PC intake and serum levels of five AF-related biomarkers over 5 years in 566 participants from the PREDIMED-Plus trial.

METHODS

In participants with metabolic syndrome (mean age: 65.1 years, 40.4% women), blood biomarkers were measured at baseline, 3, and 5 years: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (atrial stretch), high-sensitivity Troponin T (hs-TnT) (myocardial damage), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (inflammation), procollagen type 1 carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) (fibrosis), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) (oxidative stress). PC intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire and the Phenol-Explorer database. Changes in log-transformed biomarkers levels were evaluated with multivariable-adjusted mixed linear models. Sources of between-person variability in total PC intake were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Over 5-year, participants with moderate-high baseline PC intake (quartiles 2-4) showed a 39.5% (95%CI 27.4%;52.6%; p<0.001) increase in NT-proBNP concentrations compared to a 20.5% (95%CI% 3.4%,40.3%; p=0.03) increase in the lowest quartile, (ptime*categories =0.04). When PC intake was updated over follow-up, moderate-high intake showed a 32.2% (95%CI 19.5%;46.2%, p<0.001) increase in NT-proBNP vs. a 27.3% (95%CI 6.5%;52.1%, p=0.004) in the lowest quartile, (ptime*categories =0.02). Participants with moderate-high PC intake undergoing intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) showed smaller increases in hs-TnT than those with lower intake. Chocolate was the main contributor to between-person variability in PC intake.

CONCLUSION

Our results shows that higher PC intake was associated with larger increases in NT-proBNP concentrations. In participants undergoing an ILI and higher PC intake, a lower increase in hs-TnT levels was found. Future research is warranted to better understand the role of dietary intake of PC in AF-related pathways.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and immune cells within arterial walls, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to its pathogenesis, driving endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, and plaque instability. Emerging evidence highlights the potential of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to mitigate these processes and promote vascular health. This review explores the mechanisms through which bioactive compounds-such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and other natural compounds-modulate oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis. It examines their effects on key molecular pathways, including the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and modulation of inflammatory cytokines. By integrating current knowledge, this review underscores the therapeutic potential of dietary and supplemental bioactive compounds as complementary strategies for managing atherosclerosis, paving the way for future research and clinical applications.

Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL cholesterol levels), and elevated fasting glucose, that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. With the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome, effective dietary interventions are essential in reducing these health risks. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil and moderate in fish and poultry, has shown promise in addressing metabolic syndrome and its associated components. This diet's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, primarily due to its unsaturated fats, polyphenols, and fiber, have improved blood pressure, lipid levels, and insulin sensitivity. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been linked to reductions in central obesity and insulin resistance, both key elements in managing metabolic syndrome. Regarding lipid management, the Mediterranean diet lowers triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, enhancing lipid profiles. It also helps regulate blood glucose levels, reducing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the diet promotes weight loss and improves body composition, particularly by decreasing visceral fat, a primary driver of metabolic syndrome according to IDF classification. The Mediterranean diet offers a holistic approach to managing metabolic syndrome and reducing the risk of related chronic diseases. Its positive impact on metabolic health, combined with lifestyle changes like increased physical activity, provides a sustainable method for addressing the global burden of this syndrome. This review aimed to summarize the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on the component of the metabolic syndrome with subsequent positive effects on cardiometabolic risk profile.

Flaxseed polyphenols: Effects of varieties on its composition and antioxidant capacity

This study identified phenolic compounds in five flaxseed varieties and evaluated their antioxidant activities. Results showed significant variations in phenolic acids and flavonoids among the varieties. Longya 16 had the lowest flavonoid content, Longya 13 had the lowest phenolic acid content, while Longya 10 exhibited the highest content and diversity of polyphenols, including six flavonoids (vitexin, quercitrin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempfero1, (+)-dihydroquercetin) and five phenolic acids (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and cell-based assays under tBHP-induced oxidative stress. Flaxseed polyphenol extracts significantly reduced ROS, MDA, and GSSG levels and increased SOD and CAT activities, preserving cell vitality and morphology. These findings confirmed the significant antioxidant activity of flaxseed polyphenols, providing a theoretical basis for their application in antioxidative functional areas.

The association between dietary polyphenol intake and the odds of metabolic syndrome

Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and one of the most important features of polyphenols is their antioxidant properties. However, there is no universal consensus on the effectiveness of polyphenols in treating Mets. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between polyphenols and MetS in an Iranian sample. This cross-sectional study was conducted on an adult population sample from Shiraz, in southern Iran. MetS was calculated using the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), which defines MetS as the presence of three or more of the specified risk factors. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure the participant's food intake. The association between polyphenol intake and the odds on MetS and its components was assessed using logistic regression. In both univariate and multivariate models, the association between polyphenol intake and the risk of MetS was not significant. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariate model, each unit change in flavonol, flavanone and isoflavones intake was associated with a lower, higher, and higher odds of MetS, respectively (flavonols: odds ratio (OR) = 0.926, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.891-0.963, P < 0.001-flavanones: OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.001-1.014, P = 0.034-isoflavones: OR = 4.920, 95% CI: 1.057-22.894, P = 0.042). Additionally, no significant association was found between polyphenol intake and the risk of MetS components. However, in the multivariate model, after adjusting for potential confounders, a significant association was observed between polyphenol intake and lower odds of high waist circumference (OR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.996-0.999, P = 0.032). The present study did not reveal a significant association between overall polyphenol intake and the odds of MetS. However, certain subclasses of polyphenols appear to be associated with the likelihood of MetS and its components.

In Vitro Inhibition of Enzymes and Antioxidant and Chemical Fingerprinting Characteristics of Azara serrata Ruiz & Pav. Fruits, an Endemic Plant of the Valdivian Forest of Chile

The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of consuming small fruits for the prevention of chronic health problems, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and obesity, which are named chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Azara serrata Ruiz & Pav., commonly called "aroma de Castilla", is a shrub endemic to Chile from the Salicaceae family that produces an underutilized blue-grey berry that grows wild in southern Chile. The species is widely used as a medicinal plant by the Andean communities of southern Chile. In this work, a high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of the methanolic extract revealed several phenolic compounds for the first time in the edible berry of this endemic species. Furthermore, several glycosylated anthocyanins were detected and quantified using UHPLC coupled with UV/Vis detection and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-TIMS-TOF) for the anthocyanin-rich extract, which was prepared using an optimized anthocyanin extraction protocol. The extract proved to be active in the inhibition of several enzymes linked to NCDs, such as acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, lipase, and glucosidase (IC50 = 3.92 ± 0.23, 12.24 ± 0.03, 11.12 ± 0.10, 32.43 ± 0.0, and 371.6 ± 0.0 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the extract concentrated in anthocyanins showed good antioxidant activity evidenced by the bleaching of the radicals DPPH and ABTS, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results show that these neglected endemic small berries can be a source of healthy phytochemicals. These Chilean berries can be used as functional food and their extracts are candidates for use as functional ingredients in naturally healthy products.

Gut microbiota and psoriasis: pathogenesis, targeted therapy, and future directions

Background

Psoriasis is one of the most common autoimmune skin diseases. Increasing evidence shows that alterations in the diversity and function of microbiota can participate in the pathogenesis of psoriasis through various pathways and mechanisms.

Objective

To review the connection between microbial changes and psoriasis, how microbial-targeted therapy can be used to treat psoriasis, as well as the potential of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet, and Traditional Chinese Medicine as supplementary and adjunctive therapies.

Methods

Literature related to the relationship between psoriasis and gut microbiota was searched in PubMed and CNKI.

Results

Adjunct therapies such as dietary interventions, traditional Chinese medicine, and probiotics can enhance gut microbiota abundance and diversity in patients with psoriasis. These therapies stimulate immune mediators including IL-23, IL-17, IL-22, and modulate gamma interferon (IFN-γ) along with the NF-kB pathway, thereby suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ameliorating systemic inflammatory conditions.

Conclusion

This article discusses the direction of future research and clinical treatment of psoriasis from the perspective of intestinal microbiota and the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine, so as to provide clinicians with more comprehensive diagnosis and treatment options and bring greater hope to patients with psoriasis.

Research advances in the therapy of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome refers to the pathological state of metabolic disorder of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and other substances in the human body. It is a syndrome composed of a group of complex metabolic disorders, whose pathogenesis includes multiple genetic and acquired entities falling under the category of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammationand. It is a risk factor for increased prevalence and mortality from diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, thus it is imperative to investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome on alleviating this substantial disease burden. Despite the increasing number of scientists dedicating themselves to researching metabolic syndrome in recent decades, numerous aspects of this condition remain incompletely understood, leaving many questions unanswered. In this review, we present an epidemiological analysis of MetS, explore both traditional and novel pathogenesis, examine the pathophysiological repercussions of metabolic syndrome, summarize research advances, and elucidate the mechanisms underlying corresponding treatment approaches.

Research progress on the regulation of oxidative stress by phenolics: the role of gut microbiota and Nrf2 signaling pathway

In recent years, the increase in high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles has made obesity a global public health problem. An unbalanced diet promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines and causes redox imbalance in the body. Phenolics have potent antioxidant activity and cytoprotective ability. They can scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus combating the body's oxidative stress. They can also improve the body's inflammatory response, enhance the enzyme activity of lipid metabolism, and reduce the contents of cholesterol and triglyceride. Most phenolics are biotransformed and absorbed into the blood after the action by gut microbiota; these metabolites then undergo phase I and II metabolism and regulate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes. Phenolics induce the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxification enzymes by stimulating Nrf2 to enter the nucleus and bind to the antioxidant response element after uncoupling from Keap1, thereby promoting the production of antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxification enzymes. The absorption rate of phenolics in the small intestine is extremely low. Most phenolics reach the colon, where they interact with the microbiota and undergo a series of metabolism. Their metabolites will reach the liver via the portal vein and undergo conjugation reactions. Subsequently, the metabolites reach the whole body to exert biological activity by traveling with the systemic circulation. Phenolics can promote the growth of probiotics, reduce the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and improve intestinal microecological imbalance. This paper reviews the nutritional value, bioactivity, and antioxidant mechanism of phenolics in the body, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of natural antioxidants and provide a reference for elucidating the mechanism of action of phenolics for regulating oxidative stress in the body. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidative, Metabolic and Vascular Medicinal Potentials of Natural Products in the Non-Edible Wastes of Fruits Belonging to the Citrus and Prunus Genera: A Review

Diabetes mellitus and related metabolic and vascular impairments are notable health problems. Fruits and vegetables contain phenolics that are beneficial to metabolic and oxidative health and useful in preventing associated disease. Scientific evidence has shown that some bioactive phenolics are more abundant in the non-edible parts (especially the peels) of many fruits than in their respective edible tissues. Fruits belonging to the Citrus and Prunus genera are commonly consumed worldwide, including in South Africa, and their non-edible wastes (peel and seed) have been shown to have antioxidative, metabolic and vascular pharmacological potentials and medicinal phytochemistry. It is therefore imperative to evaluate the pharmacological actions and phytochemical properties of the non-edible wastes of these fruits and understand how they could potentially be of medicinal relevance in oxidative, metabolic and vascular diseases, including diabetes, oxidative stress, obesity, hypertension and related cardiovascular impairments. In the absence of a previous review that has concomitantly presented the medicinal potentials of fruits wastes from both genera, this review presents a critical analysis of previous and recent perspectives on the medicinal potential of the non-edible wastes from the selected Citrus and Prunus fruits in metabolic, vascular and oxidative health. This review further exposes the medicinal phytochemistry, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms through the fruit wastes potentiates their therapeutic effects. A literature search was carried out on "PubMed" to identify peer-reviewed published (mostly 2015 and beyond) studies reporting the antidiabetic, antioxidative, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties of the non-edible parts of the selected fruits. The data of the selected studies were analyzed to understand the bioactive mechanisms, bioactive principles and toxicological profiles. The wastes (seed and peel) of the selected fruits had antioxidant, anti-obesogenic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and tissue protective potentials. Some phenolic acids and terpenes, as well as flavonoids and glycosides such as narirutin, nobiletin, hesperidin, naringin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, diosmin, etc., were the possible bioactive principles. The peel and seed of the selected fruits belonging to the Citrus and Prunus genera are potential sources of bioactive compounds that could be of medicinal relevance for improving oxidative, metabolic and vascular health. However, there is a need for appropriate toxicological studies.

Abrupt Photoperiod Changes Differentially Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Healthy and Obese Rats: Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract (GSPE)

Disruptions of the light/dark cycle and unhealthy diets can promote misalignment of biological rhythms and metabolic alterations, ultimately leading to an oxidative stress condition. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which possesses antioxidant properties, has demonstrated its beneficial effects in metabolic-associated diseases and its potential role in modulating circadian disruptions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of GSPE administration on the liver oxidant system of healthy and diet-induced obese rats undergoing a sudden photoperiod shift. To this end, forty-eight photoperiod-sensitive Fischer 344/IcoCrl rats were fed either a standard (STD) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 6 weeks. A week before euthanizing, rats were abruptly transferred from a standard photoperiod of 12 h of light/day (L12) to either a short (6 h light/day, L6) or a long photoperiod (18 h light/day, L18) while receiving a daily oral dose of vehicle (VH) or GSPE (25 mg/kg). Alterations in body weight gain, serum and liver biochemical parameters, antioxidant gene and protein expression, and antioxidant metabolites were observed. Interestingly, GSPE partially ameliorated these effects by reducing the oxidative stress status in L6 through an increase in GPx1 expression and in hepatic antioxidant metabolites and in L18 by increasing the NRF2/KEAP1/ARE pathway, thereby showing potential in the treatment of circadian-related disorders by increasing the hepatic antioxidant response in a photoperiod-dependent manner.

Luteolin as a potential hepatoprotective drug: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies

Luteolin is a flavonoid widely present in various traditional Chinese medicines. In recent years, luteolin has received more attention due to its impressive liver protective effect, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis and hepatoma. This article summarizes the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and toxicity of luteolin against liver diseases, and provides prospect. The results indicate that luteolin improves liver lesions through various mechanisms, including inhibiting inflammatory factors, reducing oxidative stress, regulating lipid balance, slowing down excessive aggregation of extracellular matrix, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of liver cancer cells. Pharmacokinetics research manifested that due to metabolic effects, the bioavailability of luteolin is relatively low. It is worth noting that appropriate modification, new delivery systems, and derivatives can enhance its bioavailability. Although many studies have shown that the toxicity of luteolin is minimal, strict toxicity experiments are still needed to evaluate its safety and promote its reasonable development. In addition, this study also discussed the clinical applications related to luteolin, indicating that it is a key component of commonly used liver protective drugs in clinical practice. In view of its excellent pharmacological effects, luteolin is expected to become a potential drug for the treatment of various liver diseases.

Reducing gut microbiome-driven adipose tissue inflammation alleviates metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

The gut microbiota contributes to macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipose tissue with consumption of an obesogenic diet, thus driving the development of metabolic syndrome. There is a need to identify and develop interventions that abrogate this condition. The hops-derived prenylated flavonoid xanthohumol (XN) and its semi-synthetic derivative tetrahydroxanthohumol (TXN) attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and metabolic syndrome in C57Bl/6J mice. This coincides with a decrease in pro-inflammatory gene expression in the gut and adipose tissue, together with alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid composition.

RESULTS

In this study, we integrated and interrogated multi-omics data from different organs with fecal 16S rRNA sequences and systemic metabolic phenotypic data using a Transkingdom Network Analysis. By incorporating cell type information from single-cell RNA-seq data, we discovered TXN attenuates macrophage inflammatory processes in adipose tissue. TXN treatment also reduced levels of inflammation-inducing microbes, such as Oscillibacter valericigenes, that lead to adverse metabolic phenotypes. Furthermore, in vitro validation in macrophage cell lines and in vivo mouse supplementation showed addition of O. valericigenes supernatant induced the expression of metabolic macrophage signature genes that are downregulated by TXN in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings establish an important mechanism by which TXN mitigates adverse phenotypic outcomes of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. TXN primarily reduces the abundance of pro-inflammatory gut microbes that can otherwise promote macrophage-associated inflammation in white adipose tissue. Video Abstract.

The perception and influencing factors of astringency, and health-promoting effects associated with phytochemicals: A comprehensive review

Astringency as the complex sensory of drying or shrinking can be perceived from natural foods, including abundant phenolic compounds. Up to now, there have been two possible astringency perception mechanisms of phenolic compounds. The first possible mechanism involved chemosensors and mechanosensors and took salivary binding proteins as the premise. Although piecemeal reports about chemosensors, friction mechanosensor's perception mechanisms were absent. There might be another perception way because a part of astringent phenolic compounds also triggered astringency although they could not bind with salivary proteins, however, the specific mechanism was unclear. Structures caused the differences in astringency perception mechanisms and intensities. Except for structures, other influencing factors also changed astringency perception intensity and aimed to decrease it, which probably ignored the health-promoting effects of phenolic compounds. Therefore, we roundly summarized the chemosensor's perception processes of the first mechanism. Meanwhile, we speculated that friction mechanosensor's probably activated Piezo2 ion channel on cell membranes. Phenolic compounds directly binds with oral epithelial cells, activating Piezo2 ion channel probably the another astringency perception mechanism. Except for structure, the increase of pH values, ethanol concentrations, and viscosity not only lowered astringency perception but were beneficial to improve the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of astringent phenolic compounds, which contributed to stronger antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging and anticancer effects.

Dietary Patterns and Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Review Linking Nutrition to Neuroscience

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing concern for the aging population worldwide. With no current cure or reliable treatments available for AD, prevention is an important and growing area of research. A range of lifestyle and dietary patterns have been studied to identify the most effective preventive lifestyle changes against AD and related dementia (ADRD) pathology. Of these, the most studied dietary patterns are the Mediterranean, DASH, MIND, ketogenic, and modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diets. However, there are discrepancies in the reported benefits among studies examining these dietary patterns. We herein compile a narrative/literature review of existing clinical evidence on the association of these patterns with ADRD symptomology and contemplate their preventive/ameliorative effects on ADRD neuropathology in various clinical milieus. By and large, plant-based dietary patterns have been found to be relatively consistently and positively correlated with preventing and reducing the odds of ADRD. These impacts stem not only from the direct impact of specific dietary components within these patterns on the brain but also from indirect effects through decreasing the deleterious effects of ADRD risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, other psychosocial factors influence dietary intake, such as the social connection, which may directly influence diet and lifestyle, thereby also impacting ADRD risk. To this end, prospective research on ADRD should include a holistic approach, including psychosocial considerations.

Role of flavonoids in controlling obesity: molecular targets and mechanisms

Obesity presents a major health challenge that increases the risk of several non-communicable illnesses, such as but not limited to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders, sleep disorders, and cancers. Accounting for nearly 8% of global deaths (4.7 million) in 2017, obesity leads to diminishing quality of life and a higher premature mortality rate among affected individuals. Although essentially dubbed as a modifiable and preventable health concern, prevention, and treatment strategies against obesity, such as calorie intake restriction and increasing calorie burning, have gained little long-term success. In this manuscript, we detail the pathophysiology of obesity as a multifactorial, oxidative stress-dependent inflammatory disease. Current anti-obesity treatment strategies, and the effect of flavonoid-based therapeutic interventions on digestion and absorption, macronutrient metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress and gut microbiota has been evaluated. The use of several naturally occurring flavonoids to prevent and treat obesity with a long-term efficacy, is also described.

Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis (Granadilla)

The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered a reference for different biological actions of these bioactive substances. This study compared the hypoglycemic and antilipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss (passion fruit) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) given to a group of Wistar rats induced to be overweight. The individuals were subjected to three doses of supplementation of both sources of polyphenols in the drinking water. An additional group without polyphenol supplementation served as a control group. Water consumption, weight gain, glycemia, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and percentage of fecal ethereal extracts were analyzed. Although Passiflora ligularis Juss had five times less polyphenol content than Camellia sinensis, rats fed doses of 2.5 and 3.0 g/L Passiflora ligularis Juss showed reduced glycemia by 16%, suggesting an antiglycemic activity similar to that of Camellia sinensis. On the other hand, higher doses of polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Juss and Camellia sinensis significantly reduced triglyceride levels (p = 0.05) by more than 17% compared to the unsupplemented control group. The polyphenol-rich extracts produced effective inhibitory activity of lipemic metabolites with a reduction in the percentage of fecal lipids (p < 0.05), with no side effects on liver tissue. The 3.0 g/L dose produced the best result on signs of metabolic syndrome associated with excess weight. Polyphenols extracted from fresh Colombian passion fruit showed the potential to decrease metabolic syndrome risk factors in a murine model.

Salix babylonica L. mitigates pancreatic damage by regulating the Beclin-P62/SQSTM1 autophagy pathway in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Salix babylonica L. belongs to the genus Salix, family Salicaceae. It is traditionally used as an antipyretic, antirheumatic, antidiabetic and for the treatment of ulcers and parasite skin diseases. It also has a range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects. However, there are no reports on the phytochemical profile and efficacy of its leaves extract to modulate dexamethasone induced pancreatic damage.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was performed to annotate the phytoconstituents of Salix babylonica leaf extract and explore whether and how it could modulate dexamethasone-induced pancreatic damage and the role of oxidative stress and autophagy in mediating its protective effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Wistar rats were used for this study. Salix babylonica in two dose levels (100 and 200 mg/kg) or metformin (50 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage concurrently with dexamethasone which was injected SC in a dose of 10 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days.

RESULTS

LC-MS analysis furnished 84 secondary metabolites belonging to phenolic acids, salicinoids, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, cyclohexanediol glycosides, and hydroxy fatty acids. S. babylonica at both dose levels and metformin decreased the elevated pancreatic beclin while elevated the decreased pancreatic P62/SQSTM1 content compared to dexamethasone. These effects were associated with improved histopathological changes, glycemic and lipid parameters indicating that there might be a connection between autophagy and dexamethasone-induced pancreatic damage. Given that the level of GSH was negatively correlated with the levels of beclin and positively correlated with P62/SQSTM1, while both MDA and NO levels were positively correlated with beclin and negatively correlated with P62/SQSTM1, it seems that dexamethasone induced autophagy may be attributed to dexamethasone induced pancreatic oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that S. babylonica protects pancreatic tissues against dexamethasone-induced damage by decreasing oxidative stress and its associated autophagy. Our study reveals a new mechanism for dexamethasone effects on pancreas and shows the potential therapeutic role of S. babylonica in mitigating dexamethasone adverse effects on pancreas and establishes the groundwork for future clinical applications.

Flavonoids as Promising Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Skin Diseases

Phytochemicals represent a large and diverse group of naturally occurring compounds, bioactive nutrients, or phytonutrients produced by plants, widely found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains products, legumes, beans, herbs, seeds, nuts, tea, and dark chocolate. They are classified according to their chemical structures and functional properties. Flavonoids belong to the phenolic class of phytochemicals with potential solid pharmacological effects as modulators of multiple signal transduction pathways. Their beneficial effect on the human body is associated with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. Flavonoids are also widely used in various nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic applications. In our review, we discuss the positive effect of flavonoids on chronic skin diseases such as vitiligo, psoriasis, acne, and atopic dermatitis.

Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines

Polyphenols are an important component of plant-derived food with a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on human health. For many years, they have aroused great interest, especially due to their antioxidant properties, which are used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Unfortunately, as with any chemical substance, depending on the conditions, dose, and interactions with the environment, it is possible for polyphenols to also exert harmful effects. This review presents a comprehensive current state of the knowledge on the negative impact of polyphenols on human health, describing the possible side effects of polyphenol intake, especially in the form of supplements. The review begins with a brief overview of the physiological role of polyphenols and their potential use in disease prevention, followed by the harmful effects of polyphenols which are exerted in particular situations. The individual chapters discuss the consequences of polyphenols’ ability to block iron uptake, which in some subpopulations can be harmful, as well as the possible inhibition of digestive enzymes, inhibition of intestinal microbiota, interactions of polyphenolic compounds with drugs, and impact on hormonal balance. Finally, the prooxidative activity of polyphenols as well as their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects are presented. According to the authors, there is a need to raise public awareness about the possible side effects of polyphenols supplementation, especially in the case of vulnerable subpopulations.

[State of the art on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]

NAFLD or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the complications of obesity and diabetes, the prevalence of which is increasing. The causes of the pathology and its development towards its severe form, NASH or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, are multiple and still poorly understood. Many different pharmacological classes are being tested in clinical trials to treat NASH, but no pharmaceutical treatment is currently on the market. Moreover, the diagnosis of certainty is only possible by liver biopsy and histological analysis, an invasive procedure with high risk for the patient. It is therefore necessary to better understand the natural history of the disease in order to identify therapeutic targets, but also to identify markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease using a blood sample, which will allow an improvement in patient management.

Manjari Medika Grape Seed Extract Protects Methotrexate-Induced Hepatic Inflammation: Involvement of NF-κB/NLRP3 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling System

Objective

Grape Seed Extract is a natural source of various polyphenols, which have been shown to possess potent antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. The earlier studies have reported that grape seed extract exhibits broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. Therefore, studying the hepatoprotective effects and elucidation of mechanisms of action of the Indian Variety, Manjari Medika grape seed extract (GSE), may give an insight into therapeutic benefits. Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line pharmacological therapy for different rheumatic diseases. The major adverse events such as hepatotoxicity are evident even in the low doses used for the treatment. The present study investigated the role of MTX on hepatic damage in murine liver and the plausible protective effects of the Indian grape variety, Manjari Medika grape seed extract, in ameliorating it.

Methods and Results

To assess the hepatological modulation, mice were divided into eight groups to investigate the ameliorative potential of this GSE (75 and 125 mg/kg) and correlate the experimental findings. The active components of the extract were assessed through UPLC-(ESI)-QToF-MS analysis. On the other hand, various biochemical and immunological indices were carried out to correlate the experimental data. The result demonstrated that the prophylactic administration of GSE reduced MTX-induced hepatic toxicity indices, which subsequently restored the hepatic morphological architecture. Moreover, the application of GSE in a dual dosage (75 and 125 mg/kg) suppressed MTX-induced reactive oxygen species generation, followed by lipid peroxidation and cellular nitrite formation. MTX-induced inflammasome activation through the redox-assisted cascade of TLR4/NF-κB signaling was further reduced by applying the GSE. The results showed that the activation of cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 enhanced the level of endogenous antioxidants. Furthermore, through the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 axis, this extract could reduce the MTX-mediated hepatic damage.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that Manjari Medika seed extract could be used as a therapeutic agent to relieve the side effects of MTX and other hepatic disorders.

Punica granatum L. Polyphenolic Extract as an Antioxidant to Prevent Kidney Injury in Metabolic Syndrome Rats

Introduction

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitute a rapidly increasing health problem and contribute to the development of multiple comorbidities like acute and chronic kidney disease. Insulin resistance, inappropriate lipolysis, and excess of free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with glomerulus hyperfiltration and atherosclerosis. The important component of MetS, oxidative stress, is also involved in the destabilization of kidney function and the progression of kidney injury. Natural polyphenols have the ability to reduce the harmful effect of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Extract derived from Punica granatum L. is rich in punicalagin that demonstrates positive effects in MetS and its associated diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of bioactive substances of pomegranate peel to kidney damage associated with the MetS.

Methods

In this study, we compared biomarkers of oxidative stress in kidney tissue of adult male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats with MetS and healthy controls that were treated with Punica granatum L. extract at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of polyphenolic extract on kidney injury markers and remodeling. The concentration of ROS/RNS, oxLDL, glutathione (GSH), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured.

Results

The data showed significant differences in oxidative stress markers between treated and untreated MetS rats. ROS/RNS levels, oxLDL concentration, and SOD activity were lower, whereas CAT activity was higher in rats with MetS receiving polyphenolic extract. After administration of the extract, markers for kidney injury (NGAL, KIM-1) decreased.

Conclusion

Our study confirmed the usefulness of pomegranate polyphenols in the treatment of MetS and the prevention of kidney damage. However, further, more detailed research is required to establish the mechanism of polyphenol protection.

A discriminant analysis of plasma metabolomics for the assessment of metabolic responsiveness to red raspberry consumption

Background

Many studies show that the intake of raspberries is beneficial to immune-metabolic health, but the responses of individuals are heterogeneous and not fully understood.

Methods

In a two-arm parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial, immune-metabolic outcomes and plasma metabolite levels were analyzed before and after an 8-week red raspberry consumption. Based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) on plasma xenobiotic levels, adherence to the intervention was first evaluated. A second PLS-DA followed by hierarchical clustering was used to classify individuals into response subgroups. Clinical immune and metabolic outcomes, including insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and sensitivity (Matsuda, QUICKI) indices, during the intervention were assessed and compared between response subgroups.

Results

Two subgroups of participants, type 1 responders (n = 17) and type 2 responders (n = 5), were identified based on plasma metabolite levels measured during the intervention. Type 1 responders showed neutral to negative effects on immune-metabolic clinical parameters after raspberry consumption, and type 2 responders showed positive effects on the same parameters. Changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein and insulin levels as well as Matsuda, HOMA-IR and QUICKI were significantly different between the two response subgroups. A deleterious effect of two carotenoid metabolites was also observed in type 1 responders but these variables were significantly associated with beneficial changes in the QUICKI index and in fasting insulin levels in type 2 responders. Increased 3-ureidopropionate levels were associated with a decrease in the Matsuda index in type 2 responders, suggesting that this metabolite is associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity for those subjects, whereas the opposite was observed for type 1 responders.

Conclusion

The beneficial effects associated with red raspberry consumption are subject to inter-individual variability. Metabolomics-based clustering appears to be an effective way to assess adherence to a nutritional intervention and to classify individuals according to their immune-metabolic responsiveness to the intervention. This approach may be replicated in future studies to provide a better understanding of how interindividual variability impacts the effects of nutritional interventions on immune-metabolic health.

Recent Advancement and Novel Application of Natural Polyphenols for the Treatment of Allergy Asthma: From Phytochemistry to Biological Implications

Allergic diseases, primarily IgE-mediated, exert a substantial global health burden. A pivotal role in allergic reactions is played by mast cells, with histamine serving as a central mediator. Within this context, plant-based polyphenols, abundantly present in vegetables and fruits, show promising potential for allergy prevention. These natural compounds, particularly flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, influencing dendritic cells, modulating macrophages, and fostering the proliferation of B cells and T cells. The potent anti-allergic effects of flavonoids are attributed to their ability to reduce the production of signaling factors, suppress cytokine production, and regulate signal transduction and gene expression in mast cells, basophils, and T cells. Notably, their benefits extend beyond allergy prevention, as they hold promise in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune illnesses such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. In the context of allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases, polyphenols exhibit immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting autoimmune T cell proliferation and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. In recent times, flavonoids, being the most prevalent polyphenols in food, have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their potential health advantages. This review compiles the latest scientific research to highlight the impact of flavonoids on allergic illnesses and their potential as a beneficial dietary component.

Combined Therapy with Simvastatin- and Coenzyme-Q10-Loaded Nanoparticles Upregulates the Akt-eNOS Pathway in Experimental Metabolic Syndrome

In addition to their LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect, statins have pleiotropic beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, long-term treatment with statins may be associated with serious side effects. With the aim to make statin therapy more effective, we studied the effects of simvastatin- and coenzyme-Q10-loaded polymeric nanoparticles on the lipid profile and nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance in the heart and aorta of adult male obese Zucker rats. The rats were divided into an untreated group, a group treated with empty nanoparticles, and groups treated with simvastatin-, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)-, or a combination of simvastatin- and CoQ10-loaded nanoparticles (SIMV+CoQ10). After 6 weeks, the lipid profile in the plasma and the concentration of conjugated dienes in the liver were determined. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, Akt, endothelial NOS (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) protein expressions were measured in the heart and aorta. All simvastatin, CoQ10, and SIMV+CoQ10 treatments decreased plasma LDL levels, but only the combined SIMV+CoQ10 treatment increased NOS activity and the expression of Akt, eNOS, and p-eNOS in both the heart and the aorta. Interestingly, NADPH oxidase in the heart and NF-kappaB protein expression in the aorta were decreased by all treatments, including nanoparticles alone. In conclusion, only combined therapy with SIMV- and CoQ10-loaded nanoparticles increased NOS activity and upregulated the Akt-eNOS pathway in obese Zucker rats, which may represent a promising tool for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

Phloroglucinol Attenuates DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium ARPE-19 Cells by Blocking the Production of Mitochondrial ROS

Phloroglucinol, a phenolic compound, is known to possess a potent antioxidant ability. However, its role in retinal cells susceptible to oxidative stress has not been well elucidated yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether phloroglucinol could protect against oxidative damage in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium ARPE-19 cells. For this purpose, ARPE-19 cells were stimula ted with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to mimic oxidative stress. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial function, DNA damage, and autophagy were then assessed. Our results revealed that phloroglucinol ameliorated cell viability, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage in H₂O₂-exposued ARPE-19 cells and blocked production of ROS. Phloroglucinol also counteracted H₂O₂-induced apoptosis by reducing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, blocking activation of caspase-3, and inhibiting degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. H₂O₂ caused mitochondrial impairment and increased expression levels of mitophagy markers such as PINK1and PARKIN known to be associated with mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) generation and cytosolic release of cytochrome c. However, these changes were significantly attenuated by phloroglucinol. Mito-TEMPO, a selective mitochondrial antioxidant, further enhanced the protective effect of phloroglucinol against dysfunctional mitochondria. Furthermore, H₂O₂ induced autophagy, but not when ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with phloroglucinol, meaning that autophagy by H₂O₂ contributed to the pro-survival mechanism and that phloroglucinol protected ARPE-19 cells from apoptosis by blocking autophagy. Taken together, these results suggest that phloroglucinol can inhibit oxidative stress-induced ARPE-19 cell damage and dysfunction by protecting DNA damage, autophagy, and subsequent apoptosis through mitigation of mtROS generation. Thus, phloroglucinol might have therapeutic potential to prevent oxidative stress-mediated damage in RPE cells.

Anxiety, Insomnia, and Memory Impairment in Metabolic Syndrome Rats Are Alleviated by the Novel Functional Ingredients from Anacardium occidentale

Despite an increase in the coexistence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychological disorders, together with their great impact on socio-economic burdens, no protective strategies that focus on these situations are available. Due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychological disorders, we hypothesized that substances possessing antioxidant activity such as the novel functional ingredients from Anacardium occidentale (AO) could mitigate common psychological disorders in MetS rats. Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, were induced with MetS through a 12-week high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHC). Then, they were given AO orally via a gastric gavage needle at doses of 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg BW for 14 days. Spatial memory, anxiety, depression, and sleep behaviors, together with changes in oxidative stress status and neurotransmitters, were assessed. All doses of AO significantly improved memory, anxiety, and sleep, together with the suppression of oxidative stress, AChE, and GABA-T in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest the protective effect of AO against anxiety, insomnia, and memory impairment that coexist with the MetS condition via an improvement in oxidative stress and the functions of the cholinergic and GABAergic systems. However, this benefit requires clinical confirmation.

Effects of the Mediterranean diet on the components of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome, also as known as Syndrome X or Insulin Resistance Syndrome, is a complex health problem featuring visceral obesity (the main diagnostic criterion), insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure. Currently, this health condition has gained a momentum globally while raising concerns among health-related communities. The World Health Organization, American Heart Association and International Diabetes Federation have formulated diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome. Diet and nutrition can influence this syndrome: for example, the Western diet is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, whereas the Nordic and Mediterranean diets and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension are potentially beneficial. The Mediterranean diet can affect the components of metabolic syndrome due to its high dietary fiber, omega 3 and 9 fatty acids, complex carbohydrates, antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and bioactive substances, such as polyphenols. These nutrients and bioactive substances can combat obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms by which they do so are generally related to oxidative stress, inflammation (the most common risk factors for metabolic syndrome) and gastrointestinal function. The literature also shows examples of positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on the metabolic syndrome. In this review of the literature, we shed light on the effects, mechanisms and dynamic relationship between the Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome.

Polyphenols as potential enhancers of stem cell therapy against neurodegeneration

The potential of polyphenols for treating chronic-degenerative diseases (particularly neurodegenerative diseases) is attractive. However, the selection of the best polyphenol for each treatment, the mechanisms by which they act, and their efficacy are frequently discussed. In this review, the basics and the advances in the field, as well as suggestions for using natural and synthetic polyphenols alone or in a combinatorial strategy with stem cell assays, are compiled and discussed. Thus, stem cells exhibit several responses when polyphenols are added to their environment, which could provide us with knowledge for advancing the elucidation of the origin of neurodegeneration. But also, polyphenols are being included in the innovative strategies of novel therapies for treating neurodegenerative diseases as well as metabolic diseases related to neurodegeneration. In this regard, flavonoid compounds are suggested as the best natural polyphenols due to their several mechanisms for acting in ameliorative effects; but increasing reports are involving other polyphenols. Even if some facts limiting bioactivity prevent them from conventional use, some natural polyphenols and derivatives hold the promise for being improved compounds, judged by their induced effects. The current results suggest polyphenols as enhancers of stem cell therapy against the targeted diseases.

Phloretin mitigates oxidative injury, inflammation, and fibrogenic responses via restoration of autophagic flux in in vitro and preclinical models of NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with growing incidences is a major health concern worldwide. Alteration in cellular redox homeostasis and autophagy plays a critical role in the progression of NAFLD to more severe outcomes. The lack of safe and effective therapy for the disease necessitates the exploration of new therapeutic compounds. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the potential of phloretin to maintain redox equilibrium and prevent disease progression via modulation of autophagy in NAFLD. Free fatty acid exposed Huh7 cells were used to evaluate the efficacy of phloretin in vitro. Further, phloretin was administered orally to western diet induced NAFLD in C57BL/6J mice at different doses. The chronic exposure to fatty acids and the western diet triggered lipid accumulation in the Huh7 cells and western diet-fed mice liver, respectively. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and decreased hepatic autophagy were observed in disease condition. Phloretin encouraged autophagy mediated hepatic lipid clearance and restored mitochondrial membrane potential and redox homeostasis. It also reduced histological injury by reducing hepatic lipogenesis and facilitating fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, findings of the study also revealed the mitigatory effect of phloretin on inflammatory and fibrogenic markers. Altogether, the study suggested that phloretin effectively attenuates NAFLD progression via upregulating autophagy-mediated lipid breakdown and inhibits oxidative damage, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.

The Effect of Hesperidin and Diosmin Individually or in Combination on Metabolic Profile and Neuropathy among Diabetic Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Current evidence supports the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with neuropathy. Limited data are available on proper strategies to control metabolic disorders and neuropathy among patients with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to determine hesperidin and diosmin efficacy individually and in combination among T2DM patients with neuropathy and meet MetS criteria. In this parallel-group designed trial, 129 T2DM patients with MetS and neuropathy were recruited and randomized to receive their oral hypoglycemics with either hesperidin (1g/day), or diosmin (1g/day), or combination of both or oral hypoglycemics without intervention for 12 weeks. Diabetic neuropathy was evaluated using Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) at baseline and after trial. Anthropometric parameters, blood glucose and lipid profile were also assessed before and after the intervention using paired student t-test within groups. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05243238. By completion of the trial duration, both hesperidin and diosmin groups showed significant reduction in blood glucose, triglycerides (TGs) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) from baseline (p<0.05). However, the magnitude of improvement in metabolic components significantly increased with hesperidin and diosmin combination. Although MNSI scores improved significantly in both groups, the reduction was more significant with the combination of hesperidin and diosmin. Moreover, the change in MNSI score was significantly correlated with the improvement in metabolic profile components including LDL, TGs and fasting blood glucose. Oral supplementation of hesperidin and diosmin was associated with improvement in metabolic syndrome and diabetic neuropathy and the combination of both was superior in efficacy.

Derhamnosylmaysin Inhibits Adipogenesis via Inhibiting Expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 Cells

We investigated the effects of derhamnosylmaysin (DM) on adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our data showed that DM inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with DM decreased the expression of major transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) family, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, the expression of their downstream target genes related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), stearyl-CoA-desaturase-1 (SCD-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was also decreased by treatment with DM during adipogenesis. Additionally, DM attenuated insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. These results first demonstrated that DM inhibited adipogenesis and lipogenesis through downregulation of the key adipogenic transcription factors SREBP-1c, the CEBP family, and PPARγ and inactivation of the major adipogenesis signaling factor Akt, which is intermediated in insulin. These studies demonstrated that DM is a new bioactive compound for antiadipogenic reagents for controlling overweight and obesity.

The Evolution of Pharmacological Activities Bouea macrophylla Griffith In Vivo and In Vitro Study: A Review

Bouea macrophylla Griffith (B. macrophylla) is one of the many herbal plants found in Asia, and its fruit is plum mango. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic compounds, and many others. Due to its bioactive components, plum mango has powerful antioxidants that have therapeutic benefits for many common ailments, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This review describes the evolution of plum mango’s phytochemical properties and pharmacological activities including in vitro and in vivo studies. The pharmacological activities of B. macrophylla Griffith reviewed in this article are antioxidant, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and antiphotoaging. Each of these pharmacological activities described and studied the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Interestingly, plum mango seeds show good pharmacological activity where the seed is the part of the plant that is a waste product. This can be an advantage because of its economic value as a herbal medicine. Overall, the findings described in this review aim to allow this plant to be explored and utilized more widely, especially as a new drug discovery.

Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action

Dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, tannins, lignans, stilbenes, and anthocyanidins are widely found in grains, cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices, fruits, chocolates, and beverages like fruit juices, tea, coffee and wine. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have gained significant interest among researchers due to their potential chemopreventive/protective functions in the maintenance of human health and diseases. It is believed that dietary polyphenols/flavonoids exert powerful antioxidant action for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS)/cellular oxidative stress (OS) towards the prevention of OS-related pathological conditions or diseases. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence strongly suggest that long term consumption of diets rich in polyphenols offer protection against the development of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and infectious illness. Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols (for example, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc.) has been claimed to reduce the extent of a majority of chronic oxidative cellular damage, DNA damage, tissue inflammations, viral/bacterial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been suggested that the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols plays a pivotal role in the prevention of OS-induced human diseases. In this narrative review, the biological/pharmacological significance of dietary polyphenols in the prevention of and/or protection against OS-induced major human diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes mellitus, cancer, inflammatory disorders and infectious diseases have been delineated. This review specifically focuses a current understanding on the dietary sources of polyphenols and their protective effects including mechanisms of action against various major human diseases.

Potential of Polyphenols to Restore SIRT1 and NAD+ Metabolism in Renal Disease

SIRT1 is an NAD⁺-dependent class III histone deacetylase that is abundantly expressed in the kidney, where it modulates gene expression, apoptosis, energy homeostasis, autophagy, acute stress responses, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Alterations in SIRT1 activity and NAD⁺ metabolism are frequently observed in acute and chronic kidney diseases of diverse origins, including obesity and diabetes. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials with humans show that the SIRT1-activating compounds derived from natural sources, such as polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and plants, including resveratrol, quercetin, and isoflavones, can prevent disease and be part of treatments for a wide variety of diseases. Here, we summarize the roles of SIRT1 and NAD⁺ metabolism in renal pathophysiology and provide an overview of polyphenols that have the potential to restore SIRT1 and NAD⁺ metabolism in renal diseases.

Metabolic Syndrome, Cognitive Impairment and the Role of Diet: A Narrative Review

Background: This narrative review presents the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with its components, and cognition-related disorders, as well as the potential reversal role of diet against cognitive impairment by modulating MetS. Methods: An electronic research in Medline (Pubmed) and Scopus was conducted. Results: MetS and cognitive decline share common cardiometabolic pathways as MetS components can trigger cognitive impairment. On the other side, the risk factors for both MetS and cognitive impairment can be reduced by optimizing the nutritional intake. Clinical manifestations such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and increased central body adiposity are nutrition-related risk factors present during the prodromal period before cognitive impairment. The Mediterranean dietary pattern stands among the most discussed predominantly plant-based diets in relation to cardiometabolic disorders that may prevent dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other cognition-related disorders. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that the consumption of specific dietary food groups as a part of the overall diet can improve cognitive outcomes, maybe due to their involvement in cardiometabolic paths. Conclusions: Early MetS detection may be helpful to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Moreover, this review highlights the importance of healthy nutritional habits to reverse such conditions and the urgency of early lifestyle interventions.

Urinary Biomarkers in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Its Impact on Therapeutic Outcome

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is defined as a chronic bladder disorder with suprapubic pain (pelvic pain) and pressure and/or discomfort related to bladder filling accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms, such as urinary frequency and urgency without urinary tract infection (UTI) lasting for at least 6 weeks. IC/BPS presents significant bladder pain and frequency urgency symptoms with unknown etiology, and it is without a widely accepted standard in diagnosis. Patients’ pathological features through cystoscopy and histologic features of bladder biopsy determine the presence or absence of Hunner lesions. IC/PBS is categorized into Hunner (ulcerative) type IC/BPS (HIC/BPS) or non-Hunner (nonulcerative) type IC/BPS (NHIC/BPS). The pathophysiology of IC/BPS is composed of multiple possible factors, such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, neurogenic hyperactivity, urothelial defects, abnormal angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and exogenous urine substances, which play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of IC/BPS. Abnormal expressions of several urine and serum specimens, including growth factor, methylhistamine, glycoprotein, chemokine and cytokines, might be useful as biomarkers for IC/BPS diagnosis. Further studies to identify the key molecules in IC/BPS will help to improve the efficacy of treatment and identify biomarkers of the disease. In this review, we discuss the potential medical therapy and assessment of therapeutic outcome with urinary biomarkers for IC/BPS.

Comparative Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Whole Peanut Flour, Defatted Peanut Protein Meal, and Peanut Protein Concentrate

Defatted peanut meal is a low value agro-industrial residue from peanut oil production with potential use as a value addition food ingredient. In this study, peanuts were roasted at 100°C for 5 min, de-skinned and milled into whole peanut flour (WPF) from which the defatted meal (DPM) was prepared by acetone extraction and the peanut protein concentrate (PPC) obtained from the DPM using isoelectric pH precipitation. The protein content, amino acid profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and in vitro antioxidant properties of the peanut samples were then determined. Results showed that DPM had a TPC of 0.12 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, which was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than and twice the levels in WPF and PPC (0.06 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g). However, WPF had TFC of 0.21 ± 0.01 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, which was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than DPM (0.16 ± 0.03 μg QE/g) and PPC (0.11 ± 0.05 μg QE/g). However, PPC had superior amino acid profile in addition to stronger radical scavenging and metal chelation activities than WPF and DPM. The results suggest that PPC is a protein rich product that could be utilized as an ingredient in food product fortification to enhance nutritional quality and in the formulation of functional foods with antioxidant benefits.

UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis on Flavonoids Composition in Astragalus membranaceus and Their Antioxidant Activity

Astragalus membranaceus is a valuable medicinal plant species widely distributed in Asia. Its root is the main medicinal tissue rich in methoxylated flavonoids. Origin can highly influence the chemical composition and bioactivity. To characterize the principal chemicals influenced by origin and provide more information about their antioxidant profile, the extracts of A. membranaceus roots from four origins were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Thirty-four flavonoids, including thirteen methoxylated flavonoids, fifteen flavonoid glycosides and six flavonols, were identified. By principal component analysis, eighteen identified compounds were considered to be principal compounds. They could be used to differentiate A. membranaceus from Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Gansu. The antioxidant activity was analysed by ORAC assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and cell antioxidant activity assay. 'Inner Mongolia' extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. These results were helpful to understand how origin influenced the quality of A. membranaceus.

Therapeutic Effects and Safe Uses of Plant-Derived Polyphenolic Compounds in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review

Polyphenols have long been recognized as health-promoting entities, including beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, but their reputation has been boosted recently following a number of encouraging clinical studies in multiple chronic pathologies, that seem to validate efficacy. Health benefits of polyphenols have been linked to their well-established powerful antioxidant activity. This review aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge on the current therapeutic status of polyphenols having sufficient heed towards the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, data about the safety profile of highly efficacious polyphenols has also been investigated to further enhance their role in cardiac abnormalities. Evidence is presented to support the action of phenolic derivatives against cardiovascular pathologies by following receptors and signaling pathways which ultimately cause changes in endogenous antioxidant, antiplatelet, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, in vitro antioxidant and pre-clinical and clinical experiments on anti-inflammatory as well as immunomodulatory attributes of polyphenols have revealed their role as cardioprotective agents. However, an obvious shortage of in vivo studies related to dose selection and toxicity of polyphenols makes these compounds a suitable target for clinical investigations. Further studies are needed for the development of safe and potent herbal products against cardiovascular diseases. The novelty of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on polyphenols safety and their health claims. It will help researchers to identify those moieties which likely exert protective and therapeutic effects towards cardiovascular diseases.

Bioactive's Characterization, Biological Activities, and In Silico Studies of Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extracts

This study aimed to investigate the thermal stability and biological activities of the phytochemicals from the red onion skins extract, which are a rich source of anthocyanins. Eight anthocyanins were identified in the extract by high-performance liquid chromatography, the most abundant ones being cyanidin 3-O-laminaribioside and cyanidin 3-O-(6″-malonoyl-laminaribioside). The study also involved the assessment of the thermal degradation kinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity in the 75-155 °C temperature range. The thermal degradation kinetics was described using the first-order kinetics model. In terms of thermal stability, increasing the temperature resulted in lower half-life values (t_1/2) and higher degradation rate constant values (k) for both anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the phytochemicals' degradation is a non-spontaneous and endothermic reaction. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of the extract was investigated against the enzymes affiliated with metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, and inflammatory process diseases. Thus, we also demonstrated that the red onion skins extract exerted inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase, and lipoxygenase. Considering the high content of bioactives and various biological properties, the red onion skins extract is suitable for multiple applications.

Does timing of phytonutrient intake influence the suppression of postprandial oxidative stress? A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND

Postprandial oxidative stress markers in blood are generated transiently from various tissues and cells following high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meals, and may be suppressed by certain phytonutrients, such as polyphenols and carotenoids. However, the transient presence of phytonutrients in circulation suggests that timing of consumption, relative to the meal, could be important. This systematic review investigates the effect of timing of phytonutrient intake on blood markers of postprandial oxidative processes.

METHOD

EMBASE, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to December 2020. Eligible studies met the criteria: 1) healthy human adults; 2) phytonutrient(s) consumed in solid form within 24 h of a HFHC meal; 3) postprandial measurements of oxidative stress or antioxidants in blood; and 4) controlled study design. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to compare studies.

RESULTS

Nine studies, involving 256 participants, were included. Phytonutrients were consumed either at the same time, 1 h before, or the day (>12 h) before a HFHC meal. Significant decreases in blood markers - plasma lipid hydroperoxides, plasma malondialdehyde, serum sNox2-dp, serum 8-iso-PGF2α, platelet p47phox phosphorylation, and Keap-1 and p47phox protein levels in mononuclear cells (MNCs) - were observed where the phytonutrient was consumed together with the challenge meal (n = 4). Lack of any effect on oxidative stress markers was observed where phytonutrients were consumed with (n = 1), 1 h before (n = 1), and the day before (n = 2) the HFHC meal.

CONCLUSION

Phytonutrients consumed with a HFHC meal significantly suppressed some markers of oxidative stress in blood. Although there were only a limited number of studies, it appears that suppression appeared effective at the time of peak phytonutrient concentration in plasma. However, further studies are required to confirm the observations and systematically optimise the effect of timing.

New Insight Into the Cardioprotective Effects of Allium ursinum L. Extract Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

This study aimed to estimate the effects of increasing doses of Allium ursinum methanol extract on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) with a special emphasis on the role of oxidative stress. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups (10 animals per group) depending on the applied treatment as follows: sham, rats who drank only tap water for 28 days and hearts were retrogradely perfused for 80 min without I/R injury, I/R, rats who drank only tap water for 28 days and hearts were exposed to ex vivo I/R injury and rats who consumed increasing doses of A. ursinum 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg for 28 days before I/R injury. Hearts from all rats were isolated and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique. Parameters of oxidative stress were spectrophotometrically measured in blood, coronary venous effluent, and heart tissue samples. Intake of wild garlic extract for 28 days significantly contributed to the recovery of cardiac function, which was reflected through preserved cardiac contractility, systolic function, and coronary vasodilatory response after ischemia. Also, wild garlic extract showed the potential to modulate the systemic redox balance and stood out as a powerful antioxidant. The highest dose led to the most efficient decrease in cardiac oxidative stress and improve recovery of myocardial function after I/R injury. We might conclude that wild garlic possesses a significant role in cardioprotection and strong antioxidant activity, which implicates the possibility of its use alone in the prevention or as adjuvant antioxidant therapy in cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Dietary Flavonoids: Cardioprotective Potential with Antioxidant Effects and Their Pharmacokinetic, Toxicological and Therapeutic Concerns

Flavonoids comprise a large group of structurally diverse polyphenolic compounds of plant origin and are abundantly found in human diet such as fruits, vegetables, grains, tea, dairy products, red wine, etc. Major classes of flavonoids include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, and chalcones. Owing to their potential health benefits and medicinal significance, flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of medicinal, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic preparations. Moreover, flavonoids play a significant role in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which could be mainly due to their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and antithrombotic effects. Epidemiological and in vitro/in vivo evidence of antioxidant effects supports the cardioprotective function of dietary flavonoids. Further, the inhibition of LDL oxidation and platelet aggregation following regular consumption of food containing flavonoids and moderate consumption of red wine might protect against atherosclerosis and thrombosis. One study suggests that daily intake of 100 mg of flavonoids through the diet may reduce the risk of developing morbidity and mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) by approximately 10%. This review summarizes dietary flavonoids with their sources and potential health implications in CVDs including various redox-active cardioprotective (molecular) mechanisms with antioxidant effects. Pharmacokinetic (oral bioavailability, drug metabolism), toxicological, and therapeutic aspects of dietary flavonoids are also addressed herein with future directions for the discovery and development of useful drug candidates/therapeutic molecules.

Individual Diet Modification Reduces the Metabolic Syndrome in Patients Before Pharmacological Treatment

Modification of lifestyle, including healthy nutrition, is the primary approach for metabolic syndrome (MetS) therapy. The aim of this study was to estimate how individual nutrition intervention affects the reduction of MetS components. Subjects diagnosed with MetS were recruited in the Lomza Medical Centre. The study group consisted of 90 participants and was divided into one intervention group (individual nutrition education group (INEG)) and one control group (CG). The research was conducted over 3 months. The following measurements were obtained during the first visit and after completion of the 3 months intervention: body mass, waist circumference, body composition, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and blood lipids. Dietary assessments were performed before and post-intervention using 3-day 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary knowledge was evaluated with the KomPAN questionnaire. The total polyphenol content of the diet was calculated. Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected from a self-reported questionnaire. The physical activity was assessed by the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). It was found that the individual nutrition education was an effective method to improve the knowledge, dietary habits, and physical activity of the study participants. The modification of the diet in terms of higher intake of polyphenols (flavonoids and anthocyanins), fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA n-3, and lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) had a significant impact on the improvement of some MetS risk factors (waist circumference, fasting glucose, and HDL-cholesterol).

Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Oxidative Stress and Bladder Ischemia: A Review of Treatment Strategies with Antioxidants

Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, including frequency, urgency, nocturia and urgency incontinence, has a significantly negative impact on the quality-of-life scale (QoL) and can cause sufferer withdrawal from social activities. The occurrence of OAB can result from an imbalance between the production of pro-oxidants, such as free radicals and reactive species, and their elimination through protective mechanisms of antioxidant-induced oxidative stress. Several animal models, such as bladder ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) and ovarian hormone deficiency (OHD), have suggested that cyclic I/R during the micturition cycle induces oxidative stress, leading to bladder denervation, bladder afferent pathway sensitization and overexpression of bladder-damaging molecules, and finally resulting in bladder hyperactivity. Based on the results of previous animal experiments, the present review specifically focuses on four issues: (1) oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system; (2) oxidative stress in OAB and biomarkers of OAB; (3) OAB animal model; (4) potential nature/plant antioxidant treatment strategies for urinary dysfunction with OAB. Moreover, we organized the relationships between urinary dysfunction and oxidative stress biomarkers in urine, blood and bladder tissue. Reviewed information also revealed the summary of research findings for the effects of various antioxidants for treatment strategies for OAB.

Anti-obesity properties and mechanism of action of flavonoids: A review

Obesity is a major public health problem, and there is increasing scientific interest in its mechanisms, as well as a search for new compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can minimize the metabolic complications associated with its pathology. One potential source of these compounds is natural products; Among these, flavonoids are a promising group of natural substances. Flavonoids are active constituents with diverse biological activities and are widely found in plants kingdom. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids can effectively inhibit obesity and related metabolic disorders. The review synthesizes recent evidence in respect of progress in the understanding of the anti-obesity effects of flavonoids. Such effects which occurs through the modulation of proteins, genes and transcriptional factors involved in decreasing lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, expenditure energy, stimulating fatty acids B-oxidation, digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates. In addition to mitigating inflammatory responses and suppress oxidative stress. A better understanding of the modulating effects and mechanisms of flavonoids in relation to obesity will allow us to better use these compounds to treat or even prevent obesity and its associated comorbidities.

Ferulic Acid Stimulates Adipocyte-Specific Secretory Proteins to Regulate Adipose Homeostasis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Obesity has recently emerged as a public health issue facing developing countries in the world. It is caused by the accumulation of fat in adipose, characterized by insulin resistance, excessive lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to an increase in adipokine levels. Herein, we investigated the capacity of a bioactive polyphenolic compound (ferulic acid (FA)) to control adipocyte dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (in vitro). Key adipocyte differentiation markers, glycerol content, lipolysis-associated mRNA, and proteins were measured in experimental adipocytes. FA-treated adipocytes exhibited downregulated key adipocyte differentiation factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAT enhancer binding-proteins-α (C/EBP-α) and its downstream targets in a time-dependent manner. The FA-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed an increased release of glycerol content compared with non-treated adipocytes. Also, FA treatment significantly up-regulated the lipolysis-related factors, including p-HSL, and p-perilipin, and down-regulated ApoD, Sema3C, Cxcl12, Sfrp2, p-stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), adiponectin, and Grk5. Also, the FA treatment showed significantly down-regulated adipokines leptin, chemerin, and irisin than the non-treated cells. The present findings indicated that FA showed significant anti-adipogenic and lipogenic activities by regulating key adipocyte factors and enzyme, enhanced lipolysis by HSL/perilipin cascade. FA is considered a potent molecule to prevent obesity and its associated metabolic changes in the future.

Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Artepillin C: Determination in Brazilian Green Propolis

Propolis is important in complementary and alternative medicine having well-known therapeutic applications. Artepillin C, a main component of Brazilian (green) propolis, has attracted great attention for its anticancer action. Consequently, the synthesis of artepillin C has been reported but, due to the limited yield and elevated costs, this biomolecule is largely produced from Brazilian propolis. We report the capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of artepillin C in Brazilian propolis also comparing the results with those of HPLC-UV-MS. Optimal separation was obtained with a simple buffer constituted of sodium tetraborate 30 mM pH 9.2 and detection at 210 nm. Artepillin C and the polyphenols of propolis were fully separated with a voltage gradient of 30 to 8 kV and a current of 300 μA for a total run of 50 min. The sensitivity of CE-UV was 22 times greater than HPLC-UV and 100 times more than HPLC-MS with also a stronger reduction in the run time and a greater robustness and reproducibility. The development of CE as an effective and reliable method for the analysis of artepillin C is desired as the standardized quality controls are essential before propolis or its biomolecules can be adopted routinely in nutraceuticals, food ingredients and therapeutic applications.