Apoptosis and inflammation

Exploring TGF-β signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: from cellular senescence to fibrosis and therapeutic implications

As men get older, they often develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate that is not cancerous or dangerous. Although the etiology of BPH is unknown, increasing evidence indicates that the TGF-β signaling pathway might be a key player in its pathogenesis. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix re-modeling, which are all dysregulated in BPH. Cellular senescence is primarily initiated by TGF-β--induced, irreversible growth arrest and usually limits the prostate gland's hyperplastic growth. Moreover, senescent cells generate a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), which consists of numerous proinflammatory and profibrotic factors that can worsen disease ontogeny. In addition, TGF-β is among the most fibrogenic factors. At the same time, fibrosis involves a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, which can increase tissue stiffness and a loss of normal organ functions. TGF-β-mediated fibrosis in BPH changes the mechanical properties of the prostate and surrounding tissues to contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms. This review discusses the complicated molecular signaling of TGF-β underlying changes in cellular senescence and fibrosis during BPH concerning its therapeutic potential.

Evaluation of thiobencarb herbicide-induced cytotoxicity mediated via disruption of calcium homeostasis in bovine mammary glands: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico study

In contemporary agriculture, the predominant strategy for managing perennial weeds within agroecosystems involves the extensive use of herbicides. Thiobencarb is widely employed to control gramineous weeds during rice cultivation. This herbicide is commonly found in terrestrial environments and agricultural products. The harmful potential of thiobencarb has been reported, along with its adverse effects in exposed species. However, few studies have explored thiobencarb toxicity, specifically in dairy cows, despite the possibility of ingestion through soil residues. Exposure to xenobiotics can reduce the viability or impair the function of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), leading to compromised immune function and reduced milk production. Despite the known cytotoxicity of thiobencarb, its specific effects on BMECs remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of thiobencarb on milk production by examining its toxic effects and underlying mechanisms in BMECs. We assessed the cytotoxic effects of thiobencarb and analyzed various cellular responses upon exposure. Thiobencarb-induced apoptosis was associated with disrupted calcium homeostasis. Additionally, thiobencarb modulated AKT/MAPK proteins and increased mRNA levels of genes related to the inflammatory response. Furthermore, treatment of BMECs with thiobencarb suppressed the expression of genes related to milk production, including those encoding superoxide dismutase, tight junctions, and casein. Finally, we conducted an in silico molecular docking analysis to evaluate the binding affinity between thiobencarb and target proteins.

Mechanisms of intestinal DNA damage and inflammation induced by ammonia nitrogen exposure in Litopenaeus vannamei

Ammonia nitrogen, a common aquaculture pollutant, harms crustaceans by causing intestinal inflammation, though its exact mechanisms are unclear. Thus, we exposed shrimp to 0, 2, 10 and 20 mg/L NH4Cl exposure for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and explored the intestinal stress, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation and its histopathological changes. This research indicated that ammonia nitrogen exposure heightens plasma dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and acetylcholine (ACh) levels, alters gene expression of neurotransmitter receptors in the intestine, triggering the PLCCa2+ pathway and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress. Additionally, mitochondrial fission-related genes (Drp1, FIS1) significantly increase, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly elevated in the intestine, which induced DNA damage effects and initiated the DNA repair function, mainly through the base excision repair pathway, but with a low repair efficiency. By determining the expression of key genes of caspase-dependent and non-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways, it was found that ammonia nitrogen exposure induced apoptosis in intestinal cells, proliferation key signaling pathways such as Wnt, EGFR and FOXO signaling showed an overall decrease after ammonia nitrogen exposure, combined with the gene expression of cell cycle proteins and proliferation markers, indicated that the proliferation of intestinal cells was inhibited. Performing pearson correlation analysis of intestinal cell damage, proliferation, and inflammatory factors, we hypothesized that ammonia nitrogen exposure induces intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial fission, induces elevated ROS, leads to DNA damage, and causes inflammation and damage in intestinal tissues by the underlying mechanism of promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation.

Development of Microcystoid Macular Degeneration in the Retina of Nonhuman Primates: Time-Course and Associated Pathologies

PURPOSE

Microcystoid macular degeneration (MMD) is a condition where cystoid vacuoles develop within the inner nuclear layer of the retina in humans in a variety of disorders. Here we report the occurrence of MMD in non-human primates (NHPs) with various retinal ganglion cell (RGC) pathologies and evaluate the hypothesis that MMD does not precede RGC loss but follows it.

METHODS

Morphological studies were performed of the retinas of NHPs, specifically both rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), in which MMD was identified after induction of experimental glaucoma (EG), hemiretinal endodiathermy axotomy (HEA), and spontaneous idiopathic bilateral optic atrophy. In vivo imaging analyses included fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), light microscopy, and electron microscopy.

RESULTS

MMD, like that seen on OCT scans of humans, was found in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with EG. Of 13 cynomolgus macaques with chronic EG imaged once with OCT six of 13 animals were noted to have MMD. MMD was also evident in a cynomolgus macaque with bilateral optic atrophy. Following HEA, MMD did not develop until at least 2 weeks following the RNFL loss.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that MMD may be caused by a retrograde trans-synaptic process related to RGC loss. MMD is not associated with inflammation, nor would it be an independent indicator of drug toxicity per se in pre-clinical regulatory studies. Because of its inconsistent appearance and late development, MMD has limited use as a clinical biomarker.

Targeting the Gut-Heart Axis Improves Cardiac Remodeling in a Clinical Scale Model of Cardiometabolic Syndrome

Poor diet, gut dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation constitute a gut-heart axis (GHA) that may affect heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Clinical scale models to interrogate this axis are limited. Here, we show the full extent of the GHA-gut barrier function loss, systemic and microvascular inflammation, and its colocalization with apoptosis (left atrium) and hypertrophy (left ventricle). Gut barrier function primacy in regulating the GHA is supported by a synbiotic intervention that shuts down gut epithelial permeability, markedly decreasing systemic inflammation and, remarkably, cardiac structural changes in left heart chambers. These data support a new paradigm for targeting heart failure with preserved ejection fraction via the GHA.

Heat Hardening Ameliorates Apoptotic and Inflammatory Effects Through Increased Autophagy in Mussels

The severity, frequency, and duration of extreme events, in the context of global warming, have placed many marine ecosystems at high risk. Therefore, the application of methods that can mediate the impacts of global warming on marine organisms seems to be an emerging necessity in the near term. In this context, enhancing the thermal resilience of marine organisms may be crucial for their sustainability. It has been shown that the repeated time-limited exposure of an organism to an environmental stimulus modifies its response mode, thus enhancing resilience and allowing adaptation of the physiological and developmental phenotype to environmental stress. In the present study, we investigated the "stress memory" effect caused by heat hardening on Mytilus galloprovincialis cellular pathways to identify the underlying biochemical mechanisms that enhance mussel thermal tolerance. Heat hardening resulted in increased ETS activity and ATP production and increased autophagic performance at all elevated temperatures (24 °C, 26 °C, and 28 °C). Furthermore, at these increased temperatures, apoptosis and inflammation remain at significantly lower levels in pregnant individuals than in nonhardened individuals. Autophagy, as a negative regulator of apoptosis, may lead to decreased damage to surrounding cells, which in turn alleviates inflammatory effects. In conclusion, the exposure of mussels to heat hardening seems to provide a physiological response that enhances heat tolerance and increases cell survival through increased energy production and reduced cell death and inflammatory responses. The latter can be utilized for the management and conservation of aquatic species of economic value or endangered status.

Effect of Acacia concinna Extract on Apoptosis Induction Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulated Intracellular Signaling Pathway in Human Colon HCT116 Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent cancer types and among the most frequent causes of cancer-related death globally. Acacia concinna (AC) is a medicinal and edible plant that exhibits a multitude of biological properties, including anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the AC extract on apoptosis induction and the underlying mechanisms associated with this effect in KRAS-mutated human colon HCT116 cells.

METHODS

The effect of AC extract on cell cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Nuclear morphological changes were visualized with Hoechst 33342 staining, while mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed via JC-1 staining. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycle analysis, and intracellular ROS levels were determined using DCFH-DA staining.

RESULTS

The results showed that HCT116 cells exposed to AC extract showed reduced cell growth and prompted apoptosis, as indicated by an increase in chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, the sub-G1 apoptotic cell population, and disrupted MMP. Expression levels of apoptosis mediator proteins determined by Western blot analysis showed an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins (Bak and Bax) while decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1), leading to caspase-7 activation and PARP inactivation. AC extract was also found to enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and stimulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, AC extract increases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and c-Jun while downregulating PI3K, Akt, β-catenin, and their downstream target proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that AC extract could inhibit cancer cell growth via ROS-induced ER stress associated with apoptosis and regulate the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in HCT116 cells. Therefore, AC extract may be a novel candidate for natural anticancer resources for colon cancer treatment.

Oxidation enhances the toxicity of polyethylene microplastics to mouse eye: Perspective from in vitro and in vivo

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously dispersed in the environment, and undergoing the process of oxidation that alters their physical and chemical properties. Eyes, which directly interface with the external milieu, inevitably encounter MPs. Nonetheless, the ophthalmic toxicity of MPs towards organisms remains unclear. In this study, primary mouse corneal epithelial cells (MCECs), C57BL/6 mice, and CX3CrlGFP/+ mice were utilized to evaluate the toxicity and differences between oxidized low-density polyethylene MPs (modified-MPs) and low-density polyethylene MPs (virgin-MPs) on eyes. The results manifested that virgin-MPs and modified-MPs could be endocytosed by primary MCECs, resulting in a range of cellular damage. Furthermore, they could diminish tear secretion, increase intraocular pressure, and could be internalized into cornea and retina in mice, instigating a series of detrimental reactions. Importantly, modified-MPs exhibited heightened toxicity towards mouse eyes, seemingly due to oxidation enhances the interaction between virgin-MPs/modified-MPs and tissues/cells, and leading to the release of toxic substances increased. In conclusion, our discoveries demonstrate that oxidation exacerbates the harm of virgin-MPs to eyes, and are of great significance for evaluating the risk of MPs to ocular health.

PB1-F2 of low pathogenicity H7N7 restricts apoptosis in avian cells

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous challenge to global health and economy. While countermeasures exist to control outbreaks in poultry, the persistent circulation of AIV in wild aquatic and shorebirds presents a significant challenge to effective disease prevention efforts. PB1-F2 is a non-structural protein expressed from a second open reading frame (+1) of the polymerase basic 1 (PB1) segment. The sequence and length of the PB1-F2 protein can vary depending on the host of origin. While avian isolates typically carry full-length PB1-F2, isolates from mammals, often express truncated forms. The selective advantage of the full-length PB1-F2 in avian isolates is not fully understood. Most research on the role of PB1-F2 in influenza virus replication has been conducted in mammalian systems, where PB1-F2 interfered with the host immune response and induced apoptosis. Here, we used Low Pathogenicity (LP) AIV H7N7 expressing full-length PB1-F2 as well as a knockout mutant. We found that the full-length PB1-F2 of LPAIV prolonged survival of infected cells by limiting apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, PB1-F2 knockout LPAIV significantly decreased MHC-I expression on fibroblasts, delayed tissue healing and increased phagocytic uptake of infected cells, whereas LPAIV expressing PB1-F2 has limited effects. These findings indicate that full-length PB1-F2 enables AIV to cause prolonged infections without severely harming the avian host. Our observations may explain maintenance of AIV in the natural bird reservoir in absence of severe clinical signs.

Difenoconazole Induced Damage of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via ER Stress and Inflammatory Response

Difenoconazole (DIF) is a fungicide used to control various fungi. It is absorbed on the surface of different plants and contributes significantly to increased crop production. However, DIF is reported to exhibit toxicity to fungi and to aquatic plants, fish, and mammals, including humans, causing adverse effects. However, research on the impact of DIF on the mammary epithelial cells of herbivorous bovines is limited. DIF-induced damage and accumulation in the mammary glands can have direct and indirect effects on humans. Therefore, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of DIF toxicity in MAC-T cells. The current study revealed that DIF reduces cell viability and proliferation while triggering apoptotic cell death through the upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, including cleaved caspase 3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), and the downregulation of leukemia type 2 (BCL-2). DIF also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by increasing the expression of genes or proteins of Bip/GRP78, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 Alpha (ERO1-Lα). We demonstrated that DIF induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in MAC-T cells by activating ER stress pathways. This cellular damage resulted in a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory response genes and proteins, including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3), CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD), and iNOS, in DIF-treated groups. In addition, spheroid formation by MAC-T cells was suppressed by DIF treatment. Our findings suggest that DIF exposure in dairy cows may harm mammary gland function and health and may indirectly affect human consumption of milk.

Single-cell RNA-seq reveals a resolving immune phenotype in the oral mucosa

The oral mucosa is the interface between the host immune response and the oral microbiota. In periodontal disease, the microbial plaque elicits a tissue-destructive immune response. Removal of the microbial stimulus initiates active resolution of inflammatory. Here, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the immune response within the oral mucosa across three distinct conditions of periodontal health, disease, and resolution in mice. We report gene expression shifts across the three conditions are driven by macrophage and neutrophils and identify a unique gene signature that characterizes resolution of disease. Macrophage subgroups are identified that demonstrate differential expansion across conditions, including a subgroup that expands during resolution with an immunoregulatory gene signature and enriched for surface marker Cd74. We validate expansion of this subgroup during resolution via flow cytometry. This work presents a robust single-cell dataset of immunological changes in the oral mucosa and identifies a resolution-associated macrophage phenotype in mucosal immunity.

Applicability of mouse models for induction of severe acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a significant clinical challenge associated with high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, it affects approximately 200.000 individuals annually, with a staggering 40 % mortality rate in hospitalized cases and persistent complications in out-of-hospital cases. This review focuses on the key immunological pathways underlying bacterial ALI and the exploration of mouse models as tools for its induction. These models serve as indispensable platforms for unraveling the inflammatory cascades and biological responses inherent to ALI, while also facilitating the evaluation of novel therapeutic agents. However, their utility is not without challenges, mainly due to the stringent biosafety protocols required by the diverse bacterial virulence profiles. Simple and reproducible models of pulmonary bacterial infection are currently available, including intratracheal, intranasal, pleural and, intraperitoneal approaches. These models use endotoxins such as commercially available lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or live pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI. Combining murine models of bacterial lung infection with in-depth studies of the underlying immunological mechanisms is a cornerstone in advancing the therapeutic landscape for acute bacterial lung injury.

Unravelling oncosis: morphological and molecular insights into a unique cell death pathway

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental biological process for maintaining cellular equilibrium and regulating development, health, and disease across all living organisms. Among the various types of PCD, apoptosis plays a pivotal role in numerous diseases, notably cancer. Cancer cells frequently develop mechanisms to evade apoptosis, increasing resistance to standard chemotherapy treatments. This resistance has prompted extensive research into alternative mechanisms of programmed cell death. One such pathway is oncosis, characterized by significant energy consumption, cell swelling, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, and nuclear chromatin aggregation. Recent research suggests that oncosis can impact conditions such as chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity, myocardial ischemic injury, stroke, and cancer, mediated by specific oncosis-related proteins. In this review, we provide a detailed examination of the morphological and molecular features of oncosis and discuss various natural or small molecule compounds that can induce this type of cell death. Additionally, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oncosis and its role in both normal physiology and pathological conditions. These insights aim to illuminate future research directions and propose innovative strategies for leveraging oncosis as a therapeutic tool against human diseases and cancer resistance.

A Novel Approach to Shaping the Lateral Abdomen: Simultaneous Application of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Therapy and Synchronized Radiofrequency at the Flanks: A Multicenter MRI Study

BACKGROUND

An accumulation of adipose tissue on the lateral abdomen (flanks) coupled with muscle deconditioning negatively affects core stability, muscular balance, and the intrinsic strength essential for maintaining optimal body mechanics and posture. This lateral fat accumulation and diminution of muscle result in an unfavorable abdominal profile and present challenges in finding appropriately fitting attire.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness and safety of the simultaneous application of high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) therapy and synchronized radiofrequency for sculpting the lateral abdomen.

METHODS

All patients were scheduled to undergo four 30-minute treatments at approximately weekly intervals and then subsequent follow-up visits at 1 month and 3 months after the last treatment. The primary evaluation assessed changes in the oblique muscles, adipose tissue thickness, and cross-sectional area (CSA) by MRI performed at baseline and follow-ups. The secondary outcomes included digital photographs of the treated areas, a Subject Satisfaction Questionnaire, and a Therapy Comfort Questionnaire. Adverse events and side effects were monitored throughout the study duration.

RESULTS

The muscle tissue showed a substantial increase in thickness (+27.2%) and CSA (+29.0%). The adipose tissue measurements showed a decrease of -30.5% in CSA and -28.8% in thickness. As secondary outcomes, 81.8% of patients reported feeling more toned, and 84.9% of patients found the treatment comfortable and reported less than mild pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the evaluation, the study suggests that the simultaneous application of HIFEM and synchronized radiofrequency is safe and effective for reducing adipose tissue and strengthening muscle in the area of the lateral abdomen.

Functional and structural investigation of a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has been continuously evolving, hampering the effectiveness of current vaccines against COVID-19. mAbs can be used to treat patients at risk of severe COVID-19. Thus, the development of broadly protective mAbs and an understanding of the underlying protective mechanisms are of great importance. Here, we isolated mAbs from donors with breakthrough infection with Omicron subvariants using a single-B cell screening platform. We identified a mAb, O5C2, which possesses broad-spectrum neutralization and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including EG.5.1. Single-particle analysis by cryo-electron microscopy revealed that O5C2 targeted an unusually large epitope within the receptor-binding domain of spike protein that overlapped with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding interface. Furthermore, O5C2 effectively protected against BA.5 Omicron infection in vivo by mediating changes in transcriptomes enriched in genes involved in apoptosis and interferon responses. Our findings provide insights into the development of pan-protective mAbs against SARS-CoV-2.

The Effect of Obesity on Vaginoplasty Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Some surgeons use body mass index criteria within the patient selection processes before vaginoplasty, thereby limiting access to select obese patients. We sought to better characterize the effect of obesity on postoperative outcomes across multiple vaginoplasty techniques.

METHODS

A single-center retrospective review of all transfeminine patients undergoing primary vaginoplasty procedures from December 2018 to July 2022 was conducted. Patients were stratified into cohorts according to the World Health Organization Obesity Class criteria. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, operative details, postoperative complications, and all-cause revision were collected.

RESULTS

A total of 237 patients met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up duration was 9.1 ± 4.7 months. Multivariate regression revealed that patients with class I and class II/III obesity were associated with higher odds of developing vaginal stenosis (class I: odds ratio [OR], 7.1 [ P = 0.003]; class II/III: OR, 3.4 [ P = 0.018]) and all-cause revision (class I: OR, 3.7 [ P = 0.021]; class II/III: OR, 4.8 [ P = 0.027]). Undergoing either robotic peritoneal or robotic intestinal vaginoplasty was associated with lower odds of delayed wound healing (peritoneal: OR, 0.2 [ P < 0.001]; intestinal: OR, 0.2 [ P = 0.011]). Lastly, adherence to dilation regimen was negatively associated with development of vaginal stenosis (OR, 0.04; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with obesity may be at a higher risk of developing vaginal stenosis after vaginoplasty, which may ultimately necessitate operative revision. Although patients with obesity may remain surgical candidates, proper preoperative counseling and adherence to postoperative vaginal dilation regimens are critical to optimizing outcomes.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds and their impact on human placental function: evidence from placenta organ-on-chip studies

The effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on the placenta, a critical gestational organ for xenobiotic protection, are well reported; however, models to determine the role of EDCs in placental disruption are limited. An advanced 2nd-trimester human placenta organ-on-chip model (2TPLA-OOC) was developed and validated, with six representative cells of the maternal and the fetal interface interconnected with microchannels. Various EDCs (150 ng mL-1 each of bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 and -99) were gradually propagated across the chip for 72 hours, and their various effects were determined. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an environmental risk factor, was used as a positive control. EDCs produced overall oxidative stress in the placental/decidual cells, induced cell-specific endocrine effects, caused limited (<10%) apoptosis/necrosis in trophoblasts and mesenchymal cells, induced localized inflammation but an overall anti-inflammatory shift, did not change immune cell migration from stroma to decidua, and did not affect placental nutrient transport. Overall, (1) the humanized 2TPLA-OOC recreated the placental organ and generated data distinct from the trophoblast and other cells studied in isolation, and (2) at doses associated with adverse pregnancies, EDCs produced limited and localized insults, and the whole organ compensated for the exposure.

Induction of fat apoptosis by a combination of synchronized radiofrequency and HIFEM technology: Human histology study

PURPOSE

With the growing demand for more effective fat reduction techniques, a combination of synchronized radiofrequency (RF) and HIFEM has been introduced. Preceding studies evidenced the ability of RF+HIFEM to maintain the fat tissue temperature at the levels necessary for adipocyte apoptosis while documenting the induced changes to the fat tissue during the several weeks after the treatment. This study aims to demonstrate the induction of apoptosis by RF+HIFEM technology in the early stages through the assessment of caspase-3 protein, one of the apoptosis-executing proteases.

DESIGN

In this two-arm, single-center, randomized trial, nine human subjects were enrolled and assigned into two groups, either the active group (N = 6) treated with both RF+HIFEM set at the highest tolerated levels or the sham group (N = 3) treated with 5% of the maximum RF+HIFEM power, serving as a control. All patients were scheduled to undergo one treatment visit of the abdominal area, two follow-up visits at 8 and 24 h, and one safety visit 7 days after the treatment. A punch biopsy (5 mm in diameter, approximately 10 mm in depth) was obtained from the abdominal area at the baseline and consecutive follow-up visits. Samples were fixed, and cut into 5 μm thick slices, and immunohistochemical staining was used to visualize the Caspase-3, revealing the adipocyte nuclei where apoptosis processes are in progress.

FINDINGS

Documented findings suggest that the temperature threshold of 43-45°C is required to initiate fat apoptosis and consequent reduction in adipocyte number was achieved during the combined treatment with RF+HIFEM. The active group showed an elevated ratio of positively stained nuclei versus all adipocyte nuclei found on the evaluated slices-referred to as the apoptotic index (AI). The AI significantly (p < 0.001) increased at both 8 h (47.01 ± 10.56%) and 24 h (43.58 ± 6.35%) posttreatment. The Sham group showed no significant change in the AI (p > 0.05). No adverse events or side effects related to the treatments were observed.

SUMMARY

This study supports previously published evidence on fat reduction after RF+HIFEM treatment, documenting the safe initiation of adipocyte programmed cell death posttreatment.

Oral delivery of aescin-loaded gelatin nanoparticles ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

AIM

The liver plays a crucial role in biotransformation but it is susceptible to chemical-induced damage, known as hepatotoxicity. Traditional therapies for protecting the liver face significant challenges, including poor bioavailability, off-target effects, adverse reactions, drug breakdown, and inadequate uptake. These issues emphasize the need for precise, targeted therapeutic approaches against hepatotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The objective of our research was to develop a customized, biocompatible, and biodegradable nanodrug delivery system for hepatoprotection. We chose collagen hydrolyzed protein, or gelatin, as the base material and utilized solvent evaporation and nanoprecipitation methods to create nanoparticles with size ranging from 130 to 155 nm. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited a spherical and smooth surface, as confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

KEY FINDINGS

Bioactive aescin (AES), into these gelatin nanoparticles (AES-loaded gel NPs), we tested these nanoparticles using a hepatotoxicity model. The results were indicating a significant reduction in the levels of key biomolecules, including NF-κB, iNOS, BAX, and COX-2 and decreased serum levels of enzymes ALT and AST. This reduction correlated with a notable alleviation in the severity of hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the treatment with AES-loaded gel NPs resulted in the downregulation of several inflammatory and liver-specific biomarkers, including nitrite, MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6.

SIGNIFICANCE

In summary, our study demonstrates that the AES-loaded gel NPs were markedly more effective in mitigating experimental hepatotoxicity when compared to the free aescin. The nanoparticles exhibited a propensity for suppressing liver damage, showcasing the potential of this targeted therapeutic approach for safeguarding the liver from harmful chemical insults.

Protein corona exacerbated inflammatory response in macrophages elicited by CdTe quantum dots

Nano-bio interface is significant concern in nanomedicine. When nanoparticles (NPs) come into contact with cells, they form complexes with proteins known as protein corona (PC). Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) have been applied as bioimaging probes and for macrophage theragnostic. However, the impact of protein corona on the behavior of CdTe QDs is not well understood. Macrophages play a crucial role in defending against NPs. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were used to investigated the inflammatory response in macrophages when exposed to CdTe QDs before and after PC formation in fetal bovine serum. The results indicated that protein corona polarized more macrophages towards M1 phenotype. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that PC-CdTe QDs altered a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to CdTe QDs (177 and 398) at 1.0 μM in macrophages. The DEGs affected by PC-CdTe QDs contained several personalized inflammatory cytokines. The enriched pathways after PC formation included Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, etc. Furthermore, PC specifically exacerbated the overexpression of CCL2 and IL-1β proteins. Importantly, PC altered the mechanism of CdTe QD-induced pyroptosis, shifting it from activating NLRC4 to both NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, and from cleaving GSDMD and GSDMB to GSDMB alone. Overall, protein corona exacerbated the inflammatory response induced by CdTe QDs in macrophages. This study provides valuable insight into the pro-inflammatory effect of protein corona on CdTe QDs, with implications for their use in bioimaging or macrophage theragnostic by either exploiting or eliminating this biological interface effect.

Loss of Cdc42 in Exocrine Acini Decreases Saliva Secretion but Increases Tear Secretion-A Potential Model of Exocrine Gland Senescence

Cdc42 is a small GTPase essential for the cell cycle, morphogenesis, and cell adhesion, and it is involved in the polarity of epithelial cells. However, the functional roles of Cdc42 in exocrine glands, such as the maintenance of acini and water secretion, are not yet well understood. In this study, we generated acinar-cell-specific Cdc42 conditional knockout (Cdc42cKO) mice to assess their maintenance of acinar cells and physiological functions in the salivary glands (SGs) and lacrimal glands (LGs). Our data revealed that the loss of Cdc42 altered the luminal structures to bulging structures and induced acinar cell apoptosis in both the parotid glands (PGs) and LGs of Cdc42cKO mice. Interestingly, saliva secretion in response to pilocarpine stimulation was decreased in the Cdc42cKO group, whereas tear secretion was increased. Consistent with the water secretion results, protein expression of the water channel AQP5 in acinar cells was also decreased in the PGs but conversely increased in the LGs. Moreover, the changes that increased AQP5 expression in LGs occurred in the acinar cells rather than the duct cells. The present study demonstrates that Cdc42 is involved in the structural and survival maintenance of acinar cells in SGs and LGs. On the other hand, depletion of Cdc42 caused the opposite physiological phenomena between PGs and LGs.

Inflammation propagation modeled as a reaction-diffusion wave

Inflammation is a physiological process aimed to protect the organism in various diseases and injuries. This work presents a generic inflammation model based on the reaction-diffusion equations for the concentrations of uninflamed cells, inflamed cells, immune cells and the inflammatory cytokines. The analysis of the model shows the existence of three different regimes of inflammation progression depending on the value of a parameter R called the inflammation number. If R>1, then inflammation propagates in cell culture or tissue as a reaction-diffusion wave due to diffusion of inflammatory cytokines produced by inflamed cells. If 0 Collapse

Key Words

• Cytokine storm
• Inflammation
• Inflammation propagation
• Reaction–diffusion equations
• Wave speed

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MESH Headings

• Inflammation/immunology
• Humans
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Cytokines/immunology
• Models, Biological
• Animals

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Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

W El Hajj Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
N El Khatib Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.
V Volpert Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation

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Single-cell Transcriptional Analysis of the Cellular Immune Response in the Oral Mucosa of Mice

Periodontal health is dependent on a symbiotic relationship of the host immune response with the oral microbiota. Pathologic shifts of the microbial plaque elicit an immune response that eventually leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclasts and matrix metalloproteinases and the eventual tissue destruction that is evident in periodontal disease. Once the microbial stimulus is removed, an active process of inflammatory resolution begins. The goal of this work was to use scRNAseq to demonstrate the unique cellular immune response across three distinct conditions of periodontal health, disease, and resolution using mouse models. Periodontal disease was induced using a ligature model. Resolution was modeled by removing the ligature and allowing the mouse to recover. Immune cells (Cd45+) were isolated from the periodontium and analyzed via scRNAseq. Gene signature shifts across the three conditions were characterized and shown to be largely driven by macrophage and neutrophils during the periodontal disease and resolution conditions. Resolution of periodontal disease was characterized by the differential regulation of unique gene subsets. Clustering analysis characterized multiple cellular subpopulations within B Cells, macrophages, and neutrophils that demonstrated differential expansion and contraction across conditions of periodontal health, disease, and resolution. Interestingly, we identified a transcriptionally distinct macrophage subpopulation that expanded during the resolution condition and demonstrated an immunoregulatory gene signature. We identified a cell surface marker for this resolution-associated macrophage subgroup (Cd74) and validated the expansion of this subgroup during resolution via flow cytometry. This work presents a robust immune cell atlas for study of the immunological changes in the oral mucosa during three distinct conditions of periodontal health, disease, and resolution and it improves our understanding of the cellular and molecular markers that characterize health from disease for the development of future diagnostics and therapies.

Post-Operative Greater Tuberosity Resorption or Malreduction Is Associated with Poor Prognostic Outcomes in Patients with Proximal Humeral Fractures Treated Operatively-A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

(1) Background: Proximal humerus fractures can be a debilitating condition if not properly treated. These fracture patterns are varied and differ in every patient. Functional outcomes may be determined by the integrity of the shoulder girdle involving the rotator cuff insertion. The post-operative resorption or malreduction of the greater tuberosity (GT) is an important factor contributing to the poor functional outcome of a patient. Thus, we intend to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationship between GT complications and clinical prognosis and outcomes. (2) Methods: A single-center retrospective comparative study was performed to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients undergoing operative fixation for this injury. A total of 387 consecutive cases treated operatively from 2019-2021 were included for analysis. (3) Results: 94 cases fulfilled our criteria for analysis. A matched-group comparison of 19 patients each was performed to compare demographics, post-operative fracture characteristics and clinical outcomes. (4) Conclusions: The resorption or malreduction of the GT contributes greatly to the prognostic outcome in patients treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery. In our demographic study, obesity is another contributing factor affecting the parameters of post-operative reduction in proximal humerus fractures. Appropriate surgical planning and post-operative multidisciplinary care must be taken into consideration to attain a satisfactory prognostic outcome.

Exploring the Toxic Effects of ZEA on IPEC-J2 Cells from the Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis

Zearalenone (ZEA) is the most common fungal toxin contaminating livestock and poultry feeding, especially in pigs, causing severe toxic effects and economic losses. However, the mechanism of ZEA damage to the intestine is unknown. We constructed an in vitro model of ZEA toxicity in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) line. ZEA causes severe oxidative stress in porcine small intestine cells, such as the production of ROS and a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC. ZEA also caused apoptosis in porcine small intestine cells, resulting in a significant reduction in protein and/or mRNA expression of apoptosis-related pathway factors such as P53, caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, and Cyt-c, which in turn caused a significant decrease in protein and/or mRNA expression of inflammatory-related factors such as IL-1β, IL-2, Cox-2, NF-κD, NLRP3, IL-6, and IL -18, which in turn caused a significant increase in protein and/or mRNA expression levels. The final results suggest that ZEA can cause a severe toxic response in porcine small intestine cells, with oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and inflammatory damage.

Enhanced apoptotic index in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrate showed positive correlation with hepatic lesion intensity, parasite load, and clinical status in naturally Leishmania-infected dogs

It is unknown if Leishmania amastigote infections affect hepatocytes and Kupffer cell apoptosis, and the role played by apoptosis in liver lesions in leishmaniasis is still unclear. Clinically affected and subclinically infected dogs with leishmaniosis and uninfected controls were assessed. Parasite load, biochemical markers for evaluation of liver damage, morphometry (area, perimeter, number of inflammatory focus, major and minor diameters), apoptosis in hepatic tissue (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrates) and cellularity in inflammatory foci were quantified. The parasite load in clinically affected dogs proved to be higher than in the other groups. All morphometric parameters (area, perimeter, number of inflammatory focus, major and minor diameters) from clinically affected were higher than the values found in the subclinically infected and uninfected control dogs. Only clinically affected dogs presented high levels of ALT, FA, GGT and cholesterol in serum. Strong positive correlation was observed between biochemical markers for evaluation of liver damage (ALT, FA, GGT and cholesterol) and hepatic apoptosis (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammation). Clinically affected dogs showed a more intense hepatic lesion. Hepatocytes showed a higher rate of apoptosis in Leishmania-infected dogs than in uninfected control dogs. The Kupffer cell apoptotic index and apoptosis within the inflammatory infiltrates were higher in clinically affected dogs. The apoptotic index evaluated in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrates showed a positive correlation with the intensity of the hepatic lesion, parasite load, and clinical status. Apoptotic cells also showed positive immunostaining for TUNEL, Bcl2, and Bax. Our data showed that hepatic apoptosis was related to the severity of liver damage, the progression of infection, and the parasite load in leishmaniasis. Apoptotic regulated cell recruitment modulated the inflammatory response and favored the survival and dissemination of parasites, depending on the clinical status of the Leishmania-infected dogs.

Salidroside pretreatment alleviates PM2.5 caused lung injury via inhibition of apoptosis and pyroptosis through regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is considered a leading cause of pathogenic particulate matter induced lung injury. And Salidroside (Sal), the major bioactive constituent isolated from Rhodiola rosea L., has been shown to ameliorate lung injury in various conditions. To uncover the possible therapy for PM_2.5 related pulmonary disease, we evaluated the protective role of Sal pre-treatment on PM_2.5 induced lung injury in mice by utilizing the survival analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, lung injury score, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Impressively, our findings strongly indicated Sal as an effective precaution against PM_2.5 induced lung injury. Pre-administration of Sal before PM_2.5 treatment reduced the mortality within 120 h and alleviated inflammatory responses by reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18. Meanwhile, Sal pretreatment blocked apoptosis and pyroptosis that introduced the tissue damage under PM_2.5 treatment via regulating Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 and NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 signal pathways. In summary, our research demonstrated that Sal could be a potential preventative therapy for PM_2.5 caused lung injury by inhibiting the initiation and development of apoptosis and pyroptosis through down-regulating NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Obesity defined molecular endotypes in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis provides a rationale for therapeutic targeting of fibroblast subsets

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA), a multifaceted condition, poses a significant challenge for the successful clinical development of therapeutics due to heterogeneity. However, classifying molecular endotypes of OA pathogenesis could provide invaluable phenotype-directed routes for stratifying subgroups of patients for targeted therapeutics, leading to greater chances of success in trials. This study establishes endotypes in OA soft joint tissue driven by obesity in both load-bearing and non-load bearing joints.

METHODS

Hand, hip, knee and foot joint synovial tissue was obtained from OA patients (n = 32) classified as obese (BMI > 30) or normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9). Isolated fibroblasts (OA SF) were assayed by Olink proteomic panel, seahorse metabolic flux assay, Illumina's NextSeq 500 bulk and Chromium 10X single cell RNA-sequencing, validated by Luminex and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Targeted proteomic, metabolic and transcriptomic analysis found the inflammatory landscape of OA SFs are independently impacted by obesity, joint loading and anatomical site with significant heterogeneity between obese and normal weight patients, confirmed by bulk RNAseq. Further investigation by single cell RNAseq identified four functional molecular endotypes including obesity specific subsets defined by an inflammatory endotype related to immune cell regulation, fibroblast activation and inflammatory signaling, with up-regulated CXCL12, CFD and CHI3L1 expression. Luminex confirmed elevated chitase3-like-1(229.5 vs. 49.5 ng/ml, p < .05) and inhibin (20.6 vs. 63.8 pg/ml, p < .05) in obese and normal weight OA SFs, respectively. Lastly, we find SF subsets in obese patients spatially localise in sublining and lining layers of OA synovium and can be distinguished by differential expression of the transcriptional regulators MYC and FOS.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate the significance of obesity in changing the inflammatory landscape of synovial fibroblasts in both load bearing and non-load bearing joints. Describing multiple heterogeneous OA SF populations characterised by specific molecular endotypes, which drive heterogeneity in OA disease pathogenesis. These molecular endotypes may provide a route for the stratification of patients in clinical trials, providing a rational for the therapeutic targeting of specific SF subsets in specific patient populations with arthritic conditions.

The biodistribution of placental and fetal extracellular vesicles during pregnancy following placentation

Human pregnancy is a highly orchestrated process requiring extensive cross-talk between the mother and the fetus. Extracellular vesicles released by the fetal tissue, particularly the placenta, are recognized as important mediators of this process. More recently, the importance of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution studies in animal models has received increasing attention as identifying the organs to which extracellular vesicles are targeted to helps us understand more about this communication system. Placental extracellular vesicles are categorized based on their size into macro-, large-, and small-extracellular vesicles, and their biodistribution is dependent on the extracellular vesicle's particle size, the direction of blood flow, the recirculation of blood, as well as the retention capacity in organs. Macro-extracellular vesicles are exclusively localized to the lungs, while large- and small-extracellular vesicles show high levels of distribution to the lungs and liver, while there is inconsistency in the reporting of distribution to the spleen and kidneys. This inconsistency may be due to the differences in the methodologies employed between studies and their limitations. Future studies should incorporate analysis of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution at the macroscopic level on whole animals and organs/tissues, as well as the microscopic cellular level.

Antibacterial Mode of Action of β-Amyrin Promotes Apoptosis-Like Death in Escherichia coli by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species

β-Amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpene widely distributed in leaves and stems worldwide. The ability of β-amyrin to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microorganisms suggests its potential as an antimicrobial agent. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the antibacterial mode of action of β-amyrin. We treated Escherichia coli cells with β-amyrin and found that it triggered ROS accumulation. Excessive stress caused by ROS, particularly hydroxyl radicals, induces glutathione (GSH) dysfunction. GSH protects cells from oxidative and osmotic stresses; thus, its dysfunction leads to membrane depolarization. The resultant change in membrane potential leads to the release of apoptotic proteins, such as caspases. The activated caspases-like protein promotes the cleavage of DNA into single strands, which is a hallmark of apoptosis-like death in bacteria. Apoptotic cells usually undergo events such as DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine exposure, differentiating them from necrotic cells, and the cells treated with β-amyrin in this study were positive for annexin V and negative for propidium iodide, indicating apoptosis-like death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the antibacterial mode of action of β-amyrin involves the induction of ROS, which resulted in apoptosis-like death in E. coli.

Dynamics impacts of oxytetracycline on growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue of grouper in exposure and withdrawal treatment

Little is known about the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on marine fish. Using juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂), we investigated the effects of 56 days dietary oxytetracycline (OTC; OTCD) exposure (80 mg/kg body weight/day) on fish growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue. Meanwhile, the alteration of intestinal health status and antibiotic residue after 7 (O7) or 14 days (O14) OTC withdrawal treatment were explored. We also assessed the potential human health risks based on target hazard quotient (THQ). The results showed that OTC exposure had no effects on growth rate parameters but caused liver and intestine atrophy. OTC exposure impaired the intestinal health by distorting intestinal morphological features, inducing oxidative stress, repressing immune function, triggering NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and apoptosis, while 7 days OTC withdrawal treatment improved intestinal health status and 14 days OTC withdrawal treatment further improved it. In addition, the order of OTC residue in tested tissues after OTC exposure was: liver > kidney > spleen > muscle > intestine. OTC residue was significantly decreased in all tissues along with the increasing of withdrawal treatment period. Adults and children consuming the edible tissues (muscle) of OTC-treated or withdrawal-treated pearl gentian grouper would not experience any previous health risk as the THQ < 1 in all group.

Developmental endothelial locus-1 attenuates palmitate-induced apoptosis in tenocytes through the AMPK/autophagy-mediated suppression of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress

AIMS

Myokine developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1) has been documented to alleviate inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various cell types. However, the effects of DEL-1 on inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in tenocytes remain unclear.

METHODS

Human primary tenocytes were cultured in palmitate (400 μM) and palmitate plus DEL-1 (0 to 2 μg/ml) conditions for 24 hours. The expression levels of ER stress markers and cleaved caspase 3, as well as phosphorylated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and autophagy markers, were assessed by Western blotting. Autophagosome formation was measured by staining with monodansylcadaverine, and apoptosis was determined by cell viability assay and caspase 3 activity assay.

RESULTS

We found that treatment with DEL-1 suppressed palmitate-induced inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in human primary tenocytes. DEL-1 treatment augmented LC3 conversion and p62 degradation as well as AMPK phosphorylation. Moreover, small interfering RNA for AMPK or 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, abolished the suppressive effects of DEL-1 on inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in tenocytes. Similar to DEL-1, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, also attenuated palmitate-induced inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in tenocytes, which 3-MA reversed.

CONCLUSION

These results revealed that DEL-1 suppresses inflammation and ER stress, thereby attenuating tenocyte apoptosis through AMPK/autophagy-mediated signalling. Thus, regular exercise or administration of DEL-1 may directly contribute to improving tendinitis exacerbated by obesity and insulin resistance.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(12):854-861.

Flavones: Six Selected Flavones and Their Related Signaling Pathways That Induce Apoptosis in Cancer

Cancer is a horrific disease that, to date, has no cure. It is caused by various factors and takes many lives. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism and if it does not function correctly in cancer cells, it can lead to severe disease. There are various signaling pathways for regulating apoptosis in cancer cells. Flavonoids are non-artificial natural bioactive compounds that are gaining attention as being capable of for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Among these, in this study, we focus on flavones. Flavones are a subclass of the numerous available flavonoids and possess several bioactive functions. Some of the most reported and well-known critical flavones, namely apigenin, acacetin, baicalein, luteolin, tangeretin, and wogonin, are discussed in depth in this review. Our main aim is to investigate the effects of the selected flavones on apoptosis and cell signaling pathways that contribute to death due to various types of cancers.

Lead Nitrate Induces Inflammation and Apoptosis in Rat Lungs Through the Activation of NF-κB and AhR Signaling Pathways

Lead (Pb) is one of the most frequent hazardous air contaminants, where the lungs are particularly vulnerable to its toxicity. However, the Pb distribution and its impact on lung inflammation/apoptosis and particularly the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathways in Pb-induced lung toxicity have not yet been fully investigated. Adult male Wistar albino rats were exposed to Pb nitrate 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.w. orally for 3 days. The histopathological changes of several rat organs were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The concentrations of Pb ion in different organ tissues were quantified using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify organic compounds. The changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory and apoptotic genes in response to Pb exposure were quantified by using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Treatment of rats with Pb for three consecutive days significantly increased the accumulation of Pb in lung tissues causing severe interstitial inflammation. Pb treatment also increased the percentage of lung apoptotic cells and modulated apoptotic genes (Bc2, p53, and TGF-α), inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α), and oxidative stress biomarkers (iNOS, CYP1A1, EphX) in rat lung tissues. These effects were associated with a significant increase in organic compounds, such as 3-nitrotyrosine and myeloperoxidase, and some inorganic elements, such as selenium. Importantly, the Pb-induced lung inflammation and apoptosis were associated with a proportional increase in the expression of NF-κB and AhR mRNAs and proteins. These findings clearly show that Pb induces severe inflammation and apoptosis in rat lungs and suggest that NF-κB and AhR may play a role in Pb-induced lung toxicity.

Withania somnifera - a magic plant targeting multiple pathways in cancer related inflammation

BACKGROUND

Deregulated inflammatory responses are known to play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Tumor microenvironment is associated with the presence of a diverse array of inflammatory reactions, which further help tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Withania somnifera is known to curb proliferation of cancer cells and lower inflammatory responses.

PURPOSE

In order to minimize the inflammation, cancer treatments often include immunomodulatory drugs. However, given the side effects of both of the cytotoxic cancer drugs and synthetic immunomodulatory agents, there is a need to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents for improved cancer therapy. A number of reports indicate that bioactive phytochemicals derived from W. somnifera exhibit anti-inflammatory capabilities in cancer. A deeper look into the underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in W. somnifera mediated anti inflammation is lacking, which is essential to fully understand the potential of this magical plant in cancer. Therefore, in the present review we are summarizing various reports, which describe mechanistic understanding of W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

In order to gather information on the molecular pathways affected by W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation, 'PubMed' and 'Science Direct' databases were searched using keywords Withania, cancer inflammation, and Withaferin A. Selected literature was analyzed to cover the role of inflammation in cancer, usage and side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, W. somnifera as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer, molecular pathways modulated by W. somnifera in various preclinical models, and clinical trials using W. somnifera as an anti-inflammatory agent.

RESULTS

Upon literature survey we found that both W. somnifera extracts and Withaferin-A, exhibit anti inflammatory activities in various preclinical cancer models. W. somnifera modulates a number of signaling pathways such as NF-kB, JAK-STAT and AP1 to reduce cancer related inflammation. Anti inflammatory properties of W. somnifera might be effective in the treatment of drug resistance in cancers. Based on its promising effects against cancer associated inflammation in preclinical studies, W. somnifera derived products are being tested in clinical trials.

CONCLUSION

Several preclinical studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential of W. somnifera in a variety of cancers. While a few clinical trials are investigating the role of W. somnifera in various diseases, focused studies on its role in cancer related inflammation are lacking. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects offer targeting of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is speculated to play a critical role in chemoresistance. Apart from targeting cancer cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects of Withania provide double advantage in cancer management. Therefore, clinical trials to target cancer related inflammation using W. somnifera as a drug, should be performed to validate its advantages in cancer therapy.

Inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers: are they the culprit to rheumatoid arthritis pain?

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prolonged inflammatory disease resulting from autoimmune reactions that leads to local and systemic bone erosion, joint defects and functional impairment. Although the inflammation is subsided through the prescription of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, the patients persistently complained of sleepless nights due to flare pain. This indicates the possible contribution of other pathways besides inflammation in leading to RA pain. This review aims to uncover the roles and involvement of several inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers in facilitating pain transmission and processing during the pathogenesis of RA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This narrative review focused on the reports from the previous literature based on the search string of "apoptotic marker AND inflammation AND 'chronic pain' OR 'neuropathic pain' and apoptosis AND 'rheumatoid arthritis' OR arthritis from the databases including Science Direct and Scopus, considering the exclusion criteria of the published abstracts, proceedings or articles on other neuropathic pain types such as painful bowel syndrom, insterstitial cystitis, fibrosis and so on.

RESULTS

Several studies in the literature demonstrate a close association between imbalanced apoptotic regulations and an increased number of synovial fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in RA. Cell death or specific cell survival has been linked with increased central hypersensitivity in various types of chronic and neuropathic pain.

CONCLUSION

The RA-related flare pain is possibly contributed by the abnormal regulation of apoptosis through several inflammatory-related pathways, and further studies need to modulate these pathways for the putative anti-nociceptive benefits.

Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications

The deregulation of apoptosis is involved in the development of several pathologies, and recent evidence suggests that apoptosis may be involved in chronic pain, namely in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state caused by primary damage or dysfunction of the nervous system; however, the details of the molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Recently, it was found that nerve endings contain transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that sense and detect signals released by injured tissues and respond to these damage signals. TRP channels are similar to the voltage-gated potassium channels or nucleotide-gated channels that participate in calcium and magnesium homeostasis. TRP channels allowing calcium to penetrate into nerve terminals can activate apoptosis, leading to nerve terminal destruction. Further, some TRPs are activated by acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are mainly produced in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and an increase in ROS production and/or a decrease in the antioxidant network may induce oxidative stress (OS). Depending on the OS levels, they can promote cellular proliferation and/or cell degeneration or death. Previous studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), play an important role in the peripheral mediation of neuropathic pain. This article aims to perform a review of the involvement of apoptosis in pain, particularly the role of OS and neuroinflammation, and the clinical relevance of this knowledge. The potential discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets can result in the development of more effective and targeted drugs to treat chronic pain, namely neuropathic pain. Highlights: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can activate cell signaling pathways that can lead to nerve terminal destruction by apoptosis. These could constitute potential new pain biomarkers and targets for therapy in neuropathic pain.

In vitro assessment of the biocompatibility of chemically treated silicone materials with human lens epithelial cells

Cytotoxicity testing is a regulatory requirement for safety testing of new ocular implants. In vitro toxicity tests determine whether toxic chemicals are present on a material surface or leach out of the material matrix. A method of evaluating the cytotoxicity of ocular implants was developed using fluorescent viability dyes. To assess the assay’s sensitivity in detecting toxic substances on biomaterials, zinc diethydithiocarbamate (ZDEC) and benzalkonium chloride (BAK) were deposited on silicone surfaces at different concentrations. Human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) were added to the surface of these treated silicone surfaces and were assessed for viability. The viability of both the adherent and non-adherent cells was determined using confocal microscopy with, annexin V, ethidium homodimer, and calcein. Cell metabolism was also evaluated using resazurin and the release of inflammatory cytokines was quantified using a multiplex Mesoscale Discovery platform. Confocal microscopy was shown to be a sensitive assay for evaluating material toxicity, as significant toxicity (p < 0.05) from ZDEC and BAK-treated surfaces compared to the untreated silicone control was detected. Patterns of cytokine release from cells varied depending on the toxin evaluated and the toxin concentration and did not directly correlate with the reduction in cell metabolic activity measured by alamarBlue.

Epidemiology, risk factors and prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than five milion deaths worldwide. Several studies have elucidated the role of risk factors in the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the progression of COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review assesses the link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular risk factors, and investigates the prognosis in the case of myocardial injury.

METHODS

A literature search was performed to identify relevant articles in Pubmed, MEDLINE, Elsevier, and Google Scholar the last two years using the terms: COVID-19, CVD, risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors, SARS-CoV-2, lockdown, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Exclusion criteria were the studies associated with pediatric and pregnant COVID-19 patients.

RESULTS

After screening through 3071 articles, 10 studies were included in this review that captured the findings from 3912 participants. Included studies found that preexisting CVD was linked to worse outcomes and increased risk of death in patients with COVID-19, whereas COVID-19 itself also induced myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and venous thromboembolism.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were associated with intensive care unit admission and poor prognosis. Cardiovascular risk factors are crucial for the progression of COVID-19, and infected patients should be constantly monitored and follow strict hygiene and decrease their social interactions.

Psychological Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: Insights into Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Long COVID-19

There is growing evidence of studies associating COVID-19 survivors with increased mental health consequences. Mental health implications related to a COVID-19 infection include both acute and long-term consequences. Here we discuss COVID-19-associated psychiatric sequelae, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drawing parallels to past coronavirus outbreaks. A literature search was completed across three databases, using keywords to search for relevant articles. The cause may directly correlate to the infection through both direct and indirect mechanisms, but the underlying etiology appears more complex and multifactorial, involving environmental, psychological, and biological factors. Although most risk factors and prevalence rates vary across various studies, being of the female gender and having a history of psychiatric disorders seem consistent. Several studies will be presented, demonstrating COVID-19 survivors presenting higher rates of mental health consequences than the general population. The possible mechanisms by which the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the brain, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and causing these psychiatric sequelae, will be discussed, particularly concerning the SARS-CoV-2 entry via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors and the implications of the immune inflammatory signaling on neuropsychiatric disorders. Some possible therapeutic options will also be considered.

Chronic Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation and Modern Lifestyle: The Dark Role of Gut Microbiota on Related Diseases with a Focus on COVID-19 Pandemic

Inflammation is a physiological, beneficial, and auto-limiting response of the host to alarming stimuli. Conversely, a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (CSLGI), known as a long-time persisting condition, causes damage to the organs and host tissues, representing a major risk for chronic diseases. Currently, a high global incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases is observed, often linked to the lifestyle-related changes that occurred in the last decade. The main lifestyle-related factors are proinflammatory diet, psychological stress, tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and indoor living and working with its related consequences such as indoor pollution, artificial light exposure, and low vitamin D production. Recent scientific evidence found that gut microbiota (GM) has a main role in shaping the host's health, particularly as CSLGI mediator. Based on the lastest discoveries regarding the remarkable GM activity, in this manuscript we focus on the elements of actual lifestyle that influence the composition and function of the intestinal microbial community in order to elicit the CSLGI and its correlated pathologies. In this scenario, we provide a broad review of the interplay between modern lifestyle, GM, and CSLGI with a special focus on the COVID symptoms and emerging long-COVID syndrome.

Biologic and pathologic aspects of osteocytes in the setting of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially severe, debilitating condition affecting patients with cancer and patients with osteoporosis who have been treated with powerful antiresorptives (pARs) or angiogenesis inhibitors (AgIs). Oral risk factors associated with the development of MRONJ include tooth extraction and inflammatory dental disease (e.g., periodontitis, periapical infection). In bone tissues, osteocytes play a bidirectional role in which they not only act as the "receiver" of systemic signals from blood vessels, such as hormones and drugs, or local signals from the mineralized matrix as it is deformed, but they also play a critical role as "transmitter" of signals to the cells that execute bone modeling and remodeling (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lining cells). When the survival capacity of osteocytes is overwhelmed, they can die. Osteocyte death has been associated with several pathological conditions. Whereas the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been studied in conditions like osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), few studies of the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been done in MRONJ. The three forms of cell death that affect most of the different cells in the body (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) have been recognized in osteocytes. Notably, necroptosis, a form of regulated cell death with "a necrotic cell death phenotype," has also been identified as a form of cell death in osteocytes under certain pathologic conditions. Improving the understanding of osteocyte death in MRONJ may be critical for preventing disease and developing treatment approaches. In this review, we intend to provide insight into the biology of osteocytes, cell death, in general, and osteocyte death, in particular, and discuss hypothetical mechanisms involved in osteocyte death associated with MRONJ.

Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy

Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.

Polyphenols Targeting MAPK Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disorder, predominantly symmetric, which causes joint inflammation, cartilage degeneration and bone erosion, resulting in deformity and the loss of physical function. Although the management of RA has steadily improved, the pathophysiological mechanism is incompletely elucidated, and therapeutic options are still limited. Due to shortcomings in the efficacy or safety profiles of conventional RA therapies, therapeutic alternatives have been considered. Therefore, natural extracts containing polyphenolic compounds can become promising adjuvant agents for RA global management, due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptotic properties. Polyphenols can regulate intracellular signaling pathways in RA and can generate different immune responses through some key factors (i.e., MAPK, interleukins (ILs 1 and 6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nuclear factor light k chain promoter of activated receptor (NF-κB), and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)). The critical function of the Toll like-receptor (TLR)-dependent mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in mediating the pathogenic characteristics of RA has been briefly discussed. Oxidative stress can trigger a change in transcription factors, which leads to the different expression of some genes involved in the inflammatory process. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the efficacy of polyphenols in mitigating RA by inhibiting signaling pathways, suggesting future research perspectives in order to validate their use.

AEOL 10150 Alleviates Radiation-induced Innate Immune Responses in Non-human Primate Lung Tissue

ABSTRACT

To study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) in a non-human primate model, Rhesus macaques were irradiated with lethal doses of radiation to the whole thorax. A subset of the irradiated animals was treated with AEOL 10150, a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Lung tissues were collected at necropsy for molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. Microarray expression profiling in the irradiated lung tissues identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways important in innate immunity. The elevated expression of cytokines (CCL2, CCL11, IL-8), complement factors (CFB, C3), apoptosis-related molecules (p53, PTEN, Bax, p21, MDM2, c-Caspase 3), and adhesion molecules (fibronectin, integrin β6, ICAM-1) were further studied using real-time PCR, Western blot, or IHC. Oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration were increased in the irradiated lungs. Treatment with AEOL 10150 significantly decreased oxidative stress and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Cytokine/chemokine-induced excessive innate immune response after thoracic irradiation plays an important role in RILI. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the role of cytokine/chemokine-induced innate immune responses in radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity in a NHP model.

Ang II-Induced Hypertension Exacerbates the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis

It has been known that infection plays a role in the development of hypertension. However, the role of hypertension in the progression of infectious diseases remain unknown. Many countries with high rates of hypertension show geographical overlaps with those showing high incidence rates of tuberculosis (TB). To explore the role of hypertension in tuberculosis, we compared the effects of hypertension during mycobacterial infection, we infected both hypertensive Angiotensin II (Ang II) and control mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain H37Ra by intratracheal injection. Ang II-induced hypertension promotes cell death through both apoptosis and necrosis in Mtb H37Ra infected mouse lungs. Interestingly, we found that lipid accumulation in pulmonary tissues was significantly increased in the hypertension group compared to the normal controls. Ang II-induced hypertension increases the formation of foamy macrophages during Mtb infection and it leads to cell death. Moreover, the hypertension group showed more severe granuloma formation and fibrotic lesions in comparison with the control group. Finally, we observed that the total number of mycobacteria was increased in the lungs in the hypertension group compared to the normal controls. Taken together, these results suggest that hypertension increases intracellular survival of Mtb through formation of foamy macrophages, resulting in severe pathogenesis of TB.

1% Tirbanibulin Ointment for the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses

Objective

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are cutaneous lesions that arise in sun-damaged skin. AKs may transform into squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Tirbanibulin 1% ointment is a new topical treatment for AKs, recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Data Sources

The PubMed database was searched for articles published from 1960 to March 31, 2021, using the keywords tirbanibulin and Klisyri.

Data Extraction

Phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials were reviewed.

Data Synthesis

In phase 2 clinical trials, 43% of patients treated with tirbanibulin experienced complete clearance by day 57 (43% [95% CI = 32, 54]). Across two phase 3 clinical trials (pooled data), complete (100%) clearance occurred in 49% of patients in tirbanibulin groups and in only 9% of the vehicle groups (difference, 41% points; 95% CI = 35 to 47; P < 0.001). Although no comparative studies are available, tirbanibulin is applied for a shorter duration (5 days) compared with diclofenac 3% gel, fluorouracil 5% cream, and imiquimod 3.75% cream. Adverse events were mild and included pruritus, application site pain, and local skin reactions. Systemic adverse events such as necrosis and angioedema, observed with other AK treatments such as fluorouracil and imiquimod, were not observed with tirbanibulin, thus giving tirbanibulin a favorable safety profile.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice

Tirbanibulin effectively reduces AK burden and recurrence and has a favorable safety profile with mild adverse events. In comparison, imiquimod, 5-flourouracil, and diclofenac can result in necrosis, angioedema, and arthralgias.

Conclusion

With a favorable safety profile and short regimen, tirbanibulin is an efficacious treatment for clinicians to utilize in their treatment toolbox when treating AKs on the face and scalp.

Juniperus communis extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo

Juniperus communis (JCo) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has been used to treat wounds, fever, swelling, and rheumatism. However, the mechanism underlying the anticancer effect of JCo extract on colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the anticancer effects of JCo extract in vitro and in vivo as well as the precise molecular mechanisms. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution was examined by flow cytometry analysis, and cell apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Protein expression was analyzed using western blotting. The in vivo activity of the JCo extract was evaluated using a xenograft BALB/c mouse model. The tumors and organs were examined through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that JCo extract exhibited higher cytotoxicity against CRC cells than against normal cells and showed synergistic effects when combined with 5-fluorouracil. JCo extract induced cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase via regulation of p53/p21 and CDK4/cyclin D1 and induced cell apoptosis via the extrinsic (FasL/Fas/caspase-8) and intrinsic (Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-9) apoptotic pathways. In vivo studies revealed that JCo extract suppressed tumor growth through the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In addition, there was no obvious change in body weight or histological morphology of normal organs after treatment. JCo extract suppressed CRC progression by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the potential application of JCo extract in the treatment of CRC.

High-fat diet, adipokines and low-grade inflammation are associated with disrupted tendon healing: a systematic review of preclinical studies

BACKGROUND

The aetiopathogenesis of tendinopathy is uncertain, but inflammation may play a role in the early phase of tendinopathy and in tendon healing response. We investigated the most up-to-date evidence about the association between obesity, high-fat diet and tendinopathy, focusing on the role of adipokines, inflammatory pathways and molecular changes.

SOURCES OF DATA

A systematic review was performed searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases following the PRISMA guidelines. We included studies of any level of evidence published in peer-reviewed journals. The risk of bias (SIRCLE) was assessed, as was the methodological quality (CAMARADES) of the included studies. We excluded all the articles with a high risk of bias and/or low quality after the assessment. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 14 studies of medium or high quality.

AREAS OF AGREEMENT

A high-fat diet negatively affects tendon quality, increasing the risk of rupture and tendinopathy.

AREAS OF CONTROVERSY

Controversial evidence exists on both tendon fat infiltration secondary to a dysregulation of the lipid metabolism and of a molecular effect of inflammatory pathways.

GROWING POINTS

The secretion of adipokines is strictly related to fat ingestion and body composition and can potentially act on tendon physiology and injury.

AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH

Adipokines, low-grade inflammation and fat intake play a role in disrupting tendon healing and setting up tendinopathy. Further high-quality research is needed to better define the molecular pathways involved.