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Li F, He HY, Fan ZH, Li CM, Gong Y, Wang XJ, Xiong HJ, Xie CM, Bie P. Silencing of FAM111B inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatoma cells through activating p53 pathway. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:1679-1689. [PMID: 37270349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of Family with sequence similarity 111 member B (FAM111B) has been reported in multiple malignancies, but its involvement in occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the role of FAM111B in HCC and explore the potential molecular mechanism. METHODS We examined the mRNA level of FAM111B via qPCR and protein level via immunohistochemistry in human HCC tissues. siRNA was used to construct a FAM111B-knockdown model in HCC cell lines. CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of FAM111B on proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cell. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, western blotting, and flow cytometry were carried out to find the related molecular mechanism. RESULTS Human HCC tumor tissues exhibited higher expression of FAM111B, and high FAM111B expression was associated with poor prognosis. Vitro assays demonstrated that knockdown of FAM111B greatly repressed proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, silencing of FAM111B significantly resulted in cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and downregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins MMP7 and MMP9 via activation of p53 pathway. CONCLUSION FAM111B played an essential role in promoting HCC development by regulation of p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Hong-Ye He
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging & Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hao Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Chun-Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hao-Jun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Chuan-Ming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Ping Bie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Cui G, Xu H, Chun J, Yang D, Zhang Z, Yang L, Wang J, Wan M, Calvisi DF, Lin S, Chen X, Wang H. Loss of TP53 cooperates with c-MET overexpression to drive hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:476. [PMID: 37500626 PMCID: PMC10374654 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly malignancy with high genetic heterogeneity. TP53 mutation and c-MET activation are frequent events in human HCCs. Here, we discovered that the simultaneous mutations in TP53 and activation of c-MET occur in ~20% of human HCCs, and these patients show a poor prognosis. Importantly, we found that concomitant deletion of Trp53 and overexpression of c-MET (c-MET/sgp53) in the mouse liver led to HCC formation in vivo. Consistent with human HCCs, RNAseq showed that c-MET/sgp53 mouse HCCs were characterized by activated c-MET and Ras/MAPK cascades and increased tumor cell proliferation. Subsequently, a stably passaged cell line derived from a c-MET/sgp53 HCC and corresponding subcutaneous xenografts were generated. Also, in silico analysis suggested that the MEK inhibitor trametinib has a higher inhibition score in TP53 null human HCC cell lines, which was validated experimentally. We consistently found that trametinib effectively inhibited the growth of c-MET/sgp53 HCC cells and xenografts, supporting the possible usefulness of this drug for treating human HCCs with TP53-null mutations. Altogether, our study demonstrates that loss of TP53 cooperates with c-MET to drive hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. The c-MET/sgp53 mouse model and derived HCC cell lines represent novel and useful preclinical tools to study hepatocarcinogenesis in the TP53 null background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guofei Cui
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joanne Chun
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Doris Yang
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Shumei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Galvão FHF, Traldi MCC, Araújo RSS, Stefano JT, D'Albuquerque LAC, Oliveira CP. PRECLINICAL MODELS OF LIVER CÂNCER. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2023; 60:383-392. [PMID: 37792769 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.230302023-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
•In this review, we described different murine models of carcinogenesis: classic models, new transgenic and combined models, that reproduce the key points for HCC and CCA genesis allowing a better understanding of its genetic physiopathological, and environmental abnormalities. •Each model has its advantages, disadvantages, similarities, and differences with the corresponding human disease and should be chosen according to the specificity of the study. Ultimately, those models can also be used for testing new anticancer therapeutic approaches. •Cholangiocarcinoma has been highlighted, with an increase in prevalence. This review has an important role in understanding the pathophysiology and the development of new drugs. Background - This manuscript provides an overview of liver carcinogenesis in murine models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Objective - A review through MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed to assess articles until August 2022.Methods - Search was conducted of the entire electronic databases and the keywords used was HCC, CCA, carcinogenesis, animal models and liver. Articles exclusion was based on the lack of close relation to the subject. Carcinogenesis models of HCC include HCC induced by senescence in transgenic animals, HCC diet-induced, HCC induced by chemotoxicagents, xenograft, oncogenes, and HCC in transgenic animals inoculated with B and C virus. The models of CCA include the use of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), thioacetamide (TAA), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). CCA murine models may also be induced by: CCA cells, genetic manipulation, Smad4, PTEN and p53 knockout, xenograft, and DEN-left median bile duct ligation. Results - In this review, we described different murine models of carcinogenesis that reproduce the key points for HCC and CCA genesis allowing a better understanding of its genetic, physiopathological, and environmental abnormalities. Conclusion - Each model has its advantages, disadvantages, similarities, and differences with the corresponding human disease and should be chosen according to the specificity of the study. Ultimately, those models can also be used for testing new anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Henrique Ferreira Galvão
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Transplante e Cirurgia do Fígado (LIM-37), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Clara Camargo Traldi
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Transplante e Cirurgia do Fígado (LIM-37), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jose Tadeu Stefano
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia Clínica e Experimental (LIM-07), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Transplante e Cirurgia do Fígado (LIM-37), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Claudia P Oliveira
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia Clínica e Experimental (LIM-07), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Tu T, Alba MM, Datta AA, Hong H, Hua B, Jia Y, Khan J, Nguyen P, Niu X, Pammidimukkala P, Slarve I, Tang Q, Xu C, Zhou Y, Stiles BL. Hepatic macrophage mediated immune response in liver steatosis driven carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:958696. [PMID: 36276076 PMCID: PMC9581256 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.958696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity confers an independent risk for carcinogenesis. Classically viewed as a genetic disease, owing to the discovery of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, genetic events alone are not sufficient to explain the progression and development of cancers. Tumor development is often associated with metabolic and immunological changes. In particular, obesity is found to significantly increase the mortality rate of liver cancer. As its role is not defined, a fundamental question is whether and how metabolic changes drive the development of cancer. In this review, we will dissect the current literature demonstrating that liver lipid dysfunction is a critical component driving the progression of cancer. We will discuss the involvement of inflammation in lipid dysfunction driven liver cancer development with a focus on the involvement of liver macrophages. We will first discuss the association of steatosis with liver cancer. This will be followed with a literature summary demonstrating the importance of inflammation and particularly macrophages in the progression of liver steatosis and highlighting the evidence that macrophages and macrophage produced inflammatory mediators are critical for liver cancer development. We will then discuss the specific inflammatory mediators and their roles in steatosis driven liver cancer development. Finally, we will summarize the molecular pattern (PAMP and DAMP) as well as lipid particle signals that are involved in the activation, infiltration and reprogramming of liver macrophages. We will also discuss some of the therapies that may interfere with lipid metabolism and also affect liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojian Tu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mario M. Alba
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aditi A. Datta
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Handan Hong
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brittney Hua
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yunyi Jia
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jared Khan
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Phillip Nguyen
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiatoeng Niu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pranav Pammidimukkala
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ielyzaveta Slarve
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qi Tang
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bangyan L. Stiles,
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Wang M, Lan L, Yang F, Jiang S, Xu H, Zhang C, Zhou G, Xia H, Xia J. Hepatic SIRT6 deficit promotes liver tumorigenesis in the mice models. Genes Dis 2022; 9:789-796. [PMID: 35782983 PMCID: PMC9243323 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 belongs to class III sirtuin family with NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase activities and controls multiple processes including aging, metabolism and inflammation. In recent years, increasing studies showed tumor suppressor role of SIRT6 in HCC development. We established a two-stage DEN followed CCl4 induced liver carcinogenesis in the hepatic-specific SIRT6 HKO mice models and found that hepatic SIRT6 deficit significantly promotes liver injury and liver cancer through inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. SIRT6 was compensatory upregulated in mice tumor tissues and human HCC cells and overexpressed SIRT6 inhibits tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we provide a useful mouse model for delineating the molecular pathways involved in chronic liver diseases and primary liver cancer and suggest that SIRT6 can be a promising target for HCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Linhua Lan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Haojun Xu
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| | - Hongping Xia
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
| | - Jinglin Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Intervention Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
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Sahm V, Maurer C, Baumeister T, Anand A, Strangmann J, Schmid RM, Wang TC, Quante M. Telomere shortening accelerates tumor initiation in the L2-IL1B mouse model of Barrett esophagus and emerges as a possible biomarker. Oncotarget 2022; 13:347-359. [PMID: 35178191 PMCID: PMC8842791 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a precursor of the esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). BE- development and its progression to cancer is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, there is currently no molecular risk prediction model that accurately identifies patients at high risk for EAC. Here, we investigated the impact of shortened telomeres in a mouse model for Barrett esophagus (L2-IL1B). The L2-IL1B mouse model is characterized by IL-1β-mediated inflammation, which leads to a Barrett-like metaplasia in the transition zone between the squamous forestomach and glandular cardia/stomach. Telomere shortening was achieved by mTERC knockout. In the second generation (G2) of mTERC knockout L2-IL1B.mTERC−/− G2 mice exhibited telomere dysfunction with significantly shorter telomeres as measured by qFISH compared to L2-IL1B mice, correlating with stronger DNA damage in the form of phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX). Macroscopically, tumor area along the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) was increased in L2-IL1B.mTERC−/− G2 mice, along with increased histopathological dysplasia. In vitro studies indicated increased organoid formation capacity in BE tissue from L2-IL1B.mTERC−/− G2 mice. In addition, pilot studies of human BE-, dysplasia- and EAC tissue samples confirmed that BE epithelial cells with or without dysplasia (LGD) had shorter telomeres compared to gastric cardia tissue. Of note, differentiated goblet cells retained longer telomeres than columnar lined BE epithelium. In conclusion, our studies suggest that shortened telomeres are functionally important for tumor development in a mouse model of BE and are associated with proliferating columnar epithelium in human BE. We propose that shortened telomeres should be evaluated further as a possible biomarker of cancer risk in BE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenz Sahm
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlo Maurer
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Baumeister
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akanksha Anand
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Strangmann
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Quante
- II Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kotiyal S, Evason KJ. Exploring the Interplay of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase and β-Catenin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164202. [PMID: 34439356 PMCID: PMC8393605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver cancer is one of the deadliest human cancers. Two of the most common molecular aberrations in liver cancer are: (1) activating mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin (CTNNB1); and (2) promoter mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Here, we review recent findings regarding the interplay between TERT and β-catenin in order to better understand their role in liver cancer. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human cancers. Activating mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter (TERTp) and CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are widespread in HCC (~50% and ~30%, respectively). TERTp mutations are predicted to increase TERT transcription and telomerase activity. This review focuses on exploring the role of TERT and β-catenin in HCC and the current findings regarding their interplay. TERT can have contradictory effects on tumorigenesis via both its canonical and non-canonical functions. As a critical regulator of proliferation and differentiation in progenitor and stem cells, activated β-catenin drives HCC; however, inhibiting endogenous β-catenin can also have pro-tumor effects. Clinical studies revealed a significant concordance between TERTp and CTNNB1 mutations in HCC. In stem cells, TERT acts as a co-factor in β-catenin transcriptional complexes driving the expression of WNT/β-catenin target genes, and β-catenin can bind to the TERTp to drive its transcription. A few studies have examined potential interactions between TERT and β-catenin in HCC in vivo, and their results suggest that the coexpression of these two genes promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Further studies are required with vertebrate models to better understand how TERT and β-catenin influence hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Su J, Liao D, Su Y, Liu S, Jiang L, Wu J, Liu Z, Wu Y. Novel polysaccharide extracted from Sipunculus nudus inhibits HepG2 tumour growth in vivo by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8338-8351. [PMID: 34302428 PMCID: PMC8419178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide was extracted from Sipunculus nudus (SNP). The molecular weight (MW) of SNP was determined to be 9223 Da by high‐performance gel permeation chromatography analyses, and the structure of the SNP repeat units was determined to be →3,4‐β‐D‐GlcpNAC (1→ and →4) ‐α‐D‐Glcp (1→ in the ratio of 15:1; →2) ‐α ‐D‐Galp ‐ (1→ as a side chain; and β‐D‐Galp‐(1→ and α‐ D‐Glcp ‐ (1→ as end groups by GC‐MS analysis and NMR assays. The effect of SNP on hepatoma HepG2‐bearing mice was analysed to verify its potential in the clinical treatment of liver cancer. A total of 90 male athymic nu/nu mice were divided into therapeutic and preventive groups and fed with different amounts of SNP. The antitumour effect of SNP on HepG2‐bearing mice and mechanism of such were studied by analysing the tumour size, spleen index, thymus index, immune factors in the blood, tumour apoptosis factors, etc. The results suggest that SNP not only increased the index of immune organs in the body, but also enhanced the secretion of immune factors, including interleukin‐2, interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha in the serum. SNP induced the apoptosis of tumour cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which upregulated caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9 and BCL2‐associated X, but downregulated B‐cell lymphoma‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression. In conclusion, SNP inhibited tumour growth by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis in HepG2‐bearing mice. Therefore, SNP may be further investigated as a promising candidate for future antitumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Dengyuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongchang Su
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingna Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chronowski C, Akhanov V, Chan D, Catic A, Finegold M, Sahin E. Fructose Causes Liver Damage, Polyploidy, and Dysplasia in the Setting of Short Telomeres and p53 Loss. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060394. [PMID: 34204343 PMCID: PMC8234056 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and model systems have established an important role of short telomeres in predisposing to liver fibrosis through pathways that are incompletely understood. Recent studies have shown that telomere dysfunction impairs cellular metabolism, but whether and how these metabolic alterations contribute to liver fibrosis is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether short telomeres change the hepatic response to metabolic stress induced by fructose, a sugar that is highly implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We find that telomere shortening in telomerase knockout mice (TKO) imparts a pronounced susceptibility to fructose as reflected in the activation of p53, increased apoptosis, and senescence, despite lower hepatic fat accumulation in TKO mice compared to wild type mice with long telomeres. The decreased fat accumulation in TKO is mediated by p53 and deletion of p53 normalizes hepatic fat content but also causes polyploidy, polynuclearization, dysplasia, cell death, and liver damage. Together, these studies suggest that liver tissue with short telomers are highly susceptible to fructose and respond with p53 activation and liver damage that is further exacerbated when p53 is lost resulting in dysplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chronowski
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Viktor Akhanov
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Doug Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Andre Catic
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Milton Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ergün Sahin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-6685; Fax: +1-713-798-4146
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10
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Sivasudhan E, Blake N, Lu ZL, Meng J, Rong R. Dynamics of m6A RNA Methylome on the Hallmarks of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642443. [PMID: 33869193 PMCID: PMC8047153 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data consistently rank hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, often posing severe economic burden on health care. While the molecular etiopathogenesis associated with genetic and epigenetic modifications has been extensively explored, the biological influence of the emerging field of epitranscriptomics and its associated aberrant RNA modifications on tumorigenesis is a largely unexplored territory with immense potential for discovering new therapeutic approaches. In particular, the underlying cellular mechanisms of different hallmarks of hepatocarcinogenesis that are governed by the complex dynamics of m6A RNA methylation demand further investigation. In this review, we reveal the up-to-date knowledge on the mechanistic and functional link between m6A RNA methylation and pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Sivasudhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Blake
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Liang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Rong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abdelmeguid NE, Khalil MI, Badr NS, Alkhuriji AF, El-Gerbed MS, Sultan AS. Ameliorative effects of colostrum against DMBA hepatotoxicity in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2254-2266. [PMID: 33911940 PMCID: PMC8071819 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum, the sole diet for newborns, is an emerging nutraceutical. To date, the chemopreventive effect of Bovine Colostrum against liver injury induced by the potent carcinogen, 7,12-dimethyl-Benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is unexplored. Humans are daily exposed to DMBA which is a highly lipophilic environmental organic pollutant. The study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective role of Bovine Colostrum against DMBA-induced hepatotoxicity using a rat model. Fifty male rats were divided into five groups; GI (control), GII (olive oil, vehicle for DMBA), GIII (DMBA), GIV (DMBA + Bovine Colostrum), GV (Bovine Colostrum). After 12 weeks, body weight changes and mortality were calculated. Histological and ultrastructural examinations of liver tissue were performed. Expressions of p53, TGFβ2, TNF-α, S6K2, and c20orf20 were assessed by RT-PCR. Post-treatment with Bovine Colostrum increased both the body weight and the survival rate of rats treated with DMBA. In addition, remarkable protection against the pathological effect of DMBA was noted. Ultrastructurally, Bovine Colostrum ameliorated/prevented most of the toxic effects of DMBA on hepatocytes, including irregularities of nuclear envelope, clumping, and margination of heterochromatin aggregates, segregated nucleoli, and mitochondrial pleomorphism. Bovine Colostrum administration down-regulated p53, C20orf20, and S6K2 mRNA levels, and up-regulated TNF-α and TGFβ2. In conclusion, Bovine Colostrum have a protective effect against DMBA-induced toxicity on the liver of albino rats. Consequently, Bovine Colostrum may prevent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced hepatotoxicity and may be useful in promoting human health if supplemented in the diet.
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Key Words
- BC, Bovine Colostrum
- CAM, Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Colostrum
- DMBA
- DMBA, 7,12-dimethyl-Benz[a]anthracene
- Hepatoprotective
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IL-1β, cytokines including interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- INF-γ, interferon-gamma
- Nutraceutical
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S6K, 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- S6K2
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor-beta
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud I. Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
- Molecular Biology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nada S. Badr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Afrah F. Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Hasanin AH, Habib EK, El Gayar N, Matboli M. Promotive action of 2-acetylaminofluorene on hepatic precancerous lesions initiated by diethylnitrosamine in rats: Molecular study. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:328-342. [PMID: 33815676 PMCID: PMC8006078 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induces hepatic neoplastic lesions over a prolonged period. AIM To investigate the promotive action of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) when combined with DEN in order to develop a rat model for induction of precancerous lesion and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the activity of 2-AAF. METHODS The pre-precancerous lesions were initiated by intraperitoneal injection of DEN for three weeks consecutively, followed by one intraperitoneal injection of 2-AAF at three different doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg). Rats were separated into naïve, DEN, DEN + 100 mg 2-AAF, DEN + 200 mg 2-AAF, and DEN + 300 mg 2-AAF groups. Rats were sacrificed after 10 wk and 16 wk. Liver functions, level of alpha-fetoprotein, glutathione S-transferase-P and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining of liver tissues were performed. The mRNA level of RAB11A, BAX, p53, and Cyclin E and epigenetic regulation by long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) RP11-513I15.6, miR-1262 (microRNA), and miR-1298 were assessed in the sera and liver tissues of the rats. RESULTS 2-AAF administration significantly increased the percent area of the precancerous foci and cell proliferation along with a significant decrease in RAB11A, BAX, and p53 mRNA, and the increase in Cyclin E mRNA was associated with a marked decrease in lncRNA RP11-513I15.6 expression with a significant increase in both miR-1262 and miR-1298. CONCLUSION 2-AFF promoted hepatic precancerous lesions initiated through DEN by decreasing autophagy, apoptosis, and tumor suppression genes, along with increased cell proliferation, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These actions were mediated under the epigenetic regulation of lncRNA RP11-513I15.6/miR-1262/miR-1298.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Helmy Hasanin
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11318, Egypt
| | - Eman K Habib
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11318, Egypt
| | - Nesreen El Gayar
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11318, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11381, Egypt.
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13
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Chen Y, Li R, Hu N, Yu C, Song H, Li Y, Dai Y, Guo Z, Li M, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Qi Y. Baihe Wuyao decoction ameliorates CCl 4-induced chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in mice through blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113227. [PMID: 32783983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baihe Wuyao decoction (BWD), a prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicines, composed of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker.(Lilii Bulbus) and Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (Linderae Radix), has been used to treat epigastric pain and superficial gastritis for hundreds of years in China. Recently, some compounds obtained from Lilii Bulbus and Linderae Radix had active effects of hepatic protection or liver fibrosis alleviation. Thus, we aim to evaluate the effects of BWD on treatment of chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were treated with BWD (low, medium and high dose), diammonium glycyrrhizinate or vehicle by oral gavage once daily, simultaneously intraperitoneal injected with a single dose of CCl4 (1 μl/g body weight) twice a week for consecutive 6 weeks. Next, all mice were sacrificed after fasted 12 h, and serums and liver tissues were harvested for analysis. The hepatic injury was detected by serum biomarker assay, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The hepatic histology and collagen were illustrated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining respectively. The antioxidant capacity of liver tissues was evaluated by the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenization. The mRNA gene or protein expressions related to fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation molecules were performed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) or Western-blot. RESULTS BWD exhibited a good hepatic protection with ameliorating liver histological changes, decreasing serum AST and ALT contents, and reducing hepatic fibrosis with stimulation ECMs (such as Collagen1 and Collagen3) degradation. BWD inhibited hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, promoted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and MMP12 while suppressing tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) expression, and blocked traditional fibrosis TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signal pathway. Moreover, BWD exhibited anti-inflammation effect proved by the reduction of liver Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF-α, IL-11 mRNA levels and promoted anti-oxidation effects determined by inhibition of liver MDA and iNOS levels while promoting liver SOD and Mn-SOD. CONCLUSION BWD ameliorates CCl4-induced CLI and liver fibrosis which is correlated to its blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation effects. BWD, as a small traditional prescription, is a promising treatment for CLI and liver fibrosis through multiple pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Ruofei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Chunping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yida Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yujiao Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Zhao Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Zhiyi Guo
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yajuan Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China; Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China.
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Xu WH, Wang J, Sheng HY, Qu YY, Wang HK, Zhu Y, Shi GH, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Prognostic implication and functional annotations of Rad50 expression in patients with prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3124-3134. [PMID: 31886567 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that Rad50, a protein involved in the DNA damage repair process, significantly correlated with tumor prognosis. This study focused on Rad50 expression in tumor samples and its prognostic value for patients with prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, significantly elevated Rad50 expression in PCa tissues compared to normal tissues (P < .01). Five independent Oncomine databases validated significant differential expression of Rad50 (P < .001). Hence, 80 patients with PCa from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and 351 patients with PCa with available protein expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were included to investigate the survival benefit. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the significance of clinicopathological factors on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that elevated Rad50 protein expression levels significantly correlated with unfavorable DFS (P = .005) in the FUSCC cohort and poorer OS (P = .04) in TCGA cohort. Furthermore, coregulation analysis of proteins indicated that 76 coregulated proteins were associated with Rad50, while 11 most highly involved hub proteins, including Rad50, MRE11A, DUT, POLR3A, MCM3AP, RECQL, PNPT1, RANBP3, DDX1, SNRPB, and UGN, were significantly coregulated in the protein-protein interaction network. Functional enrichment analysis consecutively indicated significant functions and signaling pathways including DNA replication, spliceosome, DNA geometric change, homologous recombination, and G2M checkpoint. This study first reveals that elevated Rad50 expression is significantly associated with aggressive progression and poor survival for patients with PCa. Together, these data suggest that Rad50 may act as an oncoprotein, guide the molecular diagnosis, and may shed light on novel individual therapeutic strategies for progressive PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yue Sheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xiao Y, Chen B, Yang K, Wang Q, Liu P, Gu Y, Zhong Q, Liu Z, He Y, Liu Q. Down-regulation of MARCO associates with tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111542. [PMID: 31381879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a malignant tumor with high mortality due to lack of early diagnostic methods and effective treatments, and the molecular mechanisms are intricate and remain unclear. In the present study, the role of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in tumor advancement of HCC was investigated. We examined expression level of MARCO in HCC samples, corresponding adjacent nontumor tissues and six hepatoma cell lines by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Clinical information of HCC patients was also analyzed. The role of MARCO involved in HCC progression via multiple functional experiments in vitro and in vivo was investigated. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to further explore biological functions of MARCO. We found MARCO was suggestively down-regulated in HCC and associated with favorable prognosis, and MARCO upregulation oppressed tumor cell migration and invasion. Besides, overexpression of MARCO not only promoted apoptosis of hepatoma cells but also suppressed proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis suggested that MARCO may be related to the P53 signaling pathway, and this prediction was confirmed in this study as well. In sum, our study indicated that MARCO was involved in HCC progression and it can be defined as a novel probable biomarker as well as treatment target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Quanxiong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Zhisu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Yueming He
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
| | - Quanyan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
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The role of telomeres and telomerase in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:544-558. [PMID: 31253940 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a key enzyme for cell survival that prevents telomere shortening and the subsequent cellular senescence that is observed after many rounds of cell division. In contrast, inactivation of telomerase is observed in most cells of the adult liver. Absence of telomerase activity and shortening of telomeres has been implicated in hepatocyte senescence and the development of cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. During hepatocarcinogenesis, telomerase reactivation is required to enable the uncontrolled cell proliferation that leads to malignant transformation and HCC development. Part of the telomerase complex, telomerase reverse transcriptase, is encoded by TERT, and several mechanisms of telomerase reactivation have been described in HCC that include somatic TERT promoter mutations, TERT amplification, TERT translocation and viral insertion into the TERT gene. An understanding of the role of telomeres and telomerase in HCC development is important to develop future targeted therapies and improve survival of this disease. In this Review, the roles of telomeres and telomerase in liver carcinogenesis are discussed, in addition to their potential translation to clinical practice as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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17
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Li Z, Feng X, Lv C, Zhang H, Xiao H, Ding J, Chen X. Evaluation of Polymer Nanoformulations in Hepatoma Therapy by Established Rodent Models. Theranostics 2019; 9:1426-1452. [PMID: 30867842 PMCID: PMC6401493 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma is one of the most severe malignancies usually with poor prognosis, and many patients are insensitive to the existing therapeutic agents, including the drugs for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Currently, researchers are committed to developing the advanced formulations with controlled drug delivery to improve the efficacy of hepatoma therapy. Numerous inoculated, induced, and genetically engineered hepatoma rodent models are now available for formulation screening. However, animal models of hepatoma cannot accurately represent human hepatoma in terms of histological characteristics, metastatic pathways, and post-treatment responses. Therefore, advanced animal hepatoma models with comparable pathogenesis and pathological features are in urgent need in the further studies. Moreover, the development of nanomedicines has renewed hope for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy of advanced hepatoma. As one kind of advanced formulations, the polymer-based nanoformulated drugs have many advantages over the traditional ones, such as improved tumor selectivity and treatment efficacy, and reduced systemic side effects. In this article, the construction of rodent hepatoma model and much information about the current development of polymer nanomedicines were reviewed in order to provide a basis for the development of advanced formulations with clinical therapeutic potential for hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chengyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Li L, Huang T, Lan C, Jia A, Mao Y. The growth inhibitory effects of garlic polysaccharide combined with cis-dichlorodiamine platinum on human HepG2 cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Senescence and cell death in chronic liver injury: roles and mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8772-8784. [PMID: 29492237 PMCID: PMC5823588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury (CLI) is a complex pathological process typically characterized by progressive destruction and regeneration of liver parenchymal cells due to diverse risk factors such as alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, viral infection, and genetic metabolic disorders. When the damage to hepatocytes is mild, the liver can regenerate itself and restore to the normal state; when the damage is irreparable, hepatocytes would undergo senescence or various forms of death including apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. These pathological changes not only promote the progression of the existing hepatopathies via various underlying mechanisms but are closely associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathological changes that hepatocytes undergo during CLI, and their roles and mechanisms in the progression of hepatopathies and hepatocarcinogenesis. We also give a brief introduction about some animal models currently used for the research of CLI and progress in the research of CLI.
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Yin L, Fang Z, Shen NJ, Qiu YH, Li AJ, Zhang YJ. Downregulation of A20 increases the cytotoxicity of IFN-γ in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2841-2850. [PMID: 29033545 PMCID: PMC5628674 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s135993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal disease mandating development of novel, effective therapeutic strategy. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antitumor effects. Although IFN-γ is a promising antitumor agent, its application is limited by resistance in tumor cells. A20 is a zinc-finger protein that was initially identified as a gene product induced by tumor necrosis factor α in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In this study, we found that silencing of A20 combined with IFN-γ significantly represses cell viability, and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in HCC cells. By investigating mechanisms implicated in A20 and IFN-γ-mediated signaling pathways, we revealed that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins were repressed. Moreover, we also found that phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 was significantly enhanced after the downregulation of A20 in combination with treatment of IFN-γ. Inhibitor of STAT1 but not STAT3 could block the antitumor effect of IFN-γ. Therefore, targeting A20 enhances the cytotoxicity of IFN-γ against HCC cells and may present a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Jia Shen
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-He Qiu
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Hassan HA, Serag HM, Qadir MS, Ramadan MF. Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) juice as a modulator agent for hepatocellular carcinoma-linked apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1129-1137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Brar TS, Hilgenfeldt E, Soldevila-Pico C. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68082-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Attallah AM, El-Far M, Abdelrazek MA, Omran MM, Attallah AA, Elkhouly AA, Elkenawy HM, Farid K. Combined use of nuclear phosphoprotein c-Myc and cellular phosphoprotein p53 for hepatocellular carcinoma detection in high-risk chronic hepatitis C patients. Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:170-175. [PMID: 28705056 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1334739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistage process resulting from various genetic changes. We aimed to determine nuclear phosphoprotein c-Myc and cellular phosphoprotein p53 expression and to evaluate their importance in HCC diagnosis. METHODS One hundred and twenty chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients (60 non-HCC CHC patients and 60 HCC patients who had a single small (<5 cm) tumour) were recruited. The gene products of c-Myc and p53 were identified in liver tissues and serum samples using immunostaining, western blot and ELISA. RESULTS Immunohistochemical detection of c-Myc and p53 with monospecific antibodies revealed intense and diffuse cytoplasmic staining patterns. Accumulated mutant proteins, released from tumour cells into the extracellular serum, were detected at 62 KDa, for c-Myc, and 53 KDa, for p53, using western blotting. In contrast to alpha feto-protein, there was a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the positivity rate of c-Myc (86.7% vs. 6.7%) and p53 (78.3% vs. 8.3%) in the malignant vs. non-malignant patients. The parallel combination of c-Myc and p53 reach the absolute sensitivity (100%), for more accurate and reliable HCC detection (specificity was 87%). CONCLUSION c-Myc and p53 are potential HCC diagnostic biomarkers, and convenient combinations of them could improve diagnostic accuracy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Attallah
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Industrial Zone, New Damietta , Egypt
| | - M El-Far
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - M A Abdelrazek
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Industrial Zone, New Damietta , Egypt
| | - M M Omran
- c Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A A Attallah
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Industrial Zone, New Damietta , Egypt
| | - A A Elkhouly
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Industrial Zone, New Damietta , Egypt
| | - H M Elkenawy
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Industrial Zone, New Damietta , Egypt
| | - K Farid
- d Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
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24
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Lai X, Xia W, Wei J, Ding X. Therapeutic Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Hepatocellular Carcinoma H22-Bearing Mice. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325816685182. [PMID: 28210201 PMCID: PMC5298564 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816685182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of astragalus polysaccharides (APSs), active constituents of astragalus, in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their potential as a promising candidate for future anticancer drug development. Astragalus polysaccharide was administered at different doses to HCC H22-bearing mice to investigate their antitumor effects. Results revealed that APS inhibited the growth of H22 cells with a tumor inhibition rate in the APS 400 mg·kg−1 group of 59.01%. Astragalus polysaccharides significantly increased the spleen and thymus indexes, and also the interleukin (IL) 2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α cytokine concentration in serum, indicating that APS influences immune-regulating properties involved in antitumor activity. In addition, APS increased Bax protein expression and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression; these proteins are apoptosis-regulating factors responsible for cell death or survival. Further development and exploration of APS may enable it to become an effective clinical agent for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibiao Xia
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghong Ding
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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25
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Kõks S, Dogan S, Tuna BG, González-Navarro H, Potter P, Vandenbroucke RE. Mouse models of ageing and their relevance to disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:41-53. [PMID: 27717883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a process that gradually increases the organism's vulnerability to death. It affects different biological pathways, and the underlying cellular mechanisms are complex. In view of the growing disease burden of ageing populations, increasing efforts are being invested in understanding the pathways and mechanisms of ageing. We review some mouse models commonly used in studies on ageing, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies, and discuss their relevance to disease susceptibility. In addition to addressing the genetics and phenotypic analysis of mice, we discuss examples of models of delayed or accelerated ageing and their modulation by caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulev Kõks
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia and Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paul Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sikorska K, Bernat A, Wroblewska A. Molecular pathogenesis and clinical consequences of iron overload in liver cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:461-479. [PMID: 27733315 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver, as the main iron storage compartment and the place of hepcidin synthesis, is the central organ involved in maintaining iron homeostasis in the body. Excessive accumulation of iron is an important risk factor in liver disease progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review the literature on the molecular pathogenesis of iron overload and its clinical consequences in chronic liver diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for English-language articles on molecular genesis of primary and secondary iron overload, as well as on their association with liver disease progression. We have also included literature on adjuvant therapeutic interventions aiming to alleviate detrimental effects of excessive body iron load in liver cirrhosis. RESULTS Excess of free, unbound iron induces oxidative stress, increases cell sensitivity to other detrimental factors, and can directly affect cellular signaling pathways, resulting in accelerated liver disease progression. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis is, in turn, often associated with the identification of a pathological accumulation of iron, even in the absence of genetic background of hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron depletion and adjuvant therapy with antioxidants are shown to cause significant improvement of liver functions in patients with iron overload. Phlebotomy can have beneficial effects on liver histology in patients with excessive iron accumulation combined with compensated liver cirrhosis of different etiology. CONCLUSION Excessive accumulation of body iron in liver cirrhosis is an important predictor of liver failure and available data suggest that it can be considered as target for adjuvant therapy in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland.
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Kim KI, Chung HK, Park JH, Lee YJ, Kang JH. Alpha-fetoprotein-targeted reporter gene expression imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6127-6134. [PMID: 27468205 PMCID: PMC4945974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in Eastern Asia, and its incidence is increasing globally. Numerous experimental models have been developed to better our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of HCC and to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches. Molecular imaging is a convenient and up-to-date biomedical tool that enables the visualization, characterization and quantification of biologic processes in a living subject. Molecular imaging based on reporter gene expression, in particular, can elucidate tumor-specific events or processes by acquiring images of a reporter gene’s expression driven by tumor-specific enhancers/promoters. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various experimental HCC mouse models and we present in vivo images of tumor-specific reporter gene expression driven by an alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) enhancer/promoter system in a mouse model of HCC. The current mouse models of HCC development are established by xenograft, carcinogen induction and genetic engineering, representing the spectrum of tumor-inducing factors and tumor locations. The imaging analysis approach of reporter genes driven by AFP enhancer/promoter is presented for these different HCC mouse models. Such molecular imaging can provide longitudinal information about carcinogenesis and tumor progression. We expect that clinical application of AFP-targeted reporter gene expression imaging systems will be useful for the detection of AFP-expressing HCC tumors and screening of increased/decreased AFP levels due to disease or drug treatment.
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Chauhan R, Lahiri N. Tissue- and Serum-Associated Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:37-55. [PMID: 27398029 PMCID: PMC4933537 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world, is offering a challenge to human beings, with the current modes of treatment being a palliative approach. Lack of proper curative or preventive treatment methods encouraged extensive research around the world with an aim to detect a vaccine or therapeutic target biomolecule that could lead to development of a drug or vaccine against HCC. Biomarkers or biological disease markers have emerged as a potential tool as drug/vaccine targets, as they can accurately diagnose, predict, and even prevent the diseases. Biomarker expression in tissue, serum, plasma, or urine can detect tumor in very early stages of its development and monitor the cancer progression and also the effect of therapeutic interventions. Biomarker discoveries are driven by advanced techniques, such as proteomics, transcriptomics, whole genome sequencing, micro- and micro-RNA arrays, and translational clinics. In this review, an overview of the potential of tissue- and serum-associated HCC biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for drug development is presented. In addition, we highlight recently developed micro-RNA, long noncoding RNA biomarkers, and single-nucleotide changes, which may be used independently or as complementary biomarkers. These active investigations going on around the world aimed at conquering HCC might show a bright light in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.; Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Lenart P, Krejci L. Reprint of "DNA, the central molecule of aging". Mutat Res 2016; 788:25-31. [PMID: 27133220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of aging could have enormous medical implications. Despite a century of research, however, there is no universally accepted theory regarding the molecular basis of aging. On the other hand, there is plentiful evidence suggesting that DNA constitutes the central molecule in this process. Here, we review the roles of chromatin structure, DNA damage, and shortening of telomeres in aging and propose a hypothesis for how their interplay leads to aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lenart
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lumir Krejci
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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DNA, the central molecule of aging. Mutat Res 2016; 786:1-7. [PMID: 26871429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of aging could have enormous medical implications. Despite a century of research, however, there is no universally accepted theory regarding the molecular basis of aging. On the other hand, there is plentiful evidence suggesting that DNA constitutes the central molecule in this process. Here, we review the roles of chromatin structure, DNA damage, and shortening of telomeres in aging and propose a hypothesis for how their interplay leads to aging phenotypes.
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31
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Wei R, Hu Y, Dong F, Xu X, Hu A, Gao G. Hepatoma cell-derived leptin downregulates the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T-cells to enhance the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T-cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:388-99. [PMID: 26639061 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be a therapeutic target to restrain HCC initiation and growth. The interactions between hepatoma cells and immune cells modify the anti-tumor immunity to influence hepatoma cell survival. To explore the potential interplay between hepatoma cells and anti-HCC T-cells, we conducted a HCC induction mouse model to analyze the phenotypic and functional alterations of T-cell subsets. We found that both hepatoma tissues and hepatoma cell lines substantially produced higher leptin, which is an adipokine usually expressed in fat tissue, than normal liver tissue or hepatocytes. We also found that regulatory T-cells (Tregs), effector CD4(+) T-cells and CD8(+) T-cells upregulated expression of leptin receptor (LEPR) in spleens and livers after HCC induction. In vitro study showed that macrophages and dendritic cells isolated from HCC livers upregulated LEPR expression on T-cells. Leptin inhibited Treg activation and function in vitro, demonstrated by lower expression of TGF-β, IL-10, CTLA4 and GITR in Tregs, as wells weaker suppression of CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and production of cytotoxic mediators. In addition, silencing LEPR in Tregs favored tumor growth in a hepatoma cell line allograft model. Taken together, our study suggests that hepatoma cells could enhance anti-HCC immunity through secreting leptin to down-regulate Treg activity and subsequently promote CD8(+) T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiong Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo City, China
| | - Yaoren Hu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Feibo Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Xiaozhen Xu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Airong Hu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem. In human hepatocarcinogenesis, the balance between cell death and proliferation is deregulated, tipping the scales for a situation where antiapoptotic signals are overpowering the death-triggering stimuli. HCC cells harbor a wide variety of mutations that alter the regulation of apoptosis and hence the response to chemotherapeutical drugs, making them resistant to the proapoptotic signals. Considering all these modifications found in HCC cells, therapeutic approaches need to be carefully studied in order to specifically target the antiapoptotic signals. This review deals with the recent relevant contributions reporting molecular alterations for HCC that lead to a deregulation of apoptosis, as well as the challenge of death-inducing chemotherapeutics in current HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Moreno-Càceres
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Wang Z, Gou W, Liu M, Sang W, Chu H, Zhang W. Expression of P53 and HSP70 in Chronic Hepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis, and Early and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissues and Their Diagnostic Value in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3209-15. [PMID: 26494212 PMCID: PMC4622226 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor protein (P53) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) play key roles in chronic liver diseases. This study aimed to characterize P53 and HSP70 expression in chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), early and advanced HCC, and to analyze their diagnostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Material/Methods Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to evaluate the expression of P53 and HSP70 in 200 human liver tissue specimens, with advanced HCC (n=80), early HCC (n=30), CH (n=30), LC (n=30), and Controls (n=30). Results P53 expression levels were lower in LC than those of HCC, but remained on par with those of CH and Controls. HSP70 expression levels were higher in HCC than those of LC, CH, and Controls. The sensitivity and specificity for HCC diagnosis were: 50.9% and 98.9% for P53, and 78.2 and 77.8% for HSP70, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of different combinations were: 95.5% and 85.5% with either P53 or HSP70 being positive, and 33.6% and 98.9% if both were positive. Among the differentiation stages marked low, intermediate, and high in HCC, the P53 positive rate was higher in the low than in the intermediate, which was higher than that in the high. HSP70 positive rate was higher in the low and the intermediate than in the high, but no obvious changes were found between the low and the intermediate. Conclusions P53 and HSP70 could be potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis, and proper combinations of these 2 markers could improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wenbin Gou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Sang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Chu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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Yoo SS, Do SK, Choi JE, Lee SY, Lee J, Cha SI, Kim CH, Park JY. TERT Polymorphism rs2853669 Influences on Lung Cancer Risk in the Korean Population. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1423-8. [PMID: 26425038 PMCID: PMC4575930 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.10.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Short telomeres are known as one of the risk factors for human cancers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the association between 6 polymorphisms, which were related with short telomere length in the Korean population, and lung cancer risk using 1,100 cases and 1,096 controls. Among the 6 polymorphisms, TERT rs2853669 was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk under a recessive model (odds ratio [OR]=1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05-1.81, P=0.02). The effect of rs2853669 on lung cancer risk was significant in younger individuals (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.18-2.54, P=0.005) and adenocarcinoma (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.07-2.07, P=0.02). Our results suggest that a common functional promoter polymorphism, TERT rs2853669, may influence both telomere length and lung cancer risk in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sook Kyung Do
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu, Korea
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Loaiza-Bonilla A, Furth EE, Morrissette JJD. Next-generation sequencing and personalized genomic medicine in hepatobiliary malignancies. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:359-370. [PMID: 30191018 PMCID: PMC6095428 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by significant molecular and genomic heterogeneity. The advent of powerful genomic technologies has allowed detection of recurrent somatic alterations in liver cancer, including mutations, copy number alterations as well as changes in transcriptomes and epigenomes, with the potential to translate these data into clinically relevant predictive and prognostic factors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the application of high-throughput genomic technologies in liver cancer and the integration of such cancer genome profiling data, highlighting specific relevant subgroups and explain how this knowledge can be used in translational clinical research, 'basket trials', molecular tumor boards, targeted therapy and for personalized genomic medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Loaiza-Bonilla
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emma E Furth
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer JD Morrissette
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yan J, Yao Z, Hu K, Zhong Y, Li M, Xiong Z, Deng M. Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter A1762T/G1764A (TA)/T1753A/T1768A Mutations Contribute to Hepatocarcinogenesis by Deregulating Skp2 and P53. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1315-24. [PMID: 25567052 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatitis B virus core promoter (CP) mutations can increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The CP region overlaps with the HBV X (HBx) gene, which has been associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. The cyclin kinase inhibitor P53 is an important regulator of cell cycle progression. We determined whether HBx mutants that result from mutations in the CP deregulate P53. METHODS A HBx combination (combo) mutant with changes in the CP region that corresponded to A1762T/G1764A (TA), T1753A, and T1768A was constructed and expressed in L-02 and Hep3B cells. The effects of CP mutations on expression and degradation of P53, and the effects on cell cycle progression and proliferation were analyzed. RESULTS The combo mutant decreased levels of P53 and increased cyclin D1 expression, accelerated P53 degradation in L-02 cells, accelerated cell cycle progression, and increased expression of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in L-02 and Hep3B cells. Silencing of Skp2 abrogated the effects of CP mutations on P53 expression. The kinetics of P53 expression correlated with changes in cell cycle distribution. CONCLUSIONS The HBx mutant with a combination of CP mutations can up-regulate Skp2, which then down-regulates P53 via ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yan
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, TianHe Road, TianHe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
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Sunami Y, von Figura G, Kleger A, Strnad P, Hüser N, Hartmann D. The role of telomeres in liver disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 125:159-72. [PMID: 24993702 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397898-1.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres stabilize open chromosome ends and protect them against chromosomal end-to-end fusions, breakage, instability, and nonreciprocal translocations. Telomere dysfunction is known to lead to an impaired regenerative capacity of hepatocytes and an increased cirrhosis formation in the context of acute and chronic liver injury. In addition, telomere dysfunction and telomerase mutations have been associated with the induction of chromosomal instability and consequently with cirrhosis development and hepatocarcinogenesis. The identification of molecular mechanisms related to telomere dysfunction and telomerase activation might lead to new therapeutic strategies. In this chapter, we are reviewing the current knowledge about the importance of telomere dysfunction in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sunami
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido von Figura
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Zhou X, Zhu H, Lu J. PTEN and hTERT gene expression and the correlation with human hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:316-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang K. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis regulated by nuclear factors. Cell Signal 2014; 27:729-38. [PMID: 25499978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. The mechanism of hepatic apoptosis is not well understood. Hepatic apoptosis alters relative levels of nuclear factors such as Foxa2, NF-κB, C/EBPβ, and p53. Regulation of nuclear factors modulates the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease. Nuclear factors have distinctive mechanisms to mediate hepatic apoptosis. The modification of nuclear factors is a novel therapeutic strategy for liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
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Rajamanick E, Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. In vitro Anticancer Effect of Acanthus ilicifolius on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. ASIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2014.179.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Luo M, Yang F, Huang SX, Kuang ZP, Luo XL, Li YD, Wu JN, Xie YA. Two-stage model of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mouse. Oncol Res 2014; 20:517-28. [PMID: 24063282 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13747716581336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an efficient and reproducible mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research and assess the expression of two proto-oncogenes (c-myc and N-ras) and tumor suppressor gene p53 in the carcinogenic process. In this study, we found that diethylnitrosamine initiation with CCl4 and ethanol promotion could induce a short-term, two-stage liver carcinogenesis model in male BALB/c mice, the process of hepatocarcinogenesis including liver damage, liver necrosis/cell death, liver inflammation, liver proliferation, liver hyperplasia, liver steatosis, and liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular nodules, which mimicked the usual sequence of events observed in human HCC. We also identified that the increase in expression of the p53 gene is related to the proliferation of hepatocytes, whereas overexpression of the c-myc and N-ras genes is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. This animal model may serve as a basis for recapitulating the molecular pathogenesis of HCC seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Biomedical Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the protein component of telomerase and combined with an RNA molecule, telomerase RNA component, forms the telomerase enzyme responsible for telomere elongation. Telomerase is essential for maintaining telomere length from replicative attrition and thus contributes to the preservation of genome integrity. Although diverse mouse models have been developed and studied to prove the physiological roles of telomerase as a telomere- elongating enzyme, recent studies have revealed non-canonical TERT activities beyond telomeres. To gain insights into the physiological impact of extra-telomeric roles, this review revisits the strategies and phenotypes of telomerase mouse models in terms of the extra-telomeric functions of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Marcq I, Nyga R, Cartier F, Amrathlal RS, Ossart C, Ouled-Haddou H, Ghamlouch H, Galmiche A, Chatelain D, Lamotte L, Debuysscher V, Fuentes V, Nguyen-Khac E, Regimbeau JM, Marolleau JP, Latour S, Bouhlal H. Identification of SLAMF3 (CD229) as an inhibitor of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and tumour progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82918. [PMID: 24376606 PMCID: PMC3869749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and constitutes the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that hepatocytes express signalling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 3 (SLAMF3/CD229) but not other SLAMF members. We provide evidence to show that SLAMF3 is involved in the control of hepatocyte proliferation and in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. SLAMF3 expression is significantly lower in primary human HCC samples and HCC cell lines than in human healthy primary hepatocytes. In HCC cell lines, the restoration of high levels of SLAMF3 expression inhibited cell proliferation and migration and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, SLAMF3 expression was associated with inhibition of HCC xenograft progression in the nude mouse model. The restoration of SLAMF3 expression levels also decreased the phosphorylation of MAPK ERK1/2, JNK and mTOR. In samples from resected HCC patients, SLAMF3 expression levels were significantly lower in tumorous tissues than in peritumoral tissues. Our results identify SLAMF3 as a specific marker of normal hepatocytes and provide evidence for its potential role in the control of proliferation of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Marcq
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Rémy Nyga
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Flora Cartier
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- INSERM U1053, Laboratoire de Physiologie du Cancer du Foie, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rabbind Singh Amrathlal
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Christèle Ossart
- Service d’hématologie Clinique et de thérapie cellulaire Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Antoine Galmiche
- Service de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Denis Chatelain
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Luciane Lamotte
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Debuysscher
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Fuentes
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Service d’Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Eric Nguyen-Khac
- Service Hepato-Gastroenterologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Regimbeau
- Service de chirurgie digestive Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Service d’hématologie Clinique et de thérapie cellulaire Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- IRNEM U768, Hôpital Necker enfants maladies, Paris, France
| | - Hicham Bouhlal
- INSERM UMR925 and EA 4666 UFR de Médecine, CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Service d’hématologie Clinique et de thérapie cellulaire Centre Hospitalier Universitaire sud, Amiens, France
- * E-mail:
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El Idrissi M, Hervieu V, Merle P, Mortreux F, Wattel E. Cause-specific telomere factors deregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:64. [PMID: 24020493 PMCID: PMC3850108 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Among the numerous genetic defects associated with hepatocarcinogenesis, telomere abnormalities appear to play a role both in tumor promotion and maintenance. Telomeres, the chromosome extremities, are protected by specific proteins, the shelterin complex and by additional factors. Besides telomerase dysregulation, expression changes of these telomere factors have been observed in cancers. Methods Here, we tested the hypothesis that such dysregulation might occur in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with specific patterns depending on the cause of HCC. We compared telomere length, telomerase activity (TA), hTERT and telomere genes expression using PCR and Western-blot analyses between non-cirrhotic liver, peritumoral cirrhotic tissue (40 samples) and cancerous tissue (40 samples) derived from 40 patients with HBV-, HCV-, or alcohol-related HCC. Results Alterations in TA, hTERT expression and telomere length between non-cirrhotic, cirrhotic, and tumor samples were not significantly influenced by the cause of HCC. In contrast, the expression pattern of hTR, shelterin, and non-shelterin telomere protective factors clearly distinguished the 3 causes of cirrhosis and HCC. For patients with HBV diseased liver, when compared with non-cirrhotic liver, the cirrhotic tissue underexpressed all shelterin and all but HMRE11A and RAD50 non-shelterin telomere factors. For HCV the expression level of POT1, RAP1, Ku80, and RAD50 was higher in cirrhotic than in non-cirrhotic liver samples without evidence for significant transcriptional change for the remaining genes. For alcohol-related liver diseases, the expression level of POT1, RAP1, TIN2, hMRE11A, hMRE11B, Ku70, Ku80, RAD50, TANK1, and PINX1 was higher in cirrhotic than in non-cirrhotic liver samples. For the 3 causes of HCC, there was no significant change in shelterin and non-shelterin gene expression between cirrhosis and HCC samples. Conclusions These results validate our hypotheses and demonstrate that cirrhosis and HCC add-up numerous telomere dysfunctions including numerous cause-specific changes that appear to occur early during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manale El Idrissi
- UMR5239 Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, ENS - HCL, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Pierre Bénite, France.
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Minicis SD, Kisseleva T, Francis H, Baroni GS, Benedetti A, Brenner D, Alvaro D, Alpini G, Marzioni M. Liver carcinogenesis: rodent models of hepatocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45. [PMID: 23177172 PMCID: PMC3716909 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are primary liver cancers, both represent a growing challenge for clinicians due to their increasing morbidity and mortality. In the last few years a number of in vivo models of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma have been developed. The study of these models is providing a significant contribution in unveiling the pathophysiology of primary liver malignancies. They are also fundamental tools to evaluate newly designed molecules to be tested as new potential therapeutic agents in a pre-clinical set. Technical aspects of each model are critical steps, and they should always be considered in order to appropriately interpret the findings of a study or its planning. The purpose of this review is to describe the technical and experimental features of the most significant rodent models, highlighting similarities or differences between the corresponding human diseases. The first part is dedicated to the discussion of models of hepatocellular carcinoma, developed using toxic agents, or through dietary or genetic manipulations. In the second we will address models of cholangiocarcinoma developed in rats or mice by toxin administration, genetic manipulation and/or bile duct incannulation or surgery. Xenograft or syngenic models are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele De Minicis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, CA, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | | | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - David Brenner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, CA, United States
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, CA, United States,Co-corresponding author. Tel.: +1 254 743 1041/1044; fax: +1 254 743 0378/0555. (M. Marzioni)
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy,Corresponding author at: Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Nuovo Polo Didattico, III Piano, Via Tronto 10, 60020 Ancona, Italy. Tel.: +39 0712206043; fax: +39 0712206044
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Gocha ARS, Harris J, Groden J. Alternative mechanisms of telomere lengthening: permissive mutations, DNA repair proteins and tumorigenic progression. Mutat Res 2012; 743-744:142-150. [PMID: 23219603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres protect chromosome termini to maintain genomic stability and regulate cellular lifespan. Maintenance of telomere length is required for neoplastic cells after the acquisition of mutations that deregulate cell cycle control and increase cellular proliferation, and can occur through expression of the enzyme telomerase or in a telomerase-independent manner termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The precise mechanisms that govern the activation of ALT or telomerase in tumor cells are unknown, although cellular origin may favor one or the other mechanisms. ALT pathways are incompletely understood to date; however, recent publications have increasingly broadened our understanding of how ALT is activated, how it proceeds, and how it influences tumor growth. Specific mutational events influence ALT activation, as mutations in genes that suppress recombination and/or alterations in the regulation of telomerase expression are associated with ALT. Once engaged, ALT uses DNA repair proteins to maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase; experiments that manipulate the expression of specific proteins in cells using ALT are illuminating some of its mechanisms. Furthermore, ALT may influence tumor growth, as experimental and clinical data suggest that telomerase expression may favor tumor progression. This review summarizes recent findings in mammalian cells and models, as well as clinical data, that identify the genetic mutations permissive to ALT, the DNA repair proteins involved in ALT mechanisms and the importance of telomere maintenance mechanisms for tumor progression. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that permit tumor cell immortalization will be important for identifying novel therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Renee Sandy Gocha
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Julia Harris
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Joanna Groden
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Bozkaya G, Korhan P, Cokaklı M, Erdal E, Sağol O, Karademir S, Korch C, Atabey N. Cooperative interaction of MUC1 with the HGF/c-Met pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:64. [PMID: 22962849 PMCID: PMC3542123 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induced c-Met activation is known as the main stimulus for hepatocyte proliferation and is essential for liver development and regeneration. Activation of HGF/c-Met signaling has been correlated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MUC1 is a transmembrane mucin, whose over-expression is reported in most cancers. Many of the oncogenic effects of MUC1 are believed to occur through the interaction of MUC1 with signaling molecules. To clarify the role of MUC1 in HGF/c-Met signaling, we determined whether MUC1 and c-Met interact cooperatively and what their role(s) is in hepatocarcinogenesis. Results MUC1 and c-Met over-expression levels were determined in highly motile and invasive, mesenchymal-like HCC cell lines, and in serial sections of cirrhotic and HCC tissues, and these levels were compared to those in normal liver tissues. Co-expression of both c-Met and MUC1 was found to be associated with the differentiation status of HCC. We further demonstrated an interaction between c-Met and MUC1 in HCC cells. HGF-induced c-Met phosphorylation decreased this interaction, and down-regulated MUC1 expression. Inhibition of c-Met activation restored HGF-mediated MUC1 down-regulation, and decreased the migratory and invasive abilities of HCC cells via inhibition of β-catenin activation and c-Myc expression. In contrast, siRNA silencing of MUC1 increased HGF-induced c-Met activation and HGF-induced cell motility and invasion. Conclusions These findings indicate that the crosstalk between MUC1 and c-Met in HCC could provide an advantage for invasion to HCC cells through the β-catenin/c-Myc pathway. Thus, MUC1 and c-Met could serve as potential therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Bozkaya
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University, Medical School, Balcova-Izmir, Turkey
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Ramakrishna G, Anwar T, Angara RK, Chatterjee N, Kiran S, Singh S. Role of cellular senescence in hepatic wound healing and carcinogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:739-47. [PMID: 22980320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A state of permanent growth arrest characterises a senescent cell. Both the beneficial and deleterious effects that have accrued in senescent cells are observed in a complex organ, such as the liver. Injury to liver tissues triggers processes of regeneration and associated wound healing. Persistent injury can also lead to the neoplastic state. Recent evidence linked the senescent characteristics of the cells to the beneficial processes of wound healing and tumour surveillance in the liver. On the other hand, the secretory phenotype of senescent cells can also selectively promote undesirable neoplastic progression. In an evolutionary context, a senescent cell can function primarily as an adaptive response featuring the characteristics of altruism, trade-offs and bystander effects. Using the liver cell as a model system, this review focuses on the current knowledge of the role of senescence in these seemingly contradictory cell phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Tuljaguda Laboratory Complex, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Lyra-González I, Flores-Fong LE, González-García I, Medina-Preciado D, Armendáriz-Borunda J. Adenoviral gene therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Hepatol Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ding Z, Wu CJ, Jaskelioff M, Ivanova E, Kost-Alimova M, Protopopov A, Chu GC, Wang G, Lu X, Labrot ES, Hu J, Wang W, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Gan B, Perry SR, Jiang S, Li L, Horner JW, Wang YA, Chin L, DePinho RA. Telomerase reactivation following telomere dysfunction yields murine prostate tumors with bone metastases. Cell 2012; 148:896-907. [PMID: 22341455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of telomere dysfunction and telomerase reactivation in generating pro-oncogenic genomic events and in carcinoma progression, an inducible telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) allele was crossed onto a prostate cancer-prone mouse model null for Pten and p53 tumor suppressors. Constitutive telomerase deficiency and associated telomere dysfunction constrained cancer progression. In contrast, telomerase reactivation in the setting of telomere dysfunction alleviated intratumoral DNA-damage signaling and generated aggressive cancers with rearranged genomes and new tumor biological properties (bone metastases). Comparative oncogenomic analysis revealed numerous recurrent amplifications and deletions of relevance to human prostate cancer. Murine tumors show enrichment of the TGF-β/SMAD4 network, and genetic validation studies confirmed the cooperative roles of Pten, p53, and Smad4 deficiencies in prostate cancer progression, including skeletal metastases. Thus, telomerase reactivation in tumor cells experiencing telomere dysfunction enables full malignant progression and provides a mechanism for acquisition of cancer-relevant genomic events endowing new tumor biological capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihu Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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