1
|
Epstein RJ, Tian LJ, Gu YF. 2b or Not 2b: How Opposing FGF Receptor Splice Variants Are Blocking Progress in Precision Oncology. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9955456. [PMID: 34007277 PMCID: PMC8110382 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9955456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than ten thousand peer-reviewed studies have assessed the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) in cancer, but few patients have yet benefited from drugs targeting this molecular family. Strategizing how best to use FGFR-targeted drugs is complicated by multiple variables, including RNA splicing events that alter the affinity of ligands for FGFRs and hence change the outcomes of stromal-epithelial interactions. The effects of splicing are most relevant to FGFR2; expression of the FGFR2b splice isoform can restore apoptotic sensitivity to cancer cells, whereas switching to FGFR2c may drive tumor progression by triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The differentiating and regulatory actions of wild-type FGFR2b contrast with the proliferative actions of FGFR1 and FGFR3, and may be converted to mitogenicity either by splice switching or by silencing of tumor suppressor genes such as CDH1 or PTEN. Exclusive use of small-molecule pan-FGFR inhibitors may thus cause nonselective blockade of FGFR2 isoforms with opposing actions, undermining the rationale of FGFR2 drug targeting. This splice-dependent ability of FGFR2 to switch between tumor-suppressing and -driving functions highlights an unmet oncologic need for isoform-specific drug targeting, e.g., by antibody inhibition of ligand-FGFR2c binding, as well as for more nuanced molecular pathology prediction of FGFR2 actions in different stromal-tumor contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Epstein
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Clinical School, 84 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Jun Tian
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yan Fei Gu
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mousa SA, Hercbergs A, Lin HY, Keating KA, Davis PJ. Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Thyroid Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691736. [PMID: 34234745 PMCID: PMC8255668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Thyroxine (T4) is the principal ligand of the thyroid hormone analogue receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3. The integrin is overexpressed and activated in cancer cells, rapidly dividing endothelial cells, and platelets. The biologic result is that T4 at physiological concentration and without conversion to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) may stimulate cancer cell proliferation and cancer-relevant angiogenesis and platelet coagulation. Pro-thrombotic activity of T4 on platelets is postulated to support cancer-linked blood clotting and to contribute to tumor cell metastasis. We examine some of these findings as they may relate to cancers of the thyroid. Differentiated thyroid cancer cells respond to physiological levels of T4 with increased proliferation. Thus, the possibility exists that in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas in whom T4 administration and consequent endogenous thyrotropin suppression have failed to arrest the disease, T4 treatment may be stimulating tumor cell proliferation. In vitro studies have shown that tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a derivative of T4, acts via the integrin to block T4 support of thyroid cancer and other solid tumor cells. Actions of T4 and tetrac or chemically modified tetrac modulate gene expression in thyroid cancer cells. T4 induces radioresistance via induction of a conformational change in the integrin in various cancer cells, although not yet established in thyroid cancer cells. The thyroid hormone receptor on integrin αvβ3 mediates a number of actions of T4 on differentiated thyroid cancer cells that support the biology of the cancer. Additional studies are required to determine whether T4 acts on thyroid cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kelly A. Keating
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Davis, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-4917
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song X, Liu C, Wang N, Huang H, He S, Gong C, Wei Y. Delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems for cancer gene therapy and immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:158-180. [PMID: 32360576 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems are efficient and versatile gene editing tools, which offer enormous potential to treat cancer by editing genome, transcriptome or epigenome of tumor cells and/or immune cells. A large body of works have been done with CRISPR/Cas systems for genetic modification, and 16 clinical trials were conducted to treat cancer by ex vivo or in vivo gene editing approaches. Now, promising preclinical works have begun using CRISPR/Cas systems in vivo. However, efficient and safe delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems in vivo is still a critical challenge for their clinical applications. This article summarizes delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems by physical methods, viral vectors and non-viral vectors for cancer gene therapy and immunotherapy. The prospects for the development of physical methods, viral vectors and non-viral vectors for delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems are reviewed, and promising advances in cancer treatment using CRISPR/Cas systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Siyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asa SL, Ezzat S. The epigenetic landscape of differentiated thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:3-10. [PMID: 28711609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma of follicular cell-derivation is the most common endocrine neoplasm with a rapidly increasing incidence. The majority represent papillary carcinomas; more rarely, they are follicular carcinomas. The vast majority have indolent behavior, however a significant proportion progress to develop lymph node metastases and a smaller proportion disseminate systemically. While common and frequent genetic events have been described to underlie the development of these neoplasms, the factors contributing to differing behaviors among tumors with similar genetic alterations remain unclear. This review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms targeting major signaling pathways that underlie the spectrum of biological behaviors and that may have potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tian FY, Wang XM, Xie C, Zhao B, Niu Z, Fan L, Hivert MF, Chen WQ. Placental surface area mediates the association between FGFR2 methylation in placenta and full-term low birth weight in girls. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:39. [PMID: 29588807 PMCID: PMC5863829 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene encodes a protein of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. FGFR2 gene expression is associated with the regulation of implantation process of placenta which plays a vital role in fetal growth. DNA methylation is widely known as a mechanism of fetal growth. However, it is unclear whether and how DNA methylation of FGFR2 gene in the placenta is associated with full-term low birth weight. This case-control study aims to explore the links between FGFR2 methylation in placenta and full-term low birth weight and to further examine the mediation effect of placental surface area on this association. Results We conducted analyses for each of the five valid CpG sites at FGFR2 in 165 mother-baby pairs (86 FT-LBW vs. 79 FT-NBW) and found that per one standard deviation increase in the DNA methylation of CpG 11 at FGFR2 was associated with 1.64-fold higher risk of full-term low birth weight (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = [1.07, 2.52]) and 0.18 standard deviation decrease in placental surface area (β = - 0.18; standard error = 0.08, p = 0.02). The mediation effect of placental surface area on the association between DNA methylation and full-term low birth weight was significant in girls (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = [1.05, 1.80]) but not in boys. The estimated mediation proportion was 48.38%. Conclusion Our findings suggested that placental surface area mediated the association between DNA methylation of FGFR2 in placenta and full-term low birth weight in a sex-specific manner. Our study supported the importance of placental epigenetic changes in placental development and fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ying Tian
- 1Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Room 715, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xi-Meng Wang
- 1Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Room 715, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Chuanbo Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- 3Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhongzheng Niu
- 4Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 265 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Lijun Fan
- 1Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Room 715, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- 5Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401, Boston, MA USA.,6Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA USA.,7Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec Canada.,8Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, wing 9, door 6, Sherbrooke, Québec Canada
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- 1Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Room 715, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China.,9Department of Information Management, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Zhang Q, Cai Z, Dai Y, Mou L. Identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers for thyroid carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111551-111566. [PMID: 29340074 PMCID: PMC5762342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is the most universal endocrine malignancy worldwide. Unfortunately, a limited number of large-scale analyses have been performed to identify biomarkers for THCA. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis using 505 THCA patients and 59 normal controls from The Cancer Genome Atlas. After identifying differentially expressed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and protein coding genes (PCG), we found vast difference in various lncRNA-PCG co-expressed pairs in THCA. A dysregulation network with scale-free topology was constructed. Four molecules (LA16c-380H5.2, RP11-203J24.8, MLF1 and SDC4) could potentially serve as diagnostic biomarkers of THCA with high sensitivity and specificity. We further represent a diagnostic panel with expression cutoff values. Our results demonstrate the potential application of those four molecules as novel independent biomarkers for THCA diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Wang
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China.,Department of Biochemistry in Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tokunaga R, Imamura Y, Nakamura K, Ishimoto T, Nakagawa S, Miyake K, Nakaji Y, Tsuda Y, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Saeki H, Yoshida N, Oki E, Watanabe M, Oda Y, Bass AJ, Maehara Y, Baba H. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 expression, but not its genetic amplification, is associated with tumor growth and worse survival in esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19748-61. [PMID: 26933914 PMCID: PMC4991416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) genetic alterations lead to tumor cell proliferation in various types of cancer. We hypothesized that FGFR2 amplification is associated with FGFR2 expression, resulting in tumor growth and poorer outcome in esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods A total of 176 consecutive chemo-naive patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma were enrolled from two academic institutions. FGFR2 amplification was examined by real-time PCR (N = 140) and FGFR2 expression with immunohistochemical staining (N = 176), and compared against clinicopathological factors and patient outcomes. The effects of FGFR2 inhibition or overexpression on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays were investigated in EGJ adenocarcinoma cell lines. Downstream FGFR2, AKT and ERK were also examined. Results Based on the correlation between FGFR2 levels and FGFR2 overexpression in vitro, FGFR2 amplification was defined as copy number > 3.0. In clinical samples, FGFR2 amplification and FGFR2 IHC expression were 15% and 61%, respectively. Although these two statuses were significantly correlated (P < 0.05), only FGFR2 IHC expression was significantly associated with tumor depth (multivariate P < 0.001) and overall survival of patients (univariate P = 0.007). Supporting these findings, FGFR2 overexpression was associated with tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and anti-apoptosis. Selective inhibition of FGFR2 sufficiently suppressed tumor cell proliferation through de-phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. Conclusions FGFR2 amplification was significantly associated with FGFR2 expression. FGFR2 expression (but not FGFR2 amplification) was associated with tumor growth and patient outcomes. Our findings support FGFR2 as a novel therapeutic target for EGJ adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuma Tokunaga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Nakaji
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsuda
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khatami F, Larijani B, Heshmat R, Keshtkar A, Mohammadamoli M, Teimoori-Toolabi L, Nasiri S, Tavangar SM. Meta-analysis of promoter methylation in eight tumor-suppressor genes and its association with the risk of thyroid cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184892. [PMID: 28926589 PMCID: PMC5605048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoter methylation in a number of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) can play crucial roles in the development of thyroid carcinogenesis. The focus of the current meta-analysis was to determine the impact of promoter methylation of eight selected candidate TSGs on thyroid cancer and to identify the most important molecules in this carcinogenesis pathway. A comprehensive search was performed using Pub Med, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases, and eligible studies were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the Newcastle Ottawa scale table and pooled odds ratios (ORs); 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the associations with Stata 12.0 software. Egger's and Begg's tests were applied to detect publication bias, in addition to the "Metatrim" method. A total of 55 articles were selected, and 135 genes with altered promoter methylation were found. Finally, we included eight TSGs that were found in more than four studies (RASSF1, TSHR, PTEN, SLC5A, DAPK, P16, RARβ2, and CDH1). The order of the pooled ORs for these eight TSGs from more to less significant was CDH1 (OR = 6.73), SLC5 (OR = 6.15), RASSF1 (OR = 4.16), PTEN (OR = 3.61), DAPK (OR = 3.51), P16 (OR = 3.31), TSHR (OR = 2.93), and RARβ2 (OR = 1.50). Analyses of publication bias and sensitivity confirmed that there was very little bias. Thus, our findings showed that CDH1 and SCL5A8 genes were associated with the risk of thyroid tumor genesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Keshtkar
- Department of Health Sciences Education Development, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mohammadamoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirzad Nasiri
- Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beltrami CM, dos Reis MB, Barros-Filho MC, Marchi FA, Kuasne H, Pinto CAL, Ambatipudi S, Herceg Z, Kowalski LP, Rogatto SR. Integrated data analysis reveals potential drivers and pathways disrupted by DNA methylation in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:45. [PMID: 28469731 PMCID: PMC5414166 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common endocrine neoplasm with a recent increase in incidence in many countries. Although PTC has been explored by gene expression and DNA methylation studies, the regulatory mechanisms of the methylation on the gene expression was poorly clarified. In this study, DNA methylation profile (Illumina HumanMethylation 450K) of 41 PTC paired with non-neoplastic adjacent tissues (NT) was carried out to identify and contribute to the elucidation of the role of novel genic and intergenic regions beyond those described in the promoter and CpG islands (CGI). An integrative and cross-validation analysis were performed aiming to identify molecular drivers and pathways that are PTC-related. RESULTS The comparisons between PTC and NT revealed 4995 methylated probes (88% hypomethylated in PTC) and 1446 differentially expressed transcripts cross-validated by the The Cancer Genome Atlas data. The majority of these probes was found in non-promoters regions, distant from CGI and enriched by enhancers. The integrative analysis between gene expression and DNA methylation revealed 185 and 38 genes (mainly in the promoter and body regions, respectively) with negative and positive correlation, respectively. Genes showing negative correlation underlined FGF and retinoic acid signaling as critical canonical pathways disrupted by DNA methylation in PTC. BRAF mutation was detected in 68% (28 of 41) of the tumors, which presented a higher level of demethylation (95% hypomethylated probes) compared with BRAF wild-type tumors. A similar integrative analysis uncovered 40 of 254 differentially expressed genes, which are potentially regulated by DNA methylation in BRAFV600E-positive tumors. The methylation and expression pattern of six selected genes (ERBB3, FGF1, FGFR2, GABRB2, HMGA2, and RDH5) were confirmed as altered by pyrosequencing and RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation loss in non-promoter, poor CGI and enhancer-enriched regions was a significant event in PTC, especially in tumors harboring BRAFV600E. In addition to the promoter region, gene body and 3'UTR methylation have also the potential to influence the gene expression levels (both, repressing and inducing). The integrative analysis revealed genes potentially regulated by DNA methylation pointing out potential drivers and biomarkers related to PTC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moraes Beltrami
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bisarro dos Reis
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Albuquerque Marchi
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hellen Kuasne
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Srikant Ambatipudi
- Epigenetics Group; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- International Research Center-CIPE–A.C. Camargo Cancer Center and National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCiTO), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, Vejle, 7100 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jurek PM, Zabłocki K, Waśko U, Mazurek MP, Otlewski J, Jeleń F. Anti-FGFR1 aptamer-tagged superparamagnetic conjugates for anticancer hyperthermia therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2941-2950. [PMID: 28442904 PMCID: PMC5396944 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds that recognize and strongly bind to molecular targets are one of the cornerstones of modern pharmaceutics. Work has been ongoing for the past 25 years on the therapeutic use of aptamers, nucleic acid molecules, whose three-dimensional structure is the result of interactions between complementary base pairs. The aptamers selection methods allow the oligonucleotides which bind the molecular target in its native environment to be quickly isolated from a large library of random oligonucleotides. The possibilities presented for aptamers in the field of targeted therapy require the application of effective carriers to counter the renal clearance effect and/or functional cargo to exert therapeutic action if the aptamer is only used as a targeting moiety. Lately, a material gaining ground in biomedical research is iron oxide particles, which exhibit a superparamagnetic characteristic at nanoscale levels. This allows the iron oxide nanoparticles to convert external magnetic energy into heat, a mechanism known as hyperthermy, and efficiently supports conventional oncological treatment. In this study, we describe an experimentally confirmed functional model of targeted anticancer hyperthermia therapy. Using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technique, we selected a DNA aptamer that specifically binds to the extracellular domain of recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor type-1 (FGFR1) with a nanomolar dissociation constant. The chosen target plays an important role in many crucial cellular processes and is also considered a candidate protein that is involved in tumor initiation, survival and progression. Next, we combined the selected aptamer with iron oxide nanoparticles to produce aptamer superparamagnetic conjugates (ASCs). Finally, we found that targeted ASCs selectively destroy FGFR1-overexpressing human osteosarcoma cells U2OS upon magnetic field irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław M Jurek
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konrad Zabłocki
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Waśko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej P Mazurek
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Filip Jeleń
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shou F, Xu F, Li G, Zhao Z, Mao Y, Yang F, Wang H, Guo H. RASSF1A promoter methylation is associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:247-257. [PMID: 28123306 PMCID: PMC5234557 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s124417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have reported that Ras-associated domain family 1A (RASSF1A), the most commonly silenced tumor suppressor via promoter methylation, played vital roles in the development of carcinogenesis. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether RASSF1A promoter methylation increased the risk of thyroid cancer. Methods PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched to obtain eligible studies. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of the associations, using Stata 12.0 software. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using Newcastle–Ottawa scale table. Egger’s test and Begg’s test were applied to detect publication biases. TSA 0.9 software was used to calculate the required information size and whether the result was conclusive. Results A total of 10 articles with 12 studies that included 422 thyroid cancer patients, identifying the association of RASSF1A promoter methylation with thyroid cancer risk, were collected in this meta-analysis. Overall, RASSF1A promoter methylation significantly increased the risk of thyroid cancer (total, OR=8.27, CI=4.38–15.62, P<0.05; Caucasian, OR=9.25, CI=3.97–21.56, P<0.05; Asian, OR=7.01, CI=2.68–18.38, P<0.05). In the subgroup analysis based on sample type, a significant association between thyroid cancer group and control group was found (normal tissue, OR=9.55, CI=4.21–21.67, P<0.05; adjacent tissue, OR=6.80, CI=2.49–18.56, P<0.05). The frequency of RASSF1A promoter methylation in follicular thyroid carcinoma was higher than in control group (OR=11.88, CI=5.80–24.32, P<0.05). In addition, the results indicated that the RASSF1A promoter methylation was correlated with papillary thyroid carcinoma in Caucasians and Asians (total, OR=8.07, CI=3.54–18.41, P<0.05; Caucasian, OR=11.35, CI=2.39–53.98, P<0.05; Asian, OR=6.67, CI=2.53–17.64, P<0.05). On the basis of the trial sequential analysis, the significant association of RASSF1A promoter methylation with thyroid cancer risk was found, and there was no need to perform further studies. Conclusion This meta-analysis confirms that RASSF1A promoter methylation is a risk factor for thyroid tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery
| | - Gang Li
- Department of General Practice
| | | | - Ying Mao
- Department of Special Inspection Section
| | | | - Hongming Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pessina P, Castillo VA, César D, Sartore I, Meikle A. Proliferation, angiogenesis and differentiation related markers in compact and follicular-compact thyroid carcinomas in dogs. Open Vet J 2016; 6:247-254. [PMID: 28116249 PMCID: PMC5223283 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical markers (IGF-1, IGF-1R, VEGF, FGF-2, RARα and RXR) were evaluated in healthy canine thyroid glands (n=8) and in follicular-compact (n=8) and compact thyroid carcinomas (n=8). IGF-1, IGF-1R and VEGF expression was higher in fibroblasts and endothelial cells of compact carcinoma than in healthy glands (P < 0.05). Compared to follicular-compact carcinoma, compact carcinoma had higher IGF-1R expression in fibroblasts, and higher FGF-2 expression in endothelial cells (P < 0.05). RARα expression was higher in endothelial cells of compact carcinoma than in those of other groups (P < 0.05). The upregulation of these proliferation- and angiogenesis-related factors in endothelial cells and/or fibroblasts and not in follicular cells of compact carcinoma compared to healthy glands supports the relevance of stromal cells in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pessina
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - V A Castillo
- Cat. Clin. Méd. Peq. An. and U. Endocrinología, Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. Chorroarín 280, C. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D César
- Instituto Plan Agropecuario, Br. Artigas 3802, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - I Sartore
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Costa R, Carneiro BA, Chandra S, Pai SG, Chae YK, Kaplan JB, Garrett HB, Agulnik M, Kopp PA, Giles FJ. Spotlight on lenvatinib in the treatment of thyroid cancer: patient selection and perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:873-84. [PMID: 27013865 PMCID: PMC4778792 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s93459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with over 60,000 cases reported per year in the US alone. The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased in the last several years. Patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) generally have a good prognosis. Metastatic DTC can often be treated in a targeted manner with radioactive iodine, but the ability to accumulate iodine is lost with decreasing differentiation. Until recently, chemotherapy was the only treatment in patients with advanced thyroid cancer, which is no longer amenable to therapy with radioactive iodine. The modest efficacy and significant toxicity of chemotherapy necessitated the need for urgent advances in the medical field. New insights in thyroid cancer biology propelled the development of targeted therapies for this disease, including the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib as salvage treatment for DTC. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a second tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lenvatinib, for the treatment of radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. Although associated with a significant progression-free survival improvement as compared to placebo in a large Phase III study (median progression-free survival 18.2 vs 3.6 months; hazard ratio 0.21; 99% confidence interval 0.14-0.31; P<0.001), the benefit of lenvatinib needs to be proved in the context of associated moderate to severe toxicities that require frequent dose reduction and delays. This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of lenvatinib as salvage therapy for radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer, with a focus on the toxicity profile of this new therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Costa
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sachin G Pai
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Young Kwang Chae
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason B Kaplan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hannah B Garrett
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Mark Agulnik
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter A Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dabrowski A, Terauchi A, Strong C, Umemori H. Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1818-30. [PMID: 25926357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Cameron Strong
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Papp S, Asa SL. When thyroid carcinoma goes bad: a morphological and molecular analysis. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:16-23. [PMID: 25804379 PMCID: PMC4382495 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-015-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas of follicular epithelial derivation are common and generally well-behaved malignancies with excellent cure and survival rates. However, a subset of these carcinomas, whether well-differentiated, poorly differentiated, or anaplastic, is highly aggressive, manifesting with local invasion, recurrence, and distant metastasis. The recognition of dedifferentiation is of paramount importance. In addition, the challenge for Pathologists is to identify the rare aggressive differentiated carcinomas so that treatment may be tailored appropriately. Thus, histological subtyping and documentation of other aggressive features such as widespread invasion and angioinvasion are critical. Mutational analyses in the past decade have delineated the molecular alterations responsible for thyroid carcinogenesis and progression, allowing greater sub-classification and prognostication of thyroid carcinomas. This review article highlights important aggressive morphologic features and molecular mutations associated with thyroid carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Papp
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada ,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada ,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei W, Liu W, Serra S, Asa SL, Ezzat S. The breast cancer susceptibility FGFR2 provides an alternate mode of HER2 activation. Oncogene 2015:onc2014440. [PMID: 25639874 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) has been shown reproducibly in genome-wide association studies to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. Here we show that mouse mammary tumor virus-neu mice develop breast carcinomas with FGFR2 immunoreactivity that parallels HER2 expression. FGFR2 signaling promotes HER2 shedding through the metalloprotease ADAM10 leading to intracellular accumulation of the truncated p95HER2 protein. This is accompanied by enhanced HER2 signaling and diminished sensitivity to trastuzumab. Functionally, FGFR2 facilitates HER2-mediated cell proliferation, acinar growth in three-dimensional morphogenesis assays and promotes tumor progression in mouse xenografts. These data implicate FGFR2 in a novel mechanism of ErbB activation and demonstrate an important interaction between FGFR2 and HER2 in promoting breast cancer progression.Oncogene advance online publication, 2 February 2015; doi:10.1038/onc.2014.440.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wei
- 1] Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Liu
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Serra
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S L Asa
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ezzat
- 1] Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alonso-Gordoa T, Díez JJ, Durán M, Grande E. Advances in thyroid cancer treatment: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:22-38. [PMID: 25553081 PMCID: PMC4265091 DOI: 10.1177/1758834014551936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced thyroid carcinoma is an infrequent tumor entity with limited treatment possibilities until recently. The extraordinary improvement in the comprehension of genetic and molecular alterations involving the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and interacting pathways that are involved in tumor survival, proliferation, differentiation, motility and angiogenesis have been the rationale for the development of new effective targeted therapies. Data coming from phase II clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of those targeted agents against receptors in cell membrane and cytoplasmic molecules. Moreover, four of those investigational drugs, vandetanib, cabozantinib, sorafenib and lenvatinib, have reached a phase III clinical trial with favorable results in progression-free survival and overall survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Further analysis for an optimal approach has been conducted according to mutational profile and tumor subtypes. However, consistent results are still awaited and the research for adequate prognostic and predictive biomarkers is ongoing. The following report offers a comprehensive review from the rationale to the basis of targeted agents in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. In addition, current and future therapeutic developments by the inhibition of further molecular targets are discussed in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Díez
- Endocrinology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Durán
- Surgery Department, Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital, Mostoles, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cassol CA, Winer D, Liu W, Guo M, Ezzat S, Asa SL. Tyrosine kinase receptors as molecular targets in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1050-62. [PMID: 24390213 PMCID: PMC4977182 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors shown to be responsive to multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. Despite growing knowledge regarding their genetic basis, the ability to predict behavior in these tumors remains challenging. There is also limited knowledge of their tyrosine kinase receptor expression and whether the clinical response observed to the TKI sunitinib relates only to its anti-angiogenic properties or also due to a direct effect on tumor cells. To answer these questions, an in vitro model of sunitinib treatment of a pheochromocytoma cell line was created. Sunitinib targets (VEGFRs, PDGFRs, and C-KIT), FGFRs, and cell cycle regulatory proteins were investigated in human tissue microarrays. SDHB immunohistochemistry was used as a surrogate marker for the presence of succinate dehydrogenase mutations. The FGFR4 G388R single nucleotide polymorphism was also investigated. Sunitinib treatment in vitro decreases cell proliferation mainly by targeting cell cycle, DNA metabolism, and cell organization genes. FGFR1, -2, and -4, VEGFR2, PDGFRα, and p16 were overexpressed in primary human pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Discordant results were observed for VEGFR1, p27, and p21 overexpressed in paragangliomas but underexpressed in pheochromocytomas; PDGFRβ, Rb, and Cyclin D1 overexpressed in paragangliomas only; and FGFR3 overexpressed in pheochromocytomas and underexpressed in paragangliomas. Low expression of C-KIT, p53, and Aurora kinase A and B was observed. Nuclear FGFR2 expression was associated with increased risk of metastasis (odds ratio (OR)=7.61, P=0.008), as was membranous PDGFRα (OR=13.71, P=0.015), membranous VEGFR1 (OR=8.01, P=0.037), nuclear MIB1 (OR=1.26, P=0.008), and cytoplasmic p27 (OR=1.037, P=0.030). FGFR3, VEGFR2, and C-KIT levels were associated with decreased risk of metastasis. We provide new insights into the mechanistic actions of sunitinib in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, and support current evidence that multitargeted TKIs might be a suitable treatment alternative for these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A. Cassol
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Winer
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miao Guo
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oishi N, Kondo T, Mochizuki K, Inoue T, Kasai K, Nakazawa T, Mitsumori T, Katoh R. Localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thymus with BRAF V600E mutation: a case report with immunohistochemical and genetic analyses. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1302-5. [PMID: 24703101 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by clonal aggregation of Langerhans cells in the thymus and identified with molecular genetic study. A 43-year-old Japanese woman was found to have an anterior mediastinal mass by radiologic studies. Laparoscopy-assisted biopsy was subsequently performed. Histologically, we found subtle nodules scattered in the thymus consisting of aggregated Langerhans cells, which caused destruction of Hassall corpuscles. These Langerhans cells were immunohistochemically positive for S-100, CD1a, and CD207/langerin. Using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry with mutation-specific antibody VE1, the BRAF V600E mutation was identified in aggregated Langerhans cells. At the medical follow-up, the thymic tumor had spontaneously regressed; however, identification of oncogenic BRAF mutation supports the neoplastic nature of the current case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Kunio Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kasai
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tadao Nakazawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Toru Mitsumori
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Global analysis of DNA methylation changes during progression of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:1033-42. [PMID: 24035722 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Earlier studies involving a priori gene selection have identified promoter regions deregulated by DNA methylation changes in oral squamous cell cancers (OSCCs) and precancers. Interrogation of global DNA methylation patterns for such specimens has not been reported, though such analyses are needed to uncover novel molecular factors driving disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated global DNA methylation patterns for 30 biopsies obtained from 10 patients undergoing surgical removal of an OSCC or carcinoma in situ (CIS). From a disease field in each patient, we collected (i) dysplastic, (ii) CIS or OSCC, and (iii) adjacent normal biopsies. DNA isolated from each biopsy was profiled for methylation status using the Illumina HumanMethylation27K platform. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands exists across oral precancer and OSCC genomes. Non-hierarchical clustering of all methylation data revealed distinct methylation patterns between the normal and the CIS/OSCC tissues (with results for dysplastic biopsies split between groups). Multiple genes exhibiting recurrent aberrant DNA methylation were found for both dysplastic and CIS/OSCC groups, and included enrichment for genes found in the WNT and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION In identifying aberrant DNA methylation at the earliest stages of oral precancer and finding recurring epigenetic disruption of specific genes/pathways across our analyzed cohort, we see evidence that CpG methylation changes may play a role in oral cancer progression and that global DNA methylation analyses may have significant utility in wider studies that seek to derive biomarkers or potentially druggable targets to improve oral cancer outcomes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Redler A, Di Rocco G, Giannotti D, Frezzotti F, Bernieri MG, Ceccarelli S, D’Amici S, Vescarelli E, Mitterhofer AP, Angeloni A, Marchese C. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 expression in thyroid tumor progression: potential diagnostic application. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72224. [PMID: 23977259 PMCID: PMC3747152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. In thyroid cancer it has been observed a FGFR-2 down-modulation, but the role of this receptor has not been yet clarified. Therefore, we decided to examine the expression of both FGFR-2 isoform, FGFR-2-IIIb and FGFR-2-IIIc, in different histological thyroid variants such as hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative Real-Time PCR analyses were performed on samples of hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma, compared with normal thyroid tissue. Thyroid hyperplasia did not show statistically significant reduction in FGFR-2 protein and mRNA levels. Interestingly, in both follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma samples we observed a strongly reduced expression of both FGFR-2 isoforms. We speculate that FGFR-2 down-modulation might be an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we suggest the potential use of FGFR-2 as an early marker for thyroid cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoma/diagnosis
- Adenoma/genetics
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/diagnosis
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Redler
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Rocco
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Giannotti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giulia Bernieri
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sirio D’Amici
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Vescarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim JM, Shin HI, Cha SS, Lee CS, Hong BS, Lim S, Jang HJ, Kim J, Yang YR, Kim YH, Yun S, Rijal G, Lee-Kwon W, Seo JK, Gho YS, Ryu SH, Hur EM, Suh PG. DJ-1 promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis by activating FGF receptor-1 signaling. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1296. [PMID: 23250426 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between osteoblasts and endothelial cells is essential for bone fracture repair, but the molecular identities of such communicating factors are not well defined. Here we identify DJ-1 as a novel mediator of the cross-talk between osteoblasts and endothelial cells through an unbiased screening of molecules secreted from human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenesis. We show that DJ-1 stimulates the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and that DJ-1 induces angiogenesis in endothelial cells through activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 signalling. In a rodent model of bone fracture repair, extracellular application of DJ-1 enhances bone regeneration in vivo by stimulating the formation of blood vessels and new bones. Both these effects are blocked by antagonizing fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 signalling. These findings uncover previously undefined extracellular roles of DJ-1 to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis, suggesting DJ-1 may have therapeutic potential to stimulate bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- School of Nano-Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yacqub-Usman K, Richardson A, Duong CV, Clayton RN, Farrell WE. The pituitary tumour epigenome: aberrations and prospects for targeted therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:486-94. [PMID: 22525730 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global and gene-specific changes in the epigenome are hallmarks of most tumour types, including those of pituitary origin. In contrast to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes (aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications) are potentially reversible. Drugs that specifically target or inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) can be used to restore the expression of epigenetically silenced genes. These drugs can potentially increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to conventional treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Drug-induced reversal of transcriptional silencing can also be used to restore dopamine-D(2)-receptor-negative, hormone-refractory tumours to their previous receptor-positive, hormone-responsive status. Synergy between HDAC and DNMT inhibitors makes these pharmacological agents more therapeutically effective when administered in combination than when used alone. Studies in pituitary tumour cell lines show that drug-induced re-expression of the epigenetically silenced dopamine D(2) receptor leads to an increase in apoptosis mediated by a receptor agonist. Collectively, the use of drugs to directly or indirectly reverse gene-specific epigenetic changes, in combination with conventional therapeutic interventions, has potential for the clinical management of multiple tumour types-including those of pituitary origin. Furthermore, these drugs can be used to identify epigenetically regulated genes that could be novel, tumour-specific therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiren Yacqub-Usman
- Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo M, Liu W, Serra S, Asa SL, Ezzat S. FGFR2 isoforms support epithelial-stromal interactions in thyroid cancer progression. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2017-27. [PMID: 22345151 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternate splicing yields two distinct isoforms of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor FGFR2-IIIb and FGFR2-IIIc varying their extracellular structure in human thyroid cancer, in which FGFR expression is commonly dysregulated. In this study, we characterized the function of these variants in modulating thyroid cancer behavior. Enforced expression of either FGFR2-IIIb or FGFR2-IIIc in thyroid epithelial cancer cells reduced expression of fibronectin, MAGE-A3 and MMP9, while increasing p21 and enhancing Rb dephosphorylation. Consistent with these tumor-suppressive properties, FGFR2-IIIb and FGFR2-IIIc each diminished invasive behavior in vitro and reduced tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Notably, these effects contrasted with those produced by expression of these FGFR isoforms in fibroblasts, in which they both stimulated cell growth. Moreover, in xenograft tumors generated by coimplantation of epithelial and fibroblast cells expressing that same isoform, there was no significant effect on tumor progression. Conversely, FGFR2-IIIb expression in epithelial cells yielded higher FGF4/FGF7 expression that, in the presence of FGFR2-IIIc-expressing fibroblasts, enhanced tumor progression. Together, our findings highlight the importance of cellular context in assigning growth properties to growth factor receptor isoforms. More specifically, they show how alternative splicing of FGFR2 yields heteroisoforms critical to the growth-promoting actions of FGFs that exert distinct epithelial-stromal effects in thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- The Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
García-Carpizo V, Ruiz-Llorente L, Fraga M, Aranda A. The growing role of gene methylation on endocrine function. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:R75-89. [PMID: 21803863 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is the best studied epigenetic factor, playing a key role in producing stable changes in gene expression, thus defining cell identity and function and adapting cells to environmental changes. DNA methylation has also been recently shown to mediate cell responses to physiological endocrine signals. Moreover, alterations of the normal DNA methylation pattern can also contribute to the development of endocrine and metabolic diseases and can explain the relationship between an individual's genetic background, the environment, and disease. It should be remarked that although DNA methylation and demethylation are active processes, epigenetic changes produced during development can impact adult processes, establishing the idea that endocrine function can be persistently affected by events occurring in early life. Given the complexity of the endocrine system, both genetic and epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, must be involved in its proper development and functioning. In this study, we summarize the recent knowledge in the field of DNA methylation and endocrinology. Given that DNA methylation can be involved in a number of endocrine and metabolic disorders, understanding and manipulating this modification opens a new door for preventing and treating endocrine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica García-Carpizo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Martin AJ, Grant A, Ashfield AM, Palmer CN, Baker L, Quinlan PR, Purdie CA, Thompson AM, Jordan LB, Berg JN. FGFR2 protein expression in breast cancer: nuclear localisation and correlation with patient genotype. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:72. [PMID: 21418638 PMCID: PMC3073906 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in intron 2 of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Type 2 (FGFR2) gene, including rs2981582, contribute to multifactorial breast cancer susceptibility. The high risk polymorphism haplotype in the FGFR2 gene has been associated with increased mRNA transcription and altered transcription factor binding but the effect on FGFR2 protein expression is unknown. 40 breast tumours were identified from individuals with known rs2981582 genotype. Tumour sections were stained for FGFR2 protein expression, and scored for nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in tumour and surrounding normal tissue. FINDINGS FGFR2 immunohistochemistry demonstrated variable nuclear staining in normal tissue and tumour tissue, as well as consistent cytoplasmic staining. We did not find an association between nuclear staining for FGFR2 and genotype, and there was no association between FGFR2 staining and estrogen or progestogen receptor status. There was an association between presence of nuclear staining for FGFR2 in normal tissue and presence of nuclear staining in the adjacent tumour (Fishers exact test, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Variable nuclear staining for FGFR2 in breast cancer, but an absence of correlation with rs2981582 genotype suggests that the mechanism of action of polymorphisms at the FGFR2 locus may be more complex than a direct effect on mRNA expression levels in the final cancer. The effect may relate to FGFR2 function or localisation during breast development or tumourigenesis. Nuclear localisation of FGFR2 suggests an important additional role for this protein in breast development and breast cancer, in addition to its function as a classical cell surface receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Martin
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cheng S, Serra S, Mercado M, Ezzat S, Asa SL. A High-Throughput Proteomic Approach Provides Distinct Signatures for Thyroid Cancer Behavior. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2385-94. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Laffaire J, Everhard S, Idbaih A, Crinière E, Marie Y, de Reyniès A, Schiappa R, Mokhtari K, Hoang-Xuan K, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Thillet J, Ducray F. Methylation profiling identifies 2 groups of gliomas according to their tumorigenesis. Neuro Oncol 2010; 13:84-98. [PMID: 20926426 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive genomic and gene expression studies have been performed in gliomas, but the epigenetic alterations that characterize different subtypes of gliomas remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the methylation patterns of 807 genes (1536 CpGs) in a series of 33 low-grade gliomas (LGGs), 36 glioblastomas (GBMs), 8 paired initial and recurrent gliomas, and 9 controls. This analysis was performed with Illumina's Golden Gate Bead methylation arrays and was correlated with clinical, histological, genomic, gene expression, and genotyping data, including IDH1 mutations. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering resulted in 2 groups of gliomas: a group corresponding to de novo GBMs and a group consisting of LGGs, recurrent anaplastic gliomas, and secondary GBMs. When compared with de novo GBMs and controls, this latter group was characterized by a very high frequency of IDH1 mutations and by a hypermethylated profile similar to the recently described glioma CpG island methylator phenotype. MGMT methylation was more frequent in this group. Among the LGG cluster, 1p19q codeleted LGG displayed a distinct methylation profile. A study of paired initial and recurrent gliomas demonstrated that methylation profiles were remarkably stable across glioma evolution, even during anaplastic transformation, suggesting that epigenetic alterations occur early during gliomagenesis. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas data set, we demonstrated that GBM samples that had an LGG-like hypermethylated profile had a high rate of IDH1 mutations and a better outcome. Finally, we identified several hypermethylated and downregulated genes that may be associated with LGG and GBM oncogenesis, LGG oncogenesis, 1p19q codeleted LGG oncogenesis, and GBM oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laffaire
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière (CRICM) UMR-S975, 75013 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Ye L, Santarpia L, Gagel RF. The evolving field of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of endocrine tumors. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:578-99. [PMID: 20605972 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) and their related pathways has been associated with development of endocrine tumors. Compounds that target and inactivate the kinase function of these receptors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), are now being applied to the treatment of endocrine tumors. Recent clinical trials of TKIs in patients with advanced thyroid cancer, islet cell carcinoma, and carcinoid have shown promising preliminary results. Significant reductions in tumor size have been described in medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma, although no complete responses have been reported. Case reports have described significant tumor volume reductions of malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. In addition, these compounds showed an initial tumoricidal or apoptotic response followed by long-term static effects on tumor growth. Despite the promising preliminary results, this class of therapeutic agents has a broad spectrum of adverse effects, mediated by inhibition of kinase activities in normal tissues. These adverse effects will have to be balanced with their benefit in clinical use. New strategies will have to be applied in clinical research to achieve optimal benefits. In this review, we will address the genetic alterations of TKRs, the rationale for utilizing TKIs for endocrine tumors, and current information on tumor and patient responses to specific TKIs. We will also discuss the adverse effects related to TKI treatment and the mechanisms involved. Finally, we will summarize the challenges associated with use of this class of compounds and potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Song M, Kim YJ, Lee JN, Ryu JC. Genome-wide expression profiling of carbaryl and vinclozolin in human thyroid follicular carcinoma (FTC-238) cells. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms down-regulate FGF receptor 2 to induce melanoma-associated antigen A in breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2333-43. [PMID: 20348248 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) as a risk factor for breast cancer. We examined the relationship between these intron 2 SNPs and gene expression in breast carcinomas. Primary breast tissue showed a common occurrence of these SNPs accompanied by FGFR2 expression in normal ductal epithelium. Unexpectedly, we found that FGFR2 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in microdissected cancer cells when compared with paired normal breast epithelium. FGFR2 down-regulation was associated with DNA methylation and loss-of-heterozygosity. Where FGFR2-IIIb was expressed in tumor cells, it was accompanied by up-regulation of the RNA-binding proteins ESRP1/2, consistent with splicing of this isoform. Reduction in FGFR2 was associated with re-expression of its putative target melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE-A) in primary carcinoma cells. Conversely, forced expression or activation of FGFR2-IIIb resulted in MAGE-A silencing. These data provide the first evidence for FGFR2 down-regulation in breast carcinomas harboring intron 2 SNPs. Our findings underscore the significance of epigenetic and somatic changes that can potentially modify the effects of germline polymorphisms in determining FGFR2 gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent progress at defining molecular markers that predict the biological behavior of thyroid cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Thyroid cancer behavior is defined by the effects of the initiating oncogene as well as secondary events in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment that are both genetic and epigenetic. Over the past several years, there has been intense focus on identifying molecular markers to better predict the aggressiveness of thyroid cancers and also to define therapeutic targets. The results of recent articles in this area of work are summarized with a focus of differentiated follicular-cell-derived forms of thyroid cancer. SUMMARY Clinical staging predicts tumor behavior in many cases, but does not allow true 'personalization' of initial therapy or identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with progressive disease that does not respond to standard therapies. Recent data point to several new opportunities to refine thyroid cancer treatment based on molecular information. Several highlighted articles have begun to apply this information with clinical intent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ringel
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schweppe RE, Kerege AA, Sharma V, Poczobutt JM, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Grzywa RL, Haugen BR. Distinct genetic alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway dictate sensitivity of thyroid cancer cells to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibition. Thyroid 2009; 19:825-35. [PMID: 19500021 PMCID: PMC2857444 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway plays an important role in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer (PTC and ATC) due to activating mutations in BRAF, RAS, or rearrangements in RET/PTC1. The objective of this study was to thoroughly test whether the BRAF V600E mutation predicts response to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MKK1/2) inhibition, as shown in other tumor types, using an authenticated panel of thyroid cancer cell lines. METHODS PTC and ATC cells harboring distinct mutations in the MAPK pathway were treated with two different inhibitors selective for MKK1/2 (CI-1040 or U0126). The consequences of MKK1/2 inhibition on cell growth, survival, invasion, and MAPK signaling was determined. RESULTS Inhibition of MKK1/2 using CI-1040 or U0126 differentially inhibits the growth of a panel of PTC and ATC cell lines in two-dimensional culture, with those harboring the BRAF V600E mutation (SW1736) or BRAF-V600E/PI3K-E542K mutations (K1) being the most sensitive, the RET/PTC1 rearrangement (TPC1) and BRAF V600E mutant (BCPAP), intermediate, and the HRAS-G13R mutant (C643), the least sensitive. Growth of these cells is more sensitive to MKK1/2 inhibition when grown in 2% versus 10% serum. Baseline levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were similar in all of the cell lines, and inhibition phospho-ERK1/2 did not predict sensitivity to MKK1/2 inhibition. When cells are grown in three-dimensional culture, MKK1/2 inhibition of growth correlates with mutational status (BRAF > RET/PTC1 > RAS). Finally, PTC and ATC invasiveness is differentially inhibited by CI-1040, which is independent of tumor type or mutation present. CONCLUSIONS Different mutations in the MAPK pathway play distinct roles in the growth and invasion of thyroid cancer cells. These results indicate that MKK1/2 inhibitors have the potential to inhibit thyroid cancer growth and invasion, but that responses differ based on mutation status and growth conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Korc M, Friesel RE. The role of fibroblast growth factors in tumor growth. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:639-51. [PMID: 19508171 DOI: 10.2174/156800909789057006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological processes that drive cell growth are exciting targets for cancer therapy. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling network plays a ubiquitous role in normal cell growth, survival, differentiation, and angiogenesis, but has also been implicated in tumor development. Elucidation of the roles and relationships within the diverse FGF family and of their links to tumor growth and progression will be critical in designing new drug therapies to target FGF receptor (FGFR) pathways. Recent studies have shown that FGF can act synergistically with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to amplify tumor angiogenesis, highlighting that targeting of both the FGF and VEGF pathways may be more efficient in suppressing tumor growth and angiogenesis than targeting either factor alone. In addition, through inducing tumor cell survival, FGF has the potential to overcome chemotherapy resistance highlighting that chemotherapy may be more effective when used in combination with FGF inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, FGFRs have variable activity in promoting angiogenesis, with the FGFR-1 subgroup being associated with tumor progression and the FGFR-2 subgroup being associated with either early tumor development or decreased tumor progression. This review highlights the growing knowledge of FGFs in tumor cell growth and survival, including an overview of FGF intracellular signaling pathways, the role of FGFs in angiogenesis, patterns of FGF and FGFR expression in various tumor types, and the role of FGFs in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Korc
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Peach ML, Tan N, Choyke SJ, Giubellino A, Athauda G, Burke TR, Nicklaus MC, Bottaro DP. Directed discovery of agents targeting the Met tyrosine kinase domain by virtual screening. J Med Chem 2009; 52:943-51. [PMID: 19199650 DOI: 10.1021/jm800791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an important regulator of normal development and homeostasis, and dysregulated signaling through the HGF receptor, Met, contributes to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis in numerous human malignancies. The development of selective small-molecule inhibitors of oncogenic tyrosine kinases (TK) has led to well-tolerated, targeted therapies for a growing number of cancer types. To identify selective Met TK inhibitors, we used a high-throughput virtual screen of the 13.5 million compound ChemNavigator database to find compounds most likely to bind to the Met ATP binding site and to form several critical interactions with binding site residues predicted to stabilize the kinase domain in its inactive conformation. Subsequent biological screening of 70 in silico hit structures using cell-free and intact cell assays identified three active compounds with micromolar IC(50) values. The predicted binding modes and target selectivity of these compounds are discussed and compared to other known Met TK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Peach
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Epigenetic silencing of TTF-1/NKX2-1 through DNA hypermethylation and histone H3 modulation in thyroid carcinomas. J Transl Med 2009; 89:791-9. [PMID: 19506552 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), also known as NKX2-1, is a homeodomain containing transcriptional factor identified in thyroid, lung and central nervous system. In the thyroid, TTF-1 is essential for thyroid organogenesis and governs thyroid functions by regulating various thyroid-specific genes. We previously demonstrated that most differentiated thyroid neoplasms, including follicular adenomas/carcinomas and papillary carcinomas, express TTF-1 at both protein and mRNA levels. However, certain subtypes of thyroid cancers have shown low or negative expression of TTF-1. The aim of our study was to investigate the function of epigenetic modification in dysregulation of TTF-1 in thyroid carcinoma cells. We evaluated the expression of TTF-1 in primary thyroid tissues (normal thyroid, papillary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma) and in thyroid carcinoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Methylation-specific PCR targeting CpG islands of TTF-1 and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-lys9) were applied to clarify the correlation of the TTF-1 expression profile and epigenetic status. We also explored whether epigenetic modifiers, including 5-aza-deoxycytidine, could restore TTF-1 expression in thyroid carcinoma cells. In our current study, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed positive expression of TTF-1 in normal thyroids and papillary carcinomas. Meanwhile, most of the undifferentiated carcinomas and the cell lines lost TTF-1 expression. No methylation in the CpG of TTF-1 promoter was detected in normal thyroids or papillary carcinomas. In contrast, DNA methylation was identified in 60% of the undifferentiated carcinomas (6/10) and 50% of the cell lines (4/8). ChIP assay demonstrated that acetylation of H3-lys9 was positively correlated with TTF-1 expression in thyroid carcinoma cells. Finally, DNA demethylating agents could restore TTF-1 gene expression in the thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Our data suggest that epigenetics is involved with inactivation of TTF-1 in thyroid carcinomas, and provide a possible means of using TTF-1 as a target for differentiation-inducing therapy through epigenetic modification.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nan H, Qureshi AA, Hunter DJ, Han J. Genetic variants in FGFR2 and FGFR4 genes and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:172. [PMID: 19500394 PMCID: PMC2699349 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor (FGFR) play an important role in tumorigenesis. Deregulation of the FGFR2 gene has been identified in a number of cancer sites. Overexpression of the FGFR4 protein has been linked to cutaneous melanoma progression. Previous studies reported associations between genetic variants in the FGFR2 and FGFR4 genes and development of various cancers. Methods We evaluated the associations of four genetic variants in the FGFR2 gene highly related to breast cancer risk and the three common tag-SNPs in the FGFR4 gene with skin cancer risk in a nested case-control study of Caucasians within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) among 218 melanoma cases, 285 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 870 controls. Results We found no evidence for associations between these seven genetic variants and the risks of melanoma and nonmelanocytic skin cancer. Conclusion Given the power of this study, we did not detect any contribution of genetic variants in the FGFR2 or FGFR4 genes to inherited predisposition to skin cancer among Caucasian women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Nan
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Histone-acetylated control of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 intron 2 polymorphisms and isoform splicing in breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1397-405. [PMID: 19497954 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2 as one of a few candidate genes linked with breast cancer susceptibility. In particular, the disease-predisposing allele of FGFR2 is inherited as a 7.5-kb region within intron 2 that harbors eight single nucleotide polymorphisms. The relationship between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and FGFR2 gene expression remains unclear. Here we show the common occurrence of polymorphisms within the intron 2 region in a panel of 10 breast cancer cell lines. High FGFR2-expressing cell lines such as MCF-7 cells displayed polymorphic sequences with constitutive histone acetylation at multiple intron 2 sequences harboring putative transcription binding sites. Knockdown of Runx2 or CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta in these cells resulted in diminished endogenous FGFR2 gene expression. In contrast FGFR2-negative MDA-231 cells were wild type and showed evidence of histone 3/4 deacetylation at the rs2981578, rs10736303, and rs7895676 disease-associated alleles that harbor binding sites for Runx2, estrogen receptor, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta, respectively. Histone deacetylation inhibition with trichostatin A resulted in enhanced acetylation at these intron 2 sites, an effect associated with robust FGFR2 reexpression. Isoform analysis proved reexpression of the FGFR2-IIIc variant the splicing of which was positively influenced by trichostatin A-mediated recruitment of the Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein survival protein. Our findings highlight the potential role of histone acetylation in modulating access to selected polymorphic sites within intron 2 as well as downstream splicing sites in generating variable FGFR2 levels and isoforms in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, and the Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Epigenetically-mediated gene dysregulation is a common feature associated with human pituitary tumorigenesis. The mechanisms leading to these changes, however, remain largely unknown. In this review, we examine changes responsible for DNA and histone modifications as independent, butpotentially interrlated modes of communication effecting chromatin remodeling. The dynamic properties of the enzymes involved in these reactions is highlighted. We use the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) as a model through which the p53-regulating melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) system is governing in pituitary cells. The pathogenetic and potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Ezzat
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Castellone MD, Carlomagno F, Salvatore G, Santoro M. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22:1023-38. [PMID: 19041829 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is frequently associated with the oncogenic conversion of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or their downstream signalling molecules. Hence, there is a strong biological rationale for assessing the efficacy of RTK blockade to treat patients who are resistant to or not candidates for treatment with radioactive iodine. The first results of clinical trials based on the use of RTK inhibitors in thyroid cancer patients have recently been published. Here we discuss targeting of specific RTKs as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Castellone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Universita' Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu W, Cheng S, Asa SL, Ezzat S. The Melanoma-Associated Antigen A3 Mediates Fibronectin-Controlled Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8104-12. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Fibroblast growth factor 2 and estrogen control the balance of histone 3 modifications targeting MAGE-A3 in pituitary neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1984-96. [PMID: 18381936 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Four members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family transduce signals of a diverse group of FGF ligands. The FGFR2-IIIb isoform is abundantly present in the normal pituitary gland with contrasting down-regulation in neoplastic pituitary cells. cDNA profiling identified the cancer-testis antigen melanoma-associated antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) as a putative target negatively regulated by FGFR2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Comparisons were made between normal and neoplastic human and mouse pituitary cells. Gene expression was examined by reverse transcription-PCR, DNA methylation was determined by methylation-specific PCR and combined bisulfite restriction analysis, and histone modification marks were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Normal human pituitary tissue that expresses FGFR2-IIIb does not express MAGE-A3; in contrast, pituitary tumors that are FGFR2 negative show abundant MAGE-A3 mRNA expression. MAGE-A3 expression correlates with the presence and extent of DNA promoter methylation; more frequent and higher-degree methylation is present in the normal gland compared with pituitary tumors. Conversely, pituitary tumors are hypomethylated, particularly in females where MAGE-A3 expression is nearly thrice higher than in males. Estradiol treatment induces MAGE-A3 through enhanced histone 3 acetylation and diminished methylation. The effects of estradiol are directly opposed by FGF7/FGFR2-IIIb. Down-regulation of MAGE-A3 results in p53 transcriptional induction, also through reciprocal histone acetylation and methylation modifications. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight MAGE-A3 as a target of FGFR2-IIIb and estrogen action and provide evidence for a common histone-modifying network in the control of the balance between opposing signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes have aided our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thyroid carcinogenesis. Mutations or deletions cause inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in thyroid carcinomas. However, recent advances have disclosed the significance of epigenetic events in the development and progression of human tumorigenesis. Indeed, various tumor-suppressor genes and thyroid hormone-related genes are epigenetically silenced in thyroid tumors. This article reviews the evidence for epigenetic gene dysregulation in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas including papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. The authors also discuss future applications of epigenetics as ancillary diagnostic tools and in the design of targeted therapies for thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao ZZ, Pollock PM, Thomas S, Treloar SA, Nyholt DR, Montgomery GW. Common variation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene is not associated with endometriosis risk. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1661-8. [PMID: 18285324 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a polygenic disease with a complex and multifactorial aetiology that affects 8-10% of women of reproductive age. Epidemiological data support a link between endometriosis and cancers of the reproductive tract. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) has recently been implicated in both endometrial and breast cancer. Our previous studies on endometriosis identified significant linkage to a novel susceptibility locus on chromosome 10q26 and the FGFR2 gene maps within this linkage region. We therefore hypothesized that variation in FGFR2 may contribute to the risk of endometriosis. METHODS We genotyped 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) densely covering a 27 kb region within intron 2 of FGFR2 including two SNPs (rs2981582 and rs1219648) significantly associated with breast cancer and a total 40 tagSNPs across 150 kb of the FGFR2 gene. SNPs were genotyped in 958 endometriosis cases and 959 unrelated controls. RESULTS We found no evidence for association between endometriosis and FGFR2 intron 2 SNPs or SNP haplotypes and no evidence for association between endometriosis and variation across the FGFR2 gene. CONCLUSIONS Common variation in the breast-cancer implicated intron 2 and other highly plausible causative candidate regions of FGFR2 do not appear to be a major contributor to endometriosis susceptibility in our large Australian sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhen Zhao
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston RD, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kondo T, Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. The cancer/testis antigen melanoma-associated antigen-A3/A6 is a novel target of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb through histone H3 modifications in thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4713-20. [PMID: 17699848 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals play fundamental roles in development and tumorigenesis. Thyroid cancer is an example of a tumor with nonoverlapping genetic mutations that up-regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase. We reported recently that FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) is down-regulated through extensive DNA promoter methylation in thyroid cancer. Reexpression of the FGFR2-IIIb isoform impedes signaling upstream of the BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to interrupt tumor progression. In this analysis, we examined a novel target of FGFR2-IIIb signaling, melanoma-associated antigen-A3 and A6 (MAGE-A3/6). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN cDNA microarray analysis was done on human WRO thyroid cancer cells transfected with FGFR2-IIIb or empty vector. Identified gene target was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. Gene regulation was examined by treatment of WRO cells with the methylation inhibitor 5'-azacytidine followed by methylation-specific PCR and reverse transcription-PCR and by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Gene expression profiling identified the cancer/testis antigen MAGE-A3/6 as a novel target of FGFR2-IIIb signaling. MAGE-A3/6 regulation was mediated through DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. In particular, FGF7/FGFR2-IIIb activation resulted in histone 3 methylation and deacetylation associated with the MAGE-A3/6 promoter to down-regulate gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data unmask a complex repertoire of epigenetically controlled signals that govern FGFR2-IIIb and MAGE-A3/6 expression. Our findings provide insights into the interrelationship between novel tumor markers that may also represent overlapping therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhu X, Lee K, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Epigenetic silencing through DNA and histone methylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in neoplastic pituitary cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1618-28. [PMID: 17456767 PMCID: PMC1854956 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family of tyrosine kinases transduce signals of a diverse group of more than 23 fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands. Each prototypic receptor is composed of three immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, two of which are involved in ligand binding. Alternative RNA splicing of one of two exons results in two different forms of the second half of the third immunoglobulin-like domain, the IIIb or IIIc isoforms. The contribution of each receptor and their isoforms in tumorigenesis remains unknown. In the pituitary, FGFR2 is expressed primarily as the IIIb isoform in normal adenohypophysial cells. In contrast, FGFR2 is significantly down-regulated in mouse corticotroph AtT20 tumor cells where the 5' promoter is methylated. Treatment of AtT20 cells with 5'-azacytidine resulted in FGFR2 re-expression, mainly as the FGFR2-IIIb isoform. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed evidence of histone methylation, but not of deacetylation, in the silencing of FGFR2 in AtT20 cells. Exposure of these cells to the cognate FGFR2-IIIb ligand FGF-7 resulted in diminished Rb phosphorylation and accumulation of p21 and p27, indicating diminished cell cycle progression. Examination of primary human pituitary adenomas revealed FGFR2 down-regulation in 52% (11 of 21) of samples and FGFR2 promoter DNA methylation in 45% (10 of 22) of samples. These data highlight the contribution from DNA and histone methylation as epigenetic mechanisms responsible for FGFR2 silencing in pituitary neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|