1
|
Dong C, Hui P, Wu Z, Li J, Man X. CircRNA LOC729852 promotes bladder cancer progression by regulating macrophage polarization and recruitment via the miR-769-5p/IL-10 axis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18225. [PMID: 38506082 PMCID: PMC10951884 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as tumour promoters or suppressors in bladder cancer (BLCA) by regulating genes involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the biological role of circLOC729852 in BLCA. CircLOC729852 was upregulated in BLCA tissues and correlated with increased proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCLA cells. MiR-769-5p was identified as a target for circLOC729852, which can upregulate IL-10 expression by directly binding to and suppressing miR-769-5p. Furthermore, our results indicated that the circLOC729852/miR-769-5p/IL-10 axis modulates autophagy signalling in BLCA cells and promotes the recruitment and M2 polarization of TAMs by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. In addition, circLOC729852 also promoted the growth of BLCA xenografts and M2 macrophage infiltration in vivo. Thus, circLOC729852 functions as an oncogene in BLCA by inducing secretion of IL-10 by the M2 TAMs, which then facilitates tumour cell growth and migration. Taken together, circLOC729852 is a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for BLCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changming Dong
- Department of Urology, China Medical UniversityThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Department of UrologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningPR China
| | - Pengyu Hui
- Department of UrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Zhengqi Wu
- Department of Urology, China Medical UniversityThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical UniversityThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xiaojun Man
- Department of Urology, China Medical UniversityThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Department of UrologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningPR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao F, You X, Yang L, Zou X, Sui B. Boosting immune responses in lung tumor immune microenvironment: A comprehensive review of strategies and adjuvants. Int Rev Immunol 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38525925 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2333275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Da Qing Long Nan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangni Zou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bowen Sui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hadi M, Qutaiba B Allela O, Jabari M, Jasoor AM, Naderloo O, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Kalantari L. Recent advances in various adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as gene therapy agents in hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38216938 PMCID: PMC10785434 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer, which is scientifically referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a significant concern in the field of global health. It has been demonstrated that conventional chemotherapy, chemo-hormonal therapy, and conformal radiotherapy are ineffective against HCC. New therapeutic approaches are thus urgently required. Identifying single or multiple mutations in genes associated with invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and growth regulation has resulted in a more comprehensive comprehension of the molecular genetic underpinnings of malignant transformation, tumor advancement, and host interaction. This enhanced comprehension has notably propelled the development of novel therapeutic agents. Therefore, gene therapy (GT) holds great promise for addressing the urgent need for innovative treatments in HCC. However, the complexity of HCC demands precise and effective therapeutic approaches. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) distinctive life cycle and ability to persistently infect dividing and nondividing cells have rendered it an alluring vector. Another appealing characteristic of the wild-type virus is its evident absence of pathogenicity. As a result, AAV, a vector that lacks an envelope and can be modified to transport DNA to specific cells, has garnered considerable interest in the scientific community, particularly in experimental therapeutic strategies that are still in the clinical stage. AAV vectors emerge as promising tools for HCC therapy due to their non-immunogenic nature, efficient cell entry, and prolonged gene expression. While AAV-mediated GT demonstrates promise across diverse diseases, the current absence of ongoing clinical trials targeting HCC underscores untapped potential in this context. Furthermore, gene transfer through hepatic AAV vectors is frequently facilitated by GT research, which has been propelled by several congenital anomalies affecting the liver. Notwithstanding the enthusiasm associated with this notion, recent discoveries that expose the integration of the AAV vector genome at double-strand breaks give rise to apprehensions regarding their enduring safety and effectiveness. This review explores the potential of AAV vectors as versatile tools for targeted GT in HCC. In summation, we encapsulate the multifaceted exploration of AAV vectors in HCC GT, underlining their transformative potential within the landscape of oncology and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meead Hadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mansoureh Jabari
- Medical Campus, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Asna Mahyazadeh Jasoor
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Naderloo
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Gorgan Breanch, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | - Leila Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khalili S, Zeinali F, Moghadam Fard A, Taha SR, Fazlollahpour Naghibi A, Bagheri K, Shariat Zadeh M, Eslami Y, Fattah K, Asadimanesh N, Azarimatin A, Khalesi B, Almasi F, Payandeh Z. Macrophage-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3722. [PMID: 37509382 PMCID: PMC10378576 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are types of immune cells, with ambivalent functions in tumor growth, which depend on the specific environment in which they reside. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a diverse population of immunosuppressive myeloid cells that play significant roles in several malignancies. TAM infiltration in malignancies has been linked to a poor prognosis and limited response to treatments, including those using checkpoint inhibitors. Understanding the precise mechanisms through which macrophages contribute to tumor growth is an active area of research as targeting these cells may offer potential therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Numerous investigations have focused on anti-TAM-based methods that try to eliminate, rewire, or target the functional mediators released by these cells. Considering the importance of these strategies in the reversion of tumor resistance to conventional therapies and immune modulatory vaccination could be an appealing approach for the immunosuppressive targeting of myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The combination of reprogramming and TAM depletion is a special feature of this approach compared to other clinical strategies. Thus, the present review aims to comprehensively overview the pleiotropic activities of TAMs and their involvement in various stages of cancer development as a potent drug target, with a focus on hematologic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zeinali
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Atousa Moghadam Fard
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 4188783417, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Taha
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Andarz Fazlollahpour Naghibi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717641367, Iran
| | - Kimia Bagheri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717641367, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Shariat Zadeh
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Yeghaneh Eslami
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran
| | - Khashayar Fattah
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Asadimanesh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran
| | - Armin Azarimatin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar 5381637181, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Z, Bu D, Yang N, Huang W, Zhang L, Li X, Ding BS. Integrated analyses of single-cell transcriptomics identify metastasis-associated myeloid subpopulations in breast cancer lung metastasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180402. [PMID: 37483625 PMCID: PMC10361816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung metastasis of breast cancer is closely associated with patient morbidity and mortality, which correlates with myeloid cells in the lung microenvironment. However, the heterogeneity and specificity of metastasis-associated myeloid cells have not been fully established in lung metastasis. Here, by integrating and analyzing single-cell transcriptomics, we found that myeloid subpopulations (Tppp3 + monocytes, Isg15 + macrophages, Ifit3 + neutrophils, and Il12b + DCs) play critical roles in the formation and development of the metastatic niche. Gene enrichment analyses indicate that several tumor-promoting pathways should be responsible for the process, including angiogenesis (Anxa1 and Anxa2 by Tppp3 + monocytes), immunosuppression (Isg15 and Cxcl10 by Isg15 + macrophages; Il12b and Ccl22 by Il12b + DCs), and tumor growth and metastasis (Isg15 and Isg20 by Ifit3 + neutrophils). Furthermore, we have validated these subpopulations in lung microenvironment of MMTV-PyVT transgenic mice and verified their association with poor progression of human breast cancer. Also, our results elucidated a crosstalk network among four myeloid subpopulations by cell-cell communication analysis. This study, therefore, highlights the crucial role of myeloid cells in lung metastasis and provides insights into underlying molecular mechanisms, which pave the way for therapeutic interventions in breast cancer metastasis to lung.
Collapse
|
6
|
Otegui N, Houry M, Arozarena I, Serrano D, Redin E, Exposito F, Leon S, Valencia K, Montuenga L, Calvo A. Cancer Cell-Intrinsic Alterations Associated with an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Resistance to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3076. [PMID: 37370686 PMCID: PMC10295869 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great clinical success of immunotherapy in lung cancer patients, only a small percentage of them (<40%) will benefit from this therapy alone or combined with other strategies. Cancer cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms have been associated with a lack of response to immunotherapy. The present study is focused on cancer cell-intrinsic genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and metabolic alterations that reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) and determine response or refractoriness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Mutations in KRAS, SKT11(LKB1), KEAP1 and TP53 and co-mutations of these genes are the main determinants of ICI response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Recent insights into metabolic changes in cancer cells that impose restrictions on cytotoxic T cells and the efficacy of ICIs indicate that targeting such metabolic restrictions may favor therapeutic responses. Other emerging pathways for therapeutic interventions include epigenetic modulators and DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, especially in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Therefore, the many potential pathways for enhancing the effect of ICIs suggest that, in a few years, we will have much more personalized medicine for lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. Such strategies could include vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Otegui
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maeva Houry
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Cancer Signaling Unit, Navarrabiomed, University Hospital of Navarra (HUN), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Serrano
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Francisco Exposito
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sergio Leon
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karmele Valencia
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Montuenga
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- CCUN Cancer Center and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.O.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (S.L.); (K.V.); (L.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boughriba R, Sahraoui G, Chaar I, Weslati M, Ayed K, Ounissi D, Hazgui M, Bouraoui S, Gati A. Significant association of MCP1 rs1024611 and CCR2 rs1799864 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer and liver metastases susceptibility and aggressiveness: A case-control study. Cytokine 2023; 167:156193. [PMID: 37149962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MCP-1/CCR2 axis is one of the major chemokine signaling pathways that play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and has been involved in triggering various tumor progression mechanisms, such as increasing the immunosuppressive cells recruitment and promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasiveness. AIM The current study investigated the association of MCP1 (rs1024611) and CCR2 (rs1799864) genes variants with the risk as well as prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study involved 408 patients (284 CRC and 124 CRLM), and 284 healthy control was conducted. Genotyping of selected polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP assays and confirmed by microchip and capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS The results highlighted a positive association between MCP1 rs1024611 (non-AA) and CCR2 rs1799864 (GA) genotypes with increased CRC and CRLM risk. Correlation between SNPs and clinicopathological characteristics revealed a positive association between MCP1 rs1024611 and CCR2 rs1799864 (dominant model) and CRC poor prognosis features. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant association between MCP1 rs1024611 non-AA carriers and decreased survival rate. Neoadjuvant treatment showed an improvement in CRC and CRLM survival rates among carriers of MCP1 and CCR2 wild-type genotype. FOLFIRI chemotherapy exhibits reduced survival rates for patients who carried mutated genotypes of MCP1 and CCR2 polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Considering our results, we suggest That both MCP1 and CCR2 polymorphisms may constitute independent factors for CRC and CRLM occurrence and can be helpful targets for an efficient therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Boughriba
- Laboratory of Genetic, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghada Sahraoui
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology of Salah Azaiez Oncology Institute, Bab Saadoun 1029 Tunis, Tunisia; Medical School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar, La Rabta, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Chaar
- Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Weslati
- Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Ayed
- Laboratory of Genetic, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Donia Ounissi
- Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Hazgui
- Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saadia Bouraoui
- Unit of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, Sidi Daoud, La Marsa, 2046 Tunis, Tunisia; Medical School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar, La Rabta, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Gati
- Laboratory of Genetic, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brady RV, Thamm DH. Tumor-associated macrophages: Prognostic and therapeutic targets for cancer in humans and dogs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176807. [PMID: 37090720 PMCID: PMC10113558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are ancient, phagocytic immune cells thought to have their origins 500 million years ago in metazoan phylogeny. The understanding of macrophages has evolved to encompass their foundational roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair, inflammation, and immunity. Notably, macrophages display high plasticity in response to environmental cues, capable of a strikingly wide variety of dynamic gene signatures and phenotypes. Macrophages are also involved in many pathological states including neural disease, asthma, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and others. In cancer, most tumor-associated immune cells are macrophages, coined tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). While some TAMs can display anti-tumor properties such as phagocytizing tumor cells and orchestrating an immune response, most macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic. Macrophages have been implicated in all stages of cancer. Therefore, interest in manipulating macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer developed as early as the 1970s. Companion dogs are a strong comparative immuno-oncology model for people due to documented similarities in the immune system and spontaneous cancers between the species. Data from clinical trials in humans and dogs can be leveraged to further scientific advancements that benefit both species. This review aims to provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on macrophages in general, and an in-depth review of macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer in humans and companion dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V. Brady
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu C, Xia Y, Zhang B, Drokow EK, Li H, Xu S, Wang Z, Wang S, Jin P, Fang T, Xiong X, Huang P, Jin N, Tan J, Zhong Q, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Ye F, Gao Q. Macrophages facilitate tumor cell PD‐L1 expression via an IL‐1β‐centered loop to attenuate immune checkpoint blockade. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e242. [PMID: 37009412 PMCID: PMC10063777 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) play critical roles in reprogramming other immune cells and orchestrating antitumor immunity. However, the interplay between TAMs and tumor cells responsible for enhancing immune evasion remains insufficiently understood. Here, we revealed that interleukin (IL)‐1β was among the most abundant cytokines within the in vitro tumor‐macrophage coculture system, and enhanced IL‐1β expression was associated with impaired cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in human ovarian cancer, indicating the possibility that IL‐1β mediated immunosuppression during tumor‐TAMs crosstalk. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that IL‐1β significantly boosted programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in tumor cells via the activation of the nuclear factor‐κb signaling cascade. Specifically, IL‐1β released from TAMs was triggered by lactate, the anaerobic metabolite of tumor cells, in an inflammasome activation‐dependent manner. IL‐1β sustained and intensified immunosuppression by promoting C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 secretion in tumor cells to fuel TAMs recruitment. Importantly, IL‐1β neutralizing antibody significantly curbed tumor growth and displayed synergistic antitumor efficacies with anti‐PD‐L1 antibody in tumor‐bearing mouse models. Together, this study presents an IL‐1β‐centered immunosuppressive loop between TAMs and tumor cells, highlighting IL‐1β as a candidate therapeutic target to reverse immunosuppression and potentiate immune checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bai‐Wei Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Emmanuel Kwateng Drokow
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Hua‐Yi Li
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Si‐Yuan Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tian Fang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Xiong
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Pu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Ning Jin
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jia‐Hong Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceThe Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu‐Xin Chen
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qing‐Lei Gao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tumor-Microenvironment Characterization of the MB49 Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder-Cancer Orthotopic Model towards New Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010123. [PMID: 36613562 PMCID: PMC9820528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients can result in significant side effects and treatment failure. Immune checkpoint blockade and/or decreasing tumor-infiltrating myeloid suppressor cells may be alternative or complementary treatments. Here, we have characterized immune cell infiltration and chemoattractant molecules in mouse orthotopic MB49 bladder tumors. Our data show a 100-fold increase in CD45+ immune cells from day 5 to day 9 tumors including T cells and mainly myeloid cells. Both monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor-cells (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC were strongly increased in day 9 tumors, with PMN-MDSC representing ca. 70% of the myeloid cells in day 12 tumors, while tumor associated macrophages (TAM) were only modestly increased. The kinetic of PD-L1 tumor expression correlated with published data from patients with PD-L1 expressing bladder tumors and with efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment, further validating the orthotopic MB49 bladder-tumor model as suitable for designing novel therapeutic strategies. Comparison of chemoattractants expression during MB49 bladder tumors grow highlighted CCL8 and CCL12 (CCR2-ligands), CCL9 and CCL6 (CCR-1-ligands), CXCL2 and CXCL5 (CXCR2-ligands), CXCL12 (CXCR4-ligand) and antagonist of C5/C5a as potential targets to decrease myeloid suppressive cells. Data obtained with a single CCR2 inhibitor however showed that the complex chemokine crosstalk would require targeting multiple chemokines for anti-tumor efficacy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abd-Rabou AA, Ahmed HH, Mohamed SH, Kotob SE, Kishta MS. Nanotherapy: New Approach for Impeding Hepatic Cancer Microenvironment via Targeting Multiple Molecular Pathways. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:4261-4274. [PMID: 36580009 PMCID: PMC9971455 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.12.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microenvironment has been recognized as a key contributor for cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. The crosstalk between tumor cells, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) signaling networks mediates immunoinhibitory impact and facilitates tumor angiogenesis. The current investigation aimed at exploring the potent anti-cancer activity of the newly designed nano-based anti-cancer therapy comprising anti-VEGF drug, avastin (AV), and CCR2 antagonist (CR) to counteract HCC and tracking its mode of action in vivo. METHODS The prepared AV, CR, and AVCR nanoprototypes were characterized by nanoscale characterization techniques in our previous work. Here, they are applied for unearthing their anti-cancer properties / mechanisms in hepatic cancer-induced rats via analyzing protein levels and genetic expression of the elements incorporated in the angiogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis signalling pathways. RESULTS The present results revealed a significant down-regulation in the angiogenesis, survival and metastasis indices along with up-regulation in the pro-apoptotic mediators upon treatment of hepatic cancer-bearing rats with the novel synthesized nanomaterials when compared with the untreated counterparts. We showed across HCC model that anti-VEGF in combination with CCR2 antagonism therapy leads to sensitization and enhanced tumor response over anti-VEGF or CCR2 antagonism monotherapy, particularly in its nanoscale formulation. CONCLUSION The present approach provides new mechanistic insights into the powerful anti-hepatic cancer advantage of the novel nanoprototypes which is correlated with modulating critical signal transduction pathways implicated in tumor microenviroment such as angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastasis. This research work presents a substantial foundation for future studies focused on prohibiting cancer progression and recovery by targeting tumor microenviroment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abd-Rabou
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. ,Stem Cell Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, P.O 12622, Egypt. ,For Correspondence:
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. ,Stem Cell Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, P.O 12622, Egypt.
| | - Safaa H Mohamed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Soheir E Kotob
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Kishta
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. ,Stem Cell Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, P.O 12622, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo H, Shan J, Zhang H, Song G, Li Q, Xu CX. Targeting the epigenetic processes to enhance antitumor immunity in small cell lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:960-970. [PMID: 35189321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and modulation of chromatin states, drives aberrant transcription that promotes initiation and progression of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Accumulating evidence has proven crucial roles of epigenetic machinery in modulating immune cell functions and antitumor immune response. Epigenetics-targeting drugs such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and histone methyltransferase inhibitors involved in preclinical and clinical trials may trigger antitumor immunity. Herein, we summarize the impact of epigenetic processes on tumor immunogenicity and antitumor immune cell functions in SCLC. Furthermore, we review current clinical trials of epigenetic therapy against SCLC and the mechanisms of epigenetic inhibitors to boost antitumor immunity. Eventually, we discuss the opportunities of developing therapeutic regimens combining epigenetic agents with immunotherapy for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- College of Bioengineering, Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Jinlu Shan
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.
| | - Guanbin Song
- College of Bioengineering, Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Qing Li
- College of Bioengineering, Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Cheng-Xiong Xu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aghamajidi A, Farhangnia P, Pashangzadeh S, Damavandi AR, Jafari R. Tumor-promoting myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of human oncoviruses: potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:327. [PMID: 36303138 PMCID: PMC9608890 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses, known as cancer-causing viruses, are typically involved in cancer progression by inhibiting tumor suppressor pathways and uncontrolled cell division. Myeloid cells are the most frequent populations recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a critical role in cancer development and metastasis of malignant tumors. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) exert different states from anti-tumorigenic to pro-tumorigenic phenotypes in TME. Although their role in the anti-tumorigenic state is well introduced, their opposing roles, pro-tumorigenic activities, such as anti-inflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, should not be ignored since they result in inflammation, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and evasion. Since the blockade of these cells had promising results against cancer progression, their inhibition might be helpful in various cancer immunotherapies. This review highlights the promoting role of tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs) in the pathophysiology of human virus tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azin Aghamajidi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Farhangnia
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Students’ Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu Y, Yu S, Qiao H. Understanding the functional inflammatory factors involved in therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors for pan-cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:990445. [PMID: 36120342 PMCID: PMC9474995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.990445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) fight tumor progression by activating immune conditions. The inflammatory factors are playing a functional role in programmed death-1 (PD-1) or other immune checkpoints. They are involved in regulating the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), the only predictor recognized by the guidelines in response to ICIs. In addition, abundant components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) all interact with various immune factors contributing to the response to ICIs, including infiltration of various immune cells, extracellular matrix, and fibroblasts. Notably, the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients receiving ICIs is increasingly observed in sundry organs. IrAEs are often regarded as an inflammatory factor-mediated positive feedback loop associated with better response to ICIs. It deserves attention because inflammatory factors were observed to be different when targeting different immune checkpoints or in the presence of different irAEs. In the present review, we address the research progresses on regulating inflammatory factors for an intentional controlling anti-cancer response with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeizhi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Shan Yu, ; Hong Qiao,
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Shan Yu, ; Hong Qiao,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mantovani A, Allavena P, Marchesi F, Garlanda C. Macrophages as tools and targets in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:799-820. [PMID: 35974096 PMCID: PMC9380983 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 220.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages are an essential component of the tumour microenvironment and have a role in the orchestration of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and immunosuppression, as well as in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Conversely, when appropriately activated, macrophages can mediate phagocytosis of cancer cells and cytotoxic tumour killing, and engage in effective bidirectional interactions with components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Therefore, they have emerged as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. Macrophage-targeting strategies include inhibitors of cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and polarization of tumour-promoting myeloid cells as well as activators of their antitumorigenic and immunostimulating functions. Early clinical trials suggest that targeting negative regulators (checkpoints) of myeloid cell function indeed has antitumor potential. Finally, given the continuous recruitment of myelomonocytic cells into tumour tissues, macrophages are candidates for cell therapy with the development of chimeric antigen receptor effector cells. Macrophage-centred therapeutic strategies have the potential to complement, and synergize with, currently available tools in the oncology armamentarium. Macrophages can promote tumorigenesis and enhance the antitumour response. This Review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of macrophages in the tumour microenvironment and provides an overview of macrophage-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy. .,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy. .,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Intratumoral IL-28B Gene Delivery Elicits Antitumor Effects by Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment in H22-Bearing Mice. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1345971. [PMID: 35935577 PMCID: PMC9352479 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1345971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-28B, belonging to type III interferons (IFN-λs), exhibits a potent antitumor activity with reduced regulated T cells (Tregs) population, yet the effect of IL-28B on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and if IL-28B can downregulate Tregs directly in vitro are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-28B on Tregs in the spleen and TME in H22 tumor-bearing mice and verified the downregulation of IL-28B on Tregs in vitro. We found that rAd-mIL-28B significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the frequency of splenic CD4+Foxp3+ T cells. The levels of CXCL13, ICAM-1, MCP-5, and IL-7 in the serum, and the levels of IL-15 and sFasL in the tumor tissue decreased significantly after rAd-mIL-28B treatment relative to rAd-EGFP. Furthermore, the percentage of CD8+ cells in the TME was significantly increased in the rAd-mIL-28B group compared with the untreated group. In vitro, splenocytes were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 and IL-2 in the presence of TGF-β with or without IL-28B for three days and followed by flow cytometric, RT-PCR, and IL-10 production analysis. The results showed that IL-28B significantly reduced the proportion of induced Foxp3+ cells. It demonstrated that IL-28B may be used as a promising immunotherapy strategy against cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao X, Lai SWT, Chen S, Wang S, Feng M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:61-108. [PMID: 35636930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune components in the tumor microenvironment and play a plethora of roles in regulating tumorigenesis. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of TAMs has emerged as a new paradigm for immunotherapy of cancer. Herein, the review summarizes the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs in the progression of malignant diseases. The understanding of such knowledge leads to several distinct therapeutic strategies to manipulate TAMs to battle cancer, which include those to reduce TAM abundance, such as depleting TAMs or inhibiting their recruitment and differentiation, and those to harness or boost the anti-tumor activities of TAMs such as blocking phagocytosis checkpoints, inducing antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and reprogramming TAM polarization. In addition, modulation of TAMs may reshape the tumor microenvironment and therefore synergize with other cancer therapeutics. Therefore, the rational combination of TAM-targeting therapeutics with conventional therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other immunotherapies is also reviewed. Overall, targeting TAMs presents itself as a promising strategy to add to the growing repertoire of treatment approaches in the fight against cancer, and it is hopeful that these approaches currently being pioneered will serve to vastly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| | - Seigmund W T Lai
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leveraging macrophages for cancer theranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114136. [PMID: 35143894 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As fundamental immune cells in innate and adaptive immunity, macrophages engage in a double-edged relationship with cancer. Dissecting the character of macrophages in cancer development facilitates the emergence of macrophages-based new strategies that encompass macrophages as theranostic targets/tools of interest for treating cancer. Herein, we provide a concise overview of the mixed roles of macrophages in cancer pathogenesis and invasion as a foundation for the review discussions. We survey the latest progress on macrophage-based cancer theranostic strategies, emphasizing two major strategies, including targeting the endogenous tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and engineering the adoptive macrophages to reverse the immunosuppressive environment and augment the cancer theranostic efficacy. We also discuss and provide insights on the major challenges along with exciting opportunities for the future of macrophage-based cancer theranostic approaches.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system and represent an important component of the first-line defense against pathogens and tumor cells. Here, their diverse functions in inflammation and tumor defense are described, and the mechanisms, tools, and activation pathways and states applied are presented. The main focus is on the role and origin of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the important signal pathways TLR/NF-κB, and the M1/M2 polarization of macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lendeckel
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolke
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An In Vivo Inflammatory Loop Potentiates KRAS Blockade. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030592. [PMID: 35327394 PMCID: PMC8945202 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) inhibitors perform less well than other targeted drugs in vitro and fail clinical trials. To investigate a possible reason for this, we treated human and murine tumor cells with KRAS inhibitors deltarasin (targeting phosphodiesterase-δ), cysmethynil (targeting isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase), and AA12 (targeting KRASG12C), and silenced/overexpressed mutant KRAS using custom-designed vectors. We showed that KRAS-mutant tumor cells exclusively respond to KRAS blockade in vivo, because the oncogene co-opts host myeloid cells via a C-C-motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-mediated signaling loop for sustained tumorigenicity. Indeed, KRAS-mutant tumors did not respond to deltarasin in C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) and Il1b gene-deficient mice, but were deltarasin-sensitive in wild-type and Ccr2-deficient mice adoptively transplanted with wild-type murine bone marrow. A KRAS-dependent pro-inflammatory transcriptome was prominent in human cancers with high KRAS mutation prevalence and poor predicted survival. Our findings support that in vitro cellular systems are suboptimal for anti-KRAS drug screens, as these drugs function to suppress interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1) expression and myeloid IL-1β-delivered pro-growth effects in vivo. Moreover, the findings support that IL-1β blockade might be suitable for therapy for KRAS-mutant cancers.
Collapse
|
21
|
Metcalfe S, Anselmi N, Escobar A, Visser MB, Kay JG. Innate Phagocyte Polarization in the Oral Cavity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768479. [PMID: 35069541 PMCID: PMC8770816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a complex environment constantly exposed to antigens from food and the oral microbiota. Innate immune cells play an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis in the oral environment. However, these cells also play a significant role in disease progression. This review will focus on two innate phagocytes in the oral cavity: macrophages and neutrophils, and examine their roles during homeostasis and disease development, with a focus on periodontal disease and cancer. Macrophages have a well-known ability to polarize and be activated towards a variety of phenotypes. Several studies have found that macrophages’ polarization changes can play an essential role in maintaining health in the oral cavity and contribute to disease. Recent data also finds that neutrophils display phenotypic heterogeneity in the oral cavity. In both cases, we focus on what is known about how these cellular changes alter these immune cells’ interactions with the oral microbiota, including how such changes can lead to worsening, rather than improving, disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Metcalfe
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Natalie Anselmi
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle B Visser
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li X, He G, Liu J, Yan M, Shen M, Xu L, An M, Huang J, Gao Z. CCL2-mediated monocytes regulate immune checkpoint blockade resistance in pancreatic cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108598. [PMID: 35183036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contributes to resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is believed to participate in pancreatic tumorigenesis, but its role in PDAC progression and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade remains unclear. We hypothesized that CCL2 contributes to the pancreatic immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this study, we found that CCL2 recruits monocytes to and decrease CD8+ T cell infiltration in pancreatic tumors. CCL2 inhibition and monocyte neutralization increased the sensitivity of PDAC to immune checkpoint blockade. The findings of our study suggest the potential of CCL2-mediated monocytes as a target for PDAC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Guijun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Jican Liu
- Department of Pathology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Meizhu Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Manru Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Linfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Min An
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Jiying Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China.
| | - Zhenjun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salkeni MA, Shin JY, Gulley JL. Resistance to Immunotherapy: Mechanisms and Means for Overcoming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:45-80. [PMID: 34972962 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade transformed cancer therapy during the last decade. However, durable responses remain uncommon, early and late relapses occur over the course of treatment, and many patients with PD-L1-expressing tumors do not respond to PD-(L)1 blockade. In addition, while some malignancies exhibit inherent resistance to treatment, others develop adaptations that allow them to evade antitumor immunity after a period of response. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the tumor-immune system interplay and the mechanisms of immune escape in order to circumvent primary and acquired resistance. Here we provide an outline of the most well-defined mechanisms of resistance and shed light on ongoing efforts to reinvigorate immunoreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A Salkeni
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - John Y Shin
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413311. [PMID: 34948104 PMCID: PMC8706102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pullikuth AK, Routh ED, Zimmerman KD, Chifman J, Chou JW, Soike MH, Jin G, Su J, Song Q, Black MA, Print C, Bedognetti D, Howard-McNatt M, O’Neill SS, Thomas A, Langefeld CD, Sigalov AB, Lu Y, Miller LD. Bulk and Single-Cell Profiling of Breast Tumors Identifies TREM-1 as a Dominant Immune Suppressive Marker Associated With Poor Outcomes. Front Oncol 2021; 11:734959. [PMID: 34956864 PMCID: PMC8692779 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.734959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is a key mediator of innate immunity previously associated with the severity of inflammatory disorders, and more recently, the inferior survival of lung and liver cancer patients. Here, we investigated the prognostic impact and immunological correlates of TREM1 expression in breast tumors.MethodsBreast tumor microarray and RNAseq expression profiles (n=4,364 tumors) were analyzed for associations between gene expression, tumor immune subtypes, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Single-cell (sc)RNAseq was performed using the 10X Genomics platform. Statistical associations were assessed by logistic regression, Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis, Spearman correlation, Student’s t-test and Chi-square test.ResultsIn pre-treatment biopsies, TREM1 and known TREM-1 inducible cytokines (IL1B, IL8) were discovered by a statistical ranking procedure as top genes for which high expression was associated with reduced response to NAC, but only in the context of immunologically “hot” tumors otherwise associated with a high NAC response rate. In surgical specimens, TREM1 expression varied among tumor molecular subtypes, with highest expression in the more aggressive subtypes (Basal-like, HER2-E). High TREM1 significantly and reproducibly associated with inferior distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), independent of conventional prognostic markers. Notably, the association between high TREM1 and inferior DMFS was most prominent in the subset of immunogenic tumors that exhibited the immunologically hot phenotype and otherwise associated with superior DMFS. Further observations from bulk and single-cell RNAseq analyses indicated that TREM1 expression was significantly enriched in polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) and M2-like macrophages, and correlated with downstream transcriptional targets of TREM-1 (IL8, IL-1B, IL6, MCP-1, SPP1, IL1RN, INHBA) which have been previously associated with pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive functions.ConclusionsTogether, these findings indicate that increased TREM1 expression is prognostic of inferior breast cancer outcomes and may contribute to myeloid-mediated breast cancer progression and immune suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Pullikuth
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Eric D. Routh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kip D. Zimmerman
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Julia Chifman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeff W. Chou
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Michael H. Soike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Guangxu Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Michael A. Black
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cristin Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Maurice Wilkins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar & Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marissa Howard-McNatt
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Stacey S. O’Neill
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra Thomas
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Yong Lu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Lance D. Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Lance D. Miller,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stefanescu C, Van Gogh M, Roblek M, Heikenwalder M, Borsig L. TGFβ Signaling in Myeloid Cells Promotes Lung and Liver Metastasis Through Different Mechanisms. Front Oncol 2021; 11:765151. [PMID: 34868988 PMCID: PMC8637420 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.765151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ overexpression is commonly detected in cancer patients and correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis. Cancer progression is often associated with an enhanced recruitment of myeloid-derived cells to the tumor microenvironment. Here we show that functional TGFβ-signaling in myeloid cells is required for metastasis to the lungs and the liver. Myeloid-specific deletion of Tgfbr2 resulted in reduced spontaneous lung metastasis, which was associated with a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines in the metastatic microenvironment. Notably, CD8+ T cell depletion in myeloid-specific Tgfbr2-deficient mice rescued lung metastasis. Myeloid-specific Tgfbr2-deficiency resulted in reduced liver metastasis with an almost complete absence of myeloid cells within metastatic foci. On contrary, an accumulation of Tgfβ-responsive myeloid cells was associated with an increased recruitment of monocytes and granulocytes and higher proinflammatory cytokine levels in control mice. Monocytic cells isolated from metastatic livers of Tgfbr2-deficient mice showed increased polarization towards the M1 phenotype, Tnfα and Il-1β expression, reduced levels of M2 markers and reduced production of chemokines responsible for myeloid-cell recruitment. No significant differences in Tgfβ levels were observed at metastatic sites of any model. These data demonstrate that Tgfβ signaling in monocytic myeloid cells suppresses CD8+ T cell activity during lung metastasis, while these cells actively contribute to tumor growth during liver metastasis. Thus, myeloid cells modulate metastasis through different mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Merel Van Gogh
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marko Roblek
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chamseddine AN, Assi T, Mir O, Chouaib S. Modulating tumor-associated macrophages to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A TAM-pting approach. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107986. [PMID: 34481812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) plasticity and diversity are both essential hallmarks of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and the tumor-derived inflammation. TAM exemplify the perfect adaptable cell with dynamic phenotypic modifications that reflect changes in their functional polarization status. Under several tumor microenvironment (TME)-related cues, TAM shift their polarization, hence promoting or halting cancer progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) displayed unprecedented clinical responses in various refractory cancers; but only approximately a third of patients experienced durable responses. It is, therefore, crucial to enhance the response rate of immunotherapy. Several mechanisms of resistance to ICI have been elucidated including TAM role with its essential immunosuppressive functions that reduce both anti-tumor immunity and the subsequent ICI efficacy. In the past few years, thorough research has led to a better understanding of TAM biology and innovative approaches can now be adapted through targeting macrophages' recruitment axis as well as TAM activation and polarization status within the TME. Some of these therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials in association with ICI agents. This combination between TAM modulation and ICI allows targeting TAM intrinsic immunosuppressive functions and tumor-promoting factors as well as overcoming ICI resistance. Hence, such strategies, with a better understanding of the mechanisms driving TAM modulation, may have the potential to optimize ICI efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Chamseddine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, CESP INSERM U1018, OncoStat, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Tarek Assi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Pharmacology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu M, Wang Y, Xia R, Wei Y, Wei X. Role of the CCL2-CCR2 signalling axis in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13115. [PMID: 34464477 PMCID: PMC8488570 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine ligand CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are implicated in the initiation and progression of various cancers. CCL2 can activate tumour cell growth and proliferation through a variety of mechanisms. By interacting with CCR2, CCL2 promotes cancer cell migration and recruits immunosuppressive cells to the tumour microenvironment, favouring cancer development. Over the last several decades, a series of studies have been conducted to explore the CCL2-CCR2 signalling axis function in malignancies. Therapeutic strategies targeting the CCL2- CCR2 axis have also shown promising effects, enriching our approaches for fighting against cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of the CCL2-CCR2 signalling axis in tumorigenesis and highlight recent studies on CCL2-CCR2 targeted therapy, focusing on preclinical studies and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maosen Xu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruolan Xia
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
TAp73 represses NF-κB-mediated recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017089118. [PMID: 33649219 PMCID: PMC7958209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017089118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Understanding this complex disease is therefore of great importance. Here, we report that loss of TAp73, a known tumor suppressor and member of the p53 protein family, leads to increased activation of the NF-κB pathway, secretion of the chemokine CCL2, and an increase in protumoral macrophage infiltration in human breast cancer. Both high levels of CCL2 and high macrophage infiltration are known to correlate with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. This study identifies TAp73 as a regulator of macrophage recruitment and highlights a role for TAp73 in immune cell regulation in cancer. Infiltration of tumor-promoting immune cells is a strong driver of tumor progression. Especially the accumulation of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is known to facilitate tumor growth and to correlate with poor prognosis in many tumor types. TAp73, a member of the p53/p63/p73 family, acts as a tumor suppressor and has been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis. However, what role TAp73 has in regulating immune cell infiltration is unknown. Here, we report that low levels of TAp73 correlate with an increased NF-κB–regulated inflammatory signature in breast cancer. Furthermore, we show that loss of TAp73 results in NF-κB hyperactivation and secretion of Ccl2, a known NF-κB target and chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages. Importantly, TAp73-deficient tumors display an increased accumulation of protumoral macrophages that express the mannose receptor (CD206) and scavenger receptor A (CD204) compared to controls. The relevance of TAp73 expression in human breast carcinoma was further accentuated by revealing that TAp73 expression correlates negatively with the accumulation of protumoral CD163+ macrophages in breast cancer patient samples. Taken together, our findings suggest that TAp73 regulates macrophage accumulation and phenotype in breast cancer through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jin J, Lin J, Xu A, Lou J, Qian C, Li X, Wang Y, Yu W, Tao H. CCL2: An Important Mediator Between Tumor Cells and Host Cells in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722916. [PMID: 34386431 PMCID: PMC8354025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) formation is a major cause of immunosuppression. The TME consists of a considerable number of macrophages and stromal cells that have been identified in multiple tumor types. CCL2 is the strongest chemoattractant involved in macrophage recruitment and a powerful initiator of inflammation. Evidence indicates that CCL2 can attract other host cells in the TME and direct their differentiation in cooperation with other cytokines. Overall, CCL2 has an unfavorable effect on prognosis in tumor patients because of the accumulation of immunosuppressive cell subtypes. However, there is also evidence demonstrating that CCL2 enhances the anti-tumor capability of specific cell types such as inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. The inflammation state of the tumor seems to have a bi-lateral role in tumor progression. Here, we review works focusing on the interactions between cancer cells and host cells, and on the biological role of CCL2 in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ankai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang X, Sheng W, Xu T, Xu J, Gao R, Zhang Z. CircRNA hsa_circ_0110102 inhibited macrophage activation and hepatocellular carcinoma progression via miR-580-5p/PPARα/CCL2 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11969-11987. [PMID: 33891564 PMCID: PMC8109088 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have critical regulatory roles in tumor biology. However, their contributions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remain enigmatic. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of hsa_circ_0110102 in the occurrence and development of HCC. The expression level of hsa_circ_0110102 was significantly downregulated in HCC cell lines and tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis. Knockdown hsa_circ_0110102 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, the interaction between hsa_circ_0110102 and miR-580-5p was predicted and verified by luciferase assay and RNA pull-down. The findings indicated that hsa_circ_0110102 functioned as a sponge for miR-580-5p. Moreover, miR-580-5p directly bound to the 3' UTR of PPARα, which decreased the production and release of C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in HCC cells. CCL2 could activate the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) pathway in macrophage via FoxO1 in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Δ256 mutant of FoxO1 showed no activation effect. These results concluded that hsa_circ_0110102 acted as a sponge for miR-580-5p and inhibited CCL2 secretion into tumor microenvironment by decrease the expression of PPARα in HCC cells, then inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages by regulating the COX-2/PGE2 pathway. In conclusion, hsa_circ_0110102 served as a potential prognostic predictor or therapeutic target for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Role of Myeloid Cells in Oncolytic Reovirus-Based Cancer Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040654. [PMID: 33920168 PMCID: PMC8070345 DOI: 10.3390/v13040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic reovirus preferentially targets and kills cancer cells via the process of oncolysis, and additionally drives clinically favorable antitumor T cell responses that form protective immunological memory against cancer relapse. This two-prong attack by reovirus on cancers constitutes the foundation of its use as an anticancer oncolytic agent. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these reovirus-driven antitumor effects is influenced by the highly suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, the myeloid cell populations (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressive cells and tumor-associated macrophages) of highly immunosuppressive capacities within the TME not only affect oncolysis but also actively impair the functioning of reovirus-driven antitumor T cell immunity. Thus, myeloid cells within the TME play a critical role during the virotherapy, which, if properly understood, can identify novel therapeutic combination strategies potentiating the therapeutic efficacy of reovirus-based cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee S, Hong JH, Kim JS, Yoon JS, Chun SH, Hong SA, Kim EJ, Kang K, Lee Kang J, Ko YH, Ahn YH. Cancer-associated fibroblasts activated by miR-196a promote the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 508:92-103. [PMID: 33775710 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), promote the migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells when they are activated through diverse processes, including post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). To identify the miRNAs that regulate CAF activation, we used NanoString to profile miRNA expression within normal mouse lung fibroblasts (LFs) and CAFs. Based on NanoString profiling, miR-196a was selected as a candidate that was up-regulated in CAFs. miR-196a-overexpressed LFs (LF-196a) promoted the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells in co-culture systems (Transwell migration and spheroid invasion assays). ANXA1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-196a, and adding back ANXA1 to LF-196a restored the cancer cell invasion promoted by miR-196a. miR-196a increased CCL2 secretion in fibroblasts, and that was suppressed by ANXA1. Furthermore, blocking CCL2 impeded cancer spheroid invasion. In lung adenocarcinoma patients, high miR-196a expression was associated with poor prognosis. Collectively, our results suggest that CAF-specific miR-196a promotes lung cancer progression in the tumor microenvironment via ANXA1 and CCL2 and that miR-196a will be a good therapeutic target or biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea; Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Hong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea; Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea
| | - Jung Sook Yoon
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Chun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea; Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea; Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marin-Acevedo JA, Kimbrough EO, Lou Y. Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:45. [PMID: 33741032 PMCID: PMC7977302 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression. Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Tumor cells evade immune recognition, in part, due to the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy augments the host immune system to generate an antitumor effect. Immune checkpoints are pathways with inhibitory or stimulatory features that maintain self-tolerance and assist with immune response. The most well-described checkpoints are inhibitory in nature and include the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Molecules that block these pathways to enhance the host immunologic activity against tumors have been developed and become standard of care in the treatment of many malignancies. Only a small percentage of patients have meaningful responses to these treatments, however. New pathways and molecules are being explored in an attempt to improve responses and application of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. In this review, we aim to elucidate these novel immune inhibitory pathways, potential therapeutic molecules that are under development, and outline particular advantages and challenges with the use of each one of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - ErinMarie O Kimbrough
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Parking CAR T Cells in Tumours: Oncolytic Viruses as Valets or Vandals? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051106. [PMID: 33807553 PMCID: PMC7961585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) each possess direct tumour cytolytic capabilities, and their combination potentially seems like a match made in heaven to complement the strengths and weakness of each modality. While providing strong innate immune stimulation that can mobilize adaptive responses, the magnitude of anti-tumour T cell priming induced by OVs is often modest. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells bypass conventional T cell education through introduction of a synthetic receptor; however, realization of their full therapeutic properties can be stunted by the heavily immune-suppressive nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic viruses have thus been seen as a natural ally to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms in the TME which limit CAR T cell infiltration and functionality. Engineering has further endowed viruses with the ability to express transgenes in situ to relieve T cell tumour-intrinsic resistance mechanisms and decorate the tumour with antigen to overcome antigen heterogeneity or loss. Despite this helpful remodeling of the tumour microenvironment, it has simultaneously become clear that not all virus induced effects are favourable for CAR T, begging the question whether viruses act as valets ushering CAR T into their active site, or vandals which cause chaos leading to both tumour and T cell death. Herein, we summarize recent studies combining these two therapeutic modalities and seek to place them within the broader context of viral T cell immunology which will help to overcome the current limitations of effective CAR T therapy to make the most of combinatorial strategies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Natoli M, Herzig P, Pishali Bejestani E, Buchi M, Ritschard R, Lloyd GK, Mohanlal R, Tonra JR, Huang L, Heinzelmann V, Trüb M, Zippelius A, Kashyap AS. Plinabulin, a Distinct Microtubule-Targeting Chemotherapy, Promotes M1-Like Macrophage Polarization and Anti-tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644608. [PMID: 33747968 PMCID: PMC7966525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming tumor infiltrating myeloid cells to elicit pro-inflammatory responses is an exciting therapeutic maneouver to improve anti-tumor responses. We recently demonstrated that a distinct microtubule-targeting drug, plinabulin—a clinical-stage novel agent—modulates dendritic cell maturation and enhances anti-tumor immunity. Here, we investigated the effects of plinabulin on macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Plinabulin monotherapy induced significant tumor growth inhibition in mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 colon cancer. Importantly, the regressing tumors were characterized by an increase in M1-like/M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) ratio. The efficacy of plinabulin remained unaltered in T cell-deficient Rag2−/− mice, suggesting an important role of macrophages in driving the drug's anti-tumor effect. Exposure of murine and healthy human macrophages to plinabulin induced polarization toward the M1 phenotype, including increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. M2-associated immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 were reduced. This pro-inflammatory M1-like skewing of TAMs in response to plinabulin was dependent on the JNK pathway. Functionally, plinabulin-polarized human M1 macrophages directly killed HuT 78 tumor cells in vitro. Importantly, plinabulin induced a functional M1-like polarization of tumor infiltrating macrophages in murine tumors as well as in tumor samples from ovarian cancer patients, by preferentially triggering M1 proliferation. Our study uncovers a novel immunomodulatory effect of plinabulin in directly triggering M1 polarization and proliferation as well as promoting TAM anti-tumoral effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Herzig
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elham Pishali Bejestani
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Buchi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Ritschard
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ramon Mohanlal
- BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, United States
| | - James R Tonra
- BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lan Huang
- BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viola Heinzelmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta Trüb
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abhishek S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mantovani A, Marchesi F, Jaillon S, Garlanda C, Allavena P. Tumor-associated myeloid cells: diversity and therapeutic targeting. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:566-578. [PMID: 33473192 PMCID: PMC8027665 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells in tumor tissues constitute a dynamic immune population characterized by a non-uniform phenotype and diverse functional activities. Both tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are more abundantly represented, and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) are known to sustain tumor cell growth and invasion, support neoangiogenesis and suppress anticancer adaptive immune responses. In recent decades, several therapeutic approaches have been implemented in preclinical cancer models to neutralize the tumor-promoting roles of both TAMs and TANs. Some of the most successful strategies have now reached the clinic and are being investigated in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent literature on the ever-growing complexity of the biology of TAMs and TANs and the development of the most promising approaches to target these populations therapeutically in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiang Q, Weiss JM, Wiltrout RH. A matched couple: Combining kinase inhibitors with immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:115-117. [PMID: 22720229 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.1.18036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule kinase inhibitors targeting oncogenic signaling pathways have been explored as cancer therapeutic agents due to their strong anti-tumor activity and manageable toxicity. Accumulating evidence shows that many kinase inhibitors also profoundly modulate immune cell functions, suggesting they may be promising candidates for combination with immunotherapeutic agents for the improved treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Jiang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA 21702
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tu MM, Abdel-Hafiz HA, Jones RT, Jean A, Hoff KJ, Duex JE, Chauca-Diaz A, Costello JC, Dancik GM, Tamburini BAJ, Czerniak B, Kaye J, Theodorescu D. Inhibition of the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, enhances tumor response to immune checkpoint therapy. Commun Biol 2020; 3:720. [PMID: 33247183 PMCID: PMC7699641 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are now a mainstay in the clinical management of multiple cancer types, however, many tumors still fail to respond. CCL2 is highly expressed in various cancer types and has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition or blockade of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling axis has thus been an area of interest for cancer therapy. Here we show across multiple murine tumor and metastasis models that CCR2 antagonism in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy leads to sensitization and enhanced tumor response over anti-PD-1 monotherapy. We show that enhanced treatment response correlates with enhanced CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation and a concomitant decrease in CD4+ regulatory T cell. These results provide strong preclinical rationale for further clinical exploration of combining CCR2 antagonism with PD-1/PD-L1-directed immunotherapies across multiple tumor types especially given the availability of small molecule CCR2 inhibitors and antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Tu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Annie Jean
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn J Hoff
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason E Duex
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ana Chauca-Diaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Garrett M Dancik
- Department of Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Ligands of Receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218412. [PMID: 33182504 PMCID: PMC7665155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokines, a subfamily of 27 chemotactic cytokines, are a component of intercellular communication, which is crucial for the functioning of the tumor microenvironment. Although many individual chemokines have been well researched, there has been no comprehensive review presenting the role of all known human CC chemokines in the hallmarks of cancer, and this paper aims at filling this gap. The first part of this review discusses the importance of CCL1, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL25, CCL27, and CCL28 in cancer. Here, we discuss the significance of CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, and CCL26. The presentation of each chemokine includes its physiological function and then the role in tumor, including proliferation, drug resistance, migration, invasion, and organ-specific metastasis of tumor cells, as well as the effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. We also discuss the effects of each CC chemokine on the recruitment of cancer-associated cells to the tumor niche (eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), regulatory T cells (Treg)). On the other hand, we also present the anti-cancer properties of CC chemokines, consisting in the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL).
Collapse
|
41
|
Son J, Cho JW, Park HJ, Moon J, Park S, Lee H, Lee J, Kim G, Park SM, Lira SA, Mckenzie AN, Kim HY, Choi CY, Lim YT, Park SY, Kim HR, Park SH, Shin EC, Lee I, Ha SJ. Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T-cell Accumulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Is Mediated by IL33/ST2 Signaling. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1393-1406. [PMID: 32878747 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are enriched in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and suppress antitumor immunity; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the accumulation of Tregs in the TME is poorly understood. In various tumor models, tumor-infiltrating Tregs were highly enriched in the TME and had significantly higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules. To characterize tumor-infiltrating Tregs, we performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and found that proliferation-related genes, immune suppression-related genes, and cytokine/chemokine receptor genes were upregulated in tumor-infiltrating Tregs compared with tumor-infiltrating CD4+Foxp3- conventional T cells or splenic Tregs from the same tumor-bearing mice. Single-cell RNA-seq and T-cell receptor sequencing also revealed active proliferation of tumor infiltrating Tregs by clonal expansion. One of these genes, ST2, an IL33 receptor, was identified as a potential factor driving Treg accumulation in the TME. Indeed, IL33-directed ST2 signaling induced the preferential proliferation of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and enhanced tumor progression, whereas genetic deletion of ST2 in Tregs limited their TME accumulation and delayed tumor growth. These data demonstrated the IL33/ST2 axis in Tregs as one of the critical pathways for the preferential accumulation of Tregs in the TME and suggests that the IL33/ST2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Cho
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gamin Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Myeong Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew N Mckenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yong Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) PLUS Program, Initiative for Biological Functions & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
López de Andrés J, Griñán-Lisón C, Jiménez G, Marchal JA. Cancer stem cell secretome in the tumor microenvironment: a key point for an effective personalized cancer treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:136. [PMID: 33059744 PMCID: PMC7559894 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a tumor subpopulation responsible for tumor metastasis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy, ultimately leading to tumor relapse. As a consequence, the detection and eradication of this cell subpopulation represent a current challenge in oncology medicine. CSC phenotype is dependent on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which involves stem and differentiated tumor cells, as well as different cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and cells of the immune system, in addition to the extracellular matrix (ECM), different in composition to the ECM in healthy tissues. CSCs regulate multiple cancer hallmarks through the interaction with cells and ECM in their environment by secreting extracellular vesicles including exosomes, and soluble factors such as interleukins, cytokines, growth factors and other metabolites to the TME. Through these factors, CSCs generate and activate their own tumor niche by recruiting stromal cells and modulate angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to antitumor treatments and their own maintenance by the secretion of different factors such as IL-6, VEGF and TGF-ß. Due to the strong influence of the CSC secretome on disease development, the new antitumor therapies focus on targeting these communication networks to eradicate the tumor and prevent metastasis, tumor relapse and drug resistance. This review summarizes for the first time the main components of the CSC secretome and how they mediate different tumor processes. Lastly, the relevance of the CSC secretome in the development of more precise and personalized antitumor therapies is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia López de Andrés
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Jiménez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain. .,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain. .,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Korbecki J, Kojder K, Barczak K, Simińska D, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Hypoxia Alters the Expression of CC Chemokines and CC Chemokine Receptors in a Tumor-A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165647. [PMID: 32781743 PMCID: PMC7460668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, i.e., oxygen deficiency condition, is one of the most important factors promoting the growth of tumors. Since its effect on the chemokine system is crucial in understanding the changes in the recruitment of cells to a tumor niche, in this review we have gathered all the available data about the impact of hypoxia on β chemokines. In the introduction, we present the chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia together with the mechanisms of activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) and NF-κB. Then we describe the effect of hypoxia on the expression of chemokines with the CC motif: CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28 together with CC chemokine receptors: CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10. To better understand the effect of hypoxia on neoplastic processes and changes in the expression of the described proteins, we summarize the available data in a table which shows the effect of individual chemokines on angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and recruitment of eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) to a tumor niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914661515; Fax: +48-914661516
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Y, Ren S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhu N, Cai D, Ye Z, Ruan J. Chemokines in bone-metastatic breast cancer: Therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106815. [PMID: 32711376 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to non-response to chemotherapy, incomplete surgical resection, and resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, breast cancer with bone metastasis is notoriously difficult to cure. Therefore, the development of novel, efficient strategies to tackle bone metastasis of breast cancer is urgently needed. Chemokines, which induce directed migration of immune cells and act as guide molecules between diverse cells and tissues, are small proteins indispensable in immunity. These complex chemokine networks play pro-tumor roles or anti-tumor roles when produced by breast cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, chemokines have diverse roles when secreted by various immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer, which can be roughly divided into immunosuppressive effects and immunostimulatory effects. Recently, targeting chemokine networks has been shown to have potential for use in treatment of metastatic malignancies, including bone-metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of chemokines networks in the biology of breast cancer and metastasis to the bone. We also discuss the therapeutic opportunities and future prospects of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other current standard therapies, for the treatment of bone-metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shihong Ren
- First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | | | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Burchett R, Walsh S, Wan Y, Bramson JL. A rational relationship: Oncolytic virus vaccines as functional partners for adoptive T cell therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:149-159. [PMID: 32665126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumours employ a variety of immune-evasion and suppression mechanisms to impair development of functional tumor-specific T cells and subvert T cell-mediated immunity in the tumour microenvironment. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) aims to overcome these barriers and overwhelm tumor defenses with a bolus of T cells that were selectively expanded ex vivo. Although this strategy has been effective in liquid tumors and melanomas, many tumors appear to be resistant to ACT. Several factors are thought to play into this resistance, including poor engraftment and persistence of transferred cells, tumour cell heterogeneity and antigen loss, poor immune cell recruitment and infiltration into the tumour, and susceptibility to local immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic viruses (OV) have been identified as powerful stimulators of the anti-tumour immune response. As such, OVs are inherently well-positioned to act in synergy with ACT to bolster the anti-tumour T cell response. Further, OV vaccines, wherein tumour-associated antigens are encoded into the viral backbone, have proven to be remarkable in boosting antigen-specific T cell response. Pre-clinical studies have revealed remarkable therapeutic outcomes when OV vaccines are paired with ACT. In this scenario, OV vaccines are thought to function in a "push and pull" manner, where push refers to expanding T cells in the periphery and pull refers to recruiting those cells into the tumour that has been rendered amenable to T cell attack by the actions of the OV. In this review, we discuss barriers that limit eradication of tumors by T cells, highlight attributes of OVs that break down these barriers and present strategies for rational combinations of ACT with OV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Burchett
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ginefra P, Lorusso G, Vannini N. Innate Immune Cells and Their Contribution to T-Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124441. [PMID: 32580431 PMCID: PMC7352556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has become the most promising therapy for a variety of cancer types. The development of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells (adoptive cell therapy (ACT)) or the generation of T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) have been successfully applied to elicit durable immunological responses in cancer patients. However, not all the patients respond to these therapies, leaving a consistent gap of therapeutic improvement that still needs to be filled. The innate immune components of the tumor microenvironment play a pivotal role in the activation and modulation of the adaptive immune response against the tumor. Indeed, several efforts are made to develop strategies aimed to harness innate immune cells in the context of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the contribution of innate immune cells in T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy and the therapeutic approaches implemented to broaden the efficacy of these therapies in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Ginefra
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence and Stem Cell Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Institute, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Microbiology, Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Nicola Vannini
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence and Stem Cell Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Institute, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Geraghty T, Rajagopalan A, Aslam R, Pohlman A, Venkatesh I, Zloza A, Cimbaluk D, DeNardo DG, Gupta V. Positive Allosteric Modulation of CD11b as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:748. [PMID: 32528880 PMCID: PMC7253726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States. A major hurdle for improved therapies is immune suppression mediated by the tumor and its microenvironment. The lung tumor microenvironment (TME) contains large numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which suppress the adaptive immune response, increase neo-vascularization of the tumor, and provide pro-tumor factors to promote tumor growth. CD11b is highly expressed on myeloid cells, including TAMs, where it forms a heterodimeric integrin receptor with CD18 (known as CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, CR3, and αMβ2), and plays an important role in recruitment and biological functions of these cells, and is a validated therapeutic target. Here, we describe our pre-clinical studies targeting CD11b in the context of lung cancer, using pharmacologic and genetic approaches that work via positive allosteric modulation of CD11b function. GB1275 is a novel small molecule modulator of CD11b that is currently in Phase 1/2 clinical development. We assess GB1275 treatment effects on tumor growth and immune infiltrates in the murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) syngeneic tumor model. Additionally, as an orthogonal approach to determine mechanisms of action, we utilize our recently developed novel CD11b knock-in (KI) mouse that constitutively expresses CD11b containing an activating isoleucine to glycine substitution at residue 332 in the ligand binding CD11b A-domain (I332G) that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of CD11b activity. We report that pharmacologic modulation of CD11b with GB1275 significantly reduces LLC tumor growth. CD11b KI mice similarly show significant reduction in both the size and rate of LLC tumor growth, as compared to WT mice, mimicking our observed treatment effects with GB1275. Tumor profiling revealed a significant reduction in TAM infiltration in GB1275-treated and in CD11b KI mice, increase in the ratio of M1/M2-like TAMs, and concomitant increase in cytotoxic T cells. The profiling also showed a significant decrease in CCL2 levels and a concomitant reduction in Ly6Chi monocytes in circulation in both groups. These findings suggest that positive allosteric modulation of CD11b reduces TAM density and reprograms them to enhance the adaptive immune response and is a novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terese Geraghty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anugraha Rajagopalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rabail Aslam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Pohlman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ishwarya Venkatesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Cimbaluk
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pan J, Ma N, Yu B, Zhang W, Wan J. Transcriptomic profiling of microglia and astrocytes throughout aging. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:97. [PMID: 32238175 PMCID: PMC7115095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia and astrocytes, a prominent hallmark of both aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been suggested to contribute to aging and AD progression, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods We performed RNA-seq analyses on microglia and astrocytes freshly isolated from wild-type and APP-PS1 (AD) mouse brains at five time points to elucidate their age-related gene-expression profiles. Results Our results showed that from 4 months onward, a set of age-related genes in microglia and astrocytes exhibited consistent upregulation or downregulation (termed “age-up”/“age-down” genes) relative to their expression at the young-adult stage (2 months). And most age-up genes were more highly expressed in AD mice at the same time points. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the age-up genes in microglia were associated with the inflammatory response, whereas these genes in astrocytes included widely recognized AD risk genes, genes associated with synaptic transmission or elimination, and peptidase-inhibitor genes. Conclusions Overall, our RNA-seq data provide a valuable resource for future investigations into the roles of microglia and astrocytes in aging- and amyloid-β-induced AD pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Engeletin suppresses cervical carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo by reducing NF-κB-dependent signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:497-504. [PMID: 32241545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is an aggressive human cancer with poor prognosis among women, and urgently requires effective treatments. Engeletin (ENG, dihydrokaempferol 3-rhamnoside), as a flavanonol glycoside, could be found in various kinds of vegetables and fruits, exerting significant anti-inflammatory biological activities. However, its role in regulating cervical cancer, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we found that ENG treatments dose-dependently reduced the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in cervical cancer was also restrained by ENG using transwell analysis, as evidenced by the significantly reduced migration and invasion. In addition, ENG treatments restricted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) expression in cervical cancer cells, contributing to the suppression of angiogenesis. Mechanistically, ENG significantly reduced the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in cervical cancer cells associated with the blockage of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, ENG functioned as an inhibitor of NF-κB, which was involved in the repression of angiogenesis. In xenograft model, ENG treatment effectively reduced the tumor volume and weight, accompanied with decreased expression of phosphorylated NF-κB, CCL2 and VEGFA, and showed little influence on the body weight change. Therefore, ENG might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
50
|
Models for Monocytic Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32036607 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes (Mos) are immune cells that critically regulate cancer, enabling tumor growth and modulating metastasis. Mos can give rise to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Mo-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), all of which shape the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, understanding their roles in the TME is key for improved immunotherapy. Concurrently, various biological and mechanical factors including changes in local cytokines, extracellular matrix production, and metabolic changes in the TME affect the roles of monocytic cells. As such, relevant TME models are critical to achieve meaningful insight on the precise functions, mechanisms, and effects of monocytic cells. Notably, murine models have yielded significant insight into human Mo biology. However, many of these results have yet to be confirmed in humans, reinforcing the need for improved in vitro human TME models for the development of cancer interventions. Thus, this chapter (1) summarizes current insight on the tumor biology of Mos, TAMs, and moDCs, (2) highlights key therapeutic applications relevant to these cells, and (3) discusses various TME models to study their TME-related activity. We conclude with a perspective on the future research trajectory of this topic.
Collapse
|