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Huang Y, Xue Q, Chang J, Wang X, Miao C. Wnt5a: A promising therapeutic target for inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2023; 172:156381. [PMID: 37806072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is a member of the Wnt protein family, which acts on classical or multiple non-classical Wnt signaling pathways by binding to different receptors. The expression regulation and signal transduction of Wnt5a is closely related to the inflammatory response. Abnormal activation of Wnt5a signaling is an important part of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVES This paper mainly focuses on Wnt5a protein and its mediated signaling pathway, summarizes the latest research progress of Wnt5a in the pathological process of inflammation and RA, and looks forward to the main directions of Wnt5a in RA research, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of RA diseases by targeting Wnt5a. RESULTS Wnt5a is highly expressed in activated blood vessels, histocytes and synoviocytes in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, sepsis, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. It mediates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, regulates the migration and recruitment of various immune effector cells, and thus participates in the inflammatory response. Wnt5a plays a pathological role in synovial inflammation and bone destruction of RA, and may be an important clinical therapeutic target for RA. CONCLUSION Wnt5a is involved in the pathological process of inflammation and interacts with inflammatory factors. Wnt5a may be a new target for regulating the progression of RA disease and intervening therapy because of its multi-modal effects on the etiology of RA, especially as a regulator of osteoclast activity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
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McCall KD, Walter D, Patton A, Thuma JR, Courreges MC, Palczewski G, Goetz DJ, Bergmeier S, Schwartz FL. Anti-Inflammatory and Therapeutic Effects of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Inflammation in a Male C57BL/6J Mouse Model of Obesity-Induced NAFLD/MAFLD. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5339-5366. [PMID: 38026235 PMCID: PMC10658948 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s413565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is the most common chronic liver disease in the United States. Presently, there is an intense and ongoing effort to identify and develop novel therapeutics for this disease. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory activity of a new compound, termed IOI-214, and its therapeutic potential to ameliorate NAFLD/MAFLD in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat (HF) diet. Methods Murine macrophages and hepatocytes in culture were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ± IOI-214 or DMSO (vehicle), and RT-qPCR analyses of inflammatory cytokine gene expression were used to assess IOI-214's anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Male C57BL/6J mice were also placed on a HF diet and treated once daily with IOI-214 or DMSO for 16 weeks. Tissues were collected and analyzed to determine the effects of IOI-214 on HF diet-induced NAFL D/MAFLD. Measurements such as weight, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, liver/serum triglyceride, insulin, and glucose tolerance tests, ELISAs, metabolomics, Western blots, histology, gut microbiome, and serum LPS binding protein analyses were conducted. Results IOI-214 inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages and hepatocytes in culture and abrogated HF diet-induced mesenteric fat accumulation, hepatic inflammation and steatosis/hepatocellular ballooning, as well as fasting hyperglycemia without affecting insulin resistance or fasting insulin, cholesterol or TG levels despite overall obesity in vivo in male C57BL/6J mice. IOI-214 also decreased systemic inflammation in vivo and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and leaky gut. Conclusion Combined, these data indicate that IOI-214 works at multiple levels in parallel to inhibit the inflammation that drives HF diet-induced NAFLD/MAFLD, suggesting that it may have therapeutic potential for NAFLD/MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Debra Walter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Patton
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jean R Thuma
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria C Courreges
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Douglas J Goetz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Bergmeier
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Frank L Schwartz
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, USA
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Shu Z, Fan M, Tu B, Tang Z, Wang H, Li H, Li H, Yuan M, Bai J, Huo S, Wang L, Zhu WG, Wang W, Liu X, Shu S, Zhao Y. The Lin28b/Wnt5a axis drives pancreas cancer through crosstalk between cancer associated fibroblasts and tumor epithelium. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6885. [PMID: 37898598 PMCID: PMC10613206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional signal transduction between tumor epithelial cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) is important for tumor development. Here we show that Lin28b/let-7 pathway is indispensable for modulating the expression of Wnt5a in tumor epithelium, which could be secreted and then up-regulates Lin28b in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Moreover, we demonstrate that Lin28b in CAFs promoted growth of PDAC by inducing cytokine PCSK9's production. Using an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC, we find that depletion of Lin28b in CAFs reduced tumor weight, highlighting the importance of Lin28b in PDAC stroma. Thus, our study shows that the Lin28b-Wnt5a axis plays a critical role in bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic tumor epithelium and TME and results in a pro-tumorigenic contexture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Shu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Minghe Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Zhiheng Tang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center and Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, FuDan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingru Bai
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sihan Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaokun Shu
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Bueno MLP, Saad STO, Roversi FM. WNT5A in tumor development and progression: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022;:113599. [PMID: 36089446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential to better characterize the complex cellular crosstalk and to identify important immunological phenotypes and biomarkers. The niche is a crucial contributor to neoplasm initiation, maintenance and progression. Therefore, a deeper analysis of tumor surroundings could improve cancer diagnosis, prognosis and assertive treatment. Thus, the WNT family exerts a critical action in tumorigenesis of different types of neoplasms due to dysregulations in the TME. WNT5A, an evolutionary WNT member, is involved in several cellular and physiopathological processes, in addition to tissue homeostasis. The WNT5A protein exerts paradoxical effects while acting as both an oncogene or tumor suppressor by regulating several non-canonical signaling pathways, and consequently interfering in cell growth, cytoskeletal remodeling, migration and invasiveness. This review focuses on a thorough characterization of the role of WNT5A in neoplastic transformation and progression, which may help to understand the prognostic potentiality of WNT5A and its features as a therapeutic target in several cancers. Additionally, we herein summarized novel findings on the mechanisms by which WNT5A might favor tumorigenesis or suppression of cancer progression and discussed the recently developed treatment strategies using WNT5A as a protagonist.
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Giurini EF, Madonna MB, Zloza A, Gupta KH. Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2923. [PMID: 35740589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are involved in recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing immune response. During the past decade, a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR agonists has immerged in cancer research and some of these agents have performed exceptionally well in clinical trials. Based on evidence from scientific studies, we draw attention to several microbial based TLR agonists and discuss their relevance in various cancer and explore various microbial based TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
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Orlacchio A, Mazzone P. The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12743. [PMID: 34884547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Hidalgo-Sastre A, Kuebelsbeck LA, Jochheim LS, Staufer LM, Altmayr F, Johannes W, Steiger K, Ronderos M, Hartmann D, Hüser N, Schmid RM, Holzmann B, von Figura G. Toll-like receptor 3 expression in myeloid cells is essential for efficient regeneration after acute pancreatitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1182-1194. [PMID: 33521935 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stringent regulation of the inflammatory response is crucial for normal tissue regeneration. Here, we analyzed the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in pancreatic regeneration after acute pancreatitis (AP). AP was induced by caerulein treatment in mice with global TLR3 deficiency (TLR3OFF ) or in mice re-expressing TLR3 exclusively in the myeloid cell lineage (TLR3Mye ). Compared to WT mice, TLR3OFF mice had a markedly increased formation of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) that persisted until day 7 after initiation of AP. Pancreatic tissue of WT mice was completely regenerated after 5 days with no detectable ADM structures. The enhancing effect of TLR3-deficiency on ADM formation was closely linked with an increased and prolonged accumulation of macrophages in pancreata of TLR3OFF mice. Importantly, the phenotype of TLR3OFF mice was rescued in TLR3Mye mice, demonstrating the causative role of myeloid cell selective TLR3 signaling. Moreover, in vitro stimulation of macrophages through TLR3 initiated cell death by a caspase-8-associated mechanism. Therefore, these findings provide evidence that TLR3 signaling in myeloid cells is sufficient to limit inflammation and ADM formation and to promote regeneration after AP. Notably, resolution of inflammation after AP was associated with macrophage sensitivity to TLR3-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hidalgo-Sastre
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig A Kuebelsbeck
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie S Jochheim
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina M Staufer
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Altmayr
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Widya Johannes
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Monica Ronderos
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido von Figura
- School of Medicine, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Chen Y, Chen Z, Tang Y, Xiao Q. The involvement of noncanonical Wnt signaling in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110946. [PMID: 33212376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the key cascades regulating normal tissue development and has been tightly associated with cancer. The Wnt signaling can be subdivided into two categories: canonical & noncanonical. Noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways mainly include Wnt/PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling and Wnt-cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) /Ca2+ signaling. It has been well studied by previous researches that noncanonical Wnt signaling regulates multiple cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, polarity, motility, and migration. The aberrant activation or inhibition of noncanonical Wnt signaling is crucial in cancer progression, exerting both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive effects. Recent studies show the involvement of noncanonical Wnt in regulating cancer cell invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and inflammation. Here, we review current insights into novel components of non-canonical signalings and describe their involvement in various cancer types. We also summarize recent biological and clinical discoveries that outline non-canonical Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis. Finally, we provide an overview of current strategies to target non-canonical Wnt signaling in cancer and challenges that are associated with such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Yuhuan People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengxi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People׳s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yin Tang
- Omni Family Health, Bakersfield, CA, United States
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Oshi M, Newman S, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Matsuyama R, Endo I, Katz MHG, Takabe K. High G2M Pathway Score Pancreatic Cancer is Associated with Worse Survival, Particularly after Margin-Positive (R1 or R2) Resection. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102871. [PMID: 33036243 PMCID: PMC7599494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The G2M checkpoint pathway is a critical step in the cell cycle, which is one of the hallmarks in cancer. We investigated clinical relevance of the G2M pathway in pancreatic cancer, using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) with Hallmark G2M checkpoint gene set. High G2M score tumors enriched several cell proliferation gene sets as well as MKI67 expression, pathological grade, and proliferation score. Furthermore, the score was predictive of disease-specific survival in pancreatic cancer. High G2M tumor was associated with high mutation rate of KRAS and TP53, and significantly enriched these pathway gene sets, as well as high infiltration of Th2 cells. High G2M score consistently associated with worse overall survival in multiple cohorts, particularly in R1/2 resection, but not in R0. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is highly mortal due to uncontrolled cell proliferation. The G2M checkpoint pathway is an essential part of the cell cycle. We hypothesized that a high G2M pathway score is associated with cell proliferation and worse survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Gene set variation analysis using the Hallmark G2M checkpoint gene set was used as a score to analyze a total of 390 human pancreatic cancer patients from 3 cohorts (TCGA, GSE62452, GSE57495). High G2M score tumors enriched other cell proliferation genes sets as well as MKI67 expression, pathological grade, and proliferation score. Independent of other prognostic factors, G2M score was predictive of disease-specific survival in pancreatic cancer. High G2M tumor was associated with high mutation rate of KRAS and TP53 and significantly enriched these pathway gene sets, as well as high infiltration of Th2 cells. High G2M score consistently associated with worse overall survival in 3 cohorts, particularly in R1/2 resection, but not in R0. High G2M tumor in R1/2 highly enriched metabolic and cellular components’ gene sets compared to R0. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use gene set variation analysis as a score to examine the clinical relevancy of the G2M pathway in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (M.O.); (R.M.); (I.E.)
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.N.); (Y.T.)
| | - Stephanie Newman
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.N.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.N.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (M.O.); (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (M.O.); (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Matthew H. G. Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (M.O.); (R.M.); (I.E.)
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.N.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-845-5540; Fax: +1-716-845-1668
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Abstract
The involvement of inflammation in cancer progression is well-established. The immune system can play both tumor-promoting and -suppressive roles, and efforts to harness the immune system to help fight tumor growth are at the forefront of research. Of particular importance is the inflammatory profile at the site of the tumor, with respect to both the leukocyte population numbers, the phenotype of these cells, as well as the contribution of the tumor cells themselves. In this regard, the pro-inflammatory effects of pattern recognition receptor expression and activation in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as a relevant issue both for therapy and to understand tumor development.Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were originally recognized as components of immune cells, particularly innate immune cells, as detectors of pathogens. PRR signaling in immune cells activates them, inducing robust antimicrobial responses. In particular, toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a family of membrane-bound PRRs which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) carried by bacteria, virus, and fungi. In addition, PRRs can recognize products generated by stressed cells or damaged tissues, namely damage-associated molecular patterns or DAMPS. Taking into account the role of the immune system in fighting tumors together with the presence of immune cells in the microenvironment of different types of tumors, strategies to activate immune cells via PRR ligands have been envisioned as an anticancer therapeutic approach.In the last decades, it has been determined that PRRs are present and functional on nonimmune cells and that their activation in these cells contributes to the inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Both tumor-promoting and antitumor effects have been observed when tumor cell PRRs are activated. This argues against nonspecific activation of PRR ligands in the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic approach. Therefore, the use of PRR ligands for anticancer therapy might benefit from strategies that specifically deliver these ligands to immune cells, thus avoiding tumor cells in some settings. This review focuses on these aspects of TLR signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
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11
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Tu B, Yao J, Ferri-Borgogno S, Zhao J, Chen S, Wang Q, Yan L, Zhou X, Zhu C, Bang S, Chang Q, Bristow CA, Kang Y, Zheng H, Wang H, Fleming JB, Kim M, Heffernan TP, Draetta GF, Pan D, Maitra A, Yao W, Gupta S, Ying H. YAP1 oncogene is a context-specific driver for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130811. [PMID: 31557131 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic profiling classifies pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) into several molecular subtypes with distinctive histological and clinical characteristics. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that define each subtype and their correlation with clinical outcome. Mutant KRAS is the most prominent driver in PDAC, present in over 90% of tumors, but the dependence of tumors on oncogenic KRAS signaling varies between subtypes. In particular, the squamous subtype is relatively independent of oncogenic KRAS signaling and typically displays much more aggressive clinical behavior versus the progenitor subtype. Here, we identified that yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activation is enriched in the squamous subtype and associated with poor prognosis. Activation of YAP1 in progenitor subtype cancer cells profoundly enhanced malignant phenotypes and transformed progenitor subtype cells into squamous subtype. Conversely, depletion of YAP1 specifically suppressed tumorigenicity of squamous subtype PDAC cells. Mechanistically, we uncovered a significant positive correlation between WNT5A expression and YAP1 activity in human PDAC and demonstrated that WNT5A overexpression led to YAP1 activation and recapitulated a YAP1-dependent but Kras-independent phenotype of tumor progression and maintenance. Thus, our study identifies YAP1 oncogene as a major driver of squamous subtype PDAC and uncovers the role of WNT5A in driving PDAC malignancy through activation of the YAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department
| | - Jun Yao
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department
| | - Sammy Ferri-Borgogno
- Pathology Department, and.,Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Liang Yan
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department
| | - Xin Zhou
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cihui Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Department
| | - Seungmin Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science and
| | | | - Ya'an Kang
- Surgical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongwu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jason B Fleming
- Surgical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Kim
- Surgical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Giulio F Draetta
- Genomic Medicine Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Pathology Department, and.,Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wantong Yao
- Genomic Medicine Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Translational Molecular Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Pathology Department, and.,Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Han Q, Wang X, Liao X, Han C, Yu T, Yang C, Li G, Han B, Huang K, Zhu G, Liu Z, Zhou X, Su H, Shang L, Gong Y, Song X, Peng T, Ye X. Diagnostic and prognostic value of WNT family gene expression in hepatitis B virus‑related hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:895-910. [PMID: 31322232 PMCID: PMC6667889 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of Wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) gene family expression in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical data of the patients and gene expression levels were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to investigate the diagnostic value of WNT genes. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to evaluate the association of WNT gene expression level with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). A nomogram was constructed for the prediction of prognosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Diagnostic receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that WNT2 had a high diagnostic value, with an area under the curve (AUC) of >0.800 (P<0.0001, AUC=0.810, 95% CI: 0.767–0.852). Survival analysis indicated that the expression level of WNT1 was significantly associated with OS and RFS (adjusted P=0.033, adjusted HR=0.607, 95% CI: 0.384–0.960; and adjusted P=0.007, adjusted HR=0.592, 95% CI: 0.404–0.868, respectively). In the TCGA validation cohort, we also observed that WNT2 was significantly differentially expressed between HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, and WNT1 was associated with both the OS and RFS of HCC. Therefore, through the GSE14520 HBV-related HCC cohort we concluded that WNT2 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker and WNT1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker. These results may also be extended to TCGA HCC verification cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Gland Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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13
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Ayala‐Cuellar AP, Cho J, Choi K. Toll‐like receptors: A pathway alluding to cancer control. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21707-21715. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Ayala‐Cuellar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Bio‐Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
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14
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Muccioli M, Nandigam H, Loftus T, Singh M, Venkatesh A, Wright J, Pate M, McCall K, Benencia F. Modulation of double-stranded RNA pattern recognition receptor signaling in ovarian cancer cells promotes inflammatory queues. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36666-36683. [PMID: 30613350 PMCID: PMC6291178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are inter-related, and both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects are possible in different contexts, highlighting the importance of characterizing specific inflammatory pathways in distinct tumor types. Malignant cells and non-cancerous cells such as fibroblasts, infiltrating leukocytes (i.e., dendritic cells [DC], macrophages, or lymphocytes) and endothelial cells, in combination with the extracellular matrix, constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the last decades, the role of the TME in cancer progression has gained increased attention and efforts directed at abrogating its deleterious effects on anti-cancer therapies have been ongoing. In this context, we investigated the potential of mouse and human ovarian cancer cells to produce inflammatory factors in response to pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling, which might help to shape the biology of the TME. We determined that mouse ovarian tumors generate chemokines that are able to interact with receptors harbored by tumor-associated DCs. We also found that dsRNA triggers significant pro-inflammatory cytokine up-regulation in both human and mouse ovarian tumor cell lines, and that several PRR can simultaneously contribute to the stimulated inflammatory response displayed by these cells. Thus, dsRNA-activated PRRs may not only constitute potentially relevant drug targets for therapies aiming to prevent inflammation associated with leukocyte recruitment, or as co-adjuvants of therapeutic treatments, but also might have a role in development of nascent tumors, for example via activation of cancer cells by microbial molecules associated to pathogens, or with those appearing in circulation due to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Harika Nandigam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Tiffany Loftus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Manindra Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Amritha Venkatesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Julia Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michelle Pate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Kelly McCall
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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15
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Du Q, Zhu C, Shang Q, Mao H, Li X, Huang Y, Du N. A study on the correlation of MyD88 expression with gastric cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018; 11:4836-4844. [PMID: 31949558 PMCID: PMC6962909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) plays a key role in mediating the innate immune signal transduction of toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, and it also participates in the regulation of tumorigenesis in various cancer models Our study sought to determine whether there is any correlation with MyD88 and the development of gastric cancer and, if such a correlation exists, to find out whether it can be used to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression of MyD88 in 108 cases of gastric cancer specimens, 15 cases of adenoma, and 15 cases of normal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the correlations of the MyD88 expression with clinicopathologic changes (including disease-free survival [DFS] and overall survival [OS] were analyzed. The level of MyD88 was detected in well-differentiated MGC-803 and poorly-differentiated BGC-823 cell lines by qPCR and western blot. The expression of MyD88 was then measured by western blot after the treatment of an MyD88 overexpression vector or MyD88 inhibitor. Cell proliferation was determined by overexpression or suppression of MyD88. RESULTS In clinical cases, MyD88 was highly expressed in 23% of patients with gastric cancer as compared to those in normal mucosa and adenoma. There was a significant correlation of MyD88 overexpression with gastric metastasis (P<0.01). The overexpression of MyD88 significantly promoted the proliferation of MGC-803 and BGC-823 cell lines in gastric cancer. According to the single factor analysis, a high expression of MyD88 was strongly associated with poor DFS and OS (P<0.01), and MyD88 was an independent prognostic factor of OS. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a high expression of MyD88 is associated with the gastric cancer patients with liver metastasis, and facilitates the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. MyD88 is an independent predictive factor for the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients, which provides a potential tool for future clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiupeng Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Qingqing Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Yingchun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
| | - Na Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing 100026, China
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16
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Patton A, Church T, Wilson C, Thuma J, Goetz DJ, Berryman DE, List EO, Schwartz F, McCall KD. Phenylmethimazole abrogates diet-induced inflammation, glucose intolerance and NAFLD. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:337-351. [PMID: 29666152 PMCID: PMC5958349 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of both metabolic and inflammatory diseases and has become the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. High-fat (HF) diets promote an increased uptake and storage of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes, which initiates steatosis and induces lipotoxicity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Activation and signaling of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by FFAs induces inflammation evident in NAFLD and insulin resistance. Currently, there are no effective treatments to specifically target inflammation associated with this disease. We have established the efficacy of phenylmethimazole (C10) to prevent lipopolysaccharide and palmitate-induced TLR4 signaling. Because TLR4 is a key mediator in pro-inflammatory responses, it is a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. Here, we show that treatment with C10 inhibits HF diet-induced inflammation in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue measured by a decrease in mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, C10 treatment improves glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis despite the development of obesity due to HF diet feeding. Administration of C10 after 16 weeks of HF diet feeding reversed glucose intolerance, hepatic inflammation, and improved hepatic steatosis. Thus, our findings establish C10 as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Patton
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Tyler Church
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRuss College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean Thuma
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRuss College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Schwartz
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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17
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Zou Y, Qin F, Chen J, Meng J, Wei L, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wei D, Chen X, Wu H, Chen X, Dai S. sTLR4/MD-2 complex inhibits colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting LPS. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52032-52044. [PMID: 27409669 PMCID: PMC5239533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is aggressive and associated with TLR4-MD-2 signaling. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) were highly expressed in human CRC. The soluble form of extracellular TLR4 domain (sTLR4) and MD-2 may have important roles in binding lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, sTLR4 and MD-2 protein and prepared sTLR4/MD-2 complex were synthesized successfully to restrain LPS-TLR4/MD-2 activation by competing with cellular membrane TLR4 for binding LPS. The sTLR4/MD-2 complex can significantly attenuate LPS induced pro-inflammatory and migration cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, and inhibit the effect of LPS on the cell cycle, migration and invasion of human CRC cells in vitro. Administration of sTLR4/MD-2 complex protected mice from tumor both in xenograft and implantation metastasis model. The sTLR4/MD-2 complex treated mice had smaller tumor, less body weight loss and lower expression of inflammatory cytokines. Here, the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium salt (AOM/DSS) murine model was used as an experimental platform to simulate the physiological and pathological processes of cancers associated with chronic intestinal inflammation. AOM/DSS-induced tumors were inhibited in mice treated by sTLR4/MD-2 complex. It is demonstrated in our study that sTLR4/MD-2 complex could inhibit CRC by competing with binding LPS, raising the complex's possibility of a new prevention agent against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Fengxian Qin
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jifei Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jie Meng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Liuhua Wei
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Wu
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wei
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
| | - Shengming Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, P.R. China
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18
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Matijevic Glavan T, Mikulandra M. The in vitro effect of poly (I:C) on cell morphology of a metastatic pharyngeal cell line. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Venkatesh A, Nandigam H, Muccioli M, Singh M, Loftus T, Lewis D, Pate M, Benencia F. Regulation of inflammatory factors by double-stranded RNA receptors in breast cancer cells. Immunobiology 2018; 223:466-76. [PMID: 29331323 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant cells are not the only components of a tumor mass since other cells (e.g., fibroblasts, infiltrating leukocytes and endothelial cells) are also part of it. In combination with the extracellular matrix, all these cells constitute the tumor microenvironment. In the last decade the role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression has gained increased attention and prompted efforts directed to abrogate its deleterious effects on anti-cancer therapies. The immune system can detect and attack tumor cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (particularly CD8 T cells) have been associated with improved survival or better response to therapies in colorectal, melanoma, breast, prostate and ovarian cancer patients among others. Contrariwise, tumor-associated myeloid cells (myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs], dendritic cells [DCs], macrophages) or lymphoid cells such as regulatory T cells can stimulate tumor growth via inhibition of immune responses against the tumor or by participating in tumor neoangiogenesis. Herewith we analyzed the chemokine profile of mouse breast tumors regarding their capacity to generate factors capable of attracting and sequestering DCs to their midst. Chemoattractants from tumors were investigated by molecular biology and immunological techniques and tumor infiltrating DCs were investigated for matched chemokine receptors. In addition, we investigated the inflammatory response of breast cancer cells, a major component of the tumor microenvironment, to double-stranded RNA stimulation. By using molecular biology techniques such as qualitative and quantitative PCR, PCR arrays, and immunological techniques (ELISA, cytokine immunoarrays) we examined the effects of dsRNA treatment on the cytokine secretion profiles of mouse and human breast cancer cells and non-transformed cells. We were able to determine that tumors generate chemokines that are able to interact with receptors present on the surface of tumor infiltrating DCs. We observed that PRR signaling is able to modify the production of chemokines by breast tumor cells and normal breast cells, thereby constituting a possible player in shaping the profile of the leukocyte population in the TME.
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Feng X, Luo Q, Zhang H, Wang H, Chen W, Meng G, Chen F. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in 5-fluorouracil resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28637493 PMCID: PMC5479028 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used drug for the therapy of cancer. However, the chemoresistance of tumor cells to 5-FU usually limits its clinical effectiveness. In this study, we explored the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in 5-FU resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase1 and IL-1β in resected OSCC specimens or cell lines were measured respectively by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. NLRP3 and Ki-67 expression in paraffin-embedded OSCC tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between 5-FU treatment and the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was further examined by evaluating NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in OSCC cell lines without or with NLRP3 knocked down. Cell viabilities of OSCC cells were determined by the MTT assay. Apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of OSCC cells induced by 5-FU were measured by the flow cytometer. The carcinogen-induced tongue squamous carcinoma mice model was established by continuous oral administration of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in wild-type BALB/c, Nlrp3−/− and Caspase1−/− mice. Tumor incidence were observed and tumor area were evaluated. Results In the clinical analysis, expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was clearly increased in OSCC tissues of patients who received 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that this high expression was significantly correlated with tumor stage and differentiation, and was associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, 5-FU treatment increased expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in OSCC cells in a cell culture system and xenograft mouse model. Silencing of NLRP3 expression significantly inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and enhanced 5-FU-induced apoptosis of OSCC cells. Further investigation showed that intracellular ROS induced by 5-FU promoted the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and increased the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, which then mediated the chemoresistance. With the carcinogen-induced OSCC model, we found less and later tumor incidence in Nlrp3−/− and Caspase1−/− mice than wild-type mice. And greater decrease of tumor area was observed in the gene deficient mice treated with 5-FU. Conclusions Our findings suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome promoted 5-FU resistance of OSCC both in vitro and in vivo, and targeting the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β signaling pathway may help 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Feng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiong Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Noori MS, O'Brien JD, Champa ZJ, Deosarkar SP, Lanier OL, Qi C, Burdick MM, Schwartz FL, Bergmeier SC, McCall KD, Goetz DJ. Phenylmethimazole and a thiazole derivative of phenylmethimazole inhibit IL-6 expression by triple negative breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 803:130-137. [PMID: 28343970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) holds significant promise as a therapeutic approach for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We previously reported that phenylmethimazole (C10) reduces IL-6 expression in several cancer cell lines. We have identified a more potent derivative of C10 termed COB-141. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that C10 and COB-141 inhibit TNBC cell expressed IL-6 and investigated the potential for classical IL-6 pathway induced signaling within TNBC cells. A panel of TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, Hs578T, MDA-MB-468) was used. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that C10 and COB-141 inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell IL-6 secretion, with COB-141 being ~6.5 times more potent than C10. Therefore, the remainder of the study focused on COB-141 which inhibited IL-6 secretion, and was found, via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR), to inhibit IL-6 mRNA in the TNBC panel. COB-141 had little, if any, effect on metabolic activity indicating that the IL-6 inhibition is not via a toxic effect. Flow cytometric analysis and QRT-PCR revealed that the TNBC cell lines do not express the IL-6 receptor (IL-6Rα). Trans-AM assays suggested that COB-141 exerts its inhibitory effect, at least in part, by reducing NF-κB (p65/p50) DNA binding. In summary, COB-141 is a potent inhibitor of TNBC cell expressed IL-6 and the inhibition does not appear to be due to non-specific toxicity. The TNBC cell lines do not have an intact classical IL-6 signaling pathway. COB-141's inhibitory effect may be due, at least in part, to reducing NF-κB (p65/p50) DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh S Noori
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John D O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Zachary J Champa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Olivia L Lanier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Chunyan Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Frank L Schwartz
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen C Bergmeier
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Słotwiński R, Słotwińska SM. Dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with innate antibacterial immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:404-18. [PMID: 28450804 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of innate antibacterial response are of fundamental importance in the development of gastrointestinal cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Multi-regulatory properties of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (e.g., regulation of proliferation, the activity of NF-κB, gene transcription of apoptosis proteins, regulation of angiogenesis, HIF-1α protein expression) are used in experimental studies to better understand the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, for early diagnosis, and for more effective therapeutic intervention. There are known numerous examples of TLR agonists (e.g., TLR2/5 ligands, TLR6, TLR9) of antitumor effect. The direction of these studies is promising, but a small number of them does not allow for an accurate assessment of the impact of TLR expression disorders, proteins of these signaling pathways, or attempts to block or stimulate them, on the results of treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. It is known, however, that the expression disorders of proteins of innate antibacterial response signaling pathways occur not only in tumor tissue but also in peripheral blood leukocytes of pancreatic cancer patients (e.g., increased expression of TLR4, NOD1, TRAF6), which is one of the most important factors facilitating further tumor development. This review mainly focuses on the genetic aspects of signaling pathway disorders associated with innate antibacterial response in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Matijevic Glavan T, Cipak Gasparovic A, Vérillaud B, Busson P, Pavelic J. Toll-like receptor 3 stimulation triggers metabolic reprogramming in pharyngeal cancer cell line through Myc, MAPK, and HIF. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1214-1226. [PMID: 27805282 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) has a dual role in cancer; its activation can trigger apoptosis as well as stimulate cancer cell survival, proliferation, and progression. We have shown here that TLR3 activation can induce metabolic reprogramming in a pharyngeal cancer cell line, leading to increased aerobic glycolysis, cell migration, elevated levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS), and decreased anti-oxidative response. Key proteins in these signaling pathways are heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and CD44 variants, which were over-expressed after TLR3 stimulation. TLR3 activation also induced upregulation of different genes involved in cancer progression (VEGF, MMP9, uPAR) and enzymes involved in glycolytic pathway. Most of the observed effects were Myc-dependent; however, some of them were also connected with MAPK and HIF signaling pathways. Since TLR3 agonists are being investigated as potential novel cancer therapy adjuvants and apoptosis inducers, alone or in combination with other therapeutic options, data presented here suggest extreme caution before their introduction into clinical practice. The fact that TLR3 ligands [poly(I:C) and poly(A:U)] can also aid cancer survival and progression, through induction of metabolic reprogramming, emphasizes the need to investigate this particular topic. Our data suggest that the combination of TLR3 ligands with Myc or MAPK inhibitors may be a way to neutralize their undesirable effects while enhancing their anti-tumor effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Matijevic Glavan
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Cipak Gasparovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Vérillaud
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS-UMR 8126, Villejuif, France.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris-Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS-UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
| | - Jasminka Pavelic
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Onyido EK, Sweeney E, Nateri AS. Wnt-signalling pathways and microRNAs network in carcinogenesis: experimental and bioinformatics approaches. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:56. [PMID: 27590724 PMCID: PMC5010773 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have not only emerged as integral regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level but also respond to signalling molecules to affect cell function(s). miRNAs crosstalk with a variety of the key cellular signalling networks such as Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and Notch, control stem cell activity in maintaining tissue homeostasis, while if dysregulated contributes to the initiation and progression of cancer. Herein, we overview the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the crosstalk between Wnt-signalling components (canonical and non-canonical) and miRNAs, as well as changes in the miRNA/Wnt-signalling components observed in the different forms of cancer. Furthermore, the fundamental understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of Wnt-signalling pathway and vice versa has been significantly improved by high-throughput genomics and bioinformatics technologies. Whilst, these approaches have identified a number of specific miRNA(s) that function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, additional analyses will be necessary to fully unravel the links among conserved cellular signalling pathways and miRNAs and their potential associated components in cancer, thereby creating therapeutic avenues against tumours. Hence, we also discuss the current challenges associated with Wnt-signalling/miRNAs complex and the analysis using the biomedical experimental and bioinformatics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emenike K Onyido
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eloise Sweeney
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Abdolrahman Shams Nateri
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Can Wnt5a and Wnt non-canonical pathways really mediate adipocyte de-differentiation in a tumour microenvironment? Eur J Cancer 2016; 64:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schwartz AL, Dickerson E, Dagia N, Malgor R, McCall KD. TLR signaling inhibitor, phenylmethimazole, in combination with tamoxifen inhibits human breast cancer cell viability and migration. Oncotarget 2016; 8:113295-113302. [PMID: 29371911 PMCID: PMC5768328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heightened co-expression and dysregulated signaling associated with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and Wnt5a is an integral component of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Our previous findings in pancreatic cancer and melanoma suggest that inhibition of these pathways by a TLR3 signaling inhibitor, phenylmethimazole (C10), results in significantly decreased IL-6 levels, STAT3 phosphorylation, minimal cancer cell migration and reduced cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we extended our earlier observations by performing studies in human breast cancer cells. We found that human MCF-7 breast cancer cells express high basal levels of TLR3 and Wnt5a RNA. C10 treatment resulted in significantly decreased TLR3 and Wnt5a expression levels. This functionally translated into significantly reduced IL-6 levels and STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro. In addition, the inhibition of this signaling cascade by C10 further resulted in decreased cell viability and migration of MCF-7 cells. Strikingly, the combination of C10 and tamoxifen, the standard of care therapy for breast cancer, further decrease cancer cell growth better than either agent alone. These data support the novel finding that inhibition of TLR3 signaling in combination with tamoxifen, may increase the effectiveness of current treatments of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Dickerson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Appalachian Rural Health Institute, Diabetes Research Center, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Nilesh Dagia
- Oxygen Healthcare Research Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382213, India
| | - Ramiro Malgor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Appalachian Rural Health Institute, Diabetes Research Center, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Appalachian Rural Health Institute, Diabetes Research Center, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Abstract
In the field of nonviral gene therapy, in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA has emerged as a promising tool for the delivery of genetic information. Over the past few years it has become widely known that the introduction of IVT mRNA into mammalian cells elicits an innate immune response that has favored mRNA use toward immunotherapeutic vaccination strategies. However, for non-immunotherapy-related applications this intrinsic immune-stimulatory activity directly interferes with the aimed therapeutic outcome, because it can seriously compromise the expression of the desired protein. This review presents an overview of the immune-related obstacles that limit mRNA advance for non-immunotherapy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Devoldere
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Alapati A, Deosarkar SP, Lanier OL, Qi C, Carlson GE, Burdick MM, Schwartz FL, McCall KD, Bergmeier SC, Goetz DJ. Simple modifications to methimazole that enhance its inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by human endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:59-66. [PMID: 25641748 PMCID: PMC5019189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the vascular endothelium can be increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. VCAM-1 contributes to leukocyte adhesion to, and emigration from, the vasculature which is a key aspect of pathological inflammation. As such, a promising therapeutic approach for pathological inflammation is to inhibit the expression of VCAM-1. Methimazole [3-methyl-1, 3 imidazole-2 thione (MMI)] is routinely used for the treatment of Graves׳ disease and patients treated with MMI have decreased levels of circulating VCAM-1. In this study we used cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to investigate the effect of MMI structural modifications on TNF-α induced VCAM-1 expression. We found that addition of a phenyl ring at the 4-nitrogen of MMI yields a compound that is significantly more potent than MMI at inhibiting 24h TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 protein expression. Addition of a para methoxy to the appended phenyl group increases the inhibition while substitution of a thiazole ring for an imidazole ring in the phenyl derivatives yields no clear difference in inhibition. Addition of the phenyl ring to MMI appears to increase toxicity as does substitution of a thiazole ring for an imidazole ring in the phenyl MMI derivatives. Each of the compounds reduced TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 mRNA expression and had a functional inhibitory effect, i.e. each inhibited monocytic cell adhesion to 24h TNF-α-activated HUVEC under fluid flow conditions. Combined, these studies provide important insights into the design of MMI-related anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Alapati
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Olivia L Lanier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Chunyan Qi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Grady E Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Frank L Schwartz
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen C Bergmeier
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Słotwiński R, Dąbrowska A, Lech G, Słodkowski M, Słotwińska SM. Gene expression disorders of innate antibacterial signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer patients: implications for leukocyte dysfunction and tumor progression. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:498-507. [PMID: 26155170 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.47736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out to investigate changes in gene expression of innate antibacterial signaling pathways in patients with pancreatic cancer. Expression of the following genes was measured in peripheral blood leukocytes of 55 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): TLR4, NOD1, MyD88, TRAF6 and HMGB1. The levels of expression of TLR4, NOD1 and TRAF6 genes were significantly elevated (p = 0.007; p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively), while MyD88 expression was markedly reduced (p = 0.0002), as compared to controls. Expression of TLR4 and NOD1 exceeded the normal level more than 3.5-fold and there was a significant correlation found between the expression of these genes (r = 0.558, p < 0.001). TLR4, NOD1 and MyD88 genes were expressed at a similar level both before and after surgery. No significant changes in the expression of HMGB1 gene were observed. The results of the study clearly indicate abnormal expression of genes belonging to innate antibacterial signaling pathways in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with pancreatic cancer, which may lead to leukocyte dysfunction. Overexpression of TLR4, NOD1 and TRAF6 genes, and decreased MyD88 gene expression may contribute to chronic inflammation and tumor progression by up-regulation of the innate antibacterial response. The parameters tested are useful for monitoring innate immunity gene disorders and pancreatic cancer progression.
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Deosarkar SP, Bhatt P, Gillespie J, Goetz DJ, McCall KD. Inhibition of LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling Products in Murine Macrophages by Phenylmethimazole: An Assay Methodology for Screening Potential Phenylmethimazole Analogs. Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:497-509. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; College or Arts and Sciences; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
| | | | - Douglas J. Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Biomedical Engineering Program; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
| | - Kelly D. McCall
- Department of Biological Sciences; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; College or Arts and Sciences; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
- Department of Specialty Medicine; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program; Russ College of Engineering and Technology; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701 United States
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31
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Nakamoto M, Matsuyama A, Shiba E, Shibuya R, Kasai T, Yamaguchi K, Hisaoka M. Prognostic significance of WNT signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:401-8. [PMID: 25146168 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal human malignancies and is associated with a variety of molecular abnormalities. Although WNT signaling through its canonical/non-canonical pathways is one of the major factors involved in oncogenesis or progression of PDA, the prognostic significance of WNT signaling still remains poorly investigated. In this study, the status of the WNT signaling pathways was immunohistochemically analyzed in 101 PDAs, and its potential association with patient postoperative survival was assessed. Nuclear expression of beta-catenin, a hallmark of the activated canonical pathway, was identified in 59 cases, and was associated with reduced survival compared to the patients lacking nuclear beta-catenin expression (P = 0.002). In contrast, activation of the non-canonical pathway (25 cases), as indicated by co-expression of WNT2/5a and nuclear NFATc1, was not correlated with reduced survival (P = 0.268). Co-activation of both pathways (16 cases) was associated with worse prognosis in comparison with cases with an activated non-canonical pathway (P = 0.034). In addition, nuclear beta-catenin expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (P = 0.006). Our data indicate that activated WNT signaling through its canonical pathway has a significantly negative effect on the clinical course of PDA, and the canonical WNT pathway should be considered as a future therapeutic target for PDA.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a devastating disease with pronounced morbidity and a high mortality rate. Currently available treatments lack convincing cost-efficiency determinations and are in most cases not associated with relevant success rate. Experimental stimulation of the immune system in murine PDA models has revealed some promising results. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pillars of the immune system that have been linked to several forms of malignancy, including lung, breast and colon cancer. In humans, TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer tissue and in several cancer cell lines, whereas they are not expressed in the normal pancreas. In the present review, we explore the current knowledge concerning the role of different TLRs associated to PDA. Even if almost all known TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, there are only five TLRs suggested as possible therapeutic targets. Most data points at TLR2 and TLR9 as effective tumor markers and agonists could potentially be used as e.g. future adjuvant therapies. The elucidation of the role of TLR3 in PDA is only in its initial phase. The inhibition/blockage of TLR4-related pathways has shown some promising effects, but there are still many steps left before TLR4 inhibitors can be considered as possible therapeutic agents. Finally, TLR7 antagonists seem to be potential candidates for therapy. Independent of their potential in immunotherapies, all existing data indicate that TLRs are strongly involved in the pathophysiology and development of PDA.
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Moniri MR, Dai LJ, Warnock GL. The challenge of pancreatic cancer therapy and novel treatment strategy using engineered mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:12-23. [PMID: 24384772 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted significant attention in cancer research as a result of their accessibility, tumor-oriented homing capacity, and the feasibility of auto-transplantation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current challenges in pancreatic cancer therapy, and we propose a novel strategy for using MSCs as means of delivering anticancer genes to the site of pancreas. We aim to provide a practical platform for the development of MSC-based therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Moniri
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - L-J Dai
- 1] Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada [2] Hubei Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - G L Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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Malgor R, Bhatt PM, Connolly BA, Jacoby DL, Feldmann KJ, Silver MJ, Nakazawa M, McCall KD, Goetz DJ. Wnt5a, TLR2 and TLR4 are elevated in advanced human atherosclerotic lesions. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:277-85. [PMID: 24346141 PMCID: PMC3950563 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and design
Atherosclerosis (ATH) is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves cascades of signaling events mediated by various effector proteins. Here we sought to determine if the expression of Wnt5a, a secreted glycoprotein, is altered in discrete regions of the arterial plaque. Methods Atherosclerotic plaque tissues from 14 human subjects undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy were used in this study. Immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection combined with quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression of Wnt5a and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in different sections of the arterial lesions. Atherosclerotic serum samples (n = 30) and serum from healthy subjects (n = 16) were quantified for Wnt5a using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The data analysis revealed that Wnt5a transcripts and protein were elevated in advanced arterial lesions relative to less advanced arterial lesions; that Wnt5a expression correlated with the presence of TLR4 and TLR2 transcripts; and that the average amount of Wnt5a protein present in atherosclerotic patient serum was significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Conclusions This study is the first to provide evidence that the expression of Wnt5a increases as the disease progresses to a more advanced stage, and that this expression is coincident with that of TLR2 and TLR4. In addition, we found that the average Wnt5a levels in the serum of atherosclerotic patients are elevated relative to healthy controls, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Wnt5a plays a role in ATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Malgor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 202b Academic and Research Center, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA,
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Moossavi S, Zhang H, Sun J, Rezaei N. Host-microbiota interaction and intestinal stem cells in chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:409-22. [PMID: 23634736 DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are the major diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal epithelium plays a critical role in the host's interactions with the large communities of resident luminal bacteria. Epithelial cells recognize the bacterial components via pattern-recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of pattern-recognition receptors that are present on intestinal epithelial cells, including putative stem cells. Stem cells are responsible for tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury including IBD. Stem cells are also implicated in the pathogenesis of CRC. In susceptible individuals, disruption of normal homeostatic balance between the host's mucosal cells and enteric microflora is believed to result in aberrant immune responses against the resident commensal bacteria, leading to IBD. Microbiological analyses have revealed that the composition and localization of microbiota is altered in CRC and IBD. It is plausible that stem cells directly sense and respond to microbiota. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the effect of microbiota and TLR signaling on intestinal stem cells. It also describes how TLR signaling could affect the stem cell regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Moossavi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Malgor R, Crouser S, Greco D, Brockett C, Coschigano K, Nakazawa M, Jenkinson S. Correlation of Wnt5a expression with histopathological grade/stage in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:139. [PMID: 23947922 PMCID: PMC3846281 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer, including urothelial carcinoma (UC), is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and the fourth most frequent cancer overall in men. Wnt5a, a member of the Wnt family of proteins, has been shown to have contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of many cancers, acting either as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and role of Wnt5a in the pathogenesis of UC and suggest possible clinical applications for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. METHODS We characterized the expression of Wnt5a in 33 human UC samples using immunohistochemistry. The samples were obtained via transurethral resection, immediately fixed in formalin and then embedded in paraffin. The correlation between Wnt5a immunoreactivity, histological grade, and pathological stage of the tumor was analyzed. The expression of Wnt5a mRNA as well as the effect of Wnt5a on cell migration was also evaluated in two UC cell lines, T24 and J82, and a normal urothelial cell line. RESULTS Our immunohistochemical results revealed that Wnt5a staining intensity correlated positively with the histological grade and pathological stage of the UC. Wnt5a mRNA expression differed widely in the three urothelial cell lines, with high levels in one carcinoma cell line and low levels in the other cell line in comparison to the normal urothelial cell line. Migration increased in both UC cell lines in response to Wnt5a treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the Wnt5a pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of UC and suggest that Wnt5a may serve as an additional, complementary diagnostic/prognostic marker for UC. VIRTUAL SLIDE http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1952312091979566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Malgor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
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McCall KD, Schmerr MJ, Thuma JR, James CBL, Courreges MC, Benencia F, Malgor R, Schwartz FL. Phenylmethimazole suppresses dsRNA-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokines in murine pancreatic beta cells and blocks viral acceleration of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Molecules 2013; 18:3841-58. [PMID: 23535518 PMCID: PMC6269916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18043841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a role for viruses in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Activation of dsRNA-sensing pathways by viral dsRNA induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that trigger beta cell apoptosis, insulitis, and autoimmune-mediated beta cell destruction. This study was designed to evaluate and describe potential protective effects of phenylmethimazole (C10), a small molecule which blocks dsRNA-mediated signaling, on preventing dsRNA activation of beta cell apoptosis and the inflammatory pathways important in the pathogenesis of T1DM. We first investigated the biological effects of C10, on dsRNA-treated pancreatic beta cells in culture. Cell viability assays, quantitative real-time PCR, and ELISAs were utilized to evaluate the effects of C10 on dsRNA-induced beta cell cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine production in murine pancreatic beta cells in culture. We found that C10 significantly impairs dsRNA-induced beta cell cytotoxicity and up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of T1DM, which prompted us to evaluate C10 effects on viral acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. C10 significantly inhibited viral acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. These findings demonstrate that C10 (1) possesses novel beta cell protective activity which may have potential clinical relevance in T1DM and (2) may be a useful tool in achieving a better understanding of the role that dsRNA-mediated responses play in the pathogenesis of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Abstract
Since the initial discovery of the oncogenic activity of WNT1 in mouse mammary glands, our appreciation for the complex roles for WNT signalling pathways in cancer has increased dramatically. WNTs and their downstream effectors regulate various processes that are important for cancer progression, including tumour initiation, tumour growth, cell senescence, cell death, differentiation and metastasis. Although WNT signalling pathways have been difficult to target, improved drug-discovery platforms and new technologies have facilitated the discovery of agents that can alter WNT signalling in preclinical models, thus setting the stage for clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Anastas
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Abstract
Wnt-mediated signal transduction pathways have long been recognized for their roles in regulating embryonic development, and have more recently been linked to cancer, neurologic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and disorders of endocrine function and bone metabolism in adults. Although therapies targeting Wnt signaling are attractive in theory, in practice it has been difficult to obtain specific therapeutics because many components of Wnt signaling pathways are also involved in other cellular processes, thereby reducing the specificity of candidate therapeutics. New technologies, and advances in understanding the mechanisms of Wnt signaling, have improved our understanding of the nuances of Wnt signaling and are leading to promising new strategies to target Wnt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Courreges MC, Kantake N, Goetz DJ, Schwartz FL, McCall KD. Phenylmethimazole blocks dsRNA-induced IRF3 nuclear translocation and homodimerization. Molecules 2012; 17:12365-77. [PMID: 23090018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that phenylmethimazole (C10) inhibits IRF3 signaling, preventing dsRNA-induction of type 1 interferon gene expression, production, and downstream signaling. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis for C10 inhibition of dsRNA-stimulated IRF3 signaling. IRF-3 Trans-AM assays were used to measure C10 effects on dsRNA induction of IRF3 DNA binding. Green fluorescent protein-labeled IRF3 was used to measure C10 effects on dsRNA-induced IRF3 nuclear translocation. Native PAGE, SDS PAGE, and western blotting were used to identify effects of C10 on IRF3 homodimer formation and phosphorylation, respectively. There was a significant impairment of dsRNA-induced IRF3 DNA binding activity in human embryonic kidney and pancreatic cancer cells with C10 treatment. C10 also blocked dsRNA-induced IRF3 nuclear translocation and homodimer formation without blocking serine 396 phosphorylation of IRF3. Together, these results indicate that C10 interferes with IRF3 signaling by blocking dsRNA-induced IRF3 homodimer formation, a prerequisite for nuclear translocation and DNA binding activities.
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Jin Z, Zhao C, Han X, Han Y. Wnt5a promotes ewing sarcoma cell migration through upregulating CXCR4 expression. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:480. [PMID: 23075330 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the malignant tumors most often affecting children and young adults, Ewing sarcoma (ES) is characterized by early metastasis contributing to unfavorable prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for ES metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore whether Wnt5a, a putative pro-metastatic factor, plays a role in ES metastasis. Methods Expression of Wnt5a and CXCR4 was determined by real-time PCR or Western blot in 15 ES specimens and 4 ES cell lines, A-673, RD-ES, SK-N-MC and SK-ES-1. Expression of Wnt antagonists, SFRP1, SFRP2 and SFRP5, and some components in noncanonical Wnt pathway (p-JNK, p-cJUN and p-PKC) was also analyzed in this study. Methylation status of SFRP1, SFRP2 and SFRP5 was detected by Methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Wnt5a shRNA and pcDNA3.1 SFRP5 vector were used to abrogate Wnt5a expression and overexpress SFRP5 in ES cells, respectively. Results Wnt5a expression was positively correlated with CXCR4 expression in ES specimens. Levels of both Wnt5a mRNA and CXCR4 mRNA were significantly higher in specimens from ES patients with metastasis at diagnosis compared with specimens from those without metastasis. Recombinant Wnt5a enhanced CXCR4 expression in ES cells, which was accompanied by increased ES cell migration, whereas Wnt5a shRNA has opposite effects. SFRP5 was methylated and silenced in ES cells, and both recombinant SFRP5 and pcDNA3.1 SFRP5 vector suppressed CXCR4 expression as well as ES cell migration. Wnt5a shRNA and recombinant SFRP5 inhibited phosphorylation of JNK and cJUN, and JNK inhibitor also reduced CXCR4 expression and cell migration in ES cells. Conclusions Wnt5a increases ES cell migration via upregulating CXCR4 expression in the absence of Wnt antagonist SFRP5, suggesting that Wnt5a overexpression and SFRP5 deficiency may jointly promote ES metastasis.
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Abstract
Wnt5a is an extracellular glycoprotein that activates Wnt signaling pathways, important in development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt5a expression is often misregulated during cancer progression. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional regulation of two of the Wnt5a alternative promoters, termed A and B. Transient transfection of promoter A and B luciferase reporter constructs in to NIH3T3 and Caco-2 cells indicated that the separated promoters are both functional and that 300-450 base pair (bp) of upstream sequence is sufficient for activity. Promoter B constructs displayed distinct patterns of expression in the two cell types. The endogenous levels of promoter A-derived transcripts were found to be greater than the promoter B transcripts by four- to sixfold in fibroblast cells. Treatment of NIH3T3 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha leads to an increase in both promoter A and B activities, but promoter B was more responsive. Using inhibitors of TNF-alpha effector proteins, we provide evidence that the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB and the MEK1/2 and p38 kinases have distinct roles in determining the activity levels of promoters, A and B. These results support the conclusion that Wnt5a promoters, A and B, are differentially regulated and provide a model for complex transcriptional regulation of Wnt5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Katula
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, USA.
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Yang SS, Li R, Qu X, Fang W, Quan Z. Atorvastatin decreases Toll-like receptor 4 expression and downstream signaling in human monocytic leukemia cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Matijević T, Pavelić J. Poly(I:C) treatment influences the expression of calreticulin and profilin-1 in a human HNSCC cell line: a proteomic study. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1201-8. [PMID: 22415225 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) has been formerly known to be an interferon inducer but the mechanism of its action was not revealed until the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are members of transmembrane proteins that recognize conserved molecular motifs of viral and bacterial origin and initiate innate immune response. Recent studies have shown that they are also expressed on tumor cells, but their role in these cells is still not clear. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (poly (I:C)) and is primarily involved in the defense against viruses. TLR3 ligand binding initiates the activation of transcription factors NF-κB, IRF family members, and AP-1, which can induce wide cascading effect on the cell and consequently activate many cellular processes. Since little is known about TLR3 target genes, we have used the proteomic approach to widen the current knowledge. In this study, we have discovered 15 differentially expressed proteins, mostly connected with protein metabolic processes. Furthermore, we have confirmed by Western blot that calreticulin and profilin-1, proteins which have been shown previously to be involved in processes connected with tumor progression, are differentially expressed after poly(I:C) treatment. By using TLR3 small interfering RNA, we showed that calreticulin expression might be TLR3 dependent, unlike profilin-1.
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Weekes CD, Winn RA. The many faces of wnt and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3676-86. [PMID: 24212973 PMCID: PMC3759216 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains amongst the most lethal human cancers. PDAC is characterized by the tumor mass containing a paucity of malignant cells in association with a large desmoplastic reaction comprised of a variety of stromal components. Sporadic PDAC oncogenesis occurs as a result of the sequential acquisition of genetic aberrations occurring in core genetic pathways. Unfortunately, the average PDAC contains a large number of genetic aberrations that are not uniform between individual cancers. The interplay between the complex genetics and stromal component may represent a significant barrier to the development of effective therapy for this disease and ultimately be an important factor in PDAC lethality. The Wnt pathway has been identified as a one of the common pathways undergoing genetic alterations in PDAC. Wnt is a complex signal transduction pathway utilizing both a β-catenin dependent (canonical) and β-catenin independent (noncanonical) signals to affect a wide array of intracellular events. Wnt signal transduction is an integral component of pancreas organogenesis promoting the expansion and development of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic cancer may utilize the Wnt signaling pathway in concert with other signaling pathways such as notch during tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the role of Wnt signal transduction in pancreatic cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Weekes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-0295; Fax: +1-303-724-3892
| | - Robert A. Winn
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12605 E. 16 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; E-Mail:
- Denver Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, CO 80220, USA
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of transmembrane proteins that recognize conserved molecular motifs of viral and bacterial origin and initiate innate immune response. As the role of TLRs in tumors cells is still not clear, our aim was to investigate the role of TLR3 in primary tumor and metastatic cells (SW480, SW620, FaDu and Detroit 562). We have reported here on the dual role of TLR3 in pharynx metastatic cell line (Detroit 562); on one hand TLR3 activation drove cells to apoptosis while on the other its stimulation contributed to tumor progression by altering the expression of tumor promoting genes (PLAUR, RORB) and enhancing the cell migration potential. In addition, we have shown TLR3 signaling pathway is functional in another metastatic cancer cell line (SW620) suggesting TLR3 might be important in the process of tumor metastasis. Since TLR3 agonists have been used in tumor therapy with the aim to activate immune system, scientific contribution of this work is drawing attention to the importance of further work on this topic, especially pro-tumor effect of TLR3, in order to avoid possible side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Matijevic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by near-universal mutations in KRAS and frequent deregulation of crucial embryonic signalling pathways, including the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt-β-catenin cascades. The creation of mouse models that closely resemble the human disease has provided a platform to better understand when and in which cell types these pathways are misregulated during PDAC development. Here we examine the central part that KRAS plays in the biology of PDAC, and how the timing and location of Hh and Wnt-β-catenin signalling dictate the specification and oncogenic properties of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Morris
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Pimentel-Nunes P, Soares JB, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Leite-Moreira AF. Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:347-68. [PMID: 20146632 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003642027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity receptors that recognize several different antigens, initiating immunological/inflammatory responses. Recent evidence associates numerous pathophysiological processes and diseases with dysregulated activation of these receptors, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this systematic review that covers literature from the past 10 years is to address the role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of modulating TLRs' signaling pathways in GI pathology. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that TLRs play an important role in the pathophysiology of several GI diseases and that modulating TLRs signaling pathways may have an enormous therapeutic potential. Different methods for modulation of TLRs' activity in GI tract, with direct agonists/antagonists but also with non-specific substances, like antibiotics or probiotics, are presented. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Even though TLRs modulators have been used for therapy in some GI diseases, further research, particularly in humans, is needed in order to establish the precise role of the different TLRs in the diverse GI diseases and to motivate clinical trials that consider TLRs as therapeutic targets in GI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research & Development Unit, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Portugal.
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Keller JJ, Moon RT, Chien AJ. Wnt and related signaling pathways in melanomagenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1000-12. [PMID: 24281103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the pivotal roles of morphogen pathways including Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and BMP pathways in the development of the neural crest lineage, it is not surprising that these signaling networks have also been implicated in the biology of malignant melanoma. Understanding the mechanisms by which these pathways can alter cell fate and other biological properties in tumor cells will be essential for determining whether the therapeutic targeting of these pathways has a potential role in melanoma treatment. This review highlights some of the recent findings with regards to how morphogen signaling may regulate melanoma cell biology.
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Wang EL, Qian ZR, Nakasono M, Tanahashi T, Yoshimoto K, Bando Y, Kudo E, Shimada M, Sano T. High expression of Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 signals correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:908-15. [PMID: 20145615 PMCID: PMC2833250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling pathway has been shown to have oncogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. To demonstrate the role of TLR4 signalling in colon tumourigenesis, we examined the expression of TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: The expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in 108 CRC samples, 15 adenomas, and 15 normal mucosae was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the correlations between their immunoscores and clinicopathological variables, including disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), were analysed. Results: Compared with normal mucosae and adenomas, 20% cancers displayed high expression of TLR4, and 23% cancers showed high expression of MyD88. The high expression of TLR4 and MyD88 was significantly correlated with liver metastasis (P=0.0001, P=0.0054). In univariate analysis, the high expression of TLR4 was significantly associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio (HR): 2.17; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.15–4.07; P=0.015). The high expression of MyD88 expression was significantly associated with poor DFS and OS (HR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.31–4.13; P=0.0038 and HR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.67–5.48; P=0.0002). The high combined expression of TLR4 and MyD88 was also significantly associated with poor DFS and OS (HR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.27–3.99; P=0.0053 and HR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.64–5.38; P=0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed that high expressions of TLR4 (OS: adjusted HR: 1.88; 95% CI: 0.99–3.55; P=0.0298) and MyD88 (DFS: adjusted HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.01–3.67; P=0.0441; OS: adjusted HR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.17–4.33; P=0.0112) were independent prognostic factors of OS. Furthermore, high co-expression of TLR4/MyD88 was strongly associated with both poor DFS and OS. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high expression of TLR4 and MyD88 is associated with liver metastasis and is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Wang
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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