1
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Sychev ZE, Day A, Bergom HE, Larson G, Ali A, Ludwig M, Boytim E, Coleman I, Corey E, Plymate SR, Nelson PS, Hwang JH, Drake JM. Unraveling the Global Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:452-464. [PMID: 38345532 PMCID: PMC11063764 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to androgen-deprivation therapies leads to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) of adenocarcinoma (AdCa) origin that can transform into emergent aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC), which has neuroendocrine (NE)-like features. In this work, we used LuCaP patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors, clinically relevant models that reflect and retain key features of the tumor from advanced prostate cancer patients. Here we performed proteome and phosphoproteome characterization of 48 LuCaP PDX tumors and identified over 94,000 peptides and 9,700 phosphopeptides corresponding to 7,738 proteins. We compared 15 NE versus 33 AdCa samples, which included six different PDX tumors for each group in biological replicates, and identified 309 unique proteins and 476 unique phosphopeptides that were significantly altered and corresponded to proteins that are known to distinguish these two phenotypes. Assessment of concordance from PDX tumor-matched protein and mRNA revealed increased dissonance in transcriptionally regulated proteins in NE and metabolite interconversion enzymes in AdCa. IMPLICATIONS Overall, our study highlights the importance of protein-based identification when compared with RNA and provides a rich resource of new and feasible targets for clinical assay development and in understanding the underlying biology of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi E. Sychev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hannah E. Bergom
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gabrianne Larson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Atef Ali
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan Ludwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ella Boytim
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle Washington
| | | | - Justin H. Hwang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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2
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Wang Y, Wu N, Li J, Liang J, Zhou D, Cao Q, Li X, Jiang N. The interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis presents a novel conceptual therapeutic framework for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107162. [PMID: 38554788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In American men, the incidence of prostate cancer (PC) is the highest among all types of cancer, making it the second leading cause of mortality associated with cancer. For advanced or metastatic PC, antiandrogen therapies are standard treatment options. The administration of these treatments unfortunately carries the potential risk of inducing neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) serves as a crucial indicator of prostate cancer development, encompassing various factors such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), miRNA. The processes of autophagy and ferroptosis (an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death) play pivotal roles in the regulation of various types of cancers. Clinical trials and preclinical investigations have been conducted on many signaling pathways during the development of NEPC, with the deepening of research, autophagy and ferroptosis appear to be the potential target for regulating NEPC. Due to the dual nature of autophagy and ferroptosis in cancer, gaining a deeper understanding of the developmental programs associated with achieving autophagy and ferroptosis may enhance risk stratification and treatment efficacy for patients with NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Jiaming Liang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Diansheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
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3
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Martin-Caraballo M. Regulation of Molecular Biomarkers Associated with the Progression of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4171. [PMID: 38673756 PMCID: PMC11050209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling regulates the normal and pathological growth of the prostate. In particular, the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells is initially dependent on androgen receptor signaling. Exposure to androgen deprivation therapy leads to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. There is a multitude of molecular and cellular changes that occur in prostate tumor cells, including the expression of neuroendocrine features and various biomarkers, which promotes the switch of cancer cells to androgen-independent growth. These biomarkers include transcription factors (TP53, REST, BRN2, INSM1, c-Myc), signaling molecules (PTEN, Aurora kinases, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, calcium-binding proteins), and receptors (glucocorticoid, androgen receptor-variant 7), among others. It is believed that genetic modifications, therapeutic treatments, and changes in the tumor microenvironment are contributing factors to the progression of prostate cancers with significant heterogeneity in their phenotypic characteristics. However, it is not well understood how these phenotypic characteristics and molecular modifications arise under specific treatment conditions. In this work, we summarize some of the most important molecular changes associated with the progression of prostate cancers and we describe some of the factors involved in these cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Caraballo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
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4
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Bernal A, Bechler AJ, Mohan K, Rizzino A, Mathew G. The Current Therapeutic Landscape for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:351. [PMID: 38543137 PMCID: PMC10974045 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2024, there will be an estimated 1,466,718 cases of prostate cancer (PC) diagnosed globally, of which 299,010 cases are estimated to be from the US. The typical clinical approach for PC involves routine screening, diagnosis, and standard lines of treatment. However, not all patients respond to therapy and are subsequently diagnosed with treatment emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). There are currently no approved treatments for this form of aggressive PC. In this review, a compilation of the clinical trials regimen to treat late-stage NEPC using novel targets and/or a combination approach is presented. The novel targets assessed include DLL3, EZH2, B7-H3, Aurora-kinase-A (AURKA), receptor tyrosine kinases, PD-L1, and PD-1. Among these, the trials administering drugs Alisertib or Cabozantinib, which target AURKA or receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively, appear to have promising results. The least effective trials appear to be ones that target the immune checkpoint pathways PD-1/PD-L1. Many promising clinical trials are currently in progress. Consequently, the landscape of successful treatment regimens for NEPC is extremely limited. These trial results and the literature on the topic emphasize the need for new preventative measures, diagnostics, disease specific biomarkers, and a thorough clinical understanding of NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bernal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (A.B.); (A.J.B.); (K.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alivia Jane Bechler
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (A.B.); (A.J.B.); (K.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (A.B.); (A.J.B.); (K.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (A.B.); (A.J.B.); (K.M.); (A.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Grinu Mathew
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA; (A.B.); (A.J.B.); (K.M.); (A.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
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5
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Carceles-Cordon M, Orme JJ, Domingo-Domenech J, Rodriguez-Bravo V. The yin and yang of chromosomal instability in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-023-00845-9. [PMID: 38307951 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer remains an incurable lethal disease. Studies indicate that prostate cancer accumulates genomic changes during disease progression and displays the highest levels of chromosomal instability (CIN) across all types of metastatic tumours. CIN, which refers to ongoing chromosomal DNA gain or loss during mitosis, and derived aneuploidy, are known to be associated with increased tumour heterogeneity, metastasis and therapy resistance in many tumour types. Paradoxically, high CIN levels are also proposed to be detrimental to tumour cell survival, suggesting that cancer cells must develop adaptive mechanisms to ensure their survival. In the context of prostate cancer, studies indicate that CIN has a key role in disease progression and might also offer a therapeutic vulnerability that can be pharmacologically targeted. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation of the causes and consequences of CIN in prostate cancer, its contribution to aggressive advanced disease and a better understanding of the acquired CIN tolerance mechanisms can translate into new tumour classifications, biomarker development and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob J Orme
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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Joshi SK, Piehowski P, Liu T, Gosline SJC, McDermott JE, Druker BJ, Traer E, Tyner JW, Agarwal A, Tognon CE, Rodland KD. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteogenomics: New Therapeutic Opportunities for Precision Medicine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:455-479. [PMID: 37738504 PMCID: PMC10950354 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022723-113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteogenomics refers to the integration of comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic measurements from the same samples with the goal of fully understanding the regulatory processes converting genotypes to phenotypes, often with an emphasis on gaining a deeper understanding of disease processes. Although specific genetic mutations have long been known to drive the development of multiple cancers, gene mutations alone do not always predict prognosis or response to targeted therapy. The benefit of proteogenomics research is that information obtained from proteins and their corresponding pathways provides insight into therapeutic targets that can complement genomic information by providing an additional dimension regarding the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of tumors. This review describes the novel insights into tumor biology and drug resistance derived from proteogenomic analysis while highlighting the clinical potential of proteogenomic observations and advances in technique and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul Piehowski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Sara J C Gosline
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jason E McDermott
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elie Traer
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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7
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Wang XY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Proteogenomics in Cancer: Then and Now. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3103-3122. [PMID: 37725793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
For years, the paths of sequencing technologies and mass spectrometry have occurred in isolation, with each developing its own unique culture and expertise. These two technologies are crucial for inspecting complementary aspects of the molecular phenotype across the central dogma. Integrative multiomics strives to bridge the analysis gap among different fields to complete more comprehensive mechanisms of life events and diseases. Proteogenomics is one integrated multiomics field. Here in this review, we mainly summarize and discuss three aspects: workflow of proteogenomics, proteogenomics applications in cancer research, and the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of proteogenomics in cancer research. In conclusion, proteogenomics has a promising future as it clarifies the functional consequences of many unannotated genomic abnormalities or noncanonical variants and identifies driver genes and novel therapeutic targets across cancers, which would substantially accelerate the development of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yu Y, Papukashvili D, Ren R, Rcheulishvili N, Feng S, Bai W, Zhang H, Xi Y, Lu X, Xing N. siRNA-based approaches for castration-resistant prostate cancer therapy targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Future Oncol 2023; 19:2055-2073. [PMID: 37823367 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment method for metastatic prostate cancer through lowering androgen levels; however, this therapy frequently leads to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This is attributed to the activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Current treatments targeting AR are often ineffective mostly due to AR gene overexpression and mutations, as well as the presence of splice variants that accelerate CRPC progression. Thus there is a critical need for more specific medication to treat CRPC. Small interfering RNAs have shown great potential as a targeted therapy. This review discusses prostate cancer progression and the role of AR signaling in CRPC, and proposes siRNA-based targeted therapy as a promising strategy for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yu
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | | | - Ruimin Ren
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Department of Urology, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | | | - Shunping Feng
- Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenqi Bai
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huanhu Zhang
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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9
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Quan Y, Ping H, Wang M, Zhang X. RNA-Sequencing Analysis Indicates That N-Cadherin Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression by the Epigenetic Modification of Key Genes. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:563-577. [PMID: 37540080 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin (cadherin-2 [CDH2]) is widely known as the promoter of prostate cancer (PCa) invasion and castration resistance. However, the biological mechanism of N-cadherin in PCa progression is unclear. In this study, we overexpressed N-cadherin in LNCaP cells and downregulated N-cadherin in PC3 cells by lentiviral transduction. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and dysregulated biological functions were investigated through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. We found 13 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts, 72 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, and 3 integrated genes were dysregulated by N-cadherin. In the disease enrichment, bone cancer, and neurodegenerative and nervous system diseases were associated with N-cadherin in the circular RNA (circRNA; PC3 versus [vs.,/] LNCaP [PC3/LNCaP] comparison) and DEG analysis (LNCaP_oe_CDH2 vs. LNCaP_oe_NC [LNCaP_oe_CDH2/NC] comparison). Epigenetic reprogramming, such as nucleic acid binding, and chromatin and histone modifications, was enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) analysis (DEGs in LNCaP_oe_CDH2/NC and PC3_sh_NC/CDH2, and host genes of circRNA in PC3/LNCaP). Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, post-translational protein modification, gene expression, and generic transcription pathways were dysregulated in the pathway enrichment analysis (host genes of circRNA in PC3/LNCaP, and DEGs in LNCaP_oe_CDH2/NC and PC3_sh_NC/CDH2). Verifying DEGs through TCGA-PRAD dataset revealed six oncogenes (ARHGEF1, GRAMD1A, GTF2H4, MAPK8IP3, POLD1, and PTBP1) that were commonly upregulated by N-cadherin and in advanced PCa stages. In summary, we identified several oncogenes and biological functions associated with N-cadherin expression in PCa cells. N-cadherin may trigger epigenetic reprogramming in PCa cells to promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Sychev ZE, Day A, Bergom HE, Larson G, Ali A, Ludwig M, Boytim E, Coleman I, Corey E, Plymate SR, Nelson PS, Hwang JH, Drake JM. Unraveling the Global Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551697. [PMID: 37577653 PMCID: PMC10418188 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to androgen deprivation therapies leads to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) of adenocarcinoma (AdCa) origin that can transform to emergent aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) which has neuroendocrine (NE)-like features. To this end, we used LuCaP patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors, clinically relevant models that reflects and retains key features of the tumor from advanced prostate cancer patients. Here we performed proteome and phosphoproteome characterization of 48 LuCaP PDX tumors and identified over 94,000 peptides and 9,700 phosphopeptides corresponding to 7,738 proteins. When we compared 15 NE versus 33 AdCa PDX samples, we identified 309 unique proteins and 476 unique phosphopeptides that were significantly altered and corresponded to proteins that are known to distinguish these two phenotypes. Assessment of protein and RNA concordance from these tumors revealed increased dissonance in transcriptionally regulated proteins in NE and metabolite interconversion enzymes in AdCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi E. Sychev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah E. Bergom
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gabrianne Larson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Atef Ali
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Megan Ludwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ella Boytim
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Eva Corey
- Depart of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Division of gerontology and Geriatrics Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Justin H. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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11
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Van Emmenis L, Ku SY, Gayvert K, Branch JR, Brady NJ, Basu S, Russell M, Cyrta J, Vosoughi A, Sailer V, Alnajar H, Dardenne E, Koumis E, Puca L, Robinson BD, Feldkamp MD, Winkis A, Majewski N, Rupnow B, Gottardis MM, Elemento O, Rubin MA, Beltran H, Rickman DS. The Identification of CELSR3 and Other Potential Cell Surface Targets in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1447-1459. [PMID: 37546702 PMCID: PMC10401480 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although recent efforts have led to the development of highly effective androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, a significant subset of patients will progress with resistant disease including AR-negative tumors that display neuroendocrine features [neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)]. On the basis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a clinical cohort of tissue from benign prostate, locally advanced prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and NEPC, we developed a multi-step bioinformatics pipeline to identify NEPC-specific, overexpressed gene transcripts that encode cell surface proteins. This included the identification of known NEPC surface protein CEACAM5 as well as other potentially targetable proteins (e.g., HMMR and CESLR3). We further showed that cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 (CELSR3) knockdown results in reduced NEPC tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. We provide in vivo data including laser capture microdissection followed by RNA-seq data supporting a causal role of CELSR3 in the development and/or maintenance of the phenotype associated with NEPC. Finally, we provide initial data that suggests CELSR3 is a target for T-cell redirection therapeutics. Further work is now needed to fully evaluate the utility of targeting CELSR3 with T-cell redirection or other similar therapeutics as a potential new strategy for patients with NEPC. Significance The development of effective treatment for patients with NEPC remains an unmet clinical need. We have identified specific surface proteins, including CELSR3, that may serve as novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Van Emmenis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sheng-Yu Ku
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlyn Gayvert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Nicholas J. Brady
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Verena Sailer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hussein Alnajar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Etienne Dardenne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Koumis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Loredana Puca
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Brent Rupnow
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - David S. Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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12
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Loi E, Moi L, Zavattari P. DNA methylation alterations at RE1-silencing transcription factor binding sites and their flanking regions in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:98. [PMID: 37301955 PMCID: PMC10257853 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation changes, frequent early events in cancer, can modulate the binding of transcription factors. RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays a fundamental role in regulating the expression of neuronal genes, and in particular their silencing in non-neuronal tissues, by inducing chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation changes, not only in the proximity of its binding sites but also in the flanking regions. REST has been found aberrantly expressed in brain cancer and other cancer types. In this work, we investigated DNA methylation alterations at REST binding sites and their flanking regions in a brain cancer (pilocytic astrocytoma), two gastrointestinal tumours (colorectal cancer and biliary tract cancer) and a blood cancer (chronic lymphocytic leukemia). RESULTS Differential methylation analyses focused on REST binding sites and their flanking regions were conducted between tumour and normal samples from our experimental datasets analysed by Illumina microarrays and the identified alterations were validated using publicly available datasets. We discovered distinct DNA methylation patterns between pilocytic astrocytoma and the other cancer types in agreement with the opposite oncogenic and tumour suppressive role of REST in glioma and non-brain tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that these DNA methylation alterations in cancer may be associated with REST dysfunction opening the enthusiastic possibility to develop novel therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of this master regulator in order to restore the aberrant methylation of its target regions into a normal status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
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13
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Sreekumar A, Saini S. Role of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers in driving lineage reprogramming in treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1075707. [PMID: 36711033 PMCID: PMC9879360 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1075707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a highly lethal variant of prostate cancer that is increasing in incidence with the increased use of next-generation of androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors. It arises via a reversible trans-differentiation process, referred to as neuroendocrine differentiation (NED), wherein prostate cancer cells show decreased expression of AR and increased expression of neuroendocrine (NE) lineage markers including enolase 2 (ENO2), chromogranin A (CHGA) and synaptophysin (SYP). NEPC is associated with poor survival rates as these tumors are aggressive and often metastasize to soft tissues such as liver, lung and central nervous system despite low serum PSA levels relative to disease burden. It has been recognized that therapy-induced NED involves a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations that act in a highly concerted manner in orchestrating lineage switching. In the recent years, we have seen a spurt in research in this area that has implicated a host of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers that play a role in driving this lineage switching. In this article, we review the role of important transcription factors and chromatin modifiers that are instrumental in lineage reprogramming of prostate adenocarcinomas to NEPC under the selective pressure of various AR-targeted therapies. With an increased understanding of the temporal and spatial interplay of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers and their associated gene expression programs in NEPC, better therapeutic strategies are being tested for targeting NEPC effectively.
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14
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Urabe F, Yamamoto Y, Kimura T. miRNAs in prostate cancer: Intercellular and extracellular communications. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1429-1438. [PMID: 36122303 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male cancer in Western Europe and North America. Although new drugs were recently approved, clinical challenges such as accurately predicting and screening drug-resistant prostate cancer remain. microRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules that participate in gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level by targeting messenger RNAs. There is accumulating evidence that intracellular microRNAs play important roles as promoters or inhibitors of prostate cancer progression. Additionally, recent studies showed that microRNAs are encapsulated in extracellular vesicles and shuttled into the extracellular space. Transfer of extracellular microRNAs contributes to intercellular communication between prostate cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment, which can promote prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, due to their encapsulation in extracellular vesicles, extracellular microRNAs can be stably present in body fluids which contain high levels of RNase. Thus, circulating microRNAs have great potential as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Here, we summarize the roles of intracellular and extracellular microRNAs in prostate cancer progression and discuss the potential of microRNA-based therapeutics as a novel treatment strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Urabe
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Liu S, Alabi BR, Yin Q, Stoyanova T. Molecular mechanisms underlying the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:57-68. [PMID: 35597438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among men in the United States. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for advanced prostate cancer. While patients with advanced prostate cancer initially respond to ADT, the disease frequently progresses to a lethal metastatic form, defined as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). After multiple rounds of anti-androgen therapies, 20-25% of metastatic CRPCs develop a neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype. These tumors are classified as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). De novo NEPC is rare and accounts for less than 2% of all prostate cancers at diagnosis. NEPC is commonly characterized by the expression of NE markers and the absence of androgen receptor (AR) expression. NEPC is usually associated with tumor aggressiveness, hormone therapy resistance, and poor clinical outcome. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of NEPC and provide insights into the future perspectives on potential therapeutic strategies for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Busola Ruth Alabi
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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16
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Current and emerging therapies for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Kong P, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng K, Sang Y, Duan X, Liu C, Sun T, Tao Z, Liu W. Emerging Proteins in CRPC: Functional Roles and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873876. [PMID: 35756667 PMCID: PMC9226405 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in the western world, but the lack of specific and sensitive markers often leads to overtreatment of prostate cancer which eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Novel protein markers for diagnosis and management of CRPC will be promising. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss the expression pattern of emerging proteins in tissue, cell lines, and serum when castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) progresses to CRPC; focus on the proteins involved in CRPC growth, invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and immune microenvironment; summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of emerging proteins in CSPC progressed to CRPC at the molecular level; and finally summarize the clinical applications of emerging proteins as diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, predictive marker, and therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangle Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Mani DR, Krug K, Zhang B, Satpathy S, Clauser KR, Ding L, Ellis M, Gillette MA, Carr SA. Cancer proteogenomics: current impact and future prospects. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:298-313. [PMID: 35236940 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic analyses in cancer have been enormously impactful, leading to the identification of driver mutations and development of targeted therapies. But the functions of the vast majority of somatic mutations and copy number variants in tumours remain unknown, and the causes of resistance to targeted therapies and methods to overcome them are poorly defined. Recent improvements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics now enable direct examination of the consequences of genomic aberrations, providing deep and quantitative characterization of tumour tissues. Integration of proteins and their post-translational modifications with genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic data constitutes the new field of proteogenomics, and is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge with the potential to improve our understanding of malignant transformation and therapeutic outcomes. In this Review we describe recent developments in proteogenomics and key findings from the proteogenomic analysis of a wide range of cancers. Considerations relevant to the selection and use of samples for proteogenomics and the current technologies used to generate, analyse and integrate proteomic with genomic data are described. Applications of proteogenomics in translational studies and immuno-oncology are rapidly emerging, and the prospect for their full integration into therapeutic trials and clinical care seems bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shankha Satpathy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Lee C, Chen Y, Hernandez E, Pong R, Ma S, Hofstad M, Kapur P, Zhau H, Chung LWK, Lai C, Lin H, Lee M, Raj GV, Hsieh J. The central role of Sphingosine kinase 1 in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC): A new targeted therapy of NEPC. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e695. [PMID: 35184376 PMCID: PMC8858611 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is often diagnosed as a sub‐type from the castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) recurred from the second generation of anti‐androgen treatment and is a rapidly progressive fatal disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trans‐differentiation from CRPC to NEPC are not fully characterized, which hampers the development of effective targeted therapy. Methods Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to determine the clinical correlation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in CRPC progression. To investigate the transcriptional regulation SphK1 and neuroendocrine (NE) transcription factor genes, both chromosome immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays were performed. To demonstrate the role of SphK1 in NEPC development, neurosphere assay was carried out along with several biomarkers determined by quantitative PCR and western blot. Furthermore, in vivo NEPC xenograft models and patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model were employed to determine the effect of SphK1 inhibitors and target validation. Results Significant prevalence of SphK1 in NEPC development is observed from clinical datasets. SphK1 is transcriptionally repressed by androgen receptor‐RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST) complex. Furthermore, sphingosine 1‐phosphate produced by SphK1 can modulate REST protein turnover via MAPK signaling pathway. Also, decreased REST protein levels enhance the expression of NE markers in CRPC, enabling the transition to NEPC. Finally, specific SphK1 inhibitors can effectively inhibit the growth of NEPC tumors and block the REST protein degradation in PDX. Conclusions SphK1 plays a central role in NEPC development, which offers a new target for this lethal cancer using clinically approved SphK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Fan Lee
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐An Chen
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Rey‐Chen Pong
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Mia Hofstad
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Urology and Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Haiyen Zhau
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Chih‐Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Jer‐Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
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20
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Merkens L, Sailer V, Lessel D, Janzen E, Greimeier S, Kirfel J, Perner S, Pantel K, Werner S, von Amsberg G. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer: underlying mechanisms of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:46. [PMID: 35109899 PMCID: PMC8808994 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a hormone-driven disease and its tumor cell growth highly relies on increased androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Therefore, targeted therapy directed against androgen synthesis or AR activation is broadly used and continually improved. However, a subset of patients eventually progresses to castration-resistant disease. To date, various mechanisms of resistance have been identified including the development of AR-independent aggressive variant prostate cancer based on neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NED). Here, we review the highly complex processes contributing to NED. Genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional aberrations and posttranscriptional modifications are highlighted and the potential interplay of the different factors is discussed. Background Aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) with traits of neuroendocrine differentiation emerges in a rising number of patients in recent years. Among others, advanced therapies targeting the androgen receptor axis have been considered causative for this development. Cell growth of AVPC often occurs completely independent of the androgen receptor signal transduction pathway and cells have mostly lost the typical cellular features of prostate adenocarcinoma. This complicates both diagnosis and treatment of this very aggressive disease. We believe that a deeper understanding of the complex molecular pathological mechanisms contributing to transdifferentiation will help to improve diagnostic procedures and develop effective treatment strategies. Indeed, in recent years, many scientists have made important contributions to unravel possible causes and mechanisms in the context of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. However, the complexity of the diverse molecular pathways has not been captured completely, yet. This narrative review comprehensively highlights the individual steps of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and makes an important contribution in bringing together the results found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Merkens
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ella Janzen
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Greimeier
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany.,Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Shi M, Wang Y, Lin D, Wang Y. Patient-derived xenograft models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:160-169. [PMID: 34767925 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have attracted much attention as clinically relevant models for basic and translational cancer research. PDXs retain the principal histopathological and molecular heterogeneity of their donor tumors and remain stable across passages. These characteristics allow PDXs to offer a reliable platform for better understanding cancer biology, discovering biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and developing novel therapies. A growing interest in generating neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) PDX models has been demonstrated, and such models have proven useful in several areas. This review provides a comprehensive summary of currently available NEPC PDX collections, encompassing 1) primary or secondary sites where patient samples were collected, 2) donor patients' treatment histories, 3) morphological features (i.e., small cell and large cell), and 4) genomic alterations. We also highlight suitable models for various research purposes, including identifying therapeutic targets and evaluating drug responses in models with specific genomic backgrounds. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current knowledge gaps and shed light on future applications and improvements of NEPC PDXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Shi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yu Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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Garg M. Emerging roles of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in invasion-metastasis cascade and therapy resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:131-145. [PMID: 34978017 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strong association of cancer incidence and its progression with mortality highlights the need to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive tumor cells to rapidly progress to metastatic disease and therapy resistance. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) emerged as a key regulator of metastatic outgrowth. It allows neoplastic epithelial cells to delaminate from their neighbors either individually or collectively, traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier, enter into the circulation, and establish distal metastases. Plasticity between epithelial and mesenchymal states and the existence of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes are increasingly being reported in different tumor contexts. Small subset of cancer cells with stemness called cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit plasticity, possess high tumorigenic potential, and contribute to high degree of tumoral heterogeneity. EMP characterized by the presence of dynamic intermediate states is reported to be influenced by (epi)genomic reprograming, growth factor signaling, inflammation, and low oxygen generated by tumor stromal microenvironment. EMP alters the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of tumor cells/CSCs, disrupts tissue homeostasis, induces the reprogramming of angiogenic and immune recognition functions, and renders tumor cells to survive hostile microenvironments and resist therapy. The present review summarizes the roles of EMP in tumor invasion and metastasis and provides an update on therapeutic strategies to target the metastatic and refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Arman T, Nelson PS. Endocrine and paracrine characteristics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1012005. [PMID: 36440195 PMCID: PMC9691667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting men worldwide. While the vast majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are categorized as adenocarcinomas, a spectrum of uncommon tumor types occur including those with small cell and neuroendocrine cell features. Benign neuroendocrine cells exist in the normal prostate microenvironment, and these cells may give rise to primary neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, the more common development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is observed after therapeutics designed to repress the signaling program regulated by the androgen receptor which is active in the majority of localized and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors are identified through immunohistochemical staining for common markers including chromogranin A/B, synaptophysin and neuron specific enolase (NSE). These markers are also common to neuroendocrine tumors that arise in other tissues and organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung and skin. Notably, neuroendocrine prostate cancer shares biochemical features with nerve cells, particularly functions involving the secretion of a variety of peptides and proteins. These secreted factors have the potential to exert local paracrine effects, and distant endocrine effects that may modulate tumor progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy. This review discusses the spectrum of factors derived from neuroendocrine prostate cancers and their potential to influence the pathophysiology of localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter S. Nelson,
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Slabáková E, Kahounová Z, Procházková J, Souček K. Regulation of Neuroendocrine-like Differentiation in Prostate Cancer by Non-Coding RNAs. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7040075. [PMID: 34940756 PMCID: PMC8704250 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) represents a variant of prostate cancer that occurs in response to treatment resistance or, to a much lesser extent, de novo. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms behind transdifferentiation of cancer cells to neuroendocrine-like cancer cells is essential for development of new treatment opportunities. This review focuses on summarizing the role of small molecules, predominantly microRNAs, in this phenomenon. A published literature search was performed to identify microRNAs, which are reported and experimentally validated to modulate neuroendocrine markers and/or regulators and to affect the complex neuroendocrine phenotype. Next, available patients’ expression datasets were surveyed to identify deregulated microRNAs, and their effect on NEPC and prostate cancer progression is summarized. Finally, possibilities of miRNA detection and quantification in body fluids of prostate cancer patients and their possible use as liquid biopsy in prostate cancer monitoring are discussed. All the addressed clinical and experimental contexts point to an association of NEPC with upregulation of miR-375 and downregulation of miR-34a and miR-19b-3p. Together, this review provides an overview of different roles of non-coding RNAs in the emergence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
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Kanayama M, Luo J. Delineating the Molecular Events Underlying Development of Prostate Cancer Variants with Neuroendocrine/Small Cell Carcinoma Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12742. [PMID: 34884545 PMCID: PMC8657721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape of prostate cancer has changed dramatically following the advent of novel systemic therapies, most of which target the androgen receptor (AR). Agents such as abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide were designed to further suppress androgen receptor signaling following gonadal suppression achieved by first-line androgen deprivation therapies. These potent AR targeting agents are increasingly used in the earlier stages of the disease spectrum with the goal of delaying disease progression and extending survival. Although these therapies are effective in controlling prostate tumors dependent on or addicted to AR signaling, prostate tumors surviving the onslaught of potent treatments may evolve and develop drug resistance. A substantial proportion of treatment failures can be explained by the development of treatment-induced aggressive prostate cancer variants such as neuroendocrine/small cell carcinoma. These emerging disease entities demand detailed characterization and precise definitions. We postulate that these treatment-induced prostate cancer entities should be defined molecularly to overcome the drawbacks associated with the current clinical and pathological definitions. A precise molecular definition conforms with current knowledge on the molecular evolution of this disease entity and will enable early detection and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Proteomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer: The View Provided by Quantitative Proteomics, Integrative Analyses, and Protein Interactomes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194829. [PMID: 34638309 PMCID: PMC8507874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer of men worldwide. While the genetic landscapes and heterogeneity of prostate cancer are relatively well-known already, methodological developments now allow for studying basic and dynamic proteomes on a large scale and in a quantitative fashion. This aids in revealing the functional output of cancer genomes. It has become evident that not all aberrations at the genetic and transcriptional level are translated to the proteome. In addition, the proteomic level contains heterogeneity, which increases as the cancer progresses from primary prostate cancer (PCa) to metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While multiple aspects of prostate adenocarcinoma proteomes have been studied, less is known about proteomes of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). In this review, we summarize recent developments in prostate cancer proteomics, concentrating on the proteomic landscapes of clinical prostate cancer, cell line and mouse model proteomes interrogating prostate cancer-relevant signaling and alterations, and key prostate cancer regulator interactomes, such as those of the androgen receptor (AR). Compared to genomic and transcriptomic analyses, the view provided by proteomics brings forward changes in prostate cancer metabolism, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, and post-translational protein regulatory pathways, requiring the full attention of studies in the future.
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Zhang C, Qian J, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Yu W, Gong Y, Li X, He Z, Zhou L. Identification of Novel Diagnosis Biomarkers for Therapy-Related Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609968. [PMID: 34646089 PMCID: PMC8503838 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) subtype that, at present, lacks well-characterized molecular biomarkers. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is dependent on biopsy and histological assessment: methods that are experience-based and easily misdiagnosed due to tumor heterogeneity. The development of robust diagnostic tools for NEPC may assist clinicians in making medical decisions on the choice of continuing anti-androgen receptor therapy or switching to platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: Gene expression profiles and clinical characteristics data of 208 samples of metastatic CRPC, including castration-resistant prostate adenocarcinoma (CRPC-adeno) and castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate adenocarcinoma (CRPC-NE), were obtained from the prad_su2c_2019 dataset. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was subsequently used to construct a free-scale gene co-expression network to study the interrelationship between the potential modules and clinical features of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma and to identify hub genes in the modules. Furthermore, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to build a model to predict the clinical characteristics of CRPC-NE. The findings were then verified in the nepc_wcm_2016 dataset. Results: A total of 51 co-expression modules were successfully constructed using WGCNA, of which three co-expression modules were found to be significantly associated with the neuroendocrine features and the NEPC score. In total, four novel genes, including NPTX1, PCSK1, ASXL3, and TRIM9, were all significantly upregulated in NEPC compared with the adenocarcinoma samples, and these genes were all associated with the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway. Next, the expression levels of these four genes were used to construct an NEPC diagnosis model, which was successfully able to distinguish CRPC-NE from CRPC-adeno samples in both the training and the validation cohorts. Moreover, the values of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) were 0.995 and 0.833 for the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusion: The present study identified four specific novel biomarkers for therapy-related NEPC, and these biomarkers may serve as an effective tool for the diagnosis of NEPC, thereby meriting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital Institute of Urology, National Urological Cancer Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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28
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Enriquez C, Cancila V, Ferri R, Sulsenti R, Fischetti I, Milani M, Ostano P, Gregnanin I, Mello-Grand M, Berrino E, Bregni M, Renne G, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Jachetti E. Castration-Induced Downregulation of SPARC in Stromal Cells Drives Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4257-4274. [PMID: 34185677 PMCID: PMC9398117 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatal neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of castration-resistant prostate cancer is a recurrent mechanism of resistance to androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) and antiandrogen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) in patients. The design of effective therapies for neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is complicated by limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing NED. The paucity of acquired genomic alterations and the deregulation of epigenetic and transcription factors suggest a potential contribution from the microenvironment. In this context, whether ADT/ARPI induces stromal cells to release NED-promoting molecules and the underlying molecular networks are unestablished. Here, we utilized transgenic and transplantable mouse models and coculture experiments to unveil a novel tumor-stroma cross-talk that is able to induce NED under the pressure of androgen deprivation. Castration induced upregulation of GRP78 in tumor cells, which triggers miR29-b-mediated downregulation of the matricellular protein SPARC in the nearby stroma. SPARC downregulation enabled stromal cells to release IL6, a known inducer of NED. A drug that targets GRP78 blocked NED in castrated mice. A public, human NEPC gene expression dataset showed that Hspa5 (encoding for GRP78) positively correlates with hallmarks of NED. Finally, prostate cancer specimens from patients developing local NED after ADT showed GRP78 upregulation in tumor cells and SPARC downregulation in the stroma. These results point to GRP78 as a potential therapeutic target and to SPARC downregulation in stromal cells as a potential early biomarker of tumors undergoing NED. SIGNIFICANCE: Tumor-stroma cross-talk promotes neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer in response to hormone therapy via a GRP78/SPARC/IL6 axis, providing potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Enriquez
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata Ferri
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Sulsenti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Fischetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Milani
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gregnanin
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Berrino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Marco Bregni
- Oncology-Hematology Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Renne
- Division of Uropathology and Intraoperative Consultation, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Labrecque MP, Brown LG, Coleman IM, Lakely B, Brady NJ, Lee JK, Nguyen HM, Li D, Hanratty B, Haffner MC, Rickman DS, True LD, Lin DW, Lam HM, Alumkal JJ, Corey E, Nelson PS, Morrissey C. RNA splicing factors SRRM3 and SRRM4 distinguish molecular phenotypes of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4736-4750. [PMID: 34312180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is an increasingly common clinical feature arising from cellular plasticity. We recently characterized two mCRPC phenotypes with NE features: androgen receptor (AR)-positive NE-positive amphicrine prostate cancer (AMPC) and AR-negative small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNPC). Here, we interrogated the regulation of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes, and elucidated molecular programs driving AMPC and SCNPC biology. Analysis of prostate cancer (PC) cell lines, mCRPC specimens, and LuCaP patient-derived xenograft models detected alternative splicing of REST to REST4 and attenuated REST repressor activity in AMPC and SCNPC. The REST locus was also hypermethylated and REST expression was reduced in SCNPC. While serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 4 (SRRM4) was previously implicated in alternative splicing of REST in mCRPC, we detected SRRM3 expression in REST4-positive, SRRM4-negative AMPC and SCNPC. In CRPC cell lines, SRRM3 induced alternative splicing of REST to REST4 and exacerbated the expression of REST-repressed genes. Furthermore, SRRM3 and SRRM4 expression defined molecular subsets of AMPC and SCNPC across species and tumor types. Two AMPC phenotypes and three SCNPC phenotypes were characterized, denoted either by REST attenuation and ASCL1 activity or by progressive activation of neuronal transcription factor programs, respectively. These results nominate SRRM3 as the principal REST splicing factor expressed in early NE differentiation and provide a framework to molecularly classify diverse NE phenotypes in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | - John K Lee
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | | | | | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Joshi J Alumkal
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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30
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Kukkonen K, Taavitsainen S, Huhtala L, Uusi-Makela J, Granberg KJ, Nykter M, Urbanucci A. Chromatin and Epigenetic Dysregulation of Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3325. [PMID: 34283056 PMCID: PMC8268970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of chromatin and epigenetics has been defined as the overarching cancer hallmark. By disrupting transcriptional regulation in normal cells and mediating tumor progression by promoting cancer cell plasticity, this process has the ability to mediate all defined hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we collect and assess evidence on the contribution of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in prostate cancer. We highlight important mechanisms leading to prostate carcinogenesis, the emergence of castration-resistance upon treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, and resistance to antiandrogens. We examine in particular the contribution of chromatin structure and epigenetics to cell lineage commitment, which is dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and cell plasticity, which is altered during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsta Kukkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Sinja Taavitsainen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Laura Huhtala
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Joonas Uusi-Makela
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Kirsi J. Granberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Wang L, Li H, Li Z, Li M, Tang Q, Wu C, Lu Z. Smoothened loss is a characteristic of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:508-520. [PMID: 33955576 PMCID: PMC8251989 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hedgehog (Hh) signaling promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by supporting androgen-independent prostate cancer cell development and growth; however, its role in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) has not yet been explored. In this study, we assessed the expression of key genes involved in Hh signaling in prostate cancer and investigated the potential role of smoothened (SMO) in the pathogenesis of NEPC. METHODS Six public datasets, each containing cases of prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) and NEPC, were analyzed to compare the differential messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of six classic Hh signaling genes. The SMO, synaptophysin, chromogranin A (CHGA) and androgen receptor (AR) proteins were evaluated in human tissues from 5 cases of NEPC, 2 cases of AdPC mixed with NEPC, 2 cases of AdPC with neuroendocrine differentiation and 22 cases of high-grade AdPC as determined by an immunohistochemistry assay. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify relevant genetic signatures associated with SMO expression based on the public datasets. Stable SMO-knockdown LNCaP and C4-2B cells were established with a lentiviral system, and the expression of SMO, Gli1, AR, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and REST was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Secreted PSA in the conditioned medium was assessed by ELISA. Gli1 was ectopically expressed performed by the transfection of Gli1 complementary DNA into SMO-knockdown LNCaP cells, and western blot was used to assess of AR and PSA expression. RESULTS The mRNA level of SMO was dramatically downregulated in NEPC samples compared with AdPC samples in all 6 public datasets. SMO protein loss was observed in 100% of NEPC samples but in only 9% (2 of 22) of high-grade AdPC samples. GSEA results showed that SMO loss was closely correlated with AR signaling activity. Stable SMO knockdown significantly attenuated AR signaling activity and suppressed AR expression, while Gli1 overexpression partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SMO knockdown on AR signaling activity and AR expression in LNCaP and C4-2B cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that SMO loss is a characteristic of NEPC and that detecting SMO by IHC could aid pathologists in NEPC diagnosis. SMO loss may promote NEPC pathogenesis by modulating AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
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32
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Tong D. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer evolution from genotype to phenotype. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 163:103370. [PMID: 34051300 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the Western society. Unfortunately, although the vast majority of patients are initially responsive to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), most cases eventually develop from hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The main reason is PC heterogeneity and evolution during therapy. PC evolution is a continuously progressive process with combination of genomic alterations including canonical AR, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, SPOP/FOXA1, TP53/RB1/PTEN, BRCA2. Meanwhile, signaling pathways including PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, SRC, IL-6/STAT3 are activated, to promote epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cell (CSC)-like features/stemness and neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PC. These improve our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships. The identification of canonical genetic alterations and signaling pathway activation in PC has shed more insight into genetic background, molecular subtype and disease landscape of PC evolution, resulting in a more flexible role of individual therapies targeting diverse genotype and phenotype presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, PR China.
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33
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Low REST Expression Indicates a Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6682758. [PMID: 33834072 PMCID: PMC8012131 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It was initially found that neural-restrictive silencer factor/repressor 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes in nonneuronal cells. However, it is reported to be abundantly expressed in various types of aggressive cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression patterns of REST in renal cell carcinoma and found that its expression is lower in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. The chi-square test showed that the low REST expression was closely related to patients' clinicopathologic parameters, including the pathologic stage and survival status. ROC curve showed that REST had excellent clinical diagnostic prospect. In addition, patients with low REST expression had poor over survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the low REST expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Gene set enrichment analysis identified P53 pathway, reactive oxygen species pathway, glycolysis, DNA repair, cholesterol homeostasis, and MYC targets V2 enriched with low REST expression phenotype. These results suggested that REST may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma in clinical applications.
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Long Z, Deng L, Li C, He Q, He Y, Hu X, Cai Y, Gan Y. Loss of EHF facilitates the development of treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:46. [PMID: 33414441 PMCID: PMC7790822 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rising of a highly aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) named treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is well known for its features of the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and androgen receptor (AR) independence. However, t-NEPC is still largely unknown. Here, we found that EHF is notably depressed in t-NEPC tumors, patient-derived xenografts, transgenic mice, and cell models. Results from cell lines uncovered that ADT represses EHF expression, which is required for the ADT-induced NED. Mechanism dissection revealed that ADT decreases the EHF transcription via relieving the AR binding to different androgen-responsive elements, which then promotes the expression and enzymatic activity of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), consequently catalyzing tri-methylation lysine 27 of histone H3 for transcriptional repression of its downstream genes to promote the NED. Furthermore, preclinical studies from cell and mice models proved that recovery of EHF expression or using EZH2 inhibitor can attenuate aggressive properties of CRPC cells, hinder the progression of t-NEPC, and promote the response of CPRC cells to enzalutamide. Together, we elucidate that the ADT/AR/EHF/EZH2 signaling is required for the ADT-enhanced NED and plays a critical role in the progression of t-NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangrong He
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiheng Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Chen J, Wu Z, Ding W, Gao S, Gao Y, Xu C. Mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer and therapeutic strategies to overcome it. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:239-261. [PMID: 33150960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men and androgen deprivation therapy is the first-line therapy. However, most cases will eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy treatment. Enzalutamide is a second-generation androgen receptor antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Unfortunately, patients receiving enzalutamide treatment will ultimately develop resistance via various complicated mechanisms. This review examines the emerging information on these resistance mechanisms, including androgen receptor-related signalling pathways, glucocorticoid receptor-related pathways and metabolic effects. Notably, lineage plasticity and phenotype switching, gene polymorphisms and the relationship between microRNAs and drug resistance are addressed. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies for enzalutamide-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment are suggested, which can help discover more effective and specific regimens to overcome enzalutamide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengjie Wu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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The Intimate Relationship Among EMT, MET and TME: A T(ransdifferentiation) E(nhancing) M(ix) to Be Exploited for Therapeutic Purposes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123674. [PMID: 33297508 PMCID: PMC7762343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intratumoral heterogeneity is considered the major cause of drug resistance and hence treatment failure in cancer patients. Tumor cells are known for their phenotypic plasticity that is the ability of a cell to reprogram and change its identity to eventually adopt multiple phenotypes. Tumor cell plasticity involves the reactivation of developmental programs, the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and an enhanced potential for retro- or transdifferentiation. A well-known transdifferentiation mechanism is the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current evidence suggests a complex interplay between EMT, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and various signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME) in shaping a tumor cell’s plasticity. The vulnerabilities exposed by cancer cells when residing in a plastic or stem-like state have the potential to be exploited therapeutically, i.e., by converting highly metastatic cells into less aggressive or even harmless postmitotic ones. Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity is considered the major cause of drug unresponsiveness in cancer and accumulating evidence implicates non-mutational resistance mechanisms rather than genetic mutations in its development. These non-mutational processes are largely driven by phenotypic plasticity, which is defined as the ability of a cell to reprogram and change its identity (phenotype switching). Tumor cell plasticity is characterized by the reactivation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and an enhanced potential for retrodifferentiation or transdifferentiation. A well-studied mechanism of phenotypic plasticity is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current evidence suggests a complex interplay between EMT, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and clues from the tumor microenvironment in cell reprogramming. A deeper understanding of the connections between stem cell, epithelial–mesenchymal, and tumor-associated reprogramming events is crucial to develop novel therapies that mitigate cell plasticity and minimize the evolution of tumor heterogeneity, and hence drug resistance. Alternatively, vulnerabilities exposed by tumor cells when residing in a plastic or stem-like state may be exploited therapeutically, i.e., by converting them into less aggressive or even postmitotic cells. Tumor cell plasticity thus presents a new paradigm for understanding a cancer’s resistance to therapy and deciphering its underlying mechanisms.
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Kato M, Sasaki T, Inoue T. Current experimental human tissue-derived models for prostate cancer research. Int J Urol 2020; 28:150-162. [PMID: 33247498 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientists engaged in prostate cancer research have been conducting experiments using two-dimensional cultures of prostate cancer cell lines for decades. However, these experiments fail to reproduce and reflect the clinical course of individual patients with prostate cancer, or the molecular and genetic characteristics of prostate cancer, the basic requirement for most of the preclinical studies on prostate cancer. The use of human prostate cancer tissues in experiments has enabled the collection and verification of clinically relevant data, including chemical reactions, changes in proteins, and specific gene expression. Tissue recombination models have been employed for studying prostate development, the initiation and progression of prostate cancer, and the tumor microenvironment. Notably, the epithelial-stromal interaction, which might play a critical role in prostate cancer pathogenesis, can be reproduced in this model. Patient-derived xenograft models have been developed as powerful avatars comprising patient-derived prostate cancer tissues implanted in immunocompromised mice and could serve as a precision medicine approach for each prostate cancer patient. Spheroid and organoid assays, representative of modern three-dimensional cultures, can replicate the conditions in human prostate tumors and the prostate organ itself as a miniature model. Although an intact immune system against the tumor is missing from the models aimed at investigating immuno-oncological reagents in various malignancies, all these experimental models can help researchers in developing new drugs and selecting appropriate treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kato
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Zhuo J, Su R, Tan W, Lian Z, Lu D, Xu X. The ongoing trends of patient-derived xenograft models in oncology. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:559-563. [PMID: 32954687 PMCID: PMC7668494 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Renyi Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Li Shui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, P. R. China
| | - Winyen Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
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Shukla N, Siva N, Malik B, Suravajhala P. Current Challenges and Implications of Proteogenomic Approaches in Prostate Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1968-1980. [PMID: 32703135 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200722112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have heralded the omics era. With NGS data burgeoning, there arose a need to disseminate the omic data better. Proteogenomics has been vividly used for characterising the functions of candidate genes and is applied in ascertaining various diseased phenotypes, including cancers. However, not much is known about the role and application of proteogenomics, especially Prostate Cancer (PCa). In this review, we outline the need for proteogenomic approaches, their applications and their role in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur 302001, RJ, India.,Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Narmadhaa Siva
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur 302001, RJ, India
| | - Babita Malik
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur 302001, RJ, India
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Faugeroux V, Pailler E, Oulhen M, Deas O, Brulle-Soumare L, Hervieu C, Marty V, Alexandrova K, Andree KC, Stoecklein NH, Tramalloni D, Cairo S, NgoCamus M, Nicotra C, Terstappen LWMM, Manaresi N, Lapierre V, Fizazi K, Scoazec JY, Loriot Y, Judde JG, Farace F. Genetic characterization of a unique neuroendocrine transdifferentiation prostate circulating tumor cell-derived eXplant model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32313004 PMCID: PMC7171138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) into an aggressive neuroendocrine disease (CRPC-NE) represents a major clinical challenge and experimental models are lacking. A CTC-derived eXplant (CDX) and a CDX-derived cell line are established using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) obtained by diagnostic leukapheresis from a CRPC patient resistant to enzalutamide. The CDX and the derived-cell line conserve 16% of primary tumor (PT) and 56% of CTC mutations, as well as 83% of PT copy-number aberrations including clonal TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and NKX3.1 loss. Both harbor an androgen receptor-null neuroendocrine phenotype, TP53, PTEN and RB1 loss. While PTEN and RB1 loss are acquired in CTCs, evolutionary analysis suggest that a PT subclone harboring TP53 loss is the driver of the metastatic event leading to the CDX. This CDX model provides insights on the sequential acquisition of key drivers of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and offers a unique tool for effective drug screening in CRPC-NE management.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/drug effects
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Faugeroux
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Emma Pailler
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Marianne Oulhen
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Céline Hervieu
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Virginie Marty
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Kamelia Alexandrova
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Kiki C Andree
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominique Tramalloni
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Maud NgoCamus
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudio Nicotra
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valérie Lapierre
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Karim Fizazi
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | | | - Françoise Farace
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France.
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France.
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Li H, Wang L, Li Z, Geng X, Li M, Tang Q, Wu C, Lu Z. SOX2 has dual functions as a regulator in the progression of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 100:570-582. [PMID: 31772313 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the lineage switching from prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) to lethal neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, RNA sequencing data from a unique patient-derived xenograft NEPC model and a clinical NEPC cohort were used to identify the potential genes driving NEPC progression. Enrichr analysis resulted in the identification of SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (SOX2) as a potential repressor that causes decrease in the expression of AdPC specific genes in NEPC. Assays involving the stable overexpression of SOX2 in LNCaP and CWR22RV1 cells validated this role of SOX2 in vitro. Mechanistic studies showed that the repressor role of SOX2 was attributed to the marked global hypomethylation of histone H3, which was driven by the activation of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). Furthermore, Enrichr also predicted SOX2 as a driver gene involved in the upregulation of NEPC specific genes. However, SOX2 alone could only marginally induce the expression of some neuroendocrine markers in vitro, which was consistent with previous reports. Moreover, we also elucidated the molecular features of LNCaP-SOX2 cells that may confer resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and the inclination toward neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. The results of this study reveal a novel mechanism for SOX2 in the progression of NEPC via LSD1-mediated global epigenetic modulation. This discovery suggests that LSD1 may be a selective target for the prevention of NEPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xu Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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42
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Cheng B, He Q, Cheng Y, Yang H, Pei L, Deng Q, Long H, Zhu L, Jiang R. A Three-Gene Classifier Associated With MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation Predicts Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy. Front Genet 2020; 10:1402. [PMID: 32117427 PMCID: PMC7011265 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE After radical prostatectomy (RP), prostate cancer (PCa) patients may experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) and clinical recurrence, which remains a dominant issue in PCa treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify a protein-coding gene classifier associated with microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation to provide a comprehensive prognostic index to predict PCa recurrence after RP. METHODS Candidate classifiers were constructed using two machine-learning algorithms (a least absolute shrinkage and selector operation [LASSO]-based classifier and a decision tree-based classifier) based on a discovery cohort (n = 156) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. After selecting the LASSO-based classifier based on the prediction accuracy, both an internal validation cohort (n = 333) and an external validation cohort (n = 100) were used to examined the classifier using survival analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Functional enrichment analysis of co-expressed genes was carried out to explore the underlying moleculer mechanisms of the genes included in the classifier. RESULTS We constructed a three-gene classifier that included FAM72B, GNE, and TRIM46, and we identified four upstream prognostic miRNAs (hsa-miR-133a-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-1301-3p, and hsa-miR-30c-2-3p). The classifier exhibited a remarkable ability (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.927) to distinguish PCa patients with high and low Gleason scores in the discovery cohort. Furthermore, it was significantly associated with clinical recurrence (p < 0.0001, log rank statistic = 20.7, AUC = 0.733) and could serve as an independent prognostic factor of recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.708, 95% CI: 1.180-2.472, p < 0.001). Additionally, it was a predictor of BCR according to BCR-free survival analysis (p = 0.0338, log rank statistic = 4.51). CONCLUSIONS The three-gene classifier associated with miRNA-mediated regulation may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for PCa patients after RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qidan He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haifan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lijun Pei
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Deng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Likun Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Patel GK, Chugh N, Tripathi M. Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Prostate Cancer-An Intriguing Example of Tumor Evolution at Play. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1405. [PMID: 31547070 PMCID: PMC6826557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) has assumed a new perspective in light of the recent advances in research. Although classical NEPC is rarely seen in the clinic, focal neuroendocrine trans-differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma occurs in about 30% of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) cases, and represents a therapeutic challenge. Even though our knowledge of the mechanisms that mediate neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is still evolving, the role of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as a key driver of this phenomenon is increasingly becoming evident. In this review, we discuss the molecular, cellular, and therapeutic mediators of NED, and emphasize the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in orchestrating the phenotype. Understanding the role of the TME in mediating NED could provide us with valuable insights into the plasticity associated with the phenotype, and reveal potential therapeutic targets against this aggressive form of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girijesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Natasha Chugh
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Aleksakhina SN, Kashyap A, Imyanitov EN. Mechanisms of acquired tumor drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188310. [PMID: 31442474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic therapy often results in the reduction of tumor size but rarely succeeds in eradicating all cancer cells. Drug efflux, persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and down-regulation of apoptosis are the most known general causes of therapy failure. Tumor escape from targeted compounds often involves pathway-specific mechanisms, which result in the restoration of the affected signaling cascade. The acquisition of drug resistance is mediated by mutations, changes in gene expression, alternative splicing, post-translational protein modifications, etc. Development of resistance to therapy may not necessary involve the emergence of new tumor clones: multiple studies demonstrate that even chemonaive neoplasms already have a small population of cells, which are capable of surviving therapeutic pressure and facilitating the disease progression. Use of combinations of cancer drugs, sequential therapy, adaptive therapy and topical ablation of drug-resistant malignant lumps may help to prolong the time to treatment failure. Many studies on mechanisms of drug resistance rely on the use of cell cultures and animal models. The development of approaches that allow efficient monitoring of the evolution of tumor phenotype in clinical setting presents a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Aleksakhina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Aniruddh Kashyap
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia; Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg 195067, Russia.
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Labrecque MP, Coleman IM, Brown LG, True LD, Kollath L, Lakely B, Nguyen HM, Yang YC, da Costa RMG, Kaipainen A, Coleman R, Higano CS, Yu EY, Cheng HH, Mostaghel EA, Montgomery B, Schweizer MT, Hsieh AC, Lin DW, Corey E, Nelson PS, Morrissey C. Molecular profiling stratifies diverse phenotypes of treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4492-4505. [PMID: 31361600 DOI: 10.1172/jci128212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a heterogeneous disease with diverse drivers of disease progression and mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. We conducted deep phenotypic characterization of CRPC metastases and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines using whole genome RNA sequencing, gene set enrichment analysis and immunohistochemistry. Our analyses revealed five mCRPC phenotypes based on the expression of well-characterized androgen receptor (AR) or neuroendocrine (NE) genes: (i) AR-high tumors (ARPC), (ii) AR-low tumors (ARLPC), (iii) amphicrine tumors composed of cells co-expressing AR and NE genes (AMPC), (iv) double-negative tumors (i.e. AR-/NE-; DNPC) and (v) tumors with small cell or NE gene expression without AR activity (SCNPC). RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) activity, which suppresses NE gene expression, was lost in AMPC and SCNPC PDX models. However, knockdown of REST in cell lines revealed that attenuated REST activity drives the AMPC phenotype but is not sufficient for SCNPC conversion. We also identified a subtype of DNPC tumors with squamous differentiation and generated an encompassing 26-gene transcriptional signature that distinguished the five mCRPC phenotypes. Together, our data highlight the central role of AR and REST in classifying treatment-resistant mCRPC phenotypes. These molecular classifications could potentially guide future therapeutic studies and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Labrecque
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lori Kollath
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yu C Yang
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roger Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael T Schweizer
- Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divison of Human Biology and.,Divison of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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46
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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47
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Thysell E, Vidman L, Ylitalo EB, Jernberg E, Crnalic S, Iglesias-Gato D, Flores-Morales A, Stattin P, Egevad L, Widmark A, Rydén P, Bergh A, Wikström P. Gene expression profiles define molecular subtypes of prostate cancer bone metastases with different outcomes and morphology traceable back to the primary tumor. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1763-1777. [PMID: 31162796 PMCID: PMC6670017 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the lethal end-stage of prostate cancer (PC), but the biology of bone metastases is poorly understood. The overall aim of this study was therefore to explore molecular variability in PC bone metastases of potential importance for therapy. Specifically, genome-wide expression profiles of bone metastases from untreated patients (n = 12) and patients treated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT, n = 60) were analyzed in relation to patient outcome and to morphological characteristics in metastases and paired primary tumors. Principal component analysis and unsupervised classification were used to identify sample clusters based on mRNA profiles. Clusters were characterized by gene set enrichment analysis and related to histological and clinical parameters using univariate and multivariate statistics. Selected proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in metastases and matched primary tumors (n = 52) and in transurethral resected prostate (TUR-P) tissue of a separate cohort (n = 59). Three molecular subtypes of bone metastases (MetA-C) characterized by differences in gene expression pattern, morphology, and clinical behavior were identified. MetA (71% of the cases) showed increased expression of androgen receptor-regulated genes, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and glandular structures indicating a luminal cell phenotype. MetB (17%) showed expression profiles related to cell cycle activity and DNA damage, and a pronounced cellular atypia. MetC (12%) exhibited enriched stroma-epithelial cell interactions. MetB patients had the lowest serum PSA levels and the poorest prognosis after ADT. Combined analysis of PSA and Ki67 immunoreactivity (proliferation) in bone metastases, paired primary tumors, and TUR-P samples was able to differentiate MetA-like (high PSA, low Ki67) from MetB-like (low PSA, high Ki67) tumors and demonstrate their different prognosis. In conclusion, bone metastases from PC patients are separated based on gene expression profiles into molecular subtypes with different morphology, biology, and clinical outcome. These findings deserve further exploration with the purpose of improving treatment of metastatic PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidman
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | - Emma Jernberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Sead Crnalic
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Orthopaedics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amilcar Flores-Morales
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Widmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rydén
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
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48
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Dysregulated Transcriptional Control in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122883. [PMID: 31200487 PMCID: PMC6627928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of prostate cancer at different stages indicate that a large number of mutations found in tumors are present in non-protein coding regions of the genome and lead to dysregulated gene expression. Single nucleotide variations and small mutations affecting the recruitment of transcription factor complexes to DNA regulatory elements are observed in an increasing number of cases. Genomic rearrangements may position coding regions under the novel control of regulatory elements, as exemplified by the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and the amplified enhancer identified upstream of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Super-enhancers are increasingly found to play important roles in aberrant oncogenic transcription. Several players involved in these processes are currently being evaluated as drug targets and may represent new vulnerabilities that can be exploited for prostate cancer treatment. They include factors involved in enhancer and super-enhancer function such as bromodomain proteins and cyclin-dependent kinases. In addition, non-coding RNAs with an important gene regulatory role are being explored. The rapid progress made in understanding the influence of the non-coding part of the genome and of transcription dysregulation in prostate cancer could pave the way for the identification of novel treatment paradigms for the benefit of patients.
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer (PCa) is diagnosed in one out of every nine men and is the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Although therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR) are highly effective, development of resistance is universal and remains a major therapeutic challenge. Nonetheless, signaling via AR is frequently maintained despite standard androgen-signaling inhibition. We review the current understanding of mechanisms of resistance as well as therapeutic approaches to improving treatment of PCa via targeting of the AR. RECENT FINDINGS Resistance to AR-targeting therapies may be mediated by several mechanisms, including amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing of AR; intratumoral androgen synthesis; activation of alternative signaling pathways; and in a minority of cases, emergence of AR-independent phenotypes. Recent trials demonstrate that intensification of androgen blockade in metastatic castration-sensitive PCa can significantly improve survival. Similar strategies are being explored in earlier disease states. In addition, several other cellular signaling pathways have been identified as mechanisms of resistance, offering opportunities for cotargeted therapy. Finally, immune-based approaches are in development to complement AR-targeted therapies. SUMMARY Targeting the AR remains a critical focus in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Einstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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