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Yildiz S, Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA. The Role of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Ovarian Function. Semin Reprod Med 2024. [PMID: 38781987 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, whose actions are restricted to the endocrine-reproductive system. Initially known for its role in male sex differentiation, AMH plays a role in the ovary, acting as a gatekeeper in folliculogenesis by regulating the rate of recruitment and growth of follicles. In the ovary, AMH is predominantly expressed by granulosa cells of preantral and antral follicles (i.e., post primordial follicle recruitment and prior to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) selection). AMH signals through a BMP-like signaling pathway in a manner distinct from other TGFβ family members. In this review, the latest insights in AMH processing, signaling, its regulation of spatial and temporal expression pattern, and functioning in folliculogenesis are summarized. In addition, effects of AMH variants on ovarian function are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes M E Moolhuijsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chauvin M, Garambois V, Choblet S, Colombo PE, Chentouf M, Gros L, De Brauwere DP, Duonor-Cerutti M, Dumas K, Robert B, Jarlier M, Martineau P, Navarro-Teulon I, Pépin D, Chardès T, Pèlegrin A. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration regulates activin receptor-like kinase-2/3 expression levels with opposing effects on ovarian cancer cell survival. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:43. [PMID: 34013359 PMCID: PMC8131086 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti‑Müllerian hormone (AMH) type II receptor (AMHRII) and the AMH/AMHRII signaling pathway are potential therapeutic targets in ovarian carcinoma. Conversely, the role of the three AMH type I receptors (AMHRIs), namely activin receptor‑like kinase (ALK)2, ALK3 and ALK6, in ovarian cancer remains to be clarified. To determine the respective roles of these three AMHRIs, the present study used four ovarian cancer cell lines (COV434‑AMHRII, SKOV3‑AMHRII, OVCAR8, KGN) and primary cells isolated from tumor ascites from patients with ovarian cancer. The results demonstrated that ALK2 and ALK3 may be the two main AMHRIs involved in AMH signaling at physiological endogenous and supraphysiological exogenous AMH concentrations, respectively. Supraphysiological AMH concentrations (25 nM recombinant AMH) were associated with apoptosis in all four cell lines and decreased clonogenic survival in COV434‑AMHRII and SKOV3‑AMHRII cells. These biological effects were induced via ALK3 recruitment by AMHRII, as ALK3‑AMHRII dimerization was favored at increasing AMH concentrations. By contrast, ALK2 was associated with AMHRII at physiological endogenous concentrations of AMH (10 pM). Based on these results, tetravalent IgG1‑like bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) against AMHRII and ALK2, and against AMHRII and ALK3 were designed and evaluated. In vivo, COV434‑AMHRII tumor cell xenograft growth was significantly reduced in all BsAb‑treated groups compared with that in the vehicle group (P=0.018 for BsAb 12G4‑3D7; P=0.001 for all other BsAbs). However, the growth of COV434‑AMHRII tumor cell xenografts was slower in mice treated with the anti‑AMRII‑ALK2 BsAb 12G4‑2F9 compared with that in animals that received a control BsAb that targeted AMHRII and CD5 (P=0.048). These results provide new insights into type I receptor specificity in AMH signaling pathways and may lead to an innovative therapeutic approach to modulate AMH signaling using anti‑AMHRII/anti‑AMHRI BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Chauvin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Garambois
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Choblet
- CNRS UPS3044 Baculovirus et Thérapie, F-30380 Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Colombo
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Chentouf
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Jarlier
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - David Pépin
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
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Isolation of Antibody Binders to MISIIR from a Phage Display Library by Sorting. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 31939178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0247-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cell surface antigens represent the most common targets for antibody-based cancer therapy. Isolation of lead antibodies to these membrane targets from antibody repertoires, such as immunized or naïve phage display libraries, has been a challenging task, which is an outstanding issue when soluble portion of the target(s) is not available, and/or a naïve phage display library is used. Common cell-based panning methods often encounter numerous difficulties, including high background and loss of cells during repeated washes. Here we described a novel FACS sorter-based protocol to isolate single-chain Fv molecules specific for defined antigen MSIIR expressed on stably transformed mammalian cells, and screening of unique binders to the tumor target.
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CAR T Cells Targeting MISIIR for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer and Other Gynecologic Malignancies. Mol Ther 2019; 28:548-560. [PMID: 31870622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients diagnosed with advanced ovarian or endometrial cancer remains poor, and effective therapeutic strategies are limited. The Müllerian inhibiting substance type 2 receptor (MISIIR) is a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor family member, overexpressed by most ovarian and endometrial cancers while absent in most normal tissues. Restricted tissue expression, coupled with an understanding that MISIIR ligation transmits apoptotic signals to cancer cells, makes MISIIR an attractive target for tumor-directed therapeutics. However, the development of clinical MISIIR-targeted agents has been challenging. Prompted by the responses achieved in patients with blood malignancies using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, we hypothesized that MISIIR targeting may be achieved using a CAR T cell approach. Herein, we describe the development and evaluation of a CAR that targets MISIIR. T cells expressing the MISIIR-specific CAR demonstrated antigen-specific reactivity in vitro and eliminated MISIIR-overexpressing tumors in vivo. MISIIR CAR T cells also recognized a panel of human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines, and they lysed a battery of patient-derived tumor specimens in vitro, without mediating cytotoxicity of a panel of normal primary human cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that MISIIR targeting for the treatment of ovarian cancer and other gynecologic malignancies is achievable using CAR technology.
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Adolf-Bryfogle J, Kalyuzhniy O, Kubitz M, Weitzner BD, Hu X, Adachi Y, Schief WR, Dunbrack RL. RosettaAntibodyDesign (RAbD): A general framework for computational antibody design. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006112. [PMID: 29702641 PMCID: PMC5942852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A structural-bioinformatics-based computational methodology and framework have been developed for the design of antibodies to targets of interest. RosettaAntibodyDesign (RAbD) samples the diverse sequence, structure, and binding space of an antibody to an antigen in highly customizable protocols for the design of antibodies in a broad range of applications. The program samples antibody sequences and structures by grafting structures from a widely accepted set of the canonical clusters of CDRs (North et al., J. Mol. Biol., 406:228-256, 2011). It then performs sequence design according to amino acid sequence profiles of each cluster, and samples CDR backbones using a flexible-backbone design protocol incorporating cluster-based CDR constraints. Starting from an existing experimental or computationally modeled antigen-antibody structure, RAbD can be used to redesign a single CDR or multiple CDRs with loops of different length, conformation, and sequence. We rigorously benchmarked RAbD on a set of 60 diverse antibody-antigen complexes, using two design strategies-optimizing total Rosetta energy and optimizing interface energy alone. We utilized two novel metrics for measuring success in computational protein design. The design risk ratio (DRR) is equal to the frequency of recovery of native CDR lengths and clusters divided by the frequency of sampling of those features during the Monte Carlo design procedure. Ratios greater than 1.0 indicate that the design process is picking out the native more frequently than expected from their sampled rate. We achieved DRRs for the non-H3 CDRs of between 2.4 and 4.0. The antigen risk ratio (ARR) is the ratio of frequencies of the native amino acid types, CDR lengths, and clusters in the output decoys for simulations performed in the presence and absence of the antigen. For CDRs, we achieved cluster ARRs as high as 2.5 for L1 and 1.5 for H2. For sequence design simulations without CDR grafting, the overall recovery for the native amino acid types for residues that contact the antigen in the native structures was 72% in simulations performed in the presence of the antigen and 48% in simulations performed without the antigen, for an ARR of 1.5. For the non-contacting residues, the ARR was 1.08. This shows that the sequence profiles are able to maintain the amino acid types of these conserved, buried sites, while recovery of the exposed, contacting residues requires the presence of the antigen-antibody interface. We tested RAbD experimentally on both a lambda and kappa antibody-antigen complex, successfully improving their affinities 10 to 50 fold by replacing individual CDRs of the native antibody with new CDR lengths and clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Adolf-Bryfogle
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Oleks Kalyuzhniy
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Kubitz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Weitzner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - William R. Schief
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Roland L. Dunbrack
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
It has been established that a high degree of tumor-infiltrating T cells is associated with ovarian cancer prognosis. We hypothesized that tumors display an immune-related program of transcription that can act in a stimulatory or a regulatory manner. We analyzed transcriptome-wide gene expression data from 503 ovarian tumors from the Cancer Genome Atlas to identify genes that show differential prognoses when stratified by CD3 expression. Genes with immunological functions and tumor antigen genes were selected for analysis. We repeated our analysis in an independent validation study. Five genes showed stimulatory/regulatory patterns at a high level of confidence (Bonferroni p < 0.05). Three of these (MAGEA8, MPL, AMHR2) were validated and one (WT1) could not be evaluated. These patterns show specific prognostic effect only in conjunction with CD3 expression. When patients express multiple transcripts in poor prognosis directions, there is a dose response: increasingly regulatory type tumors are associated with higher stage, lower treatment response and shorter overall survival and progression free survival. The high-confidence set of transcripts (MAGEA8, MPL, AMHR2, WT1) and selected low-confidence hits (EPOR, TLR7) alone or in combination represent candidate prognosis markers for further investigation.
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Lehmann A, Wixted JHF, Shapovalov MV, Roder H, Dunbrack RL, Robinson MK. Stability engineering of anti-EGFR scFv antibodies by rational design of a lambda-to-kappa swap of the VL framework using a structure-guided approach. MAbs 2015; 7:1058-71. [PMID: 26337947 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1088618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage-display technology facilitates rapid selection of antigen-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies from large recombinant libraries. ScFv antibodies, composed of a VH and VL domain, are readily engineered into multimeric formats for the development of diagnostics and targeted therapies. However, the recombinant nature of the selection strategy can result in VH and VL domains with sub-optimal biophysical properties, such as reduced thermodynamic stability and enhanced aggregation propensity, which lead to poor production and limited application. We found that the C10 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv, and its affinity mutant, P2224, exhibit weak production from E. coli. Interestingly, these scFv contain a fusion of lambda3 and lambda1 V-region (LV3 and LV1) genes, most likely the result of a PCR aberration during library construction. To enhance the biophysical properties of these scFvs, we utilized a structure-based approach to replace and redesign the pre-existing framework of the VL domain to one that best pairs with the existing VH. We describe a method to exchange lambda sequences with a more stable kappa3 framework (KV3) within the VL domain that incorporates the original lambda DE-loop. The resulting scFvs, C10KV3_LV1DE and P2224KV3_LV1DE, are more thermodynamically stable and easier to produce from bacterial culture. Additionally, C10KV3_LV1DE and P2224KV3_LV1DE retain binding affinity to EGFR, suggesting that such a dramatic framework swap does not significantly affect scFv binding. We provide here a novel strategy for redesigning the light chain of problematic scFvs to enhance their stability and therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehmann
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA.,b Current address: Biogen , Cambridge MA
| | | | - Maxim V Shapovalov
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Heinrich Roder
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Matthew K Robinson
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
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Zhang J, Valianou M, Simmons H, Robinson MK, Lee HO, Mullins SR, Marasco WA, Adams GP, Weiner LM, Cheng JD. Identification of inhibitory scFv antibodies targeting fibroblast activation protein utilizing phage display functional screens. FASEB J 2012; 27:581-9. [PMID: 23104982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease selectively expressed on tumor stromal fibroblasts in epithelial carcinomas and is important in cancer growth, adhesion, and metastases. As FAP enzymatic activity is a potent therapeutic target, we aimed to identify inhibitory antibodies. Using a competitive inhibition strategy, we used phage display techniques to identify 53 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) after three rounds of panning against FAP. These scFvs were expressed and characterized for binding to FAP by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Functional assessment of these antibodies yielded an inhibitory scFv antibody, named E3, which could attenuate 35% of FAP cleavage of the fluorescent substrate Ala-Pro-7-amido-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin compared with nonfunctional scFv control. Furthermore, a mutant E3 scFv was identified by yeast affinity maturation. It had higher affinity (4-fold) and enhanced inhibitory effect on FAP enzyme activity (3-fold) than E3. The application of both inhibitory anti-FAP scFvs significantly affected the formation of 3-dimensional FAP-positive cell matrix, as demonstrated by reducing the fibronectin fiber orientation from 41.18% (negative antibody control) to 34.06% (E3) and 36.15% (mutant E3), respectively. Thus, we have identified and affinity-maturated the first scFv antibody capable of inhibiting FAP function. This scFv antibody has the potential to disrupt the role of FAP in tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
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Pangas SA. Regulation of the ovarian reserve by members of the transforming growth factor beta family. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:666-79. [PMID: 22847922 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic or environmental factors that affect the endowment of oocytes, their assembly into primordial follicles, or their subsequent entry into the growing follicle pool can disrupt reproductive function and may underlie disorders such as primary ovarian insufficiency. Mouse models have been instrumental in identifying genes important in ovarian development, and a number of genes now associated with ovarian dysfunction in women were first identified as causing reproductive defects in knockout mice. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family consists of developmentally important growth factors that include the TGFBs, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). The ovarian primordial follicle pool is the source of oocytes in adults. Development of this pool can be grossly divided into three key processes: (1) establishment of oocytes during embryogenesis followed by (2) assembly and (3) activation of the primordial follicle. Disruptions in any of these processes may cause reproductive dysfunction. Most members of the TGFB family show pivotal roles in each of these areas. Understanding the phenotypes of various mouse models for this protein family will be directly relevant to understanding how disruptions in TGFB family signaling result in reproductive diseases in women and will present new areas for development of tailored diagnostics and interventions for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Pangas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Capobianco JA, Shih WY, Adams GP, Shih WH. Label-free Growth Receptor-2 Detection and Dissociation Constant Assessment in Diluted Human Serum Using a Longitudinal Extension Mode of a Piezoelectric Microcantilever Sensor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2011; 160:349-356. [PMID: 22888196 PMCID: PMC3413307 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated real-time, label-free, in-situ detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) in diluted serum using the first longitudinal extension mode of a lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT)/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS) with H3 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immobilized on the 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) insulation layer of the PEMS surface. We showed that with the longitudinal extension mode, the PZT/glass PEMS consisting of a 1 mm long and 127 μm thick PZT layer bonded with a 75 μm thick glass layer with a 1.8 mm long glass tip could detect Her2 at a concentration of 6-60 ng/ml (or 0.06-0.6 nM) in diluted human serum, about 100 times lower than the concentration limit obtained using the lower-frequency flexural mode of a similar PZT/glass PEMS. We further showed that with the longitudinal mode, the PZT/glass PEMS determined the equilibrium H3-Her2 dissociation constant K(d) to be 3.3±0.3 × 10(-8) M consistent with the value, 3.2±0.28 ×10(-8) M deduced by the surface plasmon resonance method (BIAcore).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Anti-Müllerian hormone inhibits growth of AMH type II receptor-positive human ovarian granulosa cell tumor cells by activating apoptosis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1605-14. [PMID: 21808236 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are sex cord stromal tumors that constitute 3-5% of all ovarian cancers. GCTs usually present with an indolent course but there is a high risk of recurrence, which associates with increased mortality, and targeted treatments would be desirable. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a key factor regulating sexual differentiation of the reproductive organs, has been implicated as a growth inhibitor in ovarian cancer. GCTs and normal granulosa cells produce AMH, but its expression in large GCTs is usually downregulated. Further, as the lack of specific AMH-signaling pathway components leads to GCT development in mice, we hypothesized that AMH inhibits growth of GCTs. Utilizing a large panel of human GCT tissue samples, we found that AMH type I receptors (ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6) and type II receptor (AMHRII), as well as their downstream effectors Smad1/5, are expressed and active in GCTs. AMHRII expression was detected in the vast majority (96%) of GCTs and correlated with AMH mRNA and protein expression. AMH mRNA level was low in large GCTs, confirming previous findings on low-AMH protein expression in large human as well as mouse GCTs. To study the functional role of AMH in this peculiar ovarian cancer, we utilized a human GCT cell line (KGN) and 10 primary GCT cell cultures. We found that the AMH-Smad1/5-signaling pathway was active in these cells, and that exogenous AMH further activated Smad1/5 in KGN cells. Furthermore, AMH treatment reduced the number of KGN cells and primary GCT cells, with increasing amounts of AMH leading to augmented activation of caspase-3 and subsequent apoptosis. All in all, these data support the premise that AMH is a growth inhibitor of GCTs.
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Loos A, Van Droogenbroeck B, Hillmer S, Grass J, Pabst M, Castilho A, Kunert R, Liang M, Arcalis E, Robinson DG, Depicker A, Steinkellner H. Expression of antibody fragments with a controlled N-glycosylation pattern and induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles in seeds of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:2036-48. [PMID: 21325568 PMCID: PMC3091078 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking and subcellular deposition are critical factors influencing the accumulation and posttranslational modifications of proteins. In seeds, these processes are not yet fully understood. In this study, we set out to investigate the intracellular transport, final destination, N-glycosylation status, and stability of the fusion of recombinant single-chain variable fragments to the crystallizing fragment of an antibody (scFv-Fc) of two antiviral monoclonal antibodies (2G12 and HA78). The scFv-Fcs were expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds and leaves both as secretory molecules and tagged with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal. We demonstrate differential proteolytic degradation of scFv-Fcs in leaves versus seeds, with higher degradation in the latter organ. In seeds, we show that secretory versions of HA78 scFv-Fcs are targeted to the extracellular space but are deposited in newly formed ER-derived vesicles upon KDEL tagging. These results are in accordance with the obtained N-glycosylation profiles: complex-type and ER-typical oligomannosidic N-glycans, respectively. HA78 scFv-Fcs, expressed in seeds of an Arabidopsis glycosylation mutant lacking plant-specific N-glycans, exhibit custom-made human-type N-glycosylation. In contrast, 2G12 scFv-Fcs carry exclusively ER-typical oligomannosidic N-glycans and were deposited in newly formed ER-derived vesicles irrespective of the targeting signals. HA78 scFv-Fcs exhibited efficient virus neutralization activity, while 2G12 scFv-Fcs were inactive. We demonstrate the efficient generation of scFv-Fcs with a controlled N-glycosylation pattern. However, our results also reveal aberrant subcellular deposition and, as a consequence, unexpected N-glycosylation profiles. Our attempts to elucidate intracellular protein transport in seeds contributes to a better understanding of this basic cell biological mechanism and is a step toward the versatile use of Arabidopsis seeds as an alternative expression platform for pharmaceutically relevant proteins.
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Targeting ErbB2 and ErbB3 with a bispecific single-chain Fv enhances targeting selectivity and induces a therapeutic effect in vitro. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1415-25. [PMID: 18841159 PMCID: PMC2576487 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate signalling through the EGFR and ErbB2/HER2 members of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases is well recognised as being causally linked to a variety of cancers. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies specific for these receptors have become increasingly important components of effective treatment strategies for cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that ErbB3 plays a critical role in cancer progression and resistance to therapy. We hypothesised that co-targeting the preferred ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimer with a bispecific single-chain Fv (bs-scFv) antibody would promote increased targeting selectivity over antibodies specific for a single tumour-associated antigen (TAA). In addition, we hypothesised that targeting this important heterodimer could induce a therapeutic effect. Here, we describe the construction and evaluation of the A5-linker-ML3.9 bs-scFv (ALM), an anti-ErbB3/ErbB2 bs-scFv. The A5-linker-ML3.9 bs-scFv exhibits selective targeting of tumour cells in vitro and in vivo that co-express the two target antigens over tumour cells that express only one target antigen or normal cells that express low levels of both antigens. The A5-linker-ML3.9 bs-scFv also exhibits significantly greater in vivo targeting of ErbB2‘+’/ErbB3‘+’ tumours than derivative molecules that contain only one functional arm targeting ErbB2 or ErbB3. Binding of ALM to ErbB2‘+’/ErbB3‘+’ cells mediates inhibition of tumour cell growth in vitro by effectively targeting the therapeutic anti-ErbB3 A5 scFv. This suggests both that ALM could provide the basis for an effective therapeutic agent and that engineered antibodies selected to co-target critical functional pairs of TAAs can enhance the targeting specificity and efficacy of antibody-based cancer therapeutics.
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Taube R, Zhu Q, Xu C, Diaz-Griffero F, Sui J, Kamau E, Dwyer M, Aird D, Marasco WA. Lentivirus display: stable expression of human antibodies on the surface of human cells and virus particles. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3181. [PMID: 18784843 PMCID: PMC2527531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isolation of human antibodies using current display technologies can be limited by constraints on protein expression, folding and post-translational modifications. Here we describe a discovery platform that utilizes self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors for the surface display of high-affinity single-chain variable region (scFv) antibody fragments on human cells and lentivirus particles. Methodology/Principal Findings Bivalent scFvFc human antibodies were fused in frame with different transmembrane (TM) anchoring moieties to allow efficient high-level expression on human cells and the optimal TM was identified. The addition of an eight amino acid HIV-1 gp41 envelope incorporation motif further increased scFvFc expression on human cells and incorporation into lentiviral particles. Both antibody-displaying human cells and virus particles bound antigen specifically. Sulfation of CDR tyrosine residues, a property recently shown to broaden antibody binding affinity and antigen recognition was also demonstrated. High level scFvFc expression and stable integration was achieved in human cells following transduction with IRES containing bicistronic SIN lentivectors encoding ZsGreen when scFvFc fusion proteins were expressed from the first cassette. Up to 106-fold enrichment of antibody expressing cells was achieved with one round of antigen coupled magnetic bead pre-selection followed by FACS sorting. Finally, the scFvFc displaying human cells could be used directly in functional biological screens with remarkable sensitivity. Conclusions/Significance This antibody display platform will complement existing technologies by virtue of providing properties unique to lentiviruses and antibody expression in human cells, which, in turn, may aid the discovery of novel therapeutic human mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Taube
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Sui
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erick Kamau
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Markryan Dwyer
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Aird
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Capobianco JA, Shih WY, Yuan QA, Adams GP, Shih WH. Label-free, all-electrical, in situ human epidermal growth receptor 2 detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:076101. [PMID: 18681738 PMCID: PMC2678786 DOI: 10.1063/1.2949831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)-coated (PbMg 1/3 Nb 2/3 O3)0.63-(PbTiO3)0.37 (PMN-PT)/tin and lead zirconate titanate/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMSs) with single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immobilized on the MPS surface, we have demonstrated real-time, label-free detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) in a background of 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. Coupled with a scFv with a KD of 3.4 x 10(-8)M, the MPS-insulated PMN-PT/tin PEMS 560 microm long and 720 microm wide exhibited a Her2 concentration sensitivity of 5 ng/ml in a background of 1 mg/ml BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Robinson MK, Shaller C, Garmestani K, Plascjak PS, Hodge KM, Yuan QA, Marks JD, Waldmann TA, Brechbiel MW, Adams GP. Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the alpha-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:875-82. [PMID: 18245551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful radioimmunotherapy strategies depend on selecting radioisotopes with physical properties complementary to the biological properties of the targeting vehicle. Small, engineered antitumor antibody fragments are capable of rapid, highly specific tumor targeting in immunodeficient mouse models. We hypothesized that the C6.5 diabody, a noncovalent anti-HER2 single-chain Fv dimer, would be an ideal radioisotope carrier for the radioimmunotherapy of established tumors using the short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope (211)At. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient nude mice bearing established HER2/neu-positive MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors treated with N-succinimidyl N-(4-[(211)At]astatophenethyl)succinamate ((211)At-SAPS)-C6.5 diabody. Additional cohorts of mice were treated with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen or (211)At-SAPS on a diabody specific for the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, which is minimally expressed on this tumor cell line. RESULTS A single i.v. injection of (211)At-SAPS C6.5 diabody led to a 30-day delay in tumor growth when a 20 muCi dose was administered and a 57-day delay in tumor growth (60% tumor-free after 1 year) when a 45 muCi dose was used. Treatment of mice bearing the same tumors with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody at the same doses led to a delay in tumor growth, but no complete responses, likely due to substantially lower expression of this antigen on the MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors. In contrast, a dose of 20 muCi of (211)At-SAPS on the anti-Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor diabody did not affect tumor growth rate, demonstrating specificity of the therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that diabody molecules can be effective agents for targeted radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors using powerful, short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Yuan QA, Robinson MK, Simmons HH, Russeva M, Adams GP. Isolation of anti-MISIIR scFv molecules from a phage display library by cell sorter biopanning. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:367-78. [PMID: 17676323 PMCID: PMC11031043 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While cell surface antigens represent the most common targets for antibody-based cancer therapy, isolation of new antibodies specific for these targets from single-chain Fv phage display libraries has been hindered by limitations associated with traditional selection techniques. Solid phase panning is often associated with conformational changes to the target protein due to its immobilization on plastic tubes that can limit the ability of the isolated scFv to bind to conformational epitopes and solution panning methods require the use of secondary tags that often mask desired sequences and create unintended epitopes. Commonly utilized cell-based panning methods typically yield a panel of single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules that are specific for numerous cell surface antigens, often obscuring the desired clones. Here, we describe a novel cell sorter-based system to isolate single-chain Fv molecules specific for defined antigen targets expressed on stably-transformed mammalian cells. We employed these methods to isolate promising scFv clones that bind specifically to the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, a cell surface ovarian cancer antigen that has proven to be a difficult target for selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-An Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Matthew K. Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Heidi H. Simmons
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Maria Russeva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Gregory P. Adams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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Bakkum-Gamez JN, Aletti G, Lewis KA, Keeney GL, Thomas BM, Navarro-Teulon I, Cliby WA. Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR): a novel, tissue-specific target expressed by gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 108:141-8. [PMID: 17988723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR) is expressed by ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers [Masiakos PT, et al. Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) Type II Receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:3488-99; Hoshiya Y, et al. Mullerian inhibiting substance promotes interferon {gamma}-induced gene expression and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2003;278:51703-12; Hoshiya Y, et al. Mullerian inhibiting substance induces NFkB signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2003;211:43-9. [1-3]]. We investigated the expression patterns of MISIIR in benign and malignant gynecologic tissues and benign non-gynecologic tissues to better assess the relevance of MISIIR as a target for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to gynecologic cancers. Secondarily, we examined the impact of MISIIR expression on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a cohort of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). METHODS Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine MISIIR expression. EOC cell lines (10), primary EOCs (12), and tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing benign gynecologic (179) and non-gynecologic tissues (25), EOC (182), endometrial carcinomas (109), uterine sarcomas (98), and ovarian dysgerminomas (22) were examined for MISIIR expression. Clinical data were collected for a cohort of 182 EOCs. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of primary EOCs and 44% of EOC cell lines expressed MISIIR mRNA. We observed moderate or strong MISIIR expression via IHC in the majority of gynecologic cancers: EOC 69% (125/182), ovarian dysgerminomas 77% (17/22), endometrial cancers 75% (82/109), uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) 59% (30/51), uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) 52% (15/29), and endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) 22% (4/18). Over 74% of normal non-gynecologic tissues did not express MISIIR. There was a significant correlation between MISIIR expression and improved OS (p=0.025, Chi square). CONCLUSIONS In the largest study to date, we report that MISIIR is highly expressed by a wide variety of gynecologic cancers, including cancers currently without effective systemic therapies. Low levels of expression in select non-gynecologic tissues coupled with high expression in gynecologic malignancies make MISIIR an attractive target for novel therapeutics and tumor-directed imaging in the management of gynecologic cancers. Further investigation into the impact of MISIIR expression and OS is also warranted.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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