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Abstract
Significance: The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical stability but also manipulates vascular cell behaviors, which are crucial for vascular function and homeostasis. ECM remodeling, which alters vascular wall mechanical properties and exposes vascular cells to bioactive molecules, is involved in the development and progression of hypertension. Recent Advances: This brief review summarized the dynamic changes in ECM components and their modification and degradation during hypertension and after antihypertensive treatment. We also discussed how alterations in the ECM amount, assembly, mechanical properties, and degradation fragment generation provide input into the pathological process of hypertension. Critical Issues: Although the relevance between ECM remodeling and hypertension has been recognized, the underlying mechanism by which ECM remodeling initiates the development of hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, the modulation of ECM remodeling on arterial stiffness and hypertension in genetically modified rodent models is summarized in this review. The circulating biomarkers based on ECM metabolism and therapeutic strategies targeting ECM disorders in hypertension are also introduced. Future Directions: Further research will provide more comprehensive understanding of ECM remodeling in hypertension by the application of matridomic and degradomic approaches. The better understanding of mechanisms underlying vascular ECM remodeling may provide novel potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 765-783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:241-330. [PMID: 29310800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation through removal of the propeptide domain from their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted in an inactive proMMP form, which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs degrade various protein substrates in ECM including collagen and elastin. MMPs could also influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in vascular tissue remodeling during various biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, as well as excessive venous dilation and lower extremity venous disease. MMPs are often regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for certain vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:355-420. [PMID: 28662828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also regulate the activity of membrane receptors and postreceptor signaling mechanisms and thereby affect cell function. The MMP family includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs. Inactive proMMPs are cleaved by other MMPs or proteases into active MMPs, which interact with various protein substrates in ECM and cell surface. MMPs regulate important biological processes such as vascular remodeling and angiogenesis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. The role of MMPs is often assessed by measuring their mRNA expression, protein levels, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. MMP inhibitors are also used to assess the role of MMPs in different biological processes and pathological conditions. MMP activity is regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP balance could determine the net MMP activity, ECM turnover, and tissue remodeling. Also, several synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. Synthetic MMP inhibitors include a large number of zinc-binding globulins (ZBGs), in addition to non-ZBGs and mechanism-based inhibitors. MMP inhibitors have been proposed as potential tools in the management of osteoarthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. However, most MMP inhibitors have broad-spectrum actions on multiple MMPs and could cause undesirable musculoskeletal side effects. Currently, doxycycline is the only MMP inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. New generation biological and synthetic MMP inhibitors may show greater MMP specificity and fewer side effects and could be useful in targeting specific MMPs, reducing unrestrained tissue remodeling, and the management of MMP-related pathological disorders.
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Xiao F, He F, Chen H, Lin S, Shen A, Chen Y, Chu J, Peng J. Qingxuan Jiangya Decoction Reverses Vascular Remodeling by Inducing Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070956. [PMID: 27455221 PMCID: PMC6274417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Qingxuan Jiangya Decoction (QXJYD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula prescribed by academician Ke-ji Chen, has been used in China to clinically treat hypertension for decades of years. However, the molecular mechanisms of its action remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of QXJYD against elevated systolic blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that oral administration of QXJYD significantly reduced the elevation of systolic blood pressure in SHR but had no effect on body weight change. Additionally, QXJYD treatment significantly decreased the media thickness and ratio of media thickness/lumen diameter in the carotid arteries of SHR. Moreover, QXJYD remarkably promoted apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2. Furthermore, QXJYD significantly decreased the plasma Angiotensin II level in SHR. Collectively, our findings suggest that reversing vascular remodeling via inducing VSMC apoptosis could be one of the mechanisms whereby QXJYD treats hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/blood
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Fei He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fuqing Health and Family Planning Bureau, 23 Futang Road, Fuqing 350300, Fujian, China.
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Youqin Chen
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
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de Castro Brás LE. Osteopontin: A major player on hypertension-induced vascular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:151-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Ye S. Putative targeting of matrix metalloproteinase-8 in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang M, Kim SH, Monticone RE, Lakatta EG. Matrix metalloproteinases promote arterial remodeling in aging, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2015; 65:698-703. [PMID: 25667214 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD.
| | - Soo Hyuk Kim
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert E Monticone
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD.
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Smiljanic K, Obradovic M, Jovanovic A, Djordjevic J, Dobutovic B, Jevremovic D, Marche P, Isenovic ER. Thrombin stimulates VSMC proliferation through an EGFR-dependent pathway: involvement of MMP-2. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:147-60. [PMID: 25047892 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), general metalloproteinases, matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) in mediating the mitogenic action of thrombin in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) was investigated. The incubation of rat VSMC with thrombin (1 U/ml) for 5 min resulted in significant (p < 0.001) increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by 8.7 ± 0.9-fold, EGFR phosphorylation by 8.5 ± 1.3-fold (p < 0.001) and DNA synthesis by 3.6 ± 0.4-fold (p < 0.001). Separate 30-min pretreatments with EGFR tyrosine kinase irreversible inhibitor, 10 µM PD169540 (PD), and 20 µM anti-HB-EGF antibody significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by 81, 72 % and by 48 and 61 %, respectively. Furthermore, the same pretreatments with PD or anti-HB-EGF antibody reduced thrombin-induced VSMC proliferation by 44 and 45 %, respectively. In addition, 30-min pretreatments with 10 µM specific MMP-2 inhibitor significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated phosphorylation of both EGFR and ERK1/2 by 25 %. Moreover, the same pretreatment with MMP-2 inhibitor reduced thrombin-induced VSMC proliferation by 45 %. These results show that the thrombin-induced DNA synthesis correlates with the level of ERK1/2 activation rather than EGFR activation. These results further suggest that thrombin acts through EGFR and ERK 1/2 signaling pathways involving MMP-2 to upregulate proliferation of VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Smiljanic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia,
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Selenium suppresses oxidative-stress-enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:375-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Tajsic T, Morrell NW. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:295-317. [PMID: 23737174 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Central to the pathobiology of this disease is the process of vascular remodelling. This process involves structural and functional changes to the normal architecture of the walls of pulmonary arteries (PAs) that lead to increased muscularization of the muscular PAs, muscularization of the peripheral, previously nonmuscular, arteries of the respiratory acinus, formation of neointima, and formation of plexiform lesions. Underlying or contributing to the development of these lesions is hypertrophy, proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of medial cells and this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. In the first part of the article we focus on the concept of smooth muscle cell phenotype and the difficulties surrounding the identification and characterization of the cell/cells involved in the remodelling of the vessel media and we review the general mechanisms of cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Then, in the larger part of the article, we review the factors identified thus far to be involved in PH intiation and/or progression and review and discuss their effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) the predominant cells in the tunica media of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as investigative tools in the pathogenesis and management of vascular disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:209-79. [PMID: 22642194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
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12
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Sapienza P, Borrelli V, Sterpetti AV, Dinicola S, Tartaglia E, di Marzo L. Dose-dependent effect of rosuvastatin in the regulation of metalloproteinase expression. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25:823-9. [PMID: 21620672 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of rosuvastatin at therapeutic dosage in regulating the release, activity, protein level, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 was investigated. METHODS Human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells were stimulated, in vitro, in a serum-free medium with rosuvastatin at various concentrations (2, 4, 7, and 10 ng/mL, which correspond to the maximal plasma concentration observed in healthy men after a daily oral intake of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg, respectively). The release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the conditioned medium was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blot, the activity and expression were determined by zymography and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells stimulated with rosuvastatin at 7 and 10 ng/mL had a significant lower release, activity, protein level, and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, when compared with those stimulated at 2 and 4 ng/mL (MMP-2 =p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively; MMP-9 =p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION The effects of rosuvastatin in reducing MMP-2 and MMP-9, which might stabilize the atherosclerotic plaques, are dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sapienza
- Department of Surgery Pietro Valdoni, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Liu H, Lu Q, Huang K. Selenium suppressed hydrogen peroxide-induced vascular smooth muscle cells calcification through inhibiting oxidative stress and ERK activation. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1556-64. [PMID: 21053344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is frequently associated with vascular calcification. Increasing evidences underline that the essential micronutrient selenium may prevent atherosclerosis, but the role of selenium in vascular calcification remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3)) on H(2)O(2)-enhanced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification and examined the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced vascular calcification by inducing osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs, as showed by up-regulating the mRNA expression of type I collagen, osteocalcin, and Runx2, a key transcription factor for osteoblastic differentiation, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition. These effects of H(2)O(2) were suppressed by pretreatment of the cells with selenite (0.1-1 µM) for 24 h. In addition, H(2)O(2) activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and inhibition of H(2)O(2)-activated ERK signaling by MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked the effect of H(2)O(2) on osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs. Furthermore, H(2)O(2) induced oxidative stress in calcifying VSMCs, as evidenced by the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde level, and the decrease of total protein thiols content and the activity of antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidases. Selenite pretreatment also attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and ERK activation. These results suggested that selenite suppressed H(2)O(2)-enhanced osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs through inhibiting oxidative stress and ERK activation, indicating a potential preventive role for selenium in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Shi ZD, Ji XY, Berardi DE, Qazi H, Tarbell JM. Interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and vascular SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H127-35. [PMID: 19880665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts into the intima after vascular injury is a central process in vascular lesion formation. The elevation of transmural interstitial flow is also observed after damage to the vascular endothelium. We have previously shown that interstitial flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, which in turn promotes SMC and fibroblast migration in collagen I gels. In this study, we investigated further the mechanism of flow-induced MMP-1 expression. An ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 completely abolished interstitial flow-induced SMC migration and MMP-1 expression. Interstitial flow promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas PD-98059 abolished flow-induced activation. Silencing ERK1/2 completely abolished MMP-1 expression and SMC migration. In addition, interstitial flow increased the expression of activator protein-1 transcription factors (c-Jun and c-Fos), whereas PD-98059 attenuated flow-induced expression. Knocking down c-jun completely abolished flow-induced MMP-1 expression, whereas silencing c-fos did not affect MMP-1 expression. Taken together, our data indicate that interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism and suggest that interstitial flow, ERK1/2 MAPK, c-Jun, and MMP-1 may play important roles in SMC migration and neointima formation after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- City College of New York, City University of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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15
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Speer MY, Yang HY, Brabb T, Leaf E, Look A, Lin WL, Frutkin A, Dichek D, Giachelli CM. Smooth muscle cells give rise to osteochondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in calcifying arteries. Circ Res 2009; 104:733-41. [PMID: 19197075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.183053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To develop appropriate prevention and/or therapeutic strategies for vascular calcification, it is important to understand the origins of the cells that participate in this process. In this report, we used the SM22-Cre recombinase and Rosa26-LacZ alleles to genetically trace cells derived from smooth muscle. We found that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) gave rise to osteochondrogenic precursor- and chondrocyte-like cells in calcified blood vessels of matrix Gla protein deficient (MGP(-/-)) mice. This lineage reprogramming of SMCs occurred before calcium deposition and was associated with an early onset of Runx2/Cbfa1 expression and the downregulation of myocardin and Msx2. There was no change in the constitutive expression of Sox9 or bone morphogenetic protein 2. Osterix, Wnt3a, and Wnt7a mRNAs were not detected in either calcified MGP(-/-) or noncalcified wild-type (MGP(+/+)) vessels. Finally, mechanistic studies in vitro suggest that Erk signaling might be required for SMC transdifferentiation under calcifying conditions. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that adult SMCs can transdifferentiate and that SMC transdifferentiation is an important process driving vascular calcification and the appearance of skeletal elements in calcified vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, 1705 NE Pacific St Foege N330L, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Keilhoff G, Langnaese K, Wolf G, Fansa H. Inhibiting effect of minocycline on the regeneration of peripheral nerves. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1382-95. [PMID: 17638380 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of minocycline on nerve regeneration was studied in a rat model of acute sciatic nerve injury, in which the injury was caused by resection and reimplantation of the right sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods, as well as morphometric and electron microscopic techniques, were used. Compared with uninjured and PBS-treated injured nerves, the minocycline-treated injured nerve showed: (i) a decrease in macrophage recruitment and activation, probably resulting from inhibition of blood-brain-barrier break-down via reduced MMP2 and MMP9 induction, inhibition of revascularization via additional reduction of VEGF induction, and inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; (ii) reduced activation of phagocytic Schwann cells, probably by inhibition of iNOS, MMP2 and MMP9 expression; (iii) a slowed Wallerian degeneration; and subsequently, (iv) a diminished nerve regeneration. Macrophages, especially their function in the removal of cellular debris and formation of a microenvironment beneficial for nerve regeneration, are strongly implicated in constructive events after nerve injuries. Therefore, we suggest that additional research into optimizing minocycline intervention for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is needed before further clinical trials are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, University of Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Johnson JL. Matrix metalloproteinases: influence on smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic plaque stability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5:265-82. [PMID: 17338671 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture, with subsequent occlusive thrombosis, is the underlying cause of most cases of sudden cardiac death. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to mediate the progression of stable atherosclerotic lesions to an unstable phenotype that is prone to rupture through the destruction of strength-giving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Smooth muscle cells secrete and deposit ECM proteins and are, therefore, considered protective against atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. However, similar to inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), smooth muscle cells release numerous MMPs that are capable of digesting ECM proteins. Thus, the interaction of smooth muscle cells and MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques is complex and not fully understood. Recently, research into the roles of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases), and their effects on smooth muscle behavior during plaque destabilization has been aided by the development of reproducible animal models of plaque instability. A plethora of studies has demonstrated that MMPs directly modulate smooth muscle behavior with both beneficial and deleterious effects on atherosclerotic plaque stability, in addition to their canonical effects on ECM remodeling. Consequently, broad-spectrum MMP inhibition may inhibit plaque-stabilizing mechanisms, such as smooth muscle cell growth, while conversely retarding ECM destruction and subsequent rupture. Hence the development of selective MMP inhibitors, that spare inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cell function, may be useful therapies to prevent plaque rupture and in this regard MMP-12 appears to be a particularly attractive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lee Johnson
- University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Cheung C, Luo H, Yanagawa B, Leong HS, Samarasekera D, Lai JCK, Suarez A, Zhang J, McManus BM. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15:63-74. [PMID: 16533694 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the major causative agent of myocarditis in humans. In the mouse model, the inflammatory phase of myocarditis results in extensive damage to the heart and triggers profound extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which may ultimately lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regulators of the ECM and can degrade all the components in the matrix. METHODS Adolescent male mice were infected with cardiovirulent CVB3 and sacrificed at 3, 9, and 30 days post infection (pi). Transcription of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 was assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression of these enzymes was examined using immunohistochemistry, and the activation status of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed using gelatin zymography. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were analyzed using immunoblotting assays. Myocarditic hearts were also stained with picrosirius red and viewed under polarizing light to examine the collagen network. RESULTS MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 transcription was increased at 9 days pi, as determined by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry confirmed an increase in translation of these MMP species, and zymographic analysis further showed elevated activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 following CVB3 infection. TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 expression was down-regulated, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 remained constant throughout the infection. Mouse hearts stained with picrosirius red showed an increase in total amount of collagen during the acute phase of infection and disrupted fibrils at later timepoints. CONCLUSION After CVB3 infection, ECM remodeling is triggered, and this response may involve increased expression and activation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cheung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Game BA, Maldonado A, He L, Huang Y. Pioglitazone inhibits MMP-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent mechanism. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:249-56. [PMID: 15694931 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antidiabetic drug thiazolidinedione (TZD) also has anti-atherogenic effects. Among these effects, inhibition of smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration is considered to be essential. However, the mechanism whereby TZD inhibits SMC migration is not well understood. Since it is known that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a permissive role for SMC migration, we determined if TZD inhibits the upregulation of MMP-1 expression in SMCs by oxidized LDL (oxLDL), a potent stimulator for atherogenesis. Results showed that oxLDL markedly stimulated MMP-1 secretion, mRNA expression, and MMP-1 promoter activity, but pioglitazone significantly inhibited the oxLDL-upregulated MMP-1 expression. In an attempt to explore the signaling mechanism by which pioglitazone inhibits the oxLDL-upregulated MMP-1 expression, we found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways were required for the oxLDL-stimulated MMP-1 expression, but pioglitazone failed to antagonize the activation of ERK and JNK by oxLDL. Finally, our AP-1 activity assay showed that pioglitazone inhibited oxLDL-stimulated c-Jun activity. Taken together, the present study indicates that pioglitazone inhibits oxLDL-stimulated MMP-1 expression in VSMCs by inhibiting c-Jun transcriptional activity through a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Game
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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20
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Linde J, Strauss BH. Pharmacological treatment for prevention of restenosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:281-302. [PMID: 15989527 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adults in the Western world. Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have gained widespread acceptance for the treatment of symptomatic CAD. There has been an explosive growth worldwide in the utilisation of PCI, such as balloon angioplasty and stenting, which now accounts for over 50% of coronary revascularisation. Despite the popularity of PCI, the problem of recurrent narrowing of the dilated artery (restenosis) continues to vex investigators. In recent years, significant advances have occurred in the understanding of restenosis. Two processes seem to contribute to restenosis: remodelling (vessel size changes) and intimal hyperplasia (vascular smooth muscle cell [VSMC] proliferation and extracellular matrix [ECM] deposition). Despite considerable efforts, pharmacological approaches to decrease restenosis have been largely unsuccessful and the only currently applied modality to reduce the restenosis rate is stenting. However, stenting only prevents remodelling and does not inhibit intimal hyperplasia. Several potential targets for inhibiting restenosis are currently under investigation including platelet activation, the coagulation cascade, VSMC proliferation and migration, and ECM synthesis. In addition, new approaches for local drug therapy, such as drug eluting stents, are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, we critically review the current status of drugs that are being evaluated for restenosis at various stages of development (in vitro, preclinical animal models and human trials).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Linde
- The Roy and Ann Foss Interventional Cardiology Research Program, Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, 30 Bond Street, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
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21
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Newby AC. Dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins) in intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:1-31. [PMID: 15618476 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimal thickening, the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix within the inner vessel wall, is a physiological response to mechanical injury, increased wall stress, or chemical insult (e.g., atherosclerosis). If excessive, it can lead to the obstruction of blood flow and tissue ischemia. Together with expansive or constrictive remodeling, the extent of intimal expansion determines final lumen size and vessel wall thickness. Plaque rupture represents a failure of intimal remodeling, where the fibrous cap overlying an atheromatous core of lipid undergoes catastrophic mechanical breakdown. Plaque rupture promotes coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction, the most prevalent cause of premature death in advanced societies. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can act together to degrade the major components of the vascular extracellular matrix. All cells present in the normal and diseased blood vessel wall upregulate and activate MMPs in a multistep fashion driven in part by soluble cytokines and cell-cell interactions. Activation of MMP proforms requires other MMPs or other classes of protease. MMP activation contributes to intimal growth and vessel wall remodeling in response to injury, most notably by promoting migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. A broader spectrum and/or higher level of MMP activation, especially associated with inflammation, could contribute to pathological matrix destruction and plaque rupture. Inhibiting the activity of specific MMPs or preventing their upregulation could ameliorate intimal thickening and prevent myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
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22
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Cai WJ, Kocsis E, Wu X, Rodríguez M, Luo X, Schaper W, Schaper J. Remodeling of the vascular tunica media is essential for development of collateral vessels in the canine heart. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 264:201-10. [PMID: 15544049 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044389.65590.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that neointima formation and adventitial remodeling play an important role in the enlargement of collateral vessels (CVs) during coronary arteriogenesis in the dog heart. In this study, we investigated the importance of remodeling of the tunica media in the same model. Basal membrane (BM), contractile and cytoskeletal components of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were studied in growth of coronary CVs induced by chronic occlusion of the left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery by routine histology, electron microscopy (EM), and immunoconfocal microscopy using antibodies against alpha-smooth actin (alpha-SM actin), calponin, desmin, and laminin. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor-1 of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) were investigated. The data showed that (1) in normal small arteries (NVs) laminin formed a network in which SMCs were encaged; alpha-SM actin, calponin and desmin were evenly expressed in SMCs; (2) in early (2 weeks) growing CVs the laminin network was disrupted, desmin was significantly reduced in SMCs, but alpha-SM actin and calponin still highly expressed; (3) in actively (6 weeks) growing CVs laminin was still weak in the tunica media (TM), but without network-like structure. Desmin was further reduced in SMCs of TM, whereas alpha-SM actin and calponin showed little changes, although they were significantly decreased in intimal SMCs; (4) in mature CVs, the network-like structure was re-formed, and alpha-SM actin, calponin, and desmin were all similar to that in normal vessels; (5) histology for BM confirmed laminin staining; (6) EM revealed that in NVs the SMCs contained abundant contractile filaments and were surrounded by a layer of BM whereas in growing CVs, BM structure was not observed, but the SMCs in the media still contained many myofilaments; (7) MMP-2 was highly expressed in the media of early growing vessels, but decreased in TM of actively growing vessels where TIMP-1 expression was high. In conclusion, our data revealed features of TM of growing CVs. Disruption and degradation of BM facilitate SMC proliferation, and together with reduction of desmin and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina enable the vascular wall to expand and enlarge when blood pressure and shear stress increase. MMP2 may be an important player in regulating SMC phenotype, proliferation, migration and maintaining integrity of the vascular wall through governing proteolysis during arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Cai
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Yao JS, Chen Y, Zhai W, Xu K, Young WL, Yang GY. Minocycline exerts multiple inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell migration: the role of ERK1/2, PI3K, and matrix metalloproteinases. Circ Res 2004; 95:364-71. [PMID: 15256478 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000138581.04174.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Widely used tetracycline antibiotics affect many cellular functions relevant to human vascular disease including cell proliferation, migration, and matrix remodeling. We examined whether minocycline inhibited human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After the establishment of an optimal dose, minocycline treated HASMC were exposed to VEGF. HASMC migration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation were determined by smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, zymograms, and Western blot analysis, respectively. We demonstrated that VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced SMC migration in a dose-dependent manner. MMP-9, but not MMP-2, mRNA was increased during VEGF stimulation. MMP-9 activity was increased from 1.5- to 2.5-fold in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Both ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKt pathways were activated during VEGF-induced HASMCs migration. We then demonstrated that minocycline can inhibit VEGF-induced HASMC migration (P<0.05). The effects may be through the inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription, protein activities and downregulation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathway phosphorylation. Our results indicated that minocycline exerts multiple effects on VEGF-induced SMC migration, including inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription and protein activities and downregulating ERK1/2 and PI3K signal pathways, suggesting minocycline may be a potentially therapeutic approach to inhibit disease process induced angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Collagen
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Laminin
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/physiology
- Minocycline/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Proteoglycans
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua S Yao
- The Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94110, USA
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Fanchon S, Bourd K, Septier D, Everts V, Beertsen W, Menashi S, Goldberg M. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the onset of dentin mineralization. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112:171-6. [PMID: 15056115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on dentin formation and mineralization, day 18 embryonic mouse tooth germs were cultured for 10 d in the presence or absence of Marimastat, a general MMP inhibitor, or CT(1166), a more selective inhibitor of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). With Marimastat a dose-dependent increase in thickness of the predentin layer and a decreased mineralization of dentin were observed. At the highest concentration of the inhibitor used, enamel formation had ceased. With CT(1166), these effects were already apparent at the lowest concentration used. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the two inhibitors inhibited the expression of enamelysin (MMP-20). These observations indicate that MMPs (possibly MMP-2, -3, -9 and/or -20) play a role in the onset of dentin mineralization. The lack of enamel formation was possibly due to diffusion of amelogenin from its normal site of apposition. The protein clearly was not retained at the surface of the non-mineralized dentin layer, and immunopositive amelogenin accumulated in the odontoblast compartment. The diffusion of enamel proteins and the accumulation revealed by immunolabeling of two small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, in the predentin may have contributed to impaired dentin mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fanchon
- Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Biominéralizations (EA 2496). Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris V, Montrouge, France
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25
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Uglow EB, Slater S, Sala-Newby GB, Aguilera-Garcia CM, Angelini GD, Newby AC, George SJ. Dismantling of cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res 2003; 92:1314-21. [PMID: 12775583 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000079027.44309.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to intimal thickening during atherosclerosis and restenosis. The cadherins are transmembrane proteins, which form cell-cell contacts and may regulate VSMC proliferation. In this study, N-cadherin protein concentration was significantly reduced by stimulation of proliferation with fetal calf serum (FCS) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in human saphenous vein VSMCs. Furthermore, overexpression of a truncated N-cadherin, which acts as a dominant-negative increased VSMC proliferation. The amount of an extracellular fragment of N-cadherin (approximately 90 kDa) in the media after 24 hours was increased by 12-fold by FCS and 11-fold by PDGF-BB, suggesting that N-cadherin levels are regulated by proteolytic shedding. Incubation with a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor or adenoviral overexpression of the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) demonstrated that metalloproteinase activity was responsible in part for this proteolysis. Although total levels of beta-catenin protein were not affected, beta-catenin was translocated to the nucleus after stimulation with FCS and PDGF-BB. Our data indicates cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts modulate proliferation in VSMCs. Furthermore, disruption of N-cadherin cell-cell contacts mediated in part by metalloproteinase activity occurs during VSMC proliferation, releasing beta-catenin and possibly inducing beta-catenin-mediated intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Uglow
- Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eduardo Sousa
- Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, Av. Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Ibirapuera, 04012180, São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Duda SH, Poerner TC, Wiesinger B, Rundback JH, Tepe G, Wiskirchen J, Haase KK. Drug-eluting stents: potential applications for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14:291-301. [PMID: 12631633 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000058423.01661.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different approaches have been evaluated to prevent restenosis in stents after vascular implantation. Currently, drug-eluting stents are extremely promising in suppressing neointimal hyperplasia. Various animal studies and randomized trials in humans have shown excellent results in terms of safety and efficacy during intermediate-term follow-up. This article will give an overview of experimental and clinical data of the different agents in published and ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan H Duda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan N Babapulle
- Division of Cardiology, Montreal General Hospital/McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Kim J, Eckhart AD, Eguchi S, Koch WJ. Beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts is dependent on transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32116-23. [PMID: 12048215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204895200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy often leads to heart failure and is associated with abnormal myocardial adrenergic signaling. This enlargement of myocardial mass can involve not only an increase in cardiomyocyte size, but increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. A potential key player in the cardiac hypertrophic response is the ERK family of MAPKs. To gain mechanistic insight into adrenergic regulation of myocardial mitogenic signaling, we examined beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation of ERK activation and DNA synthesis in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts, including the involvement of tyrosine kinases in this signaling pathway. Addition of the beta-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) to serum-starved cells induced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, and this was inhibited by selective inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Importantly and in agreement with the involvement of MAPKs and the EGFR in this response in cardiac fibroblasts, the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 attenuated ISO-induced ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, pretreatment with PP2, a selective inhibitor of the Src tyrosine kinase, attenuated both ISO-mediated EGFR phosphorylation and ERK activation. Furthermore, studies in these cardiac fibroblasts showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase contributed to beta-AR-mediated ERK activation, but not to EGFR activation. Finally, studies using selective inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases indicated that they and heparin-bound EGF shedding were involved in beta-AR-induced ERK activation and subsequent DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. Because these cells primarily express the beta(2)-AR subtype, our findings indicate that beta(2)-AR-mediated EGFR transactivation of intracellular tyrosine kinase signaling pathways is the major signaling pathway responsible for the adrenergic stimulation of mitogenesis of cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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30
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Li C, Cantor WJ, Nili N, Robinson R, Fenkell L, Tran YL, Whittingham HA, Tsui W, Cheema AN, Sparkes JD, Pritzker K, Levy DE, Strauss BH. Arterial repair after stenting and the effects of GM6001, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1852-8. [PMID: 12039502 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular responses after stenting to balloon angioplasty (BA) and to determine the late effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition on arterial repair after stenting. BACKGROUND Although stenting is the predominant form of coronary intervention, there is limited understanding of the early and late arterial response. METHODS In a double-injury rabbit model, adjacent iliac arteries in 87 animals received BA (3.0 mm diameter) or stenting (3.0 mm NIR). Rabbits were treated for 1 week postprocedure with either GM6001 (100 mg/kg per day), an MMP inhibitor or placebo and sacrificed at 1 week or at 10 weeks' postprocedure. Arteries were analyzed for morphometry, collagen content, gelatinase activity, cell proliferation and DNA content. RESULTS Stented arteries had significant increases in collagen content (2-fold) at 10 weeks compared to BA-treated arteries. At one week, overall gelatinase activity was increased >2-fold in stented arteries, with both 72 kD and 92 kD gelatinase activity. Stented arteries also had increases in both intimal DNA content (1.5-fold) and absolute cell proliferation (4-fold). Compared to placebo, GM6001 significantly inhibited intimal hyperplasia and intimal collagen content, and it increased lumen area in stented arteries without effects on proliferation rates. CONCLUSIONS Stenting causes a more vigorous ECM and MMP response than BA, which involves all layers of the vessel wall. Inhibition by MMP blocks in-stent intimal hyperplasia and offers a novel approach to prevent in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Li
- Roy and Ann Foss Interventional Cardiology Research Program, Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8
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31
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Abstract
The 2 principal approaches to management of dyslipidemias are lifestyle intervention and lipid-modifying drug therapy. Recent revisions to the American Heart Association's dietary guidelines for reducing cardiovascular disease emphasize an overall healthy eating pattern and maintenance of appropriate body weight, together with achieving a desirable blood pressure and a desirable lipoprotein profile. New National Cholesterol Education Program treatment guidelines include a scoring system for calculating coronary heart disease (CHD) risk that is adapted from the Framingham Heart Study, as well as a category of CHD risk equivalents (e.g., diabetes) that will encourage more aggressive therapeutic intervention for individuals at high short-term risk for CHD, even in the absence of clinically evident coronary disease. Classes of lipid-modifying drugs include bile acid sequestrants (resins), fibrates, and statins, with each class exerting different effects on the lipid profile. Nicotinic acid (niacin) is also an approved lipid-modifying agent. The armamentarium for treating lipid disorders and atherosclerosis now includes statins that can decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by up to 55%, as well as a resin with improved tolerability. In patients with high levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, together with low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, combination therapy may be effective. Moreover, researchers are currently investigating the development of drugs directed at molecular targets, including cholesterol esterification and accumulation in macrophage foam cells (e.g., inhibiting acyl-coenzyme A : cholesterol acyltransferase), degradation of atherosclerotic plaque (e.g., decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases), and reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., stimulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Gotto
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Bendeck MP, Conte M, Zhang M, Nili N, Strauss BH, Farwell SM. Doxycycline modulates smooth muscle cell growth, migration, and matrix remodeling after arterial injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1089-95. [PMID: 11891205 PMCID: PMC1867154 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tetracyclines function as antibiotics by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, but recent work has shown that they are pluripotent drugs that affect many mammalian cell functions including proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and matrix remodeling. Because all of these processes have been implicated in arterial intimal lesion development, the objective of these studies was to examine the effect of doxycycline treatment using a well-characterized model of neointimal thickening, balloon catheter denudation of the rat carotid artery. Rats were treated with 30-mg/kg/day doxycycline. Doxycycline reduced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in the arterial wall, and inhibited smooth muscle cell migration from media to intima by 77% at 4 days after balloon injury. Replication of smooth muscle cells in the intima at 7 days was reduced from 28.3 plus minus 2.5% in controls to 17.0 +/- 2.8% in doxycycline-treated rats. The synthesis of elastin and collagen was not affected, but accumulation of elastin was blocked in the doxycycline-treated rats. By contrast, collagen accumulation was not affected, which led to the formation of a more collagen-rich intima. At 28 days after injury, the intimal:medial ratio was significantly reduced from 1.67 +/- 0.09 in control rats to 1.36 +/- 0.06 in the doxycycline-treated rats. This study shows that doxycycline is an effective inhibitor of cell proliferation, migration, and MMP activity in vivo. Further study in more complicated models of atherosclerosis and restenosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Li YY, Feldman AM. Matrix metalloproteinases in the progression of heart failure: potential therapeutic implications. Drugs 2002; 61:1239-52. [PMID: 11511020 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200161090-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of functionally related zinc-containing enzymes that denature and degrade fibrillar collagens and other components of the extracellular matrix. Myocardial extracellular matrix remodelling and fibrosis regulated by MMPs are believed to be important contributors to the progression of heart failure. The role of MMPs in cardiac fibrosis and the progression of heart failure, along with the possibility of halting the progression of heart failure by modulating extracellular matrix remodelling are important issues under intense study. MMPs are increased in the failing hearts of both animal models and patients with heart failure. MMP inhibition may therefore modulate extracellular matrix remodelling and the progression of heart failure. It is a great advantage that various MMP inhibitors have been developed initially for the treatment of cancer, arthritis and other diseases believed to be associated with increased MMP activity. Several preclinical studies have shown that treatment of heart failure in animal models with MMP inhibitors results in less collagen matrix damage, favourable extracellular matrix remodelling, and improved cardiac structure and function. The results suggest that modulation of MMP activity can prevent myocardial dysfunction and the progression of heart failure through alterations in the remodelling process of extracellular matrix and the left ventricle. Although these promising results suggest potential benefits of MMP inhibition for human heart failure, no clinical data evaluating MMP inhibitors in heart failure have been reported. As the preclinical evidence continues to grow and the potential of MMP inhibition for the treatment of heart failure continues to unfold, MMP inhibition may prove to be an effective treatment for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Moses S, Franzén A, Lövdahl C, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Injury-induced osteopontin gene expression in rat arterial smooth muscle cells is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/ERK2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 396:133-7. [PMID: 11716472 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work shows that osteopontin has a role during matrix reorganization after tissue injury including vascular conditions such as atherosclerosis and restenosis following angioplasty. In vitro, osteopontin promotes activities such as adhesion and migration but the mechanisms that regulate the expression of this matrix protein remain essentially unknown. This study examined if the ERK signaling pathway is involved in injury-induced osteopontin expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Northern and Western blotting demonstrated a marked activation of osteopontin expression in response to injury. Treating the cells with PD98059, a specific MEK1 inhibitor, prior to injury, blocked this upregulation. MEK1 phosphorylates ERK1/ERK2, which belong to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases. We conclude that ERK1/ERK2 are involved in the regulation of osteopontin expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moses
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Moses S, Dreja K, Lindqvist A, Lövdahl C, Hellstrand P, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Smooth muscle cell response to mechanical injury involves intracellular calcium release and ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:88-96. [PMID: 11525642 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated possible signaling pathways coupled to injury-induced ERK1/2 activation and the subsequent initiation of vascular rat smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured to confluency and subjected to in vitro injury under serum-free conditions. In fluo-4-loaded cells, injury induced a rapid wave of intracellular Ca(2+) release that propagated about 200 microm in radius from the injured zone, reached a peak in about 20 s, and subsided to the baseline within 2 min. The wave was abolished by prior treatment with the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, but not by omission of extracellular Ca(2+). ERK1/2 activation reached a peak at 10 min after injury and was inhibited by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, as well as by thapsigargin, fluphenazine, genistein, and the Src inhibitor PP2. These inhibitors also reduced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and migration of cells into the injured area determined at 48 h after injury. These results show that mechanical injury to vascular smooth muscle cells induces a Ca(2+) wave which is dependent on intracellular Ca(2+) release. Furthermore, the injury activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as cell migration and replication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteries/injuries
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/physiopathology
- Calcimycin/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calmodulin/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Fluphenazine/pharmacology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Intracellular Fluid/drug effects
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Ionophores/pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Octanols/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress, Mechanical
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moses
- Section for Connective Tissue Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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