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Rapid Purification and Formulation of Radiopharmaceuticals via Thin-Layer Chromatography. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238178. [PMID: 36500272 PMCID: PMC9738419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Before formulating radiopharmaceuticals for injection, it is necessary to remove various impurities via purification. Conventional synthesis methods involve relatively large quantities of reagents, requiring high-resolution and high-capacity chromatographic methods (e.g., semi-preparative radio-HPLC) to ensure adequate purity of the radiopharmaceutical. Due to the use of organic solvents during purification, additional processing is needed to reformulate the radiopharmaceutical into an injectable buffer. Recent developments in microscale radiosynthesis have made it possible to synthesize radiopharmaceuticals with vastly reduced reagent masses, minimizing impurities. This enables purification with lower-capacity methods, such as analytical HPLC, with a reduction of purification time and volume (that shortens downstream re-formulation). Still, the need for a bulky and expensive HPLC system undermines many of the advantages of microfluidics. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using radio-TLC for the purification of radiopharmaceuticals. This technique combines high-performance (high-resolution, high-speed separation) with the advantages of a compact and low-cost setup. A further advantage is that no downstream re-formulation step is needed. Production and purification of clinical scale batches of [18F]PBR-06 and [18F]Fallypride are demonstrated with high yield, purity, and specific activity. Automating this radio-TLC method could provide an attractive solution for the purification step in microscale radiochemistry systems.
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Dartora CM, de Moura LV, Koole M, Marques da Silva AM. Discriminating Aging Cognitive Decline Spectrum Using PET and Magnetic Resonance Image Features. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:977-991. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The population aging increased the prevalence of brain diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and early identification of individuals with higher odds of cognitive decline is essential to maintain quality of life. Imaging evaluation of individuals at risk of cognitive decline includes biomarkers extracted from brain positron emission tomography (PET) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objective: We propose investigating ensemble models to classify groups in the aging cognitive decline spectrum by combining features extracted from single imaging modalities and combinations of imaging modalities (FDG+AMY+MRI, and a PET ensemble). Methods: We group imaging data of 131 individuals into four classes related to the individuals’ cognitive assessment in baseline and follow-up: stable cognitive non-impaired; individuals converting to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) syndrome; stable MCI; and Alzheimer’s clinical syndrome. We assess the performance of four algorithms using leave-one-out cross-validation: decision tree classifier, random forest (RF), light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), and categorical boosting (CAT). The performance analysis of models is evaluated using balanced accuracy before and after using Shapley Additive exPlanations with recursive feature elimination (SHAP-RFECV) method. Results: Our results show that feature selection with CAT or RF algorithms have the best overall performance in discriminating early cognitive decline spectrum mainly using MRI imaging features. Conclusion: Use of CAT or RF algorithms with SHAP-RFECV shows good discrimination of early stages of aging cognitive decline, mainly using MRI image features. Further work is required to analyze the impact of selected brain regions and their correlation with cognitive decline spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Koole
- KU Leuven, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imagingand Pathology, Medical Imaging Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Maria Marques da Silva
- PUCRS, School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- PUCRS, School of Technology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- PUCRS, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Frank B, Ally M, Brekke B, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sugarman MA, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Tripodis Y, Martin B, Palmisano JN, Steinberg EG, Simkina I, Turk KW, Budson AE, O’Connor MK, Au R, Goldstein LE, Jun GR, Kowall NW, Stein TD, McKee AC, Killiany R, Qiu WQ, Stern RA, Mez J, Alosco ML. Plasma p-tau 181 shows stronger network association to Alzheimer's disease dementia than neurofilament light and total tau. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1523-1536. [PMID: 34854549 PMCID: PMC9160800 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the ability of plasma hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 to detect cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently and in combination with plasma total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light (NfL). METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed using the Simoa platform for 235 participants with normal cognition (NC), 181 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI), and 153 with AD dementia. Statistical approaches included multinomial regression and Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) to assess a network of plasma biomarkers, neuropsychological tests, and demographic variables. RESULTS Plasma p-tau181 discriminated AD dementia from NC, but not MCI, and correlated with dementia severity and worse neuropsychological test performance. Plasma NfL similarly discriminated diagnostic groups. Unlike plasma NfL or t-tau, p-tau181 had a direct association with cognitive diagnosis in a bootstrapped GGM. DISCUSSION These results support plasma p-tau181 for the detection of AD dementia and the use of blood-based biomarkers for optimal disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Frank
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline Ally
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bailee Brekke
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Sugarman
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas K. Karikari
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Martin
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph N. Palmisano
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric G. Steinberg
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irene Simkina
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine W. Turk
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen K. O’Connor
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee E. Goldstein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Biomedical, Electrical & Computer
Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Gyungah R. Jun
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil W. Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann C. McKee
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental
Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A. Stern
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Smith RX, Strain JF, Tanenbaum A, Fagan AM, Hassenstab J, McDade E, Schindler SE, Gordon BA, Xiong C, Chhatwal J, Jack C, Karch C, Berman S, Brosch JR, Lah JJ, Brickman AM, Cash DM, Fox NC, Graff-Radford NR, Levin J, Noble J, Holtzman DM, Masters CL, Farlow MR, Laske C, Schofield PR, Marcus DS, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Bateman RJ, Ances BM. Resting-State Functional Connectivity Disruption as a Pathological Biomarker in Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease. Brain Connect 2021; 11:239-249. [PMID: 33430685 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identify a global resting-state functional connectivity (gFC) signature in mutation carriers (MC) from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN). Assess the gFC with regard to amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers, and estimated years to symptom onset (EYO). Introduction: Cross-sectional measures were assessed in MC (n = 171) and mutation noncarrier (NC) (n = 70) participants. A functional connectivity (FC) matrix that encompassed multiple resting-state networks was computed for each participant. Methods: A global FC was compiled as a single index indicating FC strength. The gFC signature was modeled as a nonlinear function of EYO. The gFC was linearly associated with other biomarkers used for assessing the AT(N) framework, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), positron emission tomography (PET) molecular biomarkers, and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The gFC was reduced in MC compared with NC participants. When MC participants were differentiated by clinical dementia rating (CDR), the gFC was significantly decreased in MC CDR >0 (demented) compared with either MC CDR 0 (cognitively normal) or NC participants. The gFC varied nonlinearly with EYO and initially decreased at EYO = -24 years, followed by a stable period followed by a further decline near EYO = 0 years. Irrespective of EYO, a lower gFC associated with values of amyloid PET, CSF Aβ1-42, CSF p-tau, CSF t-tau, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, and hippocampal volume. Conclusions: The gFC correlated with biomarkers used for defining the AT(N) framework. A biphasic change in the gFC suggested early changes associated with CSF amyloid and later changes associated with hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert X Smith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeremy F Strain
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Tanenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifford Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Celeste Karch
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared R Brosch
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Cash
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - James Noble
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkvile, Australia
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel S Marcus
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Sutoko S, Masuda A, Kandori A, Sasaguri H, Saito T, Saido TC, Funane T. Early Identification of Alzheimer's Disease in Mouse Models: Application of Deep Neural Network Algorithm to Cognitive Behavioral Parameters. iScience 2021; 24:102198. [PMID: 33733064 PMCID: PMC7937558 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide burden. Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that AD is asymptomatic at an early stage. Studies using AD-modeled animals offer important and useful insights. Here, we classified mice with a high risk of AD at a preclinical stage by using only their behaviors. Wild-type and knock-in AD-modeled (App NL-G-F/NL-G-F ) mice were raised, and their cognitive behaviors were assessed in an automated monitoring system. The classification utilized a machine learning method, i.e., a deep neural network, together with optimized stepwise feature selection and cross-validation. The AD risk could be identified on the basis of compulsive and learning behaviors (89.3% ± 9.8% accuracy) shown by AD-modeled mice in the early age (i.e., 8-12 months old) when the AD symptomatic cognitions were relatively underdeveloped. This finding reveals the advantage of machine learning in unveiling the importance of compulsive and learning behaviors for early AD diagnosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Hitachi, Ltd, Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Masuda
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kandori
- Hitachi, Ltd, Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi, Ltd, Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
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6
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Zuliani I, Lanzillotta C, Tramutola A, Francioso A, Pagnotta S, Barone E, Perluigi M, Di Domenico F. The Dysregulation of OGT/OGA Cycle Mediates Tau and APP Neuropathology in Down Syndrome. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:340-363. [PMID: 33258073 PMCID: PMC8116370 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a nutrient-related post-translational modification that, since its discovery some 30 years ago, has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. As reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), flaws in the cerebral glucose uptake translate into reduced hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux and subsequently lead to aberrant protein O-GlcNAcylation. Notably, the reduction of O-GlcNAcylated proteins involves also tau and APP, thus promoting their aberrant phosphorylation in AD brain and the onset of AD pathological markers. Down syndrome (DS) individuals are characterized by the early development of AD by the age of 60 and, although the two conditions present the same pathological hallmarks and share the alteration of many molecular mechanisms driving brain degeneration, no evidence has been sought on the implication of O-GlcNAcylation in DS pathology. Our study aimed to unravel for the first time the role of protein O-GlcNacylation in DS brain alterations positing the attention of potential trisomy-related mechanisms triggering the aberrant regulation of OGT/OGA cycle. We demonstrate the disruption of O-GlcNAcylation homeostasis, as an effect of altered OGT and OGA regulatory mechanism, and confirm the relevance of O-GlcNAcylation in the appearance of AD hallmarks in the brain of a murine model of DS. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the neuroprotective effects of brain-targeted OGA inhibition. Indeed, the rescue of OGA activity was able to restore protein O-GlcNAcylation, and reduce AD-related hallmarks and decreased protein nitration, possibly as effect of induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zuliani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pagnotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Shumbayawonda E, López-Sanz D, Bruña R, Serrano N, Fernández A, Maestú F, Abasolo D. Complexity changes in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: An MEG study of subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:437-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Abdul Aziz SA, Jia Ling L, Ahmad Saad FF, Nordin AJ, Ibrahim N, Nuruddin A, Tunan E, Rosalina, Saripan MI, Suppiah S. Voxel-wise analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism in correlation with variations in the presentation of Alzheimer’s disease: a clinician’s guide. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v28i3.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic imaging can be applied in the management of Alzheimer’s disease as it provides structural and functional information to exclude possible secondary causes and offers additional information, especially in atypical cases of Alzheimer’s disease. The utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can help in the noninvasive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease by voxel-wise quantification of cerebral 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) metabolism.
METHODS This prospective study was conducted among 10 subjects with Alzheimer’s disease and 10 healthy control subjects who underwent neuropsychological testing and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Images of the brain were postprocessed using voxel-wise analysis and segmented into 20 regions of interest. The standardized uptake value (SUV)max/SUVmean/standard deviation of SUVmean results were analyzed accordingly and correlated with the subjects’ Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) results that were adjusted for age and education level.
RESULTS Hypometabolism at the right parietal lobe significantly correlated with increasing age and lower MoCA scores. Global hypometabolism was observed in subjects who had advanced Alzheimer’s disease but preserved primary somatosensory cortices (S1) region metabolism. Predominance of frontal lobe hypometabolism was a feature of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease having associated depressive symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS 18F-FDG PET/CT voxel-wise analysis can be used for quantitative assessment and can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other variations of the disease spectrum.
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9
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Sex Differences in the Complexity of Healthy Older Adults' Magnetoencephalograms. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21080798. [PMID: 33267511 PMCID: PMC7515326 DOI: 10.3390/e21080798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of resting-state brain activity recording in magnetoencephalograms (MEGs) with new algorithms of symbolic dynamics analysis could help obtain a deeper insight into the functioning of the brain and identify potential differences between males and females. Permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC), a recently introduced non-linear signal processing algorithm based on symbolic dynamics, was used to evaluate the complexity of MEG signals in source space. PLZC was estimated in a broad band of frequencies (2–45 Hz), as well as in narrow bands (i.e., theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), low beta (12–20 Hz), high beta (20–30 Hz), and gamma (30–45 Hz)) in a sample of 98 healthy elderly subjects (49 males, 49 female) aged 65–80 (average age of 72.71 ± 4.22 for males and 72.67 ± 4.21 for females). PLZC was significantly higher for females than males in the high beta band at posterior brain regions including the precuneus, and the parietal and occipital cortices. Further statistical analyses showed that higher complexity values over highly overlapping regions than the ones mentioned above were associated with larger hippocampal volumes only in females. These results suggest that sex differences in healthy aging can be identified from the analysis of magnetoencephalograms with novel signal processing methods.
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10
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Setty Y. eBrain: a Three Dimensional Simulation Tool to Study Drug Delivery in the Brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6162. [PMID: 30992468 PMCID: PMC6467991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease are severe disorders with acute symptoms that gradually progress. In the course of developing disease-modifying treatments for neurodegenerative disorders there is a need to develop novel strategies to increase efficacy of drugs and accelerate the development process. We developed a tool for simulating drug delivery in the brain by translating MRI data into an interactive 3D model. This tool, the eBrain, superimposes simulated drug diffusion and tissue uptake by inferring from the MRI data with a seamless display from any angle, magnification, or position. We discuss a representative implementation of eBrain that is inspired by clinical data in which insulin is intranasally administered to Alzheimer patients. Using extensive analysis of multiple eBrain simulations with varying parameters, we show the potential for eBrain to determine the optimal dosage to ensure drug delivery without overdosing the tissue. Specifically, we examined the efficacy of combined drug doses and potential compounds for tissue stimulation. Interestingly, our analysis uncovered that the drug efficacy is inferred from tissue intensity levels. Finally, we discuss the potential of eBrain and possible applications of eBrain to aid both inexperienced and experienced medical professionals as well as patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaki Setty
- Gateway Institute for Brain Research, 3321 College Avenue, Davie, 33314, Florida, USA.
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11
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Optimization of solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the preparation of [18F]D3FSP: A new PET imaging agent for mapping Aβ plaques. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 71:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Parsa SF, Vafajoo A, Rostami A, Salarian R, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Rabiee G, Tahriri M, Yadegari A, Vashaee D, Tayebi L, Hamblin MR. Early diagnosis of disease using microbead array technology: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:1-17. [PMID: 30143206 PMCID: PMC6152944 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of diseases (before they become advanced and incurable) is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. With the advent of novel technologies in clinical laboratory diagnosis, microbead-based arrays have come to be recognized as an efficient approach, that demonstrates useful advantages over traditional assay methods for multiple disease-related biomarkers. Multiplexed microbead assays provide a robust, rapid, specific, and cost-effective approach for high-throughput and simultaneous screening of many different targets. Biomolecular binding interactions occur after applying a biological sample (such as blood plasma, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid etc.) containing the target analyte(s) to a set of microbeads with different ligand-specificities that have been coded in planar or suspension arrays. The ligand-receptor binding activity is tracked by optical signals generated by means of flow cytometry analysis in the case of suspension arrays, or by image processing devices in the case of planar arrays. In this review paper, we discuss diagnosis of cancer, neurological and infectious diseases by using optically-encoded microbead-based arrays (both multiplexed and single-analyte assays) as a reliable tool for detection and quantification of various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Foroutan Parsa
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Vafajoo
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Rostami
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Salarian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Maziar University, Noor, Royan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Yadegari
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Daryoosh Vashaee
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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13
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Yan L, Liu CY, Wong KP, Huang SC, Mack WJ, Jann K, Coppola G, Ringman JM, Wang DJJ. Regional association of pCASL-MRI with FDG-PET and PiB-PET in people at risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017. [PMID: 29527482 PMCID: PMC5842754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) is a small subset of Alzheimer's disease that is genetically determined with 100% penetrance. It provides a valuable window into studying the course of pathologic processes that leads to dementia. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI is a potential AD imaging marker that non-invasively measures cerebral perfusion. In this study, we investigated the relationship of cerebral blood flow measured by pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) MRI with measures of cerebral metabolism (FDG PET) and amyloid deposition (Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET). Thirty-one participants at risk for ADAD (age 39 ± 13 years, 19 females) were recruited into this study, and 21 of them received both MRI and FDG and PiB PET scans. Considerable variability was observed in regional correlations between ASL-CBF and FDG across subjects. Both regional hypo-perfusion and hypo-metabolism were associated with amyloid deposition. Cross-sectional analyses of each biomarker as a function of the estimated years to expected dementia diagnosis indicated an inverse relationship of both perfusion and glucose metabolism with amyloid deposition during AD development. These findings indicate that neurovascular dysfunction is associated with amyloid pathology, and also indicate that ASL CBF may serve as a sensitive early biomarker for AD. The direct comparison among the three biomarkers provides complementary information for understanding the pathophysiological process of AD. Regional associations of three imaging biomarkers (pCASL-MRI, FDG-PET and PiB-PET) are studied in persons at risk for ADAD. PiB-PET shows different spatial pattern compared to pCASL-MRI and FDG-PET. There is considerable variability among regional correlations between pCASL and FDG. Both regional hypo-perfusion and hypo-metabolism are associated with amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Collin Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koon-Pong Wong
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Cheng Huang
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences UCLA, USA
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Shimoda K, Kimura M, Yokota M, Okubo Y. Comparison of regional gray matter volume abnormalities in Alzheimer׳s disease and late life depression with hippocampal atrophy using VSRAD analysis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:71-5. [PMID: 25773003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies revealed that hippocampal volume loss in patients with late life depression (LLD) is associated with cognitive impairment and a higher risk for dementia. However, LLD patients can experience hippocampal atrophy without cognitive impairment. Thus, while LLD and AD can show comparable hippocampal atrophy, they may encompass different neuropathological changes. Using VBM, we therefore investigated differences in regional gray matter changes in 17 late-onset LLD patients and 21 AD patients (without a history of LLD) who exhibited comparably severe atrophy of the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus on MRI scans for voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD (VSRAD). Relative to the VSRAD database for healthy individuals, significant atrophy was observed in mesial temporal lobe structures and the anterior cingulate cortex in both groups. Atrophy of the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus was observed only in the AD group. Comparisons of gray matter volume by multivariate analysis of variance revealed significantly reduced volume of the right middle and inferior temporal gyrus, uncus, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus in the AD group only, suggesting impairment of different networks in AD and LLD. Indeed, structural changes in the posterior part of the default-mode network are believed to be associated with cognitive impairments specific to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Shimoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Mahito Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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He W, Liu D, Radua J, Li G, Han B, Sun Z. Meta-analytic Comparison Between PIB-PET and FDG-PET Results in Alzheimer’s Disease and MCI. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Ben Ali J, Abid S, William Jervis B, Fnaiech F, Bigan C, Besleaga M. Identification of early-stage Alzheimer׳s disease using SFAM neural network. Neurocomputing 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Gąsecki D, Kwarciany M, Nyka W, Narkiewicz K. Hypertension, brain damage and cognitive decline. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 15:547-58. [PMID: 24146223 PMCID: PMC3838597 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cognitive function is one the most devastating manifestations of ageing and vascular disease. Cognitive decline is rapidly becoming an important cause of disability worldwide and contributes significantly to increased mortality. There is growing evidence that hypertension is the most important modifiable vascular risk factor for development and progression of both cognitive decline and dementia. High blood pressure contributes to cerebral small and large vessel disease resulting in brain damage and dementia. A decline in cerebrovascular reserve capacity and emerging degenerative vascular wall changes underlie complete and incomplete brain infarcts, haemorrhages and white matter hyperintensities. This review discusses the complexity of factors linking hypertension to brain functional and structural changes, and to cognitive decline and dementia. The evidence for possible clinical markers useful for prevention of decreased cognitive ability, as well as recent data on vascular mechanism in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline, and the role of antihypertensive therapies in long-term prevention of late-life cognitive decline will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Gąsecki
- Department of Neurology of Adults, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Saidlitz P, Voisin T, Vellas B, Payoux P, Gabelle A, Formaglio M, Delrieu J. Amyloid imaging in alzheimer’s disease: A literature review. J Nutr Health Aging 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
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19
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Saidlitz P, Voisin T, Vellas B, Payoux P, Gabelle A, Formaglio M, Delrieu J. Amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease: a literature review. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:723-40. [PMID: 25226113 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapies targeting amyloid-β peptide currently represent approximately 50% of drugs now being developed for Alzheimer's disease. Some, including active and passive anti-Aβ immunotherapy, directly target the amyloid plaques. The new amyloid tracers are increasingly being included in the proposed updated diagnostic criteria, and may allow earlier diagnosis. Those targeting amyloid-β peptide allow identification of amyloid plaques in vivo. We need to gain insight into all aspects of their application. As florbetapir (Amyvid™) and flutemetamol (Vizamyl™) have received marketing authorization, clinicians require deeper knowledge to be rationally used in diagnosis. In this paper, we review both completed and ongoing observational, longitudinal and interventional studies of these tracers, our main objective being to show the performance of the four most commonly used tracers and their validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saidlitz
- Saidlitz Pascal, Alzheimer's disease center, 170 avenue de Casselardit, TSA 40031, Purpan University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 09, +33676298221
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20
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A Standardized [18F]-FDG-PET Template for Spatial Normalization in Statistical Parametric Mapping of Dementia. Neuroinformatics 2014; 12:575-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12021-014-9235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Previc FH, Krueger WW, Ross RA, Roman MA, Siegel G. The relationship between vestibular function and topographical memory in older adults. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:46. [PMID: 24917795 PMCID: PMC4041072 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research during the past two decades has demonstrated an important role of the vestibular system in topographical orientation and memory and the network of neural structures associated with them. Almost all of the supporting data have come from animal or human clinical studies, however. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the link between vestibular function and topographical memory in normal elderly humans. Twenty-five participants aged 70 to 85 years who scored from mildly impaired to normal on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) received three topographical memory tests: the Camden Topographical Recognition Memory Test (CTMRT), a computerized topographical mental rotation test (TMRT), and a virtual pond maze (VPM). They also received six vestibular or oculomotor tests: optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), visual pursuit (VP), actively generated vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), the sensory orientation test (SOT) for posture, and two measures of rotational memory (error in degrees, or RM°, and correct directional recognition, or RM→). The only significant bivariate correlations were among the three vestibular measures primarily assessing horizontal canal function (VOR, RM°, and RM→). A multiple regression analysis showed significant relationships between vestibular and demographic predictors and both the TMRT (R = 0.78) and VPM (R = 0.66) measures. The significant relationship between the vestibular and topographical memory measures supports the theory that vestibular loss may contribute to topographical memory impairment in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Previc
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Ruth A Ross
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Gregg Siegel
- Biomedical Development Corporation San Antonio, TX, USA
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22
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Yen SK, Padmanabhan P, Selvan ST. Multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles for diagnostics, therapy and macromolecule delivery. Theranostics 2013; 3:986-1003. [PMID: 24396508 PMCID: PMC3881099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of either metal (e.g. Au), or magnetic NP (e.g. iron oxide) with other fluorescent components such as quantum dots (QDs) or organic dyes have been emerging as versatile candidate systems for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and macromolecule delivery such as micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA). This review intends to highlight the recent advances in the synthesis and application of multifunctional NPs (mainly iron oxide) in theranostics, an area used to combine therapeutics and diagnostics. The recent applications of NPs in miRNA delivery are also reviewed.
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23
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Computer-aided diagnostic reporting of FDG PET for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Transl Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-013-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Chen Z, Zhong C. Decoding Alzheimer's disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 108:21-43. [PMID: 23850509 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related devastating neurodegenerative disorder, which severely impacts on the global economic development and healthcare system. Though AD has been studied for more than 100 years since 1906, the exact cause(s) and pathogenic mechanism(s) remain to be clarified. Also, the efficient disease-modifying treatment and ideal diagnostic method for AD are unavailable. Perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism, an invariant pathophysiological feature of AD, may be a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of this disease. In this review, we firstly discussed the features of cerebral glucose metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions. Then, we further reviewed the contribution of glucose transportation abnormality and intracellular glucose catabolism dysfunction in AD pathophysiology, and proposed a hypothesis that multiple pathogenic cascades induced by impaired cerebral glucose metabolism could result in neuronal degeneration and consequently cognitive deficits in AD patients. Among these pathogenic processes, altered functional status of thiamine metabolism and brain insulin resistance are highly emphasized and characterized as major pathogenic mechanisms. Finally, considering the fact that AD patients exhibit cerebral glucose hypometabolism possibly due to impairments of insulin signaling and altered thiamine metabolism, we also discuss some potential possibilities to uncover diagnostic biomarkers for AD from abnormal glucose metabolism and to develop drugs targeting at repairing insulin signaling impairment and correcting thiamine metabolism abnormality. We conclude that glucose metabolism abnormality plays a critical role in AD pathophysiological alterations through the induction of multiple pathogenic factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and so forth. To clarify the causes, pathogeneses and consequences of cerebral hypometabolism in AD will help break the bottleneck of current AD study in finding ideal diagnostic biomarker and disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Soucy JP, Bartha R, Bocti C, Borrie M, Burhan AM, Laforce R, Rosa-Neto P. Clinical applications of neuroimaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a review from the Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013; 5:S3. [PMID: 24565260 PMCID: PMC3980588 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In May 2012, the Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia brought together in Montreal experts from around Canada to update Canadian recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with neurodegenerative conditions associated with deterioration of cognition. Multiple topics were discussed. The present paper is a highly condensed version of those recommendations that were produced to support discussions in the field of neuroimaging for clinical diagnosis of those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Soucy
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Service de Neurologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amer M Burhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, Université Lava, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroinmaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Metal ions are known to play an important role in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and prion diseases. In these diseases, aberrant metal binding or improper regulation of redox active metal ions can induce oxidative stress by producing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Altered metal homeostasis is also frequently seen in the diseased state. As a result, the imaging of metals in intact biological cells and tissues has been very important for understanding the role of metals in neurodegenerative diseases. A wide range of imaging techniques have been utilized, including X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), all of which allow for the imaging of metals in biological specimens with high spatial resolution and detection sensitivity. These techniques represent unique tools for advancing the understanding of the disease mechanisms and for identifying possible targets for developing treatments. In this review, we will highlight the advances in neurodegenerative disease research facilitated by metal imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan W. Bourassa
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Fax: 631-632-7960; Tel: 631-632-7880
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Fax: 631-632-7960; Tel: 631-632-7880
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Fax: 631-344-3238; Tel: 631-344-2091
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27
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Martín-Moreno AM, Brera B, Spuch C, Carro E, García-García L, Delgado M, Pozo MA, Innamorato NG, Cuadrado A, de Ceballos ML. Prolonged oral cannabinoid administration prevents neuroinflammation, lowers β-amyloid levels and improves cognitive performance in Tg APP 2576 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:8. [PMID: 22248049 PMCID: PMC3292807 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain shows an ongoing inflammatory condition and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories diminish the risk of suffering the neurologic disease. Cannabinoids are neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents with therapeutic potential. Methods We have studied the effects of prolonged oral administration of transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice with two pharmacologically different cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2 and JWH-133, 0.2 mg/kg/day in the drinking water during 4 months) on inflammatory and cognitive parameters, and on 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography (PET). Results Novel object recognition was significantly reduced in 11 month old Tg APP mice and 4 month administration of JWH was able to normalize this cognitive deficit, although WIN was ineffective. Wild type mice cognitive performance was unaltered by cannabinoid administration. Tg APP mice showed decreased 18FDG uptake in hippocampus and cortical regions, which was counteracted by oral JWH treatment. Hippocampal GFAP immunoreactivity and cortical protein expression was unaffected by genotype or treatment. In contrast, the density of Iba1 positive microglia was increased in Tg APP mice, and normalized following JWH chronic treatment. Both cannabinoids were effective at reducing the enhancement of COX-2 protein levels and TNF-α mRNA expression found in the AD model. Increased cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) levels were significantly reduced in the mouse model by both cannabinoids. Noteworthy both cannabinoids enhanced Aβ transport across choroid plexus cells in vitro. Conclusions In summary we have shown that chronically administered cannabinoid showed marked beneficial effects concomitant with inflammation reduction and increased Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Martín-Moreno
- Neurodenegeration Group, Dept. of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
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Ferreira ST, Klein WL. The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:529-43. [PMID: 21914486 PMCID: PMC4390395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the 3rd most costly disease and the leading cause of dementia. It can linger for many years, but ultimately is fatal, the 6th leading cause of death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fatal and affected individuals can sometimes linger many years. Current treatments are palliative and transient, not disease modifying. This article reviews progress in the search to identify the primary AD-causing toxins. We summarize the shift from an initial focus on amyloid plaques to the contemporary concept that AD memory failure is caused by small soluble oligomers of the Aβ peptide, toxins that target and disrupt particular synapses. Evidence is presented that links Aβ oligomers to pathogenesis in animal models and humans, with reference to seminal discoveries from cell biology and new ideas concerning pathogenic mechanisms, including relationships to diabetes and Fragile X. These findings have established the oligomer hypothesis as a new molecular basis for the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil,
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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Abstract
Neurological imaging represents a powerful paradigm for investigation of brain structure, physiology and function across different scales. The diverse phenotypes and significant normal and pathological brain variability demand reliable and efficient statistical methodologies to model, analyze and interpret raw neurological images and derived geometric information from these images. The validity, reproducibility and power of any statistical brain map require appropriate inference on large cohorts, significant community validation, and multidisciplinary collaborations between physicians, engineers and statisticians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo D Dinov
- SOCR Resource and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA Statistics, 8125 Mathematical Science Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, Tel.: +1 310 825 8430
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31
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Marquet F, Tung YS, Teichert T, Ferrera VP, Konofagou EE. Noninvasive, transient and selective blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22598. [PMID: 21799913 PMCID: PMC3142168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular system that impedes entry of all large and the vast majority of small molecules including the most potent central nervous system (CNS) disease therapeutic agents from entering from the lumen into the brain parenchyma. Microbubble-enhanced, focused ultrasound (ME-FUS) has been previously shown to disrupt noninvasively, selectively, and transiently the BBB in small animals in vivo. For the first time, the feasibility of transcranial ME-FUS BBB opening in non-human primates is demonstrated with subsequent BBB recovery. Sonications were combined with two different types of microbubbles (customized 4–5 µm and Definity®). 3T MRI was used to confirm the BBB disruption and to assess brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Marquet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yao-Sheng Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tobias Teichert
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Biagioni MC, Galvin JE. Using biomarkers to improve detection of Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011; 1:127-139. [PMID: 22076127 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) might be most effective when initiated very early in the course, before the pathologic burden and neuronal and synaptic degeneration make it unlikely that halting disease progression would have a significant impact on patient outcomes. Biomarkers of disease may provide important avenues of research to enhance the diagnosis of individuals with early AD and could assist in the identification of those individuals at risk for developing AD. However, for such biomarkers to become clinically useful, long-term follow-up studies are necessary to evaluate the relevance of cross-sectional biomarker changes to the longitudinal course of the disease. The objective of this article is to review recent progress in AD biomarkers for the early diagnosis, classification, progression and prediction of AD and their usefulness in new treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton C Biagioni
- Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Schönknecht ODP, Hunt A, Toro P, Guenther T, Henze M, Haberkorn U, Schröder J. Bihemispheric cerebral FDG PET correlates of cognitive dysfunction as assessed by the CERAD in Alzheimer's disease. Clin EEG Neurosci 2011; 42:71-6. [PMID: 21675596 DOI: 10.1177/155005941104200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a variety of cognitive deficits which can be reliably assessed by the neuropsychological test battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), but the cerebral changes underlying the respective cognitive deficits are only partly understood. Measures of severity of dementia in AD as well as delayed episodic memory performance in mild cognitive impairment significantly correlated with bihemispheric cerebral glucose hypometabolism. We therefore hypothesized that the CERAD cognitive battery may represent cerebral dysfunction of both hemispheres in patients with AD. In 32 patients with AD, cerebral glucose metabolism was investigated using positron-emission-tomography with 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PET) and associated with the test scores of the CERAD cognitive battery by statistical parametric mapping. Episodic memory scores significantly correlated with temporopari etal glucose metabolism of both hemispheres while delayed episodic memory significantly was correlated with the right frontotemporal cortices. Verbal fluency and naming scores significantly correlated with glucose metabolism in left temporoparietal and right frontal cortices, whereas constructional praxis predominantly correlated significantly with the bilateral precuneus. In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that not only memory function but also functions of language and constructional praxis in AD are associated with glucose metabolism as revealed by FDG PET in subsets of uni- and bilateral brain areas. The findings of our study for the first time demonstrate that in AD neuropsychological deficits as assessed by the CERAD refer to different cerebral sites of both hemispheres.
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Yoon B, Shim YS, Hong YJ, Koo BB, Kim YD, Lee KO, Yang DW. Comparison of diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry to detect white matter damage in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2011; 302:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galvin JE. Dementia screening, biomarkers and protein misfolding: Implications for public health and diagnosis. Prion 2011; 5:16-21. [PMID: 21164279 PMCID: PMC3038001 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.1.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins are at the core of many neurodegenerative diseases, nearly all of them associated with cognitive impairment. For example Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is associated with aggregation of prion protein, Lewy body dementia and Parkinson disease with α-synuclein and forms of frontotemporal dementia with tau, TDP 43 and host of other proteins, Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, and its prodromal syndrome mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are an increasing public health problem and a diagnostic challenge to may clinicians. AD is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) as senile plaques and in the walls of blood vessels as amyloid angiopathy. Additionally, there are accumulations of tau-protein as neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites. Biological markers of AD and MCI can serve as in vivo diagnostic indicators of underlying pathology, particularly when clinical symptoms are mild and are likely present years before the onset of clinical symptoms. Research to discover and refine fluid and imaging biomarkers of protein aggregation has undergone a rapid evolution and combined analysis of different modalities may further increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Multi-center trials are now investigating whether imaging and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker candidates can be used as outcome measures for use in phase III clinical trials for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Galvin
- Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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36
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Marquet F, Tung YS, Teichert T, Ferrera VP, Konofagou EE. Noninvasive, transient and selective blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates in vivo. PLoS One 2011. [PMID: 21799913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022598.g001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular system that impedes entry of all large and the vast majority of small molecules including the most potent central nervous system (CNS) disease therapeutic agents from entering from the lumen into the brain parenchyma. Microbubble-enhanced, focused ultrasound (ME-FUS) has been previously shown to disrupt noninvasively, selectively, and transiently the BBB in small animals in vivo. For the first time, the feasibility of transcranial ME-FUS BBB opening in non-human primates is demonstrated with subsequent BBB recovery. Sonications were combined with two different types of microbubbles (customized 4-5 µm and Definity®). 3T MRI was used to confirm the BBB disruption and to assess brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Marquet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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37
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Liu Y, Zhu L, Plössl K, Choi SR, Qiao H, Sun X, Li S, Zha Z, Kung HF. Optimization of automated radiosynthesis of [18F]AV-45: a new PET imaging agent for Alzheimer's disease. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:917-25. [PMID: 21055622 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates in the brain is linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Imaging probes targeting these Aβ aggregates in the brain may provide a useful tool to facilitate the diagnosis of AD. Recently, [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) demonstrated high binding to the Aβ aggregates in AD patients. To improve the availability of this agent for widespread clinical application, a rapid, fully automated, high-yield, cGMP-compliant radiosynthesis was necessary for production of this probe. We report herein an optimal [(18)F]fluorination, de-protection condition and fully automated radiosynthesis of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) on a radiosynthesis module (BNU F-A2). METHODS The preparation of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) was evaluated under different conditions, specifically by employing different precursors (-OTs and -Br as the leaving group), reagents (K222/K(2)CO(3) vs. tributylammonium bicarbonate) and deprotection in different acids. With optimized conditions from these experiments, the automated synthesis of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) was accomplished by using a computer-programmed, standard operating procedure, and was purified on an on-line solid-phase cartridge (Oasis HLB). RESULTS The optimized reaction conditions were successfully implemented to an automated nucleophilic fluorination module. The radiochemical purity of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) was >95%, and the automated synthesis yield was 33.6 ± 5.2% (no decay corrected, n=4), 50.1 ± 7.9% (decay corrected) in 50 min at a quantity level of 10-100 mCi (370-3700 MBq). Autoradiography studies of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) using postmortem AD brain and Tg mouse brain sections in the presence of different concentration of "cold" AV-136 showed a relatively low inhibition of in vitro binding of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) to the Aβ plaques (IC50=1-4 μM, a concentration several order of magnitude higher than the expected pseudo carrier concentration in the brain). CONCLUSIONS Solid-phase extraction purification and improved labeling conditions were successfully implemented into an automated synthesis module, which is more convenient, highly efficient and simpler in operation than using a semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography method. This new, automated procedure for preparation of [(18)F]AV-45 ([(18)F]5) is suitable for routine clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Beijing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, PR China
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