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Sørensen UBS, Klaas IC, Boes J, Farre M. The distribution of clones of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) among herdspersons and dairy cows demonstrates lack of host specificity for some lineages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mweu MM, Nielsen SS, Halasa T, Toft N. Spatiotemporal patterns, annual baseline and movement-related incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Danish dairy herds: 2000-2009. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:219-30. [PMID: 24269038 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several decades after the inception of the five-point plan for the control of contagious mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) persists as a fundamental threat to the dairy industry in many countries. A better understanding of the relative importance of within- and between-herd sources of new herd infections coupled with the spatiotemporal distribution of the infection, may aid in effective targeting of control efforts. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of infection with S. agalactiae in the population of Danish dairy herds from 2000 to 2009 and (2) to estimate the annual herd-level baseline and movement-related incidence risks of S. agalactiae infection over the 10-year period. The analysis involved registry data on bacteriological culture of all bulk tank milk samples collected as part of the mandatory Danish S. agalactiae surveillance scheme as well as live cattle movements into dairy herds during the specified 10-year period. The results indicated that the predicted risk of a herd becoming infected with S. agalactiae varied spatiotemporally; the risk being more homogeneous and higher in the period after 2005. Additionally, the annual baseline risks yielded significant yet distinctive patterns before and after 2005 - the risk of infection being higher in the latter phase. On the contrary, the annual movement-related risks revealed a non-significant pattern over the 10-year period. There was neither evidence for spatial clustering of cases relative to the population of herds at risk nor spatial dependency between herds. Nevertheless, the results signal a need to beef up within-herd biosecurity in order to reduce the risk of new herd infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal M Mweu
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren S Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Bisharat N, Crook DW, Leigh J, Harding RM, Ward PN, Coffey TJ, Maiden MC, Peto T, Jones N. Hyperinvasive neonatal group B streptococcus has arisen from a bovine ancestor. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2161-7. [PMID: 15131184 PMCID: PMC404684 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2161-2167.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic relatedness and evolutionary relationships between group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates from humans and those from bovines were investigated by phylogenetic analysis of multilocus sequence typing data. The collection of isolates consisted of 111 GBS isolates from cows with mastitis and a diverse global collection of GBS isolates from patients with invasive disease (n = 83) and carriers (n = 69). Cluster analysis showed that the majority of the bovine isolates (93%) grouped into one phylogenetic cluster. The human isolates showed greater diversity and clustered separately from the bovine population. However, the homogeneous human sequence type 17 (ST-17) complex, known to be significantly associated with invasive neonatal disease, was the only human lineage found to be clustered within the bovine population and was distinct from all the other human lineages. Split decomposition analysis revealed that the human isolate ST-17 complex, the major hyperinvasive neonatal clone, has recently arisen from a bovine lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiel Bisharat
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Andersen HJ, Pedersen LH, Aarestrup FM, Chriél M. Evaluation of the surveillance program of Streptococcus agalactiae in Danish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1233-9. [PMID: 12741548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Danish surveillance program of Streptococcus agalactiae in dairy herds with respect to 1) fluctuation over time of the presence of S. agalactiae in bulk tank milk, 2) sensitivity and specificity of the bacteriological method used, and 3) contamination of bulk tank milk samples with milk from other herds. From June to September 1996, bulk tank milk was sampled from 100 Danish dairy herds seven times, with intervals of 2 wk. The samples were examined for the presence of S. agalactiae by four different methods: 1) by the method approved for the program, 2) after ultrasonic treatment of the milk before examination, 3) after freezing down the milk before examination, and 4) after selective preparation of the milk. Selected strains of S. agalactiae were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the gene encoding rRNA to discriminate between the isolates. Streptococcus agalactiae was found in eight of 96 herds in which S. agalactiae had never previously been found during the surveillance program. Streptococcus agalactiae was not found in all seven sampling rounds in any of the eight herds. Comparing the approved method with supplemental findings by the other methods, the estimated sensitivity was (95% confidence limits): 0.786 (0.628; 0.892) and the estimated specificity (95% confidence limits): 0.995 (0.985; 0.999). Using all four methods on the same sample could increase the sensitivity, but by comparing the methods individually, there was no significant difference between any of them (P > 0.10). In milk samples from three herds, the ribotype of S. agalactiae was the same as in milk from herds sampled just before; therefore, it could not be ruled out that cross-contamination could occur. Taking into account that S. agalactiae in bulk tank milk reflects the presence of S. agalactiae in at least one udder quarter, this investigation gives further reason to assume that S. agalactiae can be seen sporadically in several herds. A surveillance program based on annual bulk tank milk sample examinations will only detect a limited number of S. agalactiae infected herds. If the overall aim is to identify herds where the infection is established, annual bulk tank milk sample examinations combined with the information of number of colonies of S. agalactiae in the sample will be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Andersen
- Veterinary Department, Danish Dairy Board, Frederiks Allé 22, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Ni Y, Powell R, Turner DD, Tizard I. Specificity and prevalence of natural bovine anti-alpha galactosyl (Galalpha1-6Glc or Galalpha1-6Gal) antibodies. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:490-6. [PMID: 10799466 PMCID: PMC95899 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.3.490-496.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunity against the carbohydrate components of microorganisms mediated by antibodies is an important part of host defenses. Humans and closely related primates, but not other mammals, possess natural anti-Galalpha1-3Gal antibodies which also, although less avidly, react with melibiose (Galalpha1-6Glc). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with melibiose-bovine serum albumin as an antigen, we analyzed bovine anti-alpha galactosyl antibodies with respect to specificity and distribution in individual animals. Inhibition assays showed that melibiose was the strongest inhibitor, followed equally by stachyose (Galalpha1-6Galalpha1-6Glcbeta1-2Fru) and raffinose (Galalpha1-6Glcbeta1-2Fru) and then by Galbeta1-6Gal, Gal, and Galalpha1-2Gal. Others, including Galalpha1-3Gal and Galalpha1-4Gal, only exhibited minor inhibition. Thus, these bovine anti-alpha galactosyl antibodies appeared to preferentially react with Galalpha1-6Glc or Galalpha1-6Gal. The distinction of this specificity from that (Galalpha1-3Gal) of human antibodies was further demonstrated by the poor reaction of bovine serum to the Galalpha1-3Gal antigen in comparison to human serum. All 27 healthy bovine serum samples of the three age groups (newborn, calf, and adult) tested contained such antibodies with titers increasing with age. The antibodies purified by affinity chromatography using a melibiose-agarose column were mainly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype with a concentration of >23 microg/ml in most samples. IgG1 was found to be the primary antimelibiose IgG isotype in all age groups by isotype-specific ELISA, but a significant increase in IgG2, an isotype more related to innate immunity, was observed in calves and adults, compared to newborns. The purified antibodies reacted with the type II bovine strain of Streptococcus agalactiae, a common pathogen of bovine mastitis. Thus, these anti-Galalpha1-6Glc or Galalpha1-6Gal antibodies in cattle might be involved in defense against microbes bearing this or the related epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ni
- Carrington Laboratories Inc., Irving, Texas 75062, USA.
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Jensen NE, Aarestrup FM. Epidemiological aspects of group B streptococci of bovine and human origin. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117:417-22. [PMID: 8972664 PMCID: PMC2271646 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800059069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the gene encoding rRNA (ribotyping) was used in combination with conventional epidemiological markers to study phenotypic variations among Streptococcus agalactiae of bovine origin and the possible epidemiological interrelationship between the bovine and human reservoirs of Streptococcus agalactiae. The bovine material constituted 53 strains (9 antigen combinations) isolated from 11 herds. Herds with a uniform as well as heterogenic antigenic pattern were included. Furthermore, strains isolated in the course of time from the same persistently infected quarters were examined. The human material constituted 16 strains, 4 each of 4 serotypes, isolated from healthy carriers. Finally, nine serotype- and the group reference strains were examined. All strains were serotyped by double diffusion in agarose gel, biotyped (lactose +/-), and ribotyped using two restriction enzymes, Hind III and HhaI. All isolates could be typed by ribotyping and seven ribotypes were identified among the reference strains. The restriction enzymes used alone or in combination gave typing results that allowed discrimination between and within serotype. Combined use of serotype, Hind III and HhaI ribotypes produced 11 types among the 16 human strains. Ribotype analysis discriminated between herds infected with the same serotype. Strains of varying antigenic patterns from the same herd had the same ribotype. Phenotypic variations in serotype observed in persistent intramammary infection were not related to genetic changes as monitored by ribotype. Two ribotypes were represented among both bovine and human strains. The discriminating capability of lactose fermentation was of limited value.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Jensen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Myllys V, Honkanen-Buzalski T, Huovinen P, Sandholm M, Nurmi E. Association af changes in the bacterial ecology of bovine mastitis with changes in the use of milking machines and antibacterial drugs. Acta Vet Scand 1995. [PMID: 7676918 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of mastitis bacteriology made by the National Veterinary and Food Research Institute in Finland during the past 50 years (1.15 million samples) are viewed in relation to simultaneous changes in dairy cow management. Although intensive preventive measures have been applied for decades, the prevalence of bovine mastitis has not decreased. Instead, pathogenic bacteria are becoming progressively less susceptible to the available therapy. In part this must be due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, but it seems that the bacterial spectrum has also changed. The incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) has decreased, while in contrast, the incidence of staphylococci, initially Staphylococcus aureus and later coagulase-negative staphylococci, has increased. Results suggest that external pressure, like changes in animal husbandry, including antimicrobial treatments and introduction of modern milking machines, act as selective forces on the bacterial species which cause bovine mastitis.
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Musser JM, Mattingly SJ, Quentin R, Goudeau A, Selander RK. Identification of a high-virulence clone of type III Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) causing invasive neonatal disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:4731-5. [PMID: 2660146 PMCID: PMC287347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.12.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal genotypes of 128 isolates of six serotypes (Ia, Ib, Ic, II, Ic/II, and III) of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) recovered predominantly from human infants in the United States were characterized by an analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic profiles at 11 metabolic enzyme loci. Nineteen distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs), representing multilocus clonal genotypes, were identified. Mean genetic diversity per locus among ETs of isolates of the same serotype was, on average, nearly equal to that in all 19 ETs. Cluster analysis of the ETs revealed two primary phylogenetic divisions at a genetic distance of 0.65. A single clone (ET 1) represented by 40 isolates expressing type III antigen formed division I. Division II was composed of 18 ETs in three major lineages diverging from one another at distances greater than 0.35 and included strains of all six antigenic classes. The type III organisms in division I produce more extracellular neuraminidase and apparently are more virulent than the type III strains in division II, which are related to strains of other serotypes that cause disease much less frequently. The existence of this unusually virulent clone accounts, in major part, for the high morbidity and mortality associated with infection by type III organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Musser
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Human and bovine group B streptococci (types II and III) variations in the virulence for pregnant mice. Curr Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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