Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine

Adipose-mesenchymal stem cells enhance the formation of auricular cartilage in vitro and in vivo

Patients suffering from microtia have limited treatment options for auricular reconstruction due to donor-site morbidity, complications, and unaesthetic outcome. Therefore, tissue engineering emerged as an alternative therapeutic option. Here, we generated and characterized human auricular cartilage using differentiated human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) combined with human auricular chondrocytes. The differentiated hASCs were analysed for their morphology, phenotype, gene, and protein expression of chondrogenic markers, and biochemical composition at different time points in 2D and 3D in vitro. Importantly, we improved conditions for chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs in vitro to enhance their proliferation, survival, and deposition of cartilaginous-matrix proteins. In particular, gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and aggrecan core protein (ACAN) in hASCs using the improved differentiation protocol in vitro. Additionally, we observed that co-seeding of hASCs with chondrocytes in a 1:5 ratio significantly enhanced the de novo auricular cartilage formation in a collagen-I bioink after 8 weeks on immunodeficient rat. In particular, the co-culture resulted in reduced shrinkage, and increased cartilage matrix production as confirmed by GAG deposition in vivo. Our results demonstrate that in co-cultures, hASCs stimulate cartilage formation due to a synergistic effect: hASCs' differentiation into chondrocytes and a trophic effect of hASCs on human auricular chondrocytes. Here we demonstrate the successful use of an hASC-chondrocyte co-culture technique for auricular cartilage tissue engineering in 3D collagen-I bioink. This co-culture approach omits the major drawbacks of traditional cartilage transplantation and thus, represents a fundamental step towards clinical translation.

Regeneration of Two-Walled Infrabony Periodontal Defects in Swine After Buccal Fat Pad-Derived Dedifferentiated Fat Cell Autologous Transplantation

Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells show proliferative capabilities and multipotency. Given that the buccal fat pad (BFP) serves as a readily available resource for DFAT cell isolation, BFP-derived DFAT (BFP-DFAT) cells are a promising candidate in orofacial tissue engineering. In this research, we assessed the regenerative capacity of the periodontium through autologous BFP-DFAT cell transplantation in adult swine (micro-minipigs; MMPs). The BFP-DFAT cells were transplanted into inflammation-inducing two-walled infrabony periodontal defects located on the mesial of the second mandibular premolar (n = 6). Twelve weeks post-transplantation, a remarkable attachment gain was noted in the DFAT group, based on probing depths and clinical attachment levels. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses indicated new continuous cellular cementum and alveolar bone formation within the created infrabony defect. Well-organized periodontal ligament-like fibers were embedded between newly formed cementum and the alveolar bone. Histometric analysis demonstrated that the DFAT group had a 2.2-fold increase in new alveolar bone length and a 2.2-fold enhancement in vascularization than those in the control group. Except for minor inflammation in the lungs, no teratomas were detected in the recipient MMPs. BFP-DFAT cells significantly enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration, thus representing an optimal source for tissue engineering applications in dentistry.

The role of adipogenic niche resident cells in colorectal cancer progression in relation to obesity

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and has one of the highest mortality rates. Considering its nonlinear etiology, many risk factors are associated with CRC formation and development, with obesity at the forefront. Obesity is regarded as one of the key environmental risk determinants for the pathogenesis of CRC. Excessive food intake and a sedentary lifestyle, together with genetic predispositions, lead to the overgrowth of adipose tissue along with a disruption in the number and function of its building cells. Adipose tissue-resident cells may constitute part of the CRC microenvironment. Alterations in their physiology and secretory profiles observed in obesity may further contribute to CRC progression, and despite similar localization, their contributions are not equivalent. They can interact with CRC cells, either directly or indirectly, influencing various processes that contribute to tumorigenesis. The main aim of this review is to provide insights into the diversity of adipose tissue resident cells, namely, adipocytes, adipose stromal cells, and immunological cells, regarding the role of particular cell types in co-forming the CRC microenvironment. The scope of this study was also devoted to the abnormalities in adipose tissue physiology observed in obesity states and their impact on CRC development.

Functional characterization and therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells

Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (hUCB-MNCs) are a population of cells derived from neonatal cord blood, encompassing various stem cells and immune cells. The unique characteristics of hUCB-MNCs endow them with distinctive multifunctionality, including the promotion of angiogenesis, acceleration of tissue repair, regulation of immune responses, neuroprotection, alleviation of inflammatory reactions, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, reduction of fibrosis processes, and inhibition of apoptosis. These diverse biological properties underscore the significant clinical therapeutic potential of hUCB-MNCs, which are widely applied in the treatment of various diseases. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms responsible for the multifunctional attributes of hUCB-MNCs, elucidating their potential modes of action in disease management and providing novel theoretical insights and practical guidance for their expanded application across different disease domains. By synthesizing current research findings, this review may provide insights into the potential clinical applications of hUCB-MNCs in the fields of regenerative medicine and cell therapy.

Conditioned medium from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates cardiac injury induced by Movento in male rats: role of oxidative stress and inflammation

Movento an insecticide containing spirotetramat, has been shown to cause severe toxicity in humans and rats. Due to the widespread use of the Movento in agriculture, and since the cardiac effects of this toxin have not been investigated in any study so far, in this study, for the first time, the effect of movento on the structure and function of the heart in rats was investigated. 24 adults' male Wistar rats randomly divided to 4 experimental groups: 1- control (CTL), 2- Movento (M) 3- M + Basal media (BM) 4- M + Conditioned medium (CM). Animals were subjected to deep anesthesia to record the ECG and blood pressure. H&E staining was performed to determine the degree of damage. Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory factors were investigated with related kits. In rats that received Movento's insecticide, mean arterial pressure (MAP), amplitude of the P wave and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decreased compared to the control group and treatment with CM increased them significantly compared to M and M + BM group. Also, Movento increased histological score, MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 compared to the control group and CM significantly decreased them compared to M and M + BM groups. CM derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be used as a therapy for heart disorders caused by movento toxin in the heart of rats. Also, it seems that this treatment could be a promising way to improve heart complications in farmers exposed to this toxin in the future.

Enhanced secretion of growth factors from ADSCs using an enzymatic antioxidant hydrogel in inflammatory environments and its therapeutic effect

A catalytic ROS-scavenging hydrogel (HGel) was developed to enhance the growth factor secretion and the therapeutic efficacy of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in inflammatory environments. The HGel is composed of heparin and hyaluronic acid, further functionalized with hemin to endow superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The functionalization of hemin enables the HGel to effectively scavenge ROS (superoxide and H2O2), thereby protecting encapsulated hADSCs from oxidative stress and maintaining their metabolic activities. As a result, the HGel enhanced growth factor secretion of hADSCs in inflammatory conditions compared to non-functionalized, bare heparin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel (Gel). The therapeutic efficacy of the hADSC-encapsulated HGel (C/HGel) was evaluated in a diabetic wound model. The C/HGel significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced ROS levels, mitigated inflammation, and promoted angiogenesis compared to the hADSC-encapsulated Gel (C/Gel) as well as the HGel itself. The HGel has the potential to be utilized as an excellent cell carrier for stem cell therapy in various inflammatory diseases. Overall, this study demonstrated a strategy of enhancing growth factor secretion from stem cells using catalytic antioxidant hydrogels for superior regenerative effects in cell therapy.

Exploring the potential of plasma and adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as novel platforms for neuroinflammation therapy

Persistent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuroinflammation contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise in drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, ability to cross biological barriers, and specific interactions with cell and tissue receptors. In this study, we demonstrated that human plasma-derived EVs (pEVs) exhibit higher brain-targeting specificity, while adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells EVs (ADMSC-EVs) offer regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. We further investigated the potential of these EVs as therapeutic carriers for brain-targeted drug delivery, using Donepezil (DNZ) as the model drug. DNZ, a cholinesterase inhibitor commonly used for Alzheimer's disease (AD), also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. The size of EVs used ranged from 50 to 300 nm with a surface charge below -30 mV. Both formulations showed rapid cellular internalization, without toxicity, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a zebrafish model. The have analyzed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of pEVs-DNZ and ADMSC-EVs-DNZ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ADMSC-EVs significantly reduced the inflammatory mediators released by HMC3 microglial cells while treatment with pEVs-DNZ and ADMSC-EVs-DNZ lowered both phagocytic activity and ROS levels in these cells. In vivo experiments using zebrafish larvae revealed that both EV formulations reduced microglial proliferation and exhibited antioxidant effects. Overall, this study highlights the potential of EVs loaded with DNZ as a novel approach for treating neuroinflammation underlying various neurodegenerative diseases.

Rabbit visceral adipose stromal cell reveals phenotype and genotype characteristics of adult mesenchymal stem cell

Background

As an excellent model for many animal and human diseases, rabbits are the third-most used mammal model after mice and rats. A plethora of studies on the exploration of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells still face discrepancies, especially in the standardization of phenotype and genotype characteristics to support reproducibility in both biomedical and translational research.

Aim

This study is aimed to evaluate the characterization and differentiation potential of visceral rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Rab-ADMSC).

Methods

Visceral adipose tissue was obtained from three healthy male White New Zealand rabbits. Cells were further processed and cultivated aseptically. Phenotype and genotype assessments, including morphological observation, proliferation capacity, population doubling time, stemness- and senescence-related genes determination, a set panel of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) surface markers evaluation, and multilineage differentiation, were performed in this study.

Results

Visceral Rab-ADMSC exhibited fibroblast-like shape morphology and had a plastic adherent ability, expressed stemness- (NANOG, SOX2) and senescence-related (TP53, CDKN1A) markers. Visceral Rab-ADMSC performs high expression of CD9, moderate expression of CD44 and CD49f, dimly expression of CD105, CD90, and CD73, and negative expression of CD13 and CD133 as well as CD45 as a hematopoietic stem cell marker. Despite these discrepancies, visceral Rab-ADMSC maintained its ability to differentiate into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes.

Conclusion

To recapitulate, visceral Rab-ADMSC reveals the phenotype and genotype characteristics of adult mesenchymal stem cells. The study emphasizes how variations in tissue sources, culture conditions, and techniques can affect the reproducibility and validity of MSC obtained from different specific anatomical depots and species. Thus, the utilization of rabbit MSC as an animal model in biomedical and translational studies should be done with full caution to avoid data misinterpretation.

Role of mesenchymal cells in enhancing cosmetic outcomes for autologous augmented fat transfers for facial rejuvenation and reconstructive surgery

In recent years, autologous fat transfer (AFT) has gained popularity for reconstructive and cosmetic procedures due to its minimally invasive nature and natural-looking results. However, limitations such as unpredictable fat resorption and safety concerns persist. To address these issues, researchers have explored incorporating adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) into fat grafts. Enriching fat grafts with ADSCs, often through stromal vascular fraction (SVF), shows promise in regenerative medicine, though their effectiveness remains debated. Some studies suggest no significant difference in outcomes, while others indicate that ADSCs are more effective in larger-volume grafts. This implies that ADSC-enriched grafts might achieve similar results to traditional methods, with volume retention being a crucial success indicator. Given that these cosmetic procedures impact body image and self-confidence, innovative techniques like ADSC-enriched grafts are crucial for improving clinical outcomes. ADSCs are favoured for their abundance in adipose tissue and wound healing properties, which enhance cosmetic results. Patients receiving ADSC-enriched grafts show increased collagen, elastin, and CD31 levels, and better graft survival compared to those with traditional fat grafting, reducing the need for repeat procedures. Recent applications in patients with fibrotic facial deformities have demonstrated positive outcomes both cosmetically and psychologically. This mini-review evaluates the efficacy and benefits of ADSC-enriched AFT for facial rejuvenation and reconstruction, focusing on graft retention and overall procedural outcomes.

Preclinical Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Diabetic Wounds: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Extracellular vesicles isolated from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ADSC-EVs) have demonstrated promising potential in wound healing treatment. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of ADSC-EVs for diabetic wounds in preclinical models, we performed a meta-analysis of available studies. PubMed and Embase were searched (to April 23, 2023). All full-text articles describing the therapeutic application of ADSC-EVs in diabetic wounds were included. Study outcomes were pooled using a random effects meta-analysis, including wound closure, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. Other outcomes were only discussed descriptively. Seventy unique records were identified from our search; 20 full-text articles were included for qualitative analysis. Twelve studies were eligible for quantitative meta-analysis. The results showed that ADSC-EVs accelerated diabetic wound healing compared to controls with a large effect (standardized mean difference (SMD) 4.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.07 to 5.36). The administration of ADSC-EVs also improved neovascularization (SMD 9.27, 95% CI 4.70 to 13.83) and collagen deposition (SMD 2.19, 95% CI 0.94 to 3.44), with a large effect. The risk of bias was unclear in all included studies. Conclusively, ADSC-EV is an effective treatment for diabetic wounds in preclinical trials, and it appears justified for transfer into the clinical field.

Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Interactions and Implications in Tumor Progression

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play pivotal roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME), significantly influencing cancer progression and metastasis. This review explores the plasticity of ASCs, which can transdifferentiate into CAFs under the influence of tumor-derived signals, thus enhancing their secretion of extracellular matrix components and pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote tumorigenesis. We discuss the critical process of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitated by ASCs and CAFs, highlighting its implications for increased invasiveness and therapeutic resistance in cancer cells. Key signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch, are examined for their roles in regulating EMT and CAF activation. Furthermore, we address the impact of epigenetic modifications on ASC and CAF functionality, emphasizing recent advances in targeting these modifications to inhibit their pro-tumorigenic effects. This review also considers the metabolic reprogramming of ASCs and CAFs, which supports their tumor-promoting activities through enhanced glycolytic activity and lactate production. Finally, we outline potential therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting the interactions between ASCs, CAFs, and tumor cells, including targeted inhibitors of key signaling pathways and innovative immunotherapy approaches. By understanding the complex roles of ASCs and CAFs within the TME, this review aims to identify new therapeutic opportunities that could improve patient outcomes in cancer treatment.

Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Treatment for Cancers: Opportunities, Clinical Applications and Challenges

The insufficient and unspecific target of classical chemotherapies often leads to therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. Over the past decades, discoveries about mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) biology have provided new potential approaches to improve cancer therapy. Researchers have utilised the multipotent, regenerative and immunosuppressive qualities of MSCs and tropisms towards inflammatory, hypoxic and malignant sites in various therapeutic applications. Although MSC-based therapies have generally been demonstrated safe, their effectiveness remains limited when these cells are used alone. However, through genetic engineering, researchers have proven that MSCs can be modified to have specialised delivery roles to increase their therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. They can be made to overexpress therapeutic proteins through viral or non-viral genetic modification, which enhances their innate properties. Nevertheless, these engineering strategies must be optimised to increase therapeutic efficacy and targeting effectiveness while minimising any loss of MSC function. This review underscores the cutting-edge methods for engineering MSCs, discusses their promise and the difficulties in translating them into clinical settings, and offers some prospective suggestions for the future on achieving their full therapeutic potential.

Directed Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Using Imprinted Cell-Like Topographies as a Growth Factor-Free Approach

The influence of surface topography on stem cell behavior and differentiation has garnered significant attention in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The cell-imprinting method has been introduced as a promising approach to mimic the geometry and topography of cells. The cell-imprinted substrates are designed to replicate the topographies and dimensions of target cells, enabling tailored interactions that promote the differentiation of stem cells towards desired specialized cell types. In fact, by replicating the size and shape of cells, biomimetic substrates provide physical cues that profoundly impact stem cell differentiation. These cues play a pivotal role in directing cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and gene expression, ultimately influencing lineage commitment. The biomimetic substrates' ability to emulate the native cellular microenvironment supports the creation of platforms capable of steering stem cell fate with high precision. This review discusses the role of mechanical factors that impact stem cell fate. It also provides an overview of the design and fabrication principles of cell-imprinted substrates. Furthermore, the paper delves into the use of cell-imprinted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates to direct adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) differentiation into a variety of specialized cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Additionally, the review discusses the limitations of cell-imprinted PDMS substrates and highlights the efforts made to overcome these limitations.

Pharmacologic and Other Noninvasive Treatments of the Aging Face: A Review of the Current Evidence

SUMMARY

Aging of the face is the result of the interrelation of three-dimensional changes occurring over time among the 5 different layers of the face and its associated structures. Knowledge regarding the causes of these changes and identification of new key anatomic structures have helped elucidate one of the most complex areas of the human body. This has resulted in the introduction of pharmacologic agents to help stop, mitigate, or counteract signs of aging and restore the youthful appearance of the face. The authors performed a systematic search of the literature to review the current highest-level evidence of facial antiaging pharmacologic agents. Pharmacologic and minimally invasive antiaging treatments can target different components of facial aging and continue to evolve. With continuous research efforts, traditional treatments, such as botulinum toxin type A, injectable fillers, and chemical peels, are emerging in newer, more effective formulations, with longer lasting clinical results. However, for soft-tissue descent and facial volume loss, surgery remains the standard treatment. An adequate understanding of the three-dimensional process of facial aging over time (the fourth dimension), facial anatomy, and the pharmacologic properties of antiaging/rejuvenation agents are the sine qua non of facial antiaging treatment. The specific modality should be tailored to patient characteristics, preferences, and goals.

Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Progress, Promises and Challenges

Bone defects from accidents, congenital conditions, and age-related diseases significantly impact quality of life. Recent advancements in bone tissue engineering (TE) involve biomaterial scaffolds, patient-derived cells, and bioactive agents, enabling functional bone regeneration. Stem cells, obtained from numerous sources including umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, bone marrow, and dental pulp, hold immense potential in bone TE. Induced pluripotent stem cells and genetically modified stem cells can also be used. Proper manipulation of physical, chemical, and biological stimulation is crucial for their proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation. Stem cells contribute to osteogenesis, osteoinduction, angiogenesis, and mineralization, essential for bone regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in stem cell-based TE for repairing and regenerating defective bones.

Adipose stem cells regulate lipid metabolism by upregulating mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in macrophages to improve the retention rate of transplanted fat

BACKGROUND

At present, fat transplantation is widely used in the plastic surgery industry, but the long-term preservation rate of transplanted fat decreases because of complications such as oil cysts due to the inability in macrophages to metabolize absorption. In cell-assisted lipotransfer technology, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can influence the inflammatory response of grafts through the immunoregulation in macrophages, and the lipid metabolism in macrophages plays an important role in this process. Therefore, we hypothesized ASCs could improve the retention rate of fat grafts by regulating the progress of lipid metabolism in macrophages.

METHODS

We established fat transplantation and ASC-assisted fat transplantation model in C57BL/6 mice in vivo, and bone marrow-derived macrophages cocultured with apoptotic adipocytes were treated with or without ASCs in vitro. Graft retention, tissue structure, fibrosis, macrophage phenotype transformation, lipid deposition, mitochondrial morphology, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) level, and ATP production were assessed. Additionally, fat transplantation and ASC-assisted fat transplantation model was treated with etomoxir which inhibits mitochondrial FAO. Macrophages pretreated with etomoxir were co-cultured with apoptotic adipocytes and treated with or without ASCs. The method aboved was used for detection and verification.

RESULTS

In vivo, ASC-assisted fat transplantation improved macrophage mitochondrial expression and FAO level, promoted the early transformation of M2 macrophages, reduced the long-term lipid deposition of macrophages, and improved the retention rate of fat grafts. In vitro, ASCs up-regulated the level of mitochondrial FAO, OCR and ATP production in macrophages, reduced lipid deposition of macrophages and promoted M2 macrophages polarization by paracine function. The ability of ASCs in group pretreated with etomoxir to reduce the foaming of macrophages, promote the transformation to M2 macrophages, and improve the retention rate of fat transplantation was weakened.

CONCLUSIONS

ASCs increased the retention rate of transplanted fat by upregulating mitochondrial FAO to promote M2 polaration in macrophages. In addition, ASCs up-regulate mitochondrial FAO by paracrine effect to reduce foam cells formation and promote M2 transformation in macrophages in vitro.

Advances in Tissue Engineering and Its Future in Regenerative Medicine Compared to Traditional Reconstructive Techniques: A Comparative Analysis

Tissue engineering represents a revolutionary approach in regenerative medicine, offering promising alternatives to traditional reconstructive techniques. This systematic review explores recent advances in tissue engineering, comparing their efficacy, postoperative outcomes, and patient satisfaction to conventional methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, covering studies published from 2000 to 2024. Fourteen studies were selected for final analysis based on inclusion criteria focusing on outcomes such as scar quality, postoperative pain, and patient satisfaction. The review demonstrated that tissue engineering techniques consistently provided superior cosmetic outcomes with minimal scarring compared to traditional methods. Patients undergoing tissue-engineered procedures experienced mild-to-moderate postoperative pain with rapid resolution, whereas traditional techniques resulted in moderate to severe pain requiring extended management. Furthermore, patients treated with tissue engineering reported high satisfaction rates due to improved cosmetic and functional outcomes. Despite challenges such as ensuring adequate vascularization, controlling scaffold degradation, and overcoming regulatory and cost barriers, ongoing research and development are essential to fully realize the potential of these innovative therapies. Tissue engineering offers significant advantages over traditional reconstructive techniques and has the potential to profoundly improve patient care in regenerative medicine.

Mesenchymal stem cells as a promising therapy for alcohol use disorder

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent medical condition characterized by impaired control over alcohol consumption, despite negative consequences on the individual's daily life and health. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic alcohol intake, like other addictive drugs, induces neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, disrupting glutamate homeostasis in the main brain areas related to drug addiction. This review explores the potential application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy for the treatment of AUD. MSCs secrete a broad array of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules, thus, the administration of MSCs, or their secretome, could reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. These effects correlate with an increase in the expression of the main glutamate transporter, GLT1, which, through the normalization of the extracellular glutamate levels, could mediate the inhibitory effect of MSCs' secretome on chronic alcohol consumption, thus highlighting GLT1 as a central target to reduce chronic alcohol consumption.

Neuroinflammation mechanism underlying neuropathic pain: the role of mesenchymal stem cell in neuroglia

Pain is an essential aspect of the body's physiological response to unpleasant noxious stimuli from either external sustained injuries or an internal disease condition that occurs within the body. Generally, pain is temporary. However, in patients with neuropathic pain, the experienced pain is persistent and uncontrollable, with an unsatisfactory treatment effectiveness. The activation of the immune system is a crucial factor in both central and peripheral neuropathic pain. The immune response plays an important role in the progression of the stages of neuropathic pain, and acts not only as pain mediators, but also produce analgesic molecules. Neuropathic pain has long been described as a result of dysfunctional nerve activities. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that the regulation of hyperalgesia is mediated by astrocytes and microglia activation. Mesenchymal stem cells currently hold an optimal potential in managing pain, as they can migrate to damaged tissues and have a robust immunosuppressive role for autologous or heterologous transplantation. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells revealed their immunomodulatory capabilities by secreting growth factors and cytokines through direct cell interactions. The main idea underlying the use of mesenchymal stem cells in pain management is that these cells can replace damaged nerve cells by releasing neurotrophic factors. This property makes them the perfect option to modulate and treat neuropathic pain, which is notoriously difficult to treat.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells' adipogenesis chemistry analyzed by FTIR and Raman metrics

The full understanding of molecular mechanisms of cell differentiation requires a holistic view. Here we combine label-free FTIR and Raman hyperspectral imaging with data mining to detect the molecular cell composition enabling noninvasive monitoring of cell differentiation and identifying biochemical heterogeneity. Mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) undergoing adipogenesis were followed by Raman and FT-IR imaging, Oil Red, and immunofluorescence. A workflow of the data analysis (IRRSmetrics4stem) was designed to identify spectral predictors of adipogenesis and test machine-learning (ML) methods (hierarchical clustering, PCA, PLSR) for the control of the AD-MSCs differentiation degree. IRRSmetrics4stem provided insights into the chemism of adipogenesis. With single-cell tracking, we established IRRS metrics for lipids, proteins, and DNA variations during AD-MSCs differentiation. The over 90% predictive efficiency of the selected ML methods proved the high sensitivity of the IRRS metrics. Importantly, the IRRS metrics unequivocally recognize a switch from proliferation to differentiation. This study introduced a new bioassay identifying molecular markers indicating molecular transformations and delivering rapid and machine learning-based monitoring of adipogenesis that can be relevant to other differentiation processes. Thus, we introduce a novel, rapid, machine learning-based bioassay to identify molecular markers of adipogenesis. It can be relevant to identification of differentiation-related molecular processes in other cell types, and beyond the cell differentiation including progression of different cellular pathophysiologies reconstituted in vitro.

Effectiveness and Safety of Different Methods of Assisted Fat Grafting: A Network Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Numerous studies have proposed the utilization of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and platelet products as auxiliary grafting techniques to improve the survival rate of fat grafts. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various fat grafting methods since 2010 through a network meta-analysis, aiming to identify the most effective technique for fat grafting.

METHODS

Clinic trials on assisted fat grafting were searched from Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, spanning the period from January 1, 2010 to March 2024. The risk of bias in the included trials was meticulously assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The survival rate of fat grafts served as the primary evaluation metric for effectiveness, while complications were employed as the indicator for safety.

RESULTS

The study incorporated 31 clinic trials, involving a total of 1656 patients. The findings indicated that the survival rate with assisted fat grafting significantly surpassed that of simple fat grafting (SUCRA, 10.43%). Notably, ADSC-assisted fat grafting exhibited the highest survival rate (SUCRA, 82.17%), followed by Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM)-assisted fat grafting (SUCRA, 69.76%). In terms of safety, the most prevalent complications associated with fat grafting were fat sclerosis and fat necrosis. Adc-assisted fat grafting was correlated with the lowest incidence of complications (SUCRA, 41.00%), followed by simple fat grafting (SUCRA, 40.99%). However, PRP-assisted (SUCRA, 52.86%) and SVF-assisted fat grafting (SUCRA, 65.14%) showed higher complication rates.

CONCLUSION

Various methods of assisted fat grafting can significantly enhance the survival rate, but they often fail to effectively mitigate the incidence of complications. Compared to other methods, adipose mesenchymal stem cells-assisted fat grafting consistently yielded a higher survival rate of grafts and fewer complications. Consequently, this approach represents a relatively effective method for assisting in fat grafting at present.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Effects of the MCF-7 Exhausted Medium on hADSC Behaviour

Stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into different lineages and the ability to self-renew, thus representing an excellent tool for regenerative medicine. They can be isolated from different tissues, including the adipose tissue. Adipose tissue and human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are privileged candidates for regenerative medicine procedures or other plastic reconstructive surgeries. The cellular environment is able to influence the fate of stem cells residing in the tissue. In a previous study, we exposed hADSCs to an exhausted medium of a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) recovered at different days (4, 7, and 10 days). In the same paper, we inferred that the medium was able to influence the behaviour of stem cells. Considering these results, in the present study, we evaluated the expression of the major genes related to adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. To confirm the gene expression data, oil red and alizarin red colorimetric assays were performed. Lastly, we evaluated the expression of miRNAs influencing the differentiation process and the proliferation rate, maintaining a proliferative state. The data obtained confirmed that cells exposed to the medium maintained a stem and proliferative state that could lead to a risky proliferative phenotype.

Non-enzymatic methods for isolation of stromal vascular fraction and adipose-derived stem cells: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) have garnered substantial interest in regenerative medicine due to their potential to treat a wide range of conditions. Traditional enzymatic methods for isolating these cells face challenges such as high costs, lengthy processing time, and regu-latory complexities.

AIM

This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and practicality of non-enzymatic, mechanical methods for isolating SVF and ADSCs, comparing these to conventional enzymatic approaches.

METHODS

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focused on non-enzymatic isolation methods for SVF and ADSCs from adipose tissue. The risk of bias was assessed, and a qualitative synthesis of findings was performed due to the methodological heterogeneity of the included studies.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, highlighting various mechanical techniques such as centrifugation, vortexing, and ultrasonic cavitation. The review identified significant variability in cell yield and viability, and the integrity of isolated cells across different non-enzymatic methods compared to enzymatic procedures. Despite some advantages of mechanical methods, including reduced processing time and avoidance of enzymatic reagents, the evidence suggests a need for optimization to match the cell quality and therapeutic efficacy achievable with enzymatic isolation.

CONCLUSION

Non-enzymatic, mechanical methods offer a promising alternative to enzymatic isolation of SVF and ADSCs, potentially simplifying the isolation process and reducing regulatory hurdles. However, further research is necessary to standardize these techniques and ensure consistent, high-quality cell yields for clinical applications. The development of efficient, safe, and reproducible non-enzymatic isolation methods could significantly advance the field of regenerative medicine.

Adipose-derived stem cells in diabetic foot care: Bridging clinical trials and practical application

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) pose a critical medical challenge, significantly im-pairing the quality of life of patients. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been identified as a promising therapeutic approach for improving wound healing in DFUs. Despite extensive exploration of the mechanical aspects of ADSC therapy against DFU, its clinical applications remain elusive. In this review, we aimed to bridge this gap by evaluating the use and advancements of ADSCs in the clinical management of DFUs. The review begins with a discussion of the classification and clinical management of diabetic foot conditions. It then discusses the current landscape of clinical trials, focusing on their geographic distribution, reported efficacy, safety profiles, treatment timing, administration techniques, and dosing considerations. Finally, the review discusses the preclinical strategies to enhance ADSC efficacy. This review shows that many trials exhibit biases in study design, unclear inclusion criteria, and intervention protocols. In conclusion, this review underscores the potential of ADSCs in DFU treatment and emphasizes the critical need for further research and refinement of therapeutic approaches, with a focus on improving the quality of future clinical trials to enhance treatment outcomes and advance the field of diabetic wound care.

Adipose-derived stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries: Advances, challenges, and future directions

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has limited treatment options for regaining function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) show promise owing to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, promote nerve cell survival, and modulate inflammation. This review explores ADSC therapy for SCI, focusing on its potential for improving function, preclinical and early clinical trial progress, challenges, and future directions. Preclinical studies have demonstrated ADSC transplantation's effectiveness in promoting functional recovery, reducing cavity formation, and enhancing nerve regrowth and myelin repair. To improve ADSC efficacy, strategies including genetic modification and combination with rehabilitation are being explored. Early clinical trials have shown safety and feasibility, with some suggesting motor and sensory function improvements. Challenges remain for clinical translation, including optimizing cell survival and delivery, determining dosing, addressing tumor formation risks, and establishing standardized protocols. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges and exploring the potential for combining ADSC therapy with other treatments, including rehabilitation and medication.

Role of secretomes in cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

After an injury, peripheral nervous system neurons have the potential to rebuild their axons by generating a complicated activation response. Signals from the damaged axon are required for this genetic transition to occur. Schwann cells (SCs) near a damaged nerve's distal stump also play a role in the local modulation of axonal programs, not only via cell-to-cell contacts but also through secreted signals (the secretome). The secretome is made up of all the proteins that the cell produces, such as cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles. The released vesicles may carry signaling proteins as well as coding and regulatory RNAs, allowing for multilayer communication. The secretome of SCs is now well understood as being critical for both orchestrating Wallerian degeneration and maintaining axonal regeneration. As a consequence, secretome has emerged as a feasible tissue regeneration alternative to cell therapy. Separate SC secretome components have been used extensively in the lab to promote peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. However, in neurological therapies, the secretome generated by mesenchymal (MSC) or other derived stem cells has been the most often used. In fact, the advantages of cell treatment have been connected to the release of bioactive chemicals and extracellular vesicles, which make up MSCs' secretome.

A comparison of five methods to maximize RNA and DNA isolation yield from adipose tissue

Adipose tissue in the human body occurs in various forms with different functions. It is an energy store, a complex endocrine organ, and a source of cells used in medicine. Many molecular analyses require the isolation of nucleic acids, which can cause some difficulties connected with the large amount of lipids in adipocytes. Ribonucleic acid isolation is particularly challenging due to its low stability and easy degradation by ribonucleases. The study aimed to compare and evaluate five RNA and DNA isolation methods from adipose tissue. The tested material was subcutaneous porcine adipose tissue subjected to different homogenization methods and RNA or DNA purification. A mortar and liquid nitrogen or ceramic beads were used for homogenization. The organic extraction (TriPure Reagent), spin columns with silica-membrane (RNeasy Mini Kit or High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit), and the automatic MagNA Pure system were used for the purification. Five combinations were compared for RNA and DNA isolation. Obtained samples were evaluated for quantity and quality. The methods were compared in terms of yield (according to tissue mass), purity (A260/280 and A260/230), and nucleic acid degradation (RNA Integrity Number, RIN; DNA Integrity Number, DIN). The results were analyzed statistically. The average RNA yield was highest in method I, which used homogenization with ceramic beads and organic extraction. Low RNA concentration didn't allow us to measure degradation for all samples in method III (homogenization with ceramic beads and spin-column purification). The highest RNA quality was achieved with method IV using homogenization in liquid nitrogen and spin column purification, which makes it the most effective for RNA isolation from adipose tissue. Required values of DNA yield, purity, and integrity were achieved only with spin column-based methods (III and IV). The most effective method for DNA isolation from adipose tissue is method III, using spin-columns without additional homogenization.

Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell-Based Therapies for Radiation-Induced Fibrosis

Significance: Half of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy as a component of their treatment regimen, and the most common resulting complication is radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) of the skin and soft tissue. This thickening of the dermis paired with decreased vascularity results in functional limitations and esthetic concerns and poses unique challenges when considering surgical exploration or reconstruction. Existing therapeutic options for RIF of the skin are limited both in scope and efficacy. Cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising means of utilizing regenerative cell populations to improve both functional and esthetic outcomes, and even as prophylaxis for RIF. Recent Advances: As one of the leading areas of cell-based therapy research, adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) demonstrate significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of RIF. The introduction of the ADSC-augmented fat graft has shown clinical utility. Recent research dedicated to characterizing specific ADSC subpopulations points toward further granularity in understanding of the mechanisms driving the well-established clinical outcomes seen with fat grafting therapy. Critical Issues: Various animal models of RIF demonstrated improved clinical outcomes following treatment with cell-based therapies, but the cellular and molecular basis underlying these effects remains poorly understood. Future Directions: Recent literature has focused on improving the efficacy of cell-based therapies, most notably through (1) augmentation of fat grafts with platelet-rich plasma and (2) the modification of expressed RNA through epitranscriptomics. For the latter, new and promising gene targets continue to be identified which have the potential to reverse the effects of fibrosis by increasing angiogenesis, decreasing inflammation, and promoting adipogenesis.

Uncovering the link between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: insights from adipose-derived stem cells

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The escalating global occurrence of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) has led to a significant upsurge in individuals afflicted with CVDs. As the prevalence of CVDs continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to identify the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to their development and progression, which will help discover novel therapeutic avenues. Adipose tissue (AT) is a connective tissue that plays a crucial role in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. However, when AT is exposed to diseased conditions, such as DM, this tissue will alter its phenotype to become dysfunctional. AT is now recognized as a critical contributor to CVDs, especially in patients with DM. AT is comprised of a heterogeneous cellular population, which includes adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). ADSCs resident in AT are believed to regulate physiological cardiac function and have potential cardioprotective roles. However, recent studies have also shown that ADSCs from various adipose tissue depots become pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, less angiogenic, and lose their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages upon exposure to diabetic conditions. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the physiological roles of ADSCs, the impact of DM on ADSC phenotypic changes, and how these alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVDs.

Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Endothelial Cells Depends on Fat Depot Conditions: Regulation by miRNA

The development of obesity is associated with substantial modulation of adipose tissue (AT) structure. The plasticity of the AT is reflected by its remarkable ability to expand or reduce in size throughout the adult lifespan, which is linked to the development of its vasculature. This increase in AT vasculature could be mediated by the differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) into endothelial cells (ECs) and form new microvasculature. We have already shown that microRNA (miRNA)-145 regulates the differentiation of ASCs into EC-like (ECL) cells. Here, we investigated whether ASCs-differentiation into ECs is governed by a miRNAs signature that depends on fat depot location and /or the metabolic condition produced by obesity. Human ASCs, which were obtained from white AT by surgical procedures from lean and obese patients, were induced to differentiate into ECL cells. We have identified that miRNA-29b-3p in both subcutaneous (s)ASCs and visceral ASCs and miRNA-424-5p and miRNA-378a-3p in subcutaneous (s)ASCs are involved in differentiation into EC-like cells. These miRNAs modulate their pro-angiogenic effects on ASCs by targeting FGFR1, NRP2, MAPK1, and TGF-β2, and the MAPK signaling pathway. We show for the first time that miRNA-29b-3p upregulation contributes to ASCs' differentiation into ECL cells by directly targeting TGFB2 in both sASCs and visceral ASCs. Moreover, our results reveal that, independent of sASCs' origin (obese/lean), the upregulation of miRNA-378a-3p and the downregulation of miRNA-424-5p inhibit MAPK1 and overexpress FGFR1 and NRP2, respectively. In summary, both the adipose depot location and obesity affect the differentiation of resident ASCs through the expression of specific miRNAs.

Current advances in engineering meniscal tissues: insights into 3D printing, injectable hydrogels and physical stimulation based strategies

The knee meniscus is the cushioning fibro-cartilage tissue present in between the femoral condyles and tibial plateau of the knee joint. It is largely avascular in nature and suffers from a wide range of tears and injuries caused by accidents, trauma, active lifestyle of the populace and old age of individuals. Healing of the meniscus is especially difficult due to its avascularity and hence requires invasive arthroscopic approaches such as surgical resection, suturing or implantation. Though various tissue engineering approaches are proposed for the treatment of meniscus tears, three-dimensional (3D) printing/bioprinting, injectable hydrogels and physical stimulation involving modalities are gaining forefront in the past decade. A plethora of new printing approaches such as direct light photopolymerization and volumetric printing, injectable biomaterials loaded with growth factors and physical stimulation such as low-intensity ultrasound approaches are being added to the treatment portfolio along with the contemporary tear mitigation measures. This review discusses on the necessary design considerations, approaches for 3D modeling and design practices for meniscal tear treatments within the scope of tissue engineering and regeneration. Also, the suitable materials, cell sources, growth factors, fixation and lubrication strategies, mechanical stimulation approaches, 3D printing strategies and injectable hydrogels for meniscal tear management have been elaborated. We have also summarized potential technologies and the potential framework that could be the herald of the future of meniscus tissue engineering and repair approaches.

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: past, present, and future

Cardiac disorders remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current clinical strategies, including drug therapy, surgical interventions, and organ transplantation offer limited benefits to patients without regenerating the damaged myocardium. Over the past decade, stem cell therapy has generated a keen interest owing to its unique self-renewal and immune privileged characteristics. Furthermore, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types, has made them a popular therapeutic tool against various diseases. This comprehensive review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of different types of stem cells in reference to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on the advantages and limitations associated with each cell type. An in-depth analysis of the challenges associated with stem cell research and the hurdles for its clinical translation and their possible solutions have also been elaborated upon. It examines the controversies surrounding embryonic stem cells and the emergence of alternative approaches, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac therapeutic applications. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers involved in the field of regenerative medicine, guiding the development of safe and effective stem cell-based therapies to revolutionize patient care.

Development of an injectable chitosan-based hydrogel containing nano-hydroxy-apatite and alendronate for MSC-based therapy

BACKGROUND

The combination of cells and biomaterials has become a powerful approach to regenerative medicine in recent years. Understanding the in-vitro interactions between cells and biomaterials is crucial for the success of regenerative medicine.

AIM

In this study, we developed an AD-pectin/chitosan/nano-crystalline cellulose scaffold with nano-hydroxy-apatite (n-HAP) and alendronate (ALN). The second step was to evaluate its effect on the immunomodulatory properties and biological behaviors of seeded adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) for bone tissue repair.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

After preparing and evaluating the characterization tests of the new combined n-HAP scaffold, we established different culture conditions to evaluate ADSC growth on this scaffold with or without ALN. The main assays were MTT assay, RT-PCR, and ELISA.

RESULTS

Our data regarding characterization tests (including SEM, TGA, FTIR, gelation time, swelling ratio, rheology and degradation tests) of ALN-loaded n-HAP scaffold showed the proper stability and good mechanical status of the scaffold. ADSC proliferation and viability increased in the presence of the scaffold compared with other conditions. Moreover, our data demonstrated increased gene expression and protein levels of anti-inflammatory TGF-β, HGF, and IDO cytokines in the presence of the ALN-loaded n-HAP scaffold, indicating the increased immunosuppressive activity of ADSCs in vitro.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the promising abilities of the ALN-loaded n-HAP scaffold to increase the proliferation, viability, and immunomodulatory capacity of ADSCs, elucidating new aspects of cell-material interactions that can be used for bone tissue regeneration/repair, and paving the path of future research in developing new approaches for MSC- based therapy.

FGF2/HGF priming facilitates adipose-derived stem cell-mediated bone formation in osteoporotic defects

Aims

The activity of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) is susceptible to the physiological conditions of the donor. Therefore, employing ADSCs from donors of advanced age or with diseases for cell therapy necessitates a strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy before transplantation. This study aims to investigate the impact of supplementing Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) on ADSC-mediated osteogenesis under osteoporotic conditions and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

Main methods

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) obtained from ovariectomized (OVX) rats were cultured ex vivo. These cells were cultured in an osteogenic medium supplemented with FGF2 and HGF and subsequently autologously transplanted into osteoporotic femur defects using Hydroxyapatite-Tricalcium Phosphate. The assessment of bone formation was conducted four weeks post-transplantation.

Key findings

Osteoporosis detrimentally affects the viability and osteogenic differentiation potential of ADSCs, often accompanied by a deficiency in FGF2 and HGF signaling. However, priming with FGF2 and HGF facilitated the formation of immature osteoblasts from OVX ADSCs in vitro, promoting the expression of osteoblastogenic proteins, including Runx-2, osterix, and ALP, during the early phase of osteogenesis. Furthermore, FGF2/HGF priming augmented the levels of VEGF and SDF-1α in the microenvironment of OVX ADSCs under osteogenic induction. Importantly, transplantation of OVX ADSCs primed with FGF2/HGF for 6 days significantly enhanced bone formation compared to non-primed cells. The success of bone regeneration was confirmed by the expression of type-1 collagen and osteocalcin in the bone tissue of the deficient area.

Significance

Our findings corroborate that priming with FGF2/HGF can improve the differentiation potential of ADSCs. This could be applied in autologous stem cell therapy for skeletal disease in the geriatric population.

Dual Strategy with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and l-arginine Recovered Cavernosal Functions in a Rat Model of Radical Prostatectomy

As standard therapy for prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy causes cavernous nerve (CN) injury and increases fibrosis and hypoxia-induced penile structural alterations. This study aimed to determine the potential beneficial effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and l-arginine alone or in combination on the penile erection in a rat model of erectile dysfunction caused by bilateral cavernous nerve transection (CNT). Male rats (n = 35) were randomized into five groups: Sham-operated; CNT (4-weeks); CNT plus ADSCs (1 × 106 cells by intracavernosal injection); CNT plus l-arginine (4 weeks, 10 mg/kg/day, oral); and ADSCs combined with l-arginine in CNT. In vivo erectile responses and in vitro relaxant responses were measured. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine the expression and localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, transforming growth factor-beta 1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and apoptosis markers (Bax and Bcl-2). The ratio of smooth muscle to collagen and nerve regeneration were calculated using Masson's trichrome and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining. The combined treatment restored diminished erectile responses, endothelium-dependent acetylcholine, and electrical field stimulation-induced relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in rats with CNT, whereas either monotherapy produced only partial improvements. All treatment regimens restored increases in the protein expression of HIF-1 and Bax in rats with CNT. The decrease in smooth muscle mass and NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers was partially ameliorated by monotherapy, whereas combined therapy led to recovery. These findings indicate that combined treatment with ADSCs and l-arginine may restore erectile function in rats with CNT by inhibiting hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity and preserving endothelium function and smooth muscle content.

Design of bio-scaffold conjugated with chitosan-PEG nano-carriers containing bio-macromolecules of Verbascum sinuatum L. to differentiate human adipose-derived stem cells into dermal keratinocytes

Regenerative medicine and drug delivery systems provide promising approaches for the treatment of skin lesions. However, the design of engineered substrates containing therapeutic agents for cell proliferation and its differentiation into skin cells, with skin-like patterns, is the major challenge. Here, to overcome this problem, a hybrid scaffold conjugated with nanoparticles containing the extract of Verbascum sinuatum L. flowers (HE) was designed. To this end, (chitosan-PEG)-based nanocarriers (Chi-PEG) were first prepared in the volume ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 50:50 v/v. The results indicated that the 70:30 ratio possessed better physical/morphologic properties along with more suitable stability than other nanoparticles (encapsulation-efficiency:86.34 %, zeta-potential:21.2 mV, and PDI:0.30). Afterward, PCL-collagen biologic scaffold (PCL-Coll) were prepared by the lyophilization method, then conjugated with selected nanoparticles(Chi-PEG70:30-HE). Notably, in addition to PCL-Coll/Chi-PEG-HE, two scaffolds of PCL-Coll and PCL-Coll/Chi-PEG were prepared to evaluate the role of conjugation in the release behavior of herbal bio-macromolecules. Based on the results, the conjugation process was led to a more stable release, compared to unconjugated nanoparticles. The mentioned process also created an integrated network along with better physicomechanical properties [modulus:12.31 MPa, tensile strength:4.44 MPa, smaller pore size(2 μm), and better swelling (100.27 %) with a symmetrical wettability on the surface]. PCL-Coll/Chi-PEG-HE scaffold was also resulted in higher expression levels of K10 and K14 keratinocytes with biomimetic patterns than PCL-Coll/Chi-PEG scaffold. This could be due to the active ingredients of V. sinuatum extract like alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids which imparts the wound healing (anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant) properties to this scaffold. It seems that the use of bioactive materials like herbal extracts, in the form of encapsulated into polymeric nanocarriers, in the structure of engineered scaffolds can be a promising option for regenerating damaged skin without scarring. Hence, this study can provide innovative insights into the combination of two techniques of drug delivery and tissue engineering to design bio-scaffolds containing bioactive molecules with better therapeutic approaches.

The Impact and Implications of Regenerative Medicine in Urology

Urology focuses on the treatment of genitourinary disorders through therapies ranging from lifestyle changes to advanced surgeries; the field has recently incorporated robotic and minimally invasive technologies that have improved patient outcomes and reduced hospital stays and complications. However, these methods still have certain limitations. Regenerative medicine, focusing on natural repair abilities, can be an effective and safer alternative. This review aims to examine the impact of regenerative medicine in urology. We adopted a systematic review design by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An exhaustive online literature search involving the databases PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Google Scholar was conducted spanning the period between January 2010 and October 2023. Data were extracted from studies on regenerative medicine in urology with a special focus on efficacy and safety. Data from 16 studies were analyzed, which showed that cell therapy, biological materials, and tissue engineering are generally used in the field of urinary diseases. The main applications include the regeneration of urinary tissue, the correction of urinary incontinence, the treatment of erectile dysfunction, the reconstruction of ureteric defects, and the formation of bladder tissue. The study findings generally lack definitive conclusions on effectiveness and safety. While our results indicate that regenerative medicine is successful on a subjective level, more clinical trials are needed to establish its effectiveness and safety.

Current Landscape of Various Techniques and Methods of Gene Therapy through CRISPR Cas9 along with its Pharmacological and Interventional Therapies in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently referred to as a "lifestyle illness". In 2000, India (31.7 million) had the greatest global prevalence of diabetes mellitus, followed by China (20.8 million), the United States (17.7 million), and other countries. In recent years, the treatment of gene therapy (T2DM) has attracted intensive interest.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to critically review the literature on the various techniques and methods, which may be a possible novel approach through the gene therapy CRISPR Cas9 and some other gene editing techniques for T2DM. Interventional and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of T2DM were also included to identify novel therapies for its treatment.

METHOD

An extensive literature survey was done on databases like PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct and Springer.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the study that recent advancements in gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for T2DM. CRISPR Cas9 is a powerful tool that enables precise and targeted modifications of the genome.

Extracellular Vesicles in Atherosclerosis: State of the Art

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in the arteries, leading to narrowing and thrombosis that causes mortality. Emerging evidence has confirmed that atherosclerosis affects younger people and is involved in the majority of deaths worldwide. EVs are associated with critical steps in atherosclerosis, cholesterol metabolism, immune response, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and remodeling. Endothelial cell-derived EVs can interact with platelets and monocytes, thereby influencing endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, and the formation of thrombus. EVs are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in atherosclerosis (AS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, EVs derived from stem/progenitor cells are essential mediators of cardiogenesis and cardioprotection and may be used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Rewiring of IGF1 secretion and enhanced IGF1R signaling induced by co-chaperone carboxyl-terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein in adipose-derived stem cells provide augmented cardioprotection in aging-hypertensive rats

Aging-associated cardiovascular diseases depend on the longitudinal deterioration of stem cell dynamics. The entire mechanism behind it is not completely understood. However, many studies suggest that endocrine pathways, particularly the insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF1) signaling pathway are involved in cardioprotection, especially in stem-cell treatments. Here, we investigated the role of a co-chaperone, carboxyl-terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP) in the aspects of growth factor secretion and receptor stabilization in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Briefly, we overexpressed CHIP in rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs) and explored the consequences in vitro, and in vivo, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Our data revealed that CHIP overexpression in rADSCs promoted the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) as per immunoblot/cytokine array analysis. We also found that these results were dependent on the nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in rADSCs. Further, the CHIP co-chaperone was also involved in the stabilization of the receptor of IGF1 (IGF1R); interactions between the beta transmembrane region of IGF1R, and the tetracopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of CHIP were evident. Importantly, after the transplantation of lentiviral CHIP overexpression of rADSCs (rADSCsCHIP-WT) into nine months aging-SHR led to an increase in their cardiac function - increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening (≈15% vs. control SHR) - as well as a decrease in their heart size and heart rate, respectively. Altogether, our results support the use of CHIP overexpressing stem cells for the mitigation of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling associated with late-stage hypertension.

ApoSEVs-Mediated Modulation of Versatile Target Cells Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing: Unveiling a Promising Strategy

Background

Diabetic chronic wounds present a formidable challenge in clinical management, lacking effective treatment options. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for tissue repair and regeneration. However, transplanted MSCs often undergo rapid apoptosis, giving rise to heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs), including apoptotic bodies (apoBDs) and apoptotic small extracellular vesicles (apoSEVs). The potential stimulatory role of these EVs in diabetic wound healing remains unknown.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the effects of apoSEVs derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal/stromal cells (ADSCs) on the recovery of diabetic wounds by modulating the function of versatile target cells. First, we characterized the apoSEVs and apoBDs derived from apoptotic ADSCs. Subsequently, we evaluated the effects of apoSEVs and apoBDs on macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, three essential cell types in wound healing, under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, we developed a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel for the sustained release of apoSEVs and investigated its therapeutic effects on wound healing in type 2 diabetic mice in vivo.

Results

apoSEVs facilitated the polarization of M1 phenotype macrophages to M2 phenotype, promoted proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells, and enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration. However, apoBDs failed to improve the function of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. In vivo, the apoSEVs-loaded GelMA effectively promoted wound healing by facilitating collagen fiber deposition, angiogenesis, and immune regulation.

Conclusion

Our study elucidates the beneficial effects of apoSEVs on wound recovery in diabetes and introduces a novel strategy for diabetic wound treatment based on apoSEVs.

Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy and Tissue Engineering Applications

Recently, stem cells and their secretomes have attracted great attention in biomedical applications, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are secretomes of cells for cell-to-cell communication. They play a role as intercellular messengers as they carry proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and therapeutic agents. They have also been utilized as drug-delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, stability, targetability, and engineerable properties. The therapeutic potential of EVs can be further enhanced by surface engineering and modification using functional molecules such as aptamers, peptides, and antibodies. As a consequence, EVs hold great promise as effective delivery vehicles for enhancing treatment efficacy while avoiding side effects. Among various cell types that secrete EVs, stem cells are ideal sources of EVs because stem cells have unique properties such as self-renewal and regenerative potential for transplantation into damaged tissues that can facilitate their regeneration. However, challenges such as immune rejection and ethical considerations remain significant hurdles. Stem cell-derived EVs have been extensively explored as a cell-free approach that bypasses many challenges associated with cell-based therapy in cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of various types of stem cells as a source of EVs, their engineering, and applications of EVs, focusing on cancer therapy and tissue engineering.

Cadaveric Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine and Research

Advances in regenerative medicine have enabled the search for new solutions to current health problems in so far unexplored fields. Thus, we focused on cadaveric subcutaneous fat as a promising source of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) that have potential to differentiate into different cell lines. With this aim, we isolated and characterized ADSCs from cadaveric samples with a postmortem interval ranging from 30 to 55 h and evaluated their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes or osteocytes. A commercial ADSC line was used as reference. Morphological and protein expression analyses were used to confirm the final stage of differentiation. Eight out of fourteen samples from patients were suitable to complete the whole protocol. Cadaveric ADSCs exhibited features of stem cells based upon several markers: CD29 (84.49 ± 14.07%), CD105 (94.38 ± 2.09%), and CD44 (99.77 ± 0.32%). The multiparametric assessment of differentiation confirmed the generation of stable lines of chondrocytes and osteocytes. In conclusion, we provide evidence supporting the feasibility of obtaining viable postmortem human subcutaneous fat ADSCs with potential application in tissue engineering and research fields.

OPG gene-modified adipose-derived stem cells improve bone formation around implants in osteoporotic rat maxillae

Background

Osteoporosis is a significant barrier to the use of dental implants in the elderly for the treatment of tooth defects. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have demonstrated extensive potential for tissue repair and regeneration. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ADSCs engineered to express high levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) for the treatment of bone loss in implant dentistry caused by estrogen deficiency.

Methods

A rat model of osteoporosis was established through double oophorectomy, and the rats were treated by gene modified cells Adv-OPG-ADSCs. The effects of the treatment on maxilla tissue changes were evaluated using HE staining and micro-CT. Additionally, ALP and TRAP staining were used to assess osteoblast and osteoclast alterations. Finally, the changes in related osteoblast and osteoclast indicators were measured by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA.

Results

The successfully generated high-OPG-expressing ADSCs led to increase of cell viability, proliferation, and osteoblast differentiation. Treatment with Adv-OPG-ADSCs significantly ameliorated maxillary morphology, trabecular volume reduction, and bone mineral density decline in the model of estrogen-deficient maxillary implant dentistry. Furthermore, the treatment was beneficial to promoting the generation of osteoblasts and inhibiting the generation of osteoclast. Adv-OPG-ADSCs increased OPG, ALP, OCN, and Runx-2 expressions in the maxilla while suppressing RANKL expression, and also increased the concentration of COL I and PINP, as well as decreased the concentration of CTX-1.

Conclusion

Adv-OPG-ADSCs promote the formation of osteoblasts and inhibit the generation of osteoclasts, thereby inhibiting bone absorption, facilitating bone formation, and promoting the repair of maxillary bone after dental implantation in the presence of osteoporosis-related complications, especially in the setting of estrogen deficiency, providing scientific basis for the application of Adv-OPG-ADSCs in the treatment of implant related osteoporosis.

The Effects of Tissue Healing Factors in Wound Repair Involving Absorbable Meshes: A Narrative Review

Wound healing is a complex and meticulously orchestrated process involving multiple phases and cellular interactions. This narrative review explores the intricate mechanisms behind wound healing, emphasizing the significance of cellular processes and molecular factors. The phases of wound healing are discussed, focusing on the roles of immune cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components. Cellular shape alterations driven by cytoskeletal modulation and the influence of the 'Formin' protein family are highlighted for their impact on wound healing processes. This review delves into the use of absorbable meshes in wound repair, discussing their categories and applications in different surgical scenarios. Interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6), CD31, CD34, platelet rich plasma (PRP), and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are discussed in their respective roles in wound healing. The interactions between these factors and their potential synergies with absorbable meshes are explored, shedding light on how these combinations might enhance the healing process. Recent advances and challenges in the field are also presented, including insights into mesh integration, biocompatibility, infection prevention, and postoperative complications. This review underscores the importance of patient-specific factors and surgical techniques in optimizing mesh placement and healing outcomes. As wound healing remains a dynamic field, this narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.

Advances in the study of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac cells for the treatment of myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction has long been the leading cause of death in coronary heart disease, which is characterized by irreversible cardiomyocyte death and restricted blood supply. Conventional reperfusion therapy can further aggravate myocardial injury. Stem cell therapy, especially with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a promising approach to promote cardiac repair and improve cardiac function. MSCs may induce these effects by secreting exosomes containing therapeutically active RNA, proteins and lipids. Notably, normal cardiac function depends on intracardiac paracrine signaling via exosomes, and exosomes secreted by cardiac cells can partially reflect changes in the heart during disease, so analyzing these vesicles may provide valuable insights into the pathology of myocardial infarction as well as guide the development of new treatments. The present review examines how exosomes produced by MSCs and cardiac cells may influence injury after myocardial infarction and serve as therapies against such injury. Video Abstract.

The stereological, immunohistological, and gene expression studies in an infected ischemic wound in diabetic rats treated by human adipose-derived stem cells and photobiomodulation

We investigated the impacts of photobiomodulation (PBM) and human allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ha-ADS) together and or alone applications on the stereological parameters, immunohistochemical characterizing of M1 and M2 macrophages, and mRNA levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) on inflammation (day 4) and proliferation phases (day 8) of repairing tissues in an infected delayed healing and ischemic wound model (IDHIWM) in type 1 diabetic (DM1) rats. DM1 was created in 48 rats and an IDHIWM was made in all of them, and they were distributed into 4 groups. Group1 = control rats with no treatment. Group2 = rats received (10 × 100000 ha-ADS). Group3 = rats exposed to PBM (890 nm, 80 Hz, 3.46 J/cm2). Group4 = rats received both PBM and ha-ADS. On day 8, there were significantly higher neutrophils in the control group than in other groups (p < 0.01). There were substantially higher macrophages in the PBM + ha-ADS group than in other groups on days 4 and 8 (p < 0.001). Granulation tissue volume, on both days 4 and 8, was meaningfully greater in all treatment groups than in the control group (all, p = 0.000). Results of M1 and M2 macrophage counts of repairing tissue in the entire treatment groups were considered preferable to those in the control group (p < 0.05). Regarding stereological and macrophage phenotyping, the results of the PBM + ha-ADS group were better than the ha-ADS and PBM groups. Results of the tested gene expression of repairing tissue on inflammation and proliferation steps in PBM and PBM + ha-ADS groups were meaningfully better than the control and ha-ADS groups (p < 0.05). We showed that PBM, ha-ADS, and PBM plus ha-ADS, hastened the proliferation step of healing in an IDHIWM in rats with DM1 by regulation of the inflammatory reaction, macrophage phenotyping, and augmented granulation tissue formation. In addition PBM and PBM plus ha-ADS protocols hastened and increased mRNA levels of HIF-1α, bFGF, SDF-1α, and VEGF-A. Totally, in terms of stereological and immuno-histological tests, and also gene expression HIF-1α and VEGF-A, the results of PBM + ha-ADS were superior (additive) to PBM, and ha-ADS alone treatments.

Ultrasound cavitation: a reliable non-enzymatic method for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) isolation

BACKGROUND

Adipose tissue is known to serve as an abundant and readily accessible source of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as an alternative to bone marrow. Collagenase is one of the most widely used methods for the isolation of ADSCs from adipose tissue, but it takes a long time, and there are also debates about safety. We propose an ultrasonic cavitation-treated method that can significantly reduce time and avoid the problem of using xenogeneic enzymes in ADSCs isolation.

METHODS

ADSCs were isolated from adipose tissue using the enzyme treatment method and the ultrasonic cavitation treatment method. Cell proliferation was measured using cell viability assay. The expression levels of the surface markers of ADSCs were estimated by real-time PCR. After, ADSCs were cultured in chondrogenic, osteogenic, or adipogenic differentiation medium; the differentiation potential of ADCSs was analyzed by Alcian blue, Alizarin Red S, Oil Red O, and real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The cells treated with collagenase and ultrasound had similar cell yields and proliferation after isolation. The difference in the expression of surface markers of ADSCs was not statistically significant. ADSCs showed differentiation potential into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, and there was no difference between the enzyme treatment method and the ultrasonic cavitation treatment method. The yield of the ADSC increased in time- and intensity dependently.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound certainly serves as a promising method in advancing ADSC isolation technology.

Carbachol, along with calcium, indicates new strategy in neural differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

INTRODUCTION

Over the past few years, stem cells have represented a promising treatment in neurological disorders due to the well-defined characteristics of their capability to proliferate and differentiate into any cell type, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, previous studies have shown that calcium signaling modulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. The present study investigated the effect of carbachol (CCh), a cholinergic agonist activating acetylcholine receptors, with and without calcium, on the neural differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) in neural media, including forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine and retinoic acid.

METHODS

For this purpose, first, the MTT assay and acridine orange staining were studied to obtain the optimal concentration of CCh. Next, the differentiation tests, such as cellular calcium assay as well as evaluation of qualitative and quantitative expression of neuronal index markers through immunofluorescence staining and gene expression analysis, respectively, were performed on days 7 and 14 of the differentiation period.

RESULTS

According to the results, CCh at 1 μM concentration had no cytotoxicity on hADSCs and also induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, CCh with and without calcium increased the expression of neural-specific genes (NSE, MAP2, β-III-tubulin, and MAPK3) and proteins (γ-enolase, MAP2, and β-III-tubulin) as well as the amount of calcium in differentiated hADSCs at 7 and 14 days after induction.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the findings suggest that CCh acts as an influential therapeutic factor in the field of neural regenerative medicine and research.