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Szydlowska-Gladysz J, Gorecka AE, Stepien J, Rysz I, Ben-Skowronek I. IGF-1 and IGF-2 as Molecules Linked to Causes and Consequences of Obesity from Fetal Life to Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3966. [PMID: 38612776 PMCID: PMC11012406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the impact of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) on various aspects of children's health-from the realms of growth and puberty to the nuanced characteristics of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, liver pathology, carcinogenic potential, and cardiovascular disorders. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method employing specific keywords related to child health, obesity, and insulin-like growth factors. This study reveals associations between insulin-like growth factor 1 and birth weight, early growth, and adiposity. Moreover, insulin-like growth factors play a pivotal role in regulating bone development and height during childhood, with potential implications for puberty onset. This research uncovers insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it also highlights the association between insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and cancer. Additionally, this research explores the impact of insulin-like growth factors on cardiovascular health, noting their role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Insulin-like growth factors play vital roles in human physiology, influencing growth and development from fetal stages to adulthood. The impact of maternal obesity on children's IGF levels is complex, influencing growth and carrying potential metabolic consequences. Imbalances in IGF levels are linked to a range of health conditions (e.g., insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes), prompting researchers to seek novel therapies and preventive strategies, offering challenges and opportunities in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szydlowska-Gladysz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology with Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Medical University in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Iwona Ben-Skowronek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology with Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Medical University in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Torres MF, Garraza M, Quintero FA, Luna ME, Navazo B, Cesani MF. Decline in pubertal timing and its relationship with excess weight. A study of the secular trend in age at menarche in girls from La Plata district (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24074. [PMID: 38517122 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide information on the secular trend in age at menarche (AgM) in Argentinean girls in relation to excess weight (EW) and body adiposity. METHODS Two cohorts (C) (C1, 2005-2007 and C2, 2015-2019) of children aged 8-14 years from La Plata district were studied using identical methodological criteria. Each participating child was asked about menarche (M) status: M presence (MP) or absence (MA). The AgM was estimated using the status quo method and logistic regression analysis. Body weight, height, and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were collected to estimate EW (overweight + obesity) according to WHO criteria, and body adiposity (sum of skinfolds, SSK = [tricipital + subscapular]). The prevalence of EW by C was estimated and compared using the Chi-square test. The MP probability in relation to age, C, and EW was analyzed by applying logistic regression. Parents completed a questionnaire to assess family socioeconomic conditions. Data were compared using the Chi-square test. RESULTS Differences in MP prevalence between C were significant (C1: 21.1% vs. C2: 28.7%). Median AgM was 12.81 years in C1 and 12.22 in C2. The prevalence of EW was higher in C2 (35.3%) than in C1 (24.6%). The probability of MP was higher in C2 than in C1 and children with EW. Both BMI and SSK showed inter-cohort increases. Socioeconomic conditions were substantially deteriorated between C. CONCLUSION In an obesogenic context marked by the significant increase in body adiposity and EW, M prevalence exhibited a positive secular trend and AgM reduced by nearly seven months between the cohorts studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Torres
- Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas (ICA), Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (FFyL), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (IGEVET, CONICET LA PLATA-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariela Garraza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Aníbal Quintero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Luna
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Navazo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Cesani
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación (LINOA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Putri RR, Danielsson P, Marcus C, Hagman E. Height and Growth Velocity in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Obesity Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e314-e320. [PMID: 37453086 PMCID: PMC10735311 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric obesity affects endocrine conditions, which may alter growth. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the effect of obesity severity and obesity treatment outcome on growth. METHODS This prospective cohort study included children (aged 3-18 years) enrolled in the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register (BORIS) (1998-2020). Obesity was categorized as class I and class II obesity. Obesity treatment outcome was measured as body mass index (BMI) z score changes and categorized into good (BMI z score reduction of ≥0.25), intermediate, and poor (increasing BMI z score). Height for age z score, final height, and growth velocity were compared between class I and class II obesity. Further, the effect of obesity treatment outcome on growth velocity during 2-year follow-up was assessed. RESULTS A total of 27 997 individuals (mean age 10.2 ± 3.6 years) were included. Individuals with class II obesity were on average taller than those with class I obesity during childhood. Among males, reduced growth spurt was observed in class I obesity, and even absent in class II obesity. Females exhibited a similar but less pronounced pattern. Good obesity treatment outcome yielded lower growth velocity at ages 3 to 9 years but higher growth velocity at ages 10 to 13 years compared to poor treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Obesity severity is positively associated with height and growth velocity in childhood. A hampered growth spurt during puberty should be anticipated, particularly in adolescents with severe obesity. Therefore no difference in final height between class I and class II obesity is expected. Successful obesity treatment does not harm, but rather normalizes, the growth velocity pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resthie R Putri
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 57, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Danielsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 57, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 57, Sweden
| | - Emilia Hagman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 57, Sweden
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Li X, Cheng T, Leng L, Song G, Ma H. Inverse association between adult height and diabetes risk in a cohort study of Chinese population. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20835. [PMID: 38012198 PMCID: PMC10681985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies linking adult height to diabetes risk remain controversial and few were from Asia. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the association of adult height with diabetes risk in a Chinese population. This retrospective cohort study was a secondary analysis of data from the DATADRYAD website, involving 211,172 non-diabetic individuals aged ≥ 20 years from the health screening program in China. Cox regression models were employed to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of diabetes related to height. During an average 3.12-year follow-up, 4156 (1.97%) subjects reported developing diabetes. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, an inverse association of height with diabetes risk was observed among men and women [HR per 10 cm (95% CI), 0.78 (0.73-0.83) and 0.76 (0.68-0.86), respectively]. Moreover, subgroup analyses indicated the inverse association was only detected in individuals with aged < 70 years, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 6.1 mmol/L, and men with body mass index (BMI) < 28 kg/m2. In brief, height is inversely associated with diabetes risk in Chinese adults. Specifically, this association appears to be more pronounced in individuals with aged < 70 years, FPG < 6.1 mmol/L, and men with BMI < 28 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Tiantian Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Lina Leng
- Department of Rheumatology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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He P, Shen X, Guo S. Intestinal flora and linear growth in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1252035. [PMID: 38034825 PMCID: PMC10687454 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1252035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in human growth and development as well as the regulation of human pathophysiological processes. According to research, the gut microbiota controls the host's growth and development in areas such as nutrition, metabolism, endocrine hormones, and immune modulation. The human gut microbiota has an important role in child and adolescent growth, especially when nutritional conditions are poor. In this review, we focus on recent findings about the gut microbiota's influence on child growth, including the relationship between the gut microbiota and linear growth during pregnancy, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Furthermore, we also review some mechanisms by which intestinal flora influence the host's linear growth. Although the data supports a link between intestinal flora and linear development in children, our review has limitations that prohibit us from fully verifying the causal relationship between gut flora and linear development in children. Improving the gut microbiota, in conjunction with renutrition techniques, has the potential to ameliorate the growth and development impairments currently associated with chronic illness and malnutrition in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Endocrine, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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El-Gendy MS, El-Gezawy ES, Saleh AA, Alhotan RA, Al-Badwi MAA, Hussein EOS, El-Tahan HM, Kim IH, Cho S, Omar SM. Investigating the Chemical Composition of Lepidium sativum Seeds and Their Ability to Safeguard against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Hepatic Dysfunction. Foods 2023; 12:4129. [PMID: 38002187 PMCID: PMC10670087 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most frequently used food additives that endanger public health. The antioxidant, hyperlipidemic, and cytoprotective properties of Lepidium sativum seeds (LSS) as a natural remedy can minimize the harmful effects of MSG. This study investigated the potential protective effect of LSS against MSG-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male albino Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) were equally divided into four groups for 30 days: the control group (G1) received a basal diet without supplement, group (G2) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) as a model group, group (G3) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) + LSS (30 g/kg b.w.), and group (G4) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) + LSS (60 g/kg b.w.). LSS enhanced serum alkaline phosphatase activity as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. It can decrease peroxide content in serum lipids and inhibit glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase in hepatic cells. The dietary supplementation with LSS provided cytoprotection by enhancing the histoarchitecture of the liver and decreasing the number of apoptotic cells. Due to their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, LSS effectively protect against the hepatotoxicity of MSG. These findings are of the highest significance for drawing attention to incorporating LSS in our food industry and as a health treatment in traditional medicine to combat MSG-induced hepatic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Salah El-Gendy
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt
| | - Eman Sobhy El-Gezawy
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. A. Al-Badwi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Osman Sewlim Hussein
- AlKhumasia for Feed and Animal Products, Riyadh-Olaya-Al Aqareyah 2-Office 705, P.O. Box 8344, Riyadh 11982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M. El-Tahan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki 12611, Egypt
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 330714, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 330714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 330714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sara Mahmoud Omar
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt
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Poulsen AR, Sonnesen L. Dental Maturation in Two Groups of Children Born in 1969-1973 and 2005-2010. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:248. [PMID: 37999012 PMCID: PMC10670476 DOI: 10.3390/dj11110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared differences in dental maturation and dental age in Scandinavian children born in 1969-1973 and 2005-2010. The study was based on 130 ethnic Scandinavian children, who were divided in two groups corresponding to the time periods and matched on age and sex. Each group consisted of 65 children (30 girls, 35 boys, mean age 9.29 years and 9.30 years, respectively). Dental maturation was analysed by orthopantomographs, in accordance with Demirjian and Haavikko. Dental age was analysed by orthopantomographs in accordance with Demirjian. Boys and girls were analysed separately by linear regression analysis adjusted for age. For the children born in 2005-2010, teeth matured significantly earlier (Demirjian: 0.21 maturities, CI 95% 0.11-0.31, p < 0.000. Haavikko: maxilla: 0.39 maturities, CI 95% 0.21-0.56, p < 0.000. Mandible: 0.42 maturities, CI 95% 0.17-0.67, p = 0.001) and the dental age was significantly higher (Demirjian: 6.04 months, CI 95% 0.23-0.77, p < 0.000) in comparison with the children born in 1969-1973. In conclusion, the teeth of Scandinavian children born 2005-2010 matured significantly earlier than those of children born in 1969-1973. The results may prove valuable in forensic dentistry, pedodontics, and for the timing of pedodontic and orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liselotte Sonnesen
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Besci Ö, Fırat SN, Özen S, Çetinkaya S, Akın L, Kör Y, Pekkolay Z, Özalkak Ş, Özsu E, Erdeve ŞS, Poyrazoğlu Ş, Berberoğlu M, Aydın M, Omma T, Akıncı B, Demir K, Oral EA. A National Multicenter Study of Leptin and Leptin Receptor Deficiency and Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2371-2388. [PMID: 36825860 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Homozygous leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) variants lead to childhood-onset obesity. OBJECTIVE To present new cases with LEP and LEPR deficiency, report the long-term follow-up of previously described patients, and to define, based on all reported cases in literature, genotype-phenotype relationships. METHODS Our cohort included 18 patients (LEP = 11, LEPR = 7), 8 of whom had been previously reported. A systematic literature review was conducted in July 2022. Forty-two of 47 studies on LEP/LEPR were selected. RESULTS Of 10 new cases, 2 novel pathogenic variants were identified in LEP (c.16delC) and LEPR (c.40 + 5G > C). Eleven patients with LEP deficiency received metreleptin, 4 of whom had been treated for over 20 years. One patient developed loss of efficacy associated with neutralizing antibody development. Of 152 patients, including 134 cases from the literature review in addition to our cases, frameshift variants were the most common (48%) in LEP and missense variants (35%) in LEPR. Patients with LEP deficiency were diagnosed at a younger age [3 (9) vs 7 (13) years, P = .02] and had a higher median body mass index (BMI) SD score [3.1 (2) vs 2.8 (1) kg/m2, P = 0.02], which was more closely associated with frameshift variants (P = .02). Patients with LEP deficiency were more likely to have hyperinsulinemia (P = .02). CONCLUSION Frameshift variants were more common in patients with LEP deficiency whereas missense variants were more common in LEPR deficiency. Patients with LEP deficiency were identified at younger ages, had higher BMI SD scores, and had higher rates of hyperinsulinemia than patients with LEPR deficiency. Eleven patients benefitted from long-term metreleptin, with 1 losing efficacy due to neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Besci
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Sevde Nur Fırat
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Samim Özen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Semra Çetinkaya
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Health Sciences University, Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease, Health Implementation and Research Center, Ankara 06010, Turkey
| | - Leyla Akın
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55030, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Kör
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Adana Public Hospitals Association, Adana City Hospital, Adana 01040, Turkey
| | - Zafer Pekkolay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
| | - Şervan Özalkak
- Division Pediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakir Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır 21070, Turkey
| | - Elif Özsu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Şenay Savaş Erdeve
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Health Sciences University, Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease, Health Implementation and Research Center, Ankara 06010, Turkey
| | - Şükran Poyrazoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Murat Aydın
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55030, Turkey
| | - Tülay Omma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Barış Akıncı
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Elif Arioglu Oral
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Gopan G, Jose J, Khot KB, Bandiwadekar A. The use of cellulose, chitosan and hyaluronic acid in transdermal therapeutic management of obesity: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125374. [PMID: 37330096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a clinical condition with rising popularity and detrimental impacts on human health. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. It is challenging to combat obesity because medications that are successful in the clinical investigation have harmful side effects when administered orally. The conventional approaches for treating obesity primarily entail synthetic compounds and surgical techniques but possess severe adverse effects and recurrences. As a result, a safe and effective strategy to combat obesity must be initiated. Recent studies have shown that biological macromolecules of the carbohydrate class, such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, can enhance the release and efficacy of medications for obesity but due to their short biological half-lives and poor oral bioavailability, their distribution rate is affected. This helps to comprehend the need for an effective therapeutic approach via a transdermal drug delivery system. This review focuses on the transdermal administration, utilizing cellulose, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid via microneedles, as it offers a promising solution to overcome existing therapy limitations in managing obesity and it also highlights how microneedles can effectively deliver therapeutic substances through the skin's outer layer, bypassing pain receptors and specifically targeting adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Gopan
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
| | - Kartik Bhairu Khot
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
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Su PH, Huang JY, Wang SLJ, Chang HP. Phthalates exposure and pubertal development in a 15-year follow-up birth cohort study in Taiwan. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1065918. [PMID: 37288299 PMCID: PMC10242106 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1065918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disruptors that can affect pubertal development in children. The association of fetal and childhood levels of phthalates with pubertal development were explored. Methods We conduct a population-based birth cohort study to investigate the association between prenatal and childhood exposure to phthalates and pubertal development. Initially, a total of 445 children were recruited from 2000 to 2001, of which 90 children were followed for 15 years which measurements of urine and development assessed at 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 years. We defined higher Tanner stage as the 14-year-old Tanner stage ≥ 4 and 5 for boys and girls, respectively. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio of a higher Tanner stage at 14 years old. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used to estimate the association of testicular volume, uterine volume, ovarian volume, and blood hormones at 14 years of age with the log-transformed concentration of phthalates at 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 years. Results In boys, a significantly different geometric mean of mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was observed in 11-year-olds; 6.82 and 2.96 in the lower Tanner stage group and higher Tanner stage group. In girls, a significant difference in the geometric mean of mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) in 11-year-olds and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) in 2-year-olds was observed; MEHHP was 32.97 and 18.13 in the lower Tanner stage group and higher Tanner stage group, and MEP was 26.54 and 65.74 in the lower Tanner stage group and higher Tanner stage group, respectively. Uterine volume at 14 years old was negatively associated with several phthalate metabolites (MEHP at 8 years old, MnBP at 8 years old, MBzP at 14 years old, MMP prenatally, MMP at 8 years old, and MEP at 8 years old) after adjusting for covariates. However, no significant correlations were found between phthalate metabolites and ovarian or testicular volume. Conclusion Phthalate exposure at certain time points may influence the reproductive development of children during puberty; however, further studies should be conducted to determine the causal nature of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Hua Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Julie Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Pin Chang
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Fielder S, Nickkho-Amiry M, Seif MW. Obesity and menstrual disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 89:102343. [PMID: 37279629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health concern and is associated with a range of menstrual disorders, including heavy menstrual bleeding, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and endometrial pathology. Investigations may be more logistically challenging in those in the population with obesity, and because of the heightened risk of endometrial malignancy, there should be a low threshold for biopsy to exclude endometrial hyperplasia. Although treatment modalities for women with obesity are broadly similar to those with a normal BMI, additional consideration must be given to the risks associated with estrogen in obesity. Outpatient management of heavy menstrual bleeding is a developing field and outpatient treatment modalities are preferable in the population with obesity to avoid the morbidity associated with anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Fielder
- Gynaecological Division, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Mourad W Seif
- Gynaecological Division, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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12
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Mascarenhas P, Furtado JM, Almeida SM, Ferraz ME, Ferraz FP, Oliveira P. Pediatric Overweight, Fatness and Risk for Dyslipidemia Are Related to Diet: A Cross-Sectional Study in 9-year-old Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:329. [PMID: 36678200 PMCID: PMC9865454 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric overweight, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance can result from unhealthy lifestyle habits and increase morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns with the metabolic health of 9-year-old school children. Measurements included anthropometry, adiposity, lipid, and glycemic profiles. Questionnaires evaluated diet and physical activity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) screened for diet patterns, and multilevel models evaluated diet and physical activity patterns against overweight, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance markers across schools and children. EFA highlighted two diet patterns, Western and Traditional. Food rich in fat, salt, and sugar and fewer vegetables and fruits defined the Western pattern. The Traditional pattern, linked to healthier eating habits, had analogies to the Mediterranean diet. Overall, 39% of the children were overweight (including the obese), while 62% presented cardiovascular risk factors on their lipid profiles. Normal-weight children presented 60% high cholesterol incidence. Global insulin resistance incidence was 4.1%, but almost doubled among the overweight/obese. The Westernized diet consistently linked to worse cardiovascular risk markers, even independently of physical practice. Intensive or competitive physical activity was associated with decreased triglycerides (p = 0.003), regardless of diet. Future prospective studies are warranted to validate these results externally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Mascarenhas
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José M. Furtado
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sílvia M. Almeida
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria E. Ferraz
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando P. Ferraz
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Population Studies, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Câmara SMA, McGurk MD, Gigante D, Lima MDA, Shalaby AK, Sentell T, Pirkle CM, Domingues MR. Intersections between adolescent fertility and obesity-pathways and research gaps focusing on Latin American populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:18-27. [PMID: 35781886 PMCID: PMC9588536 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latin America has notably elevated rates of adolescent fertility and obesity in women. Although numerous studies document associations between adolescent fertility and obesity across the life course, the pathways explaining their association are insufficiently theorized, especially regarding the factors in Latin America that may underpin both. Additionally, much of the existing research is from high-income countries, where fertility and obesity are trending down. In this paper, we review the various complex pathways linking adolescent fertility and obesity, highlighting research gaps and priorities, with a particular focus on Latin American populations. We carefully consider pregnancy's distinct impact on growth trajectories during the critical period of adolescence, as well as the cumulative effect that adolescent fertility may have over the life course. We also articulate a pathway through obesity as it may contribute to early puberty and thus, to adolescent fertility. If obesity is a cause of adolescent fertility, not a result of it, or if it is a mediator of early-life exposures to adulthood obesity, these are critical distinctions for policy aiming to prevent both obesity and early fertility. Research to better understand these pathways is essential for prevention efforts against obesity and undesired adolescent fertility in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saionara M. A. Câmara
- Postgraduate program in Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil
| | - Meghan D. McGurk
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Denise Gigante
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus D. A. Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil
| | - Alena K. Shalaby
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tetine Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Catherine M. Pirkle
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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14
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Mishreky A, Parent S, Miyanji F, Smit K, Murphy J, Bowker R, Al Khatib N, El-Hawary R. Body mass index affects outcomes after vertebral body tethering surgery. Spine Deform 2022; 10:563-571. [PMID: 35013996 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-021-00455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the outcomes of anterior Vertebral Body Tethering (AVBT) surgery between overweight and non-overweight patients. METHODS AIS/JIS patients with AVBT with 2-year follow-up from a multi-center pediatric spine database were evaluated pre-operatively, 1st post-operative erect, and 2 years post-operatively. ANOVA was used to compare 3 categories of BMI with significance as per Tukey-Kramer HSD post hoc test. Risk of scoliosis progression was analysed with Mid-P exact test. RESULTS 121 patients (51 underweight, 58 normal, 12 overweight; mean age 12.5 ± 1.6 yr; BMI 18.8 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were identified. Comparing underweight, normal, and overweight groups: mean pre-operative age (13 yr, 13 yr, 12 yr), scoliosis (52°, 50°, 52°), pre-operative kyphosis (29°, 28°, 33°), peri-operative scoliosis correction (44%, 42%, 46%), and complications by 2-year follow-up (23%, 24%, 17%) were similar between groups. There was one broken tether in each of the underweight and normal weight groups. Change in percent scoliosis correction from 1st erect to 2-year post-operative (i.e., growth modulation phase) was not significantly different between groups; however, the risk ratio for scoliosis progression during this period was 4.74 (1.02-22.02; p = 0.04) for overweight patients. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that, as compared to normal weight and underweight patients, overweight patients did not have a statistically significant difference in intra-operative scoliosis correction or in risk of experiencing complication; however, overweight patients had a risk ratio of 4.74 for progression of scoliosis during the growth modulation phase of treatment from first erect radiographs to minimum 2-year follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mishreky
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, IWK Health Center, 5850 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K-6R8, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Firoz Miyanji
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Kevin Smit
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Joshua Murphy
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 5445 Meridian Mark Road, Suite 250, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Riley Bowker
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, IWK Health Center, 5850 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K-6R8, Canada
| | - Nedal Al Khatib
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, IWK Health Center, 5850 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K-6R8, Canada
| | - Ron El-Hawary
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, IWK Health Center, 5850 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K-6R8, Canada.
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15
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Papadimitriou A, Marakaki C, Papadimitriou DT. Growth variations with opposite clinical outcomes and the emerging role of IGF-1. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:359-370. [PMID: 35331614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Normal growth pattern variations [i.e., constitutional advancement and constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CAGP and CDGP)] are the mirror image of each other and are associated with early puberty (EP) and delayed puberty (DP), respectively. Differences between CAGP and CDGP relate not only to auxological characteristics (height, weight) but also to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 levels in CAGP are above average whereas in CDGP they are below average, suggesting a role for IGF-1 in the induction of these growth patterns. Herein, we provide data suggesting that early activation of the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 axis induces the growth pattern of CAGP. Moreover, we suggest that IGF-1 is a decisive factor for the release of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) inhibition brake that occurs in prepuberty. It is therefore crucial for puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Papadimitriou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Chrisanthi Marakaki
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Papadimitriou
- Pediatric-Adolescent Endocrinology and Diabetes, Athens Medical Center, Marousi and Endocrine Unit, Aretaeion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Liu M, Cao B, Luo Q, Wang Q, Liu M, Liang X, Wu D, Li W, Su C, Chen J, Gong C. The critical BMI hypothesis for puberty initiation and the gender prevalence difference: Evidence from an epidemiological survey in Beijing, China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1009133. [PMID: 36387887 PMCID: PMC9641365 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1009133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies suggested that there is a certain level of body fat mass before puberty can be initiated, most studies have focused on girls. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between precocious puberty and physical growth in school-aged children in Beijing, China. METHODS 7590 Chinese children (3591 girls and 3999 boys) aged 6-11 years were recruited in Beijing, China. Body mass index (BMI) categories were defined by WHO Child Growth Standards and central obesity were defined by sex-specific waist-to-height ratio cut-offs (≥0.46 for girls, ≥0.48 for boys). Sexual development was assessed using Tanner criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of general obesity and central obesity among boys was higher than that in girls. Girls had a significantly higher precocious puberty rate than boys (5.93% vs. 0.87%), particularly in those aged 7 years old (9.20%). Children in the general obesity and central obesity groups have a higher prevalence of precocious puberty and earlier median ages for the attainment of Tanner B2/T2. For girls with Tanner stages≥II at 6-year-old and 7-year-old, the mean BMI was equivalent to the 50th centile of a normal 9.9-year-old and 11.9-year-old girl, respectively. The mean BMI of boys with Tanner stages≥II at 7-year-old and 8-year-old was correspondent to the 50th centile of a normal 14-year-old and 15.3-year-old boy, respectively. For girls, general obesity appears to contribute to the risk of the development of precocious puberty to a greater extent than central obesity does. For boys, central obesity, but not general obesity, was an independent risk factor for precocious puberty. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of childhood obesity and precocious puberty was high in China. Precocious puberty was correlated with a large BMI. Boys had a higher threshold of BMI for puberty development than girls. Children with precocious puberty, particularly those with central obesity, should be aware of adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qipeng Luo
- Department of Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunxiu Gong,
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17
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Khwanchuea R, Punsawad C. Associations Between Body Composition, Leptin, and Vitamin D Varied by the Body Fat Percentage in Adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:876231. [PMID: 35721764 PMCID: PMC9203737 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.876231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum leptin levels reflects one's degree of obesity and can affect vitamin D levels. The relationship between body fat, leptin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) has not been extensively studied in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between body composition and leptin and 25(OH)D levels in boys and girls. METHODS Participants aged 12-14 years (n = 205) were grouped according to sex. After body composition was recorded using bioelectrical impedance analysis, they were classified into three groups according to body fat percentage (%BF) (< 30, ≥ 30 and < 40, and ≥ 40). Serum leptin and 25(OH)D levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between all variables were analyzed according to sex and the percentage of BF groups. RESULTS Boys and girls with %BF ≥ 30 showed no difference in body mass index (BMI), %BF, and leptin and 25(OH)D, while other variables of body composition were more common in boys than in girls. The %BF, body fat mass (BFM), and 25(OH)D of both sexes with %BF ≥ 30, and leptin levels of boys with %BF ≥ 40 increased with an increase in %BF. A negative correlation between leptin and 25(OH)D levels was found in boys with %BF < 40 and girls with %BF < 30. In the %BF ≥ 30 and < 40 groups, there were negative correlations between leptin, BFM, free fat mass, and muscle mass (MM); between leptin, 25(OH)D, and height in boys; and between 25(OH)D, body weight, BMI, and MM in girls. CONCLUSION A negative correlation between leptin and 25(OH)D levels varied according to sex, while for body composition, it was evident at 30 and 40% BF.
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