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Iacovelli JJ, Alpenglow JK, Ratchford SM, Craig JC, Simmons JM, Zhao J, Reese V, Bunsawat K, Ma CL, Ryan JJ, Wray DW. Statin administration improves vascular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:877-888. [PMID: 38385181 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00775.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by impaired vascular endothelial function that may be improved by hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme inhibition. Thus, using a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, this study evaluated the efficacy of 30-day atorvastatin administration (10 mg daily) on peripheral vascular function and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in 16 patients with HFpEF [Statin: n = 8, 74 ± 6 yr, ejection fraction (EF) 52-73%; Placebo: n = 8, 67 ± 9 yr, EF 56-72%]. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and sustained-stimulus FMD (SS-FMD) during handgrip (HG) exercise, reactive hyperemia (RH), and blood flow during HG exercise were evaluated to assess conduit vessel function, microvascular function, and exercising muscle blood flow, respectively. FMD improved following statin administration (pre, 3.33 ± 2.13%; post, 5.23 ± 1.35%; P < 0.01), but was unchanged in the placebo group. Likewise, SS-FMD, quantified using the slope of changes in brachial artery diameter in response to increases in shear rate, improved following statin administration (pre: 5.31e-5 ± 3.85e-5 mm/s-1; post: 8.54e-5 ± 4.98e-5 mm/s-1; P = 0.03), with no change in the placebo group. Reactive hyperemia and exercise hyperemia responses were unchanged in both statin and placebo groups. Statin administration decreased markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) (pre, 0.652 ± 0.095; post, 0.501 ± 0.094; P = 0.04), whereas other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were unchanged. Together, these data provide new evidence for the efficacy of low-dose statin administration to improve brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but not microvascular function or exercising limb blood flow, in patients with HFpEF, which may be due in part to reductions in oxidative stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate the impact of statin administration on vascular function and exercise hyperemia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In support of our hypothesis, both conventional flow-mediated dilation (FMD) testing and brachial artery vasodilation in response to sustained elevations in shear rate during handgrip exercise increased significantly in patients with HFpEF following statin administration, beneficial effects that were accompanied by a decrease in biomarkers of oxidative damage. However, contrary to our hypothesis, reactive hyperemia and exercise hyperemia were unchanged in patients with HFpEF following statin therapy. These data provide new evidence for the efficacy of low-dose statin administration to improve brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but not microvascular reactivity or exercising muscle blood flow in patients with HFpEF, which may be due in part to reductions in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred J Iacovelli
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jeremy K Alpenglow
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jonah M Simmons
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jia Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Van Reese
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christy L Ma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - John J Ryan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - D Walter Wray
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Ashry NA, Abdеlaziz RR, Suddеk GM, Saleh MA. Canagliflozin ameliorates aortic and hepatic dysfunction in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit. Life Sci 2021; 280:119731. [PMID: 34144054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Canagliflozin is an antidiabetic agent which lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting the glucose reabsorption machinery in the proximal tubules. There have not been conducted any study on its direct impact on hypercholesterolemia and associated vascular disorders independently of blood glucose lowering activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rabbits were arranged in 3 groups: Group 1 (Control): regular rabbit chow; Group 2 (HCD): 1% cholesterol-enriched chow was given to rabbits for 4 weeks; Group 3 (HCD-CANA): 1% cholesterol-enriched chow was fed to rabbits concurrently with canagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and vascular reactivity assessment. KEY FINDINGS When statistically compared to Control (P < 0.05), HCD showed a significant increase in the serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Furthermore, a significant decrease was seen in both liver and aortic levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase concurrently with a significant elevation in malondialdehyde levels. Aortic levels of nitrate/nitrite ratio were significantly elevated. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was impaired as the Emax decreased significantly in aortae. Moreover, a significant increase was seen in the level of aortic intima/media ratio. Canagliflozin treatment significantly improved vascular function, lipid profile and inflammation and reduced liver injury. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that SGLT-2 inhibition via canagliflozin not only possesses an antihyperglycemic activity, but also improves hypercholesterolemia, vascular and liver function in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Ashry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Rania R Abdеlaziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddеk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt.
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3
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Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Usai MF, Carru C, Mangoni AA. Effect of statin treatment on circulating malondialdehyde concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319862714. [PMID: 31367297 PMCID: PMC6643183 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319862714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of statins on oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), is still a matter of debate. We sought to address this issue by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data on the effect of statin treatment on systemic MDA concentrations. Methods A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Sciences and Scopus. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Results A total of 35 studies assessing MDA concentrations before and after statin treatment in 1512 participants (mean age 53.6 years, 48.7% males) were identified. Extreme between-study heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.0%, p < 0.001). Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) showed a significant reduction in plasma MDA concentrations after treatment (SMD = -1.47 µmol/l, 95% confidence interval = -1.89 to -1.05 μmol/l; p < 0.001). Similarly, a subgroup analysis of 10 studies that also included a placebo group showed a significant reduction in plasma MDA concentrations with statins (-1.03 μmol/l, 95% confidence interval = -1.52 to -0.29 μmol/l; p = 0.036). Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that statin treatment significantly reduces systemic MDA concentrations. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of extreme between-study heterogeneity, which warrants further intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Franca Usai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Talbot D, (Chris) Delaney JA, Sandfort V, Herrington DM, McClelland RL. Importance of the lipid-related pathways in the association between statins, mortality, and cardiovascular disease risk: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:365-372. [PMID: 29405501 PMCID: PMC5937846 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimating how much of the impact of statins on coronary heart diseases (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality risk is attributable to their effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides. METHODS A semi-parametric g-formula estimator together with data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (a prospective multi-center cohort study) was utilized to perform a mediation analysis. A total of 5280 participants, men and women of various race/ethnicities from multiple sites across the United States, were considered in the current study. RESULTS The adherence adjusted total relative risk reduction (RRR) estimate (95% confidence interval) of statins on CHD was 14% (-16%, 37%), and the indirect component through LDL was 23% (-4%, 58%). For CVD, the total RRR was 23% (2%, 40%), and the indirect component through LDL was 5% (-13%, 25%). The total RRR of mortality was 18% (-1%, 35%), and the indirect component through LDL was -4% (-17%, 12%). The estimated indirect components through HDL and triglycerides were close to zero with narrow confidence intervals for all 3 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The estimated effect of statins on mortality, CVD, and CHD appeared to be independent of their estimated effect on HDL and triglycerides. Our study provides evidence that the preventive effect of statins on CHD could be attributed in large part to their effect on LDL. Our g-formula estimator is a promising approach to elucidate pathways, even if it is hard to make firm conclusions for the LDL pathway on mortality and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Talbot
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Unité santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, CHU de Québec – Université Laval research center, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | | | | | - David M. Herrington
- Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kato M, Masuda T, Ogano M, Hotta K, Takagi H, Tanaka S, Kamada Y, Akiyama A, Kamekawa D, Shimizu R, Tabata M, Tanabe J, Umemoto T. Stretching Exercises Improve Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Through Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2017; 37:130-8. [PMID: 28225475 DOI: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endurance training improves oxidative stress and vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, patients with CHF and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) often avoid endurance training for fear of ICD shock. Recent studies have reported that stretching exercises enhance antioxidant activity and improve vascular responses. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of 4 weeks of stretching exercises on oxidative stress and vascular endothelial function in patients with CHF with an ICD or CRT-D. METHODS Fifty sedentary patients with CHF (78% males; mean age = 70 ± 9 years; left ventricular ejection fraction = 26% ± 8%) with an ICD or CRT-D were randomly divided into a group that performed 4 weeks of stretching exercises (stretching group) and a group that continued a sedentary lifestyle (control group). We compared the reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) index and blood parameters, such as von Willebrand factor (vWF), malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MDA-LDL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, pentraxin 3, and fibrinogen between the 2 groups before and after the 4-week study period. RESULTS In the stretching group, a significant increase in the RH-PAT index and significant decreases in vWF, MDA-LDL, ROS, and fibrinogen concentrations were observed after the study compared with before (all P < .05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSION Four weeks of stretching exercises improved vascular endothelial dysfunction through attenuation of oxidative stress in sedentary patients with CHF with an ICD or CRT-D.
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Yuan F, Hedayat AF, Ferguson CM, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mitoprotection attenuates myocardial vascular impairment in porcine metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H669-H680. [PMID: 29196345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00431.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) leads to cardiac vascular injury, which may reflect in increased retention of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Coronary endothelial cell (EC) mitochondria partly regulate vascular function and structure. We hypothesized that chronic mitoprotection would preserve EC mitochondria and attenuate coronary vascular injury and dysfunction in swine MetS. Pigs were studied after 16 wk of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 wk with the mitochondria-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg/kg sc once daily), and lean controls ( n = 6 each). Cardiac remodeling and function were assessed in vivo by multidetector-computed tomography (CT), and coronary artery and sinus blood samples were collected. EC mitochondrial density, apoptosis, oxidative stress, endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, myocardial microvascular density (three-dimensional microcomputed tomography), and coronary endothelial function (organ bath) were assessed ex vivo. The number and arteriovenous gradient of CD34+/KDR+ EPCs were calculated by FACS (a negative net gradient indicating EPC retention). MetS and MetS + ELAM pigs developed similar MetS (obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension). EC mitochondrial density decreased in MetS animals compared with lean animals but normalized in MetS + ELAM animals. ELAM also attenuated EC oxidative stress and apoptosis and improved subendocardial microvascular density. ELAM-induced vasculoprotection was reflected by decreased coronary retention of EPCs. ELAM also partly improved endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, coronary endothelial function, and vessel maturity, whereas myocardial perfusion was unaffected. Chronic mitoprotection improved coronary EC mitochondrial density and decreased vascular remodeling and dysfunction. However, additional mitochondria-independent mechanisms likely contribute to MetS-induced cardiac vascular injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study shows that chronic mitoprotection preserved coronary endothelial cell mitochondria and decreased vascular injury, subendocardial microvascular loss, coronary retention of endothelial progenitor cells, and release of markers of vascular injury. However, myocardial perfusion remained blunted, suggesting that additional mitochondria-independent mechanisms likely contribute to metabolic syndrome-induced cardiac vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmad F Hedayat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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Xie R, Yang Y, Cui W, Yin H, Zheng H, Zhang J, You L. Atorvastatin can ameliorate left atrial stunning induced by radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:985-992. [PMID: 28301729 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to study the functional changes of the left atrium after radiofrequency ablation treatment for atrial fibrillation and the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin. Fifty-eight patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation were randomly divided into non-atorvastatin group and atorvastatin group. Patients in the atorvastatin group were treated with atorvastatin 20 mg p.o. per night in addition to the conventional treatment of atrial fibrillation; patients in the non-atorvastatin group received conventional treatment of atrial fibrillation only. Echocardiography was performed before radiofrequency ablation operation and 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks after operation. Two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging system was used to measure the structural indexes of the left atrium. Results indicated that there was no significant change for indexes representing the structural status of the left atrium within a month after radiofrequency ablation (P > 0.05); however, there were significant changes for indexes representing the functional status of the left atrium. There were also significant changes in indexes reflecting left atrial strain status: the S and SRs of atorvastatin group were higher than those of non-atorvastatin group (P < 0.05). In summary, atorvastatin could improve left atrial function and shorten the duration of atrial stunning after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yingtao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hongning Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Ling You
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Lazou A, Görbe A, Giricz Z, Schulz R, Ferdinandy P. Effect of hypercholesterolaemia on myocardial function, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1555-1569. [PMID: 28060997 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is considered to be a principle risk factor for cardiovascular disease, having direct negative effects on the myocardium itself, in addition to the development of atherosclerosis. Since hypercholesterolaemia affects the global cardiac gene expression profile, among many other factors, it results in increased myocardial oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation triggered apoptosis, all of which may account for myocardial dysfunction and increased susceptibility of the myocardium to infarction. In addition, numerous experimental and clinical studies have revealed that hyperlcholesterolaemia may interfere with the cardioprotective potential of conditioning mechanisms. Although not fully elucidated, the underlying mechanisms for the lost cardioprotection in hypercholesterolaemic animals have been reported to involve dysregulation of the endothelial NOS-cGMP, reperfusion injury salvage kinase, peroxynitrite-MMP2 signalling pathways, modulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and apoptotic pathways. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on the effect of hypercholesterolaemia on the non-ischaemic and ischaemic heart as well as on the cardioprotection induced by drugs or ischaemic preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning. Future perspectives concerning the mechanisms and the design of preclinical and clinical trials are highlighted. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Tuuminen R, Holmström E, Raissadati A, Saharinen P, Rouvinen E, Krebs R, Lemström KB. Simvastatin pretreatment reduces caspase-9 and RIPK1 protein activity in rat cardiac allograft ischemia-reperfusion. Transpl Immunol 2016; 37:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Eirin A, Ebrahimi B, Kwon SH, Fiala JA, Williams BJ, Woollard JR, He Q, Gupta RC, Sabbah HN, Prakash YS, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Restoration of Mitochondrial Cardiolipin Attenuates Cardiac Damage in Swine Renovascular Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.115.003118. [PMID: 27247333 PMCID: PMC4937260 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Renovascular hypertension (RVH) impairs cardiac structure and left ventricular (LV) function, but whether mitochondrial injury is implicated in RVH‐induced myocardial damage and dysfunction has not been defined. We hypothesized that cardiac remodeling in swine RVH is partly attributable to cardiac mitochondrial injury. Methods and Results After 12 weeks of hypercholesterolemic (HC)‐RVH or control (n=14 each), pigs were treated for another 4 weeks with vehicle or with the mitochondrial‐targeted peptide (MTP), Bendavia (0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously, 5 days/week), which stabilizes mitochondrial inner‐membrane cardiolipin (n=7 each). Cardiac function was subsequently assessed by multidetector‐computed tomography and oxygenation by blood‐oxygen‐level–dependent magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiolipin content, mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as sarcoplasmic‐reticulum calcium cycling, myocardial tissue injury, and coronary endothelial function were assessed ex vivo. Additionally, mitochondrial cardiolipin content, oxidative stress, and bioenergetics were assessed in rat cardiomyocytes incubated with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) untreated or treated with MTP. Chronic mitoprotection in vivo restored cardiolipin content and mitochondrial biogenesis. Thapsigargin‐sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase activity that declined in HC‐RVH normalized in MTP‐treated pigs. Mitoprotection also improved LV relaxation (E/A ratio) and ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy, without affecting blood pressure or systolic function. Myocardial remodeling and coronary endothelial function improved only in MTP‐treated pigs. In tBHP‐treated cardiomyocytes, mitochondrial targeting attenuated a fall in cardiolipin content and bioenergetics. Conclusions Chronic mitoprotection blunted myocardial hypertrophy, improved LV relaxation, and attenuated myocardial cellular and microvascular remodeling, despite sustained HC‐RVH, suggesting that mitochondrial injury partly contributes to hypertensive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Behzad Ebrahimi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Justin A Fiala
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Quan He
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Ramech C Gupta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Hani N Sabbah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Bai HY, Mogi M, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Shan BS, Kukida M, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Min LJ, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Rosuvastatin and Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist on Vascular Remodeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:352-8. [PMID: 27225894 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that coadministration of rosuvastatin and compound 21 (C21), a selective angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor agonist, could exert synergistic preventive effects on vascular injury. Vascular injury was induced by polyethylene cuff placement on the femoral artery in 9-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated with rosuvastatin and/or with C21 after cuff placement. Neointima formation was determined 14 days after the operation and cell proliferation, and superoxide anion production and expression of inflammatory cytokines were examined 7 days after cuff placement. Neointima formation was significantly attenuated by the treatment of rosuvastatin (5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or C21 (10 μg kg(-1) day(-1)), associated with the decreases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index, oxidative stress, and the expression of inflammatory markers. Treatment with a noneffective dose of rosuvastatin (0.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) plus a low dose of C21 (1 μg kg(-1) day(-1)) inhibited the PCNA labeling index, superoxide anion production, mRNA expressions of NAD(P)H subunits, and mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory markers associated with marked inhibition of neointima formation. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor mRNA expression did not differ the groups. By contrast, AT2 receptor mRNA expression was increased by administration of C21 at the dose of 10 μg kg(-1) day(-1) but not by C21 at the dose of 1 μg kg(-1) day(-1) or rosuvastatin. The combination of rosuvastatin and AT2 receptor agonist exerted synergistic preventive effects on vascular remodeling associated with the decreases in cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reaction. That could be a powerful approach to vascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Harumi Kan-No
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Kana Tsukuda
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kukida
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yamauchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Higaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology (H.-Y.B., M.M., H.N., H.K., K.T., X.-L.W., B.-S.S., M.K., T.Y., A.H., L.M., J.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology (M.K., A.H.), and Department of Pediatrics (T.Y.), Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Japan
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López-Canales JS, Lozano-Cuenca J, López-Canales OA, Aguilar-Carrasco JC, Aranda-Zepeda L, López-Sánchez P, Castillo-Henkel EF, López-Mayorga RM, Valencia-Hernández I. Pharmacological characterization of mechanisms involved in the vasorelaxation produced by rosuvastatin in aortic rings from rats with a cafeteria-style diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:653-61. [PMID: 25881486 PMCID: PMC4654262 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the possible influence of several inhibitors and blockers on the vascular effect produced by the acute in vitro application of rosuvastatin to phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings from rats with a semi-solid, cafeteria-style (CAF) diet. It also aimed to examine the effects of rosuvastatin on the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase, constitutive cyclooxygenase, and inducible cyclooxygenase in aortic rings from rats with a CAF diet. From comparisons of the effect on phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings extracted from rats with two different diets (a standard and a CAF diet), it was found that 10−9–10−5-mol/L rosuvastatin produced lower concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on rings from the CAF diet group. The vasorelaxant effect was unaffected by the vehicle, but it was significantly attenuated by 10−5-mol/L NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, 10−2-mol/L tetraethylammonium, 10−3-mol/L 4-aminopyridine, 10−7-mol/L apamin plus 10−7-mol/L charybdotoxin, 10−5-mol/L indomethacin, or 10−5-mol/L cycloheximide. Moreover, in aortic rings from rats with a CAF diet, rosuvastatin enhanced the expression of eNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase, constitutive cyclooxygenase, and inducible cyclooxygenase. The acute in vitro application of rosuvastatin to phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings from rats with a CAF diet had a vasorelaxant effect. Overall, the present results suggest that the stimulation of eNOS, the opening of Ca2+-activated and voltage-activated K+ channels, the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis and enhanced protein levels of eNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase, constitutive cyclooxygenase, and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved in this relaxant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Skiold López-Canales
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Cellular Biology, National Intstitute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jair Lozano-Cuenca
- Department of Cellular Biology, National Intstitute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Alberto López-Canales
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Lidia Aranda-Zepeda
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ruth Mery López-Mayorga
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Valencia-Hernández
- Section of Postgraduate Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Shehatou GSG, Suddek GM. Sulforaphane attenuates the development of atherosclerosis and improves endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:426-36. [PMID: 26490346 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215609695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to explore possible protective effects of sulforaphane (SFN) against atherosclerosis development and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were assigned to three groups of five: group I fed normal chow diet for four weeks, group II fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) and group III fed HCD + SFN (0.25 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Aortic malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. Vascular reactivity and intima/media (I/M) ratio were analyzed. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in aortic endothelial cells was identified immunohistochemically. HCD induced significant increases in serum TGs, TC, LDL-C, LDH, and CRP, and aortic MDA and SOD. Moreover, HCD caused significant reductions in serum HDL-C, aortic GSH and NOx. SFN administration significantly decreased HCD-induced elevations in serum TC, LDL-C, CRP, and LDH. while significantly increased HDL-C and GSH levels and normalized aortic SOD and NOx. Additionally, SFN significantly improved rabbit aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine. Moreover, SFN significantly reduced the elevation in I/M ratio. This effect was confirmed by aortic histopathologic examination. The expression of NF-κB in aortic tissue showed a marked reduction upon treatment with SFN. In conclusion, this study reveals that SFN has the ability to ameliorate HCD-induced atherosclerotic lesions progression and vascular dysfunction, possibly via its lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects and suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Tuuminen R, Sahanne S, Haukka J, Loukovaara S. Improved outcome after primary vitrectomy in diabetic patients treated with statins. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016;26:174-181. [PMID: 26350989 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of preoperative statin treatment on the outcome of primary vitrectomy in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. METHODS In this open, observational institutional study, a total of 192 eyes of 171 type 1 and 2 adult diabetic patients admitted for primary vitrectomy for management of sight-threatening forms of diabetic retinopathy were divided according to the use of lipid-lowering therapy: those with statin treatment (79 eyes of 73 patients) and those taking no statin medication (113 eyes of 98 patients). One-month best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) gain and cumulative 12-month revitrectomy frequency were analyzed. RESULTS In multivariate linear regression, diabetic patients with statin treatment had a better 1-month BCVA improvement than did those without statin treatment (absolute difference 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.50, p = 0.028). Subgroup analysis revealed that diabetic patients on statin had better postoperative BCVA improvement when preoperative status included partial or panretinal laser photocoagulation (p = 0.042 and p = 0.049) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (p = 0.011). Moreover, diabetic patients with preoperative macular edema (p = 0.009), vitreous hemorrhage (p<0.001), proliferative retinopathy (p<0.001), or tractional retinal detachment (p = 0.010) had better BCVA recovery if receiving statin. In Cox proportional hazards regression model, revitrectomies in our 12-month follow-up were less frequent in diabetic patients on statin treatment (hazard ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.08-0.93, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel insight into the potential clinical benefit for patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitrectomy treated with statin.
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Tsikas D, Pham VV, Suchy MT, van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Frölich JC, Princen HM. No effects of atorvastatin (10mg/d or 80mg/d) on nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thromboxane and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of the DALI study. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chu UB, Duellman T, Weaver SJ, Tao Y, Yang J. Endothelial protective genes induced by statin are mimicked by ERK5 activation as triggered by a drug combination of FTI-277 and GGTI-298. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1415-25. [PMID: 25829196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and are clinically beneficial in preventing cardiovascular diseases, however, the therapeutic utility of these drugs is limited by myotoxicity. Here, we explored the mechanism of statin-mediated activation of ERK5 in the human endothelium with the goal of identifying compounds that confer endothelial protection but are nontoxic to muscle. METHODS An ERK5-one hybrid luciferase reporter transfected into COS-7 cells with pharmacological and molecular manipulations dissected the signaling pathway leading to statin activation of ERK5. qRT-PCR of HUVEC cells documented the transcriptional activation of endothelial-protective genes. Lastly, morphological and cellular ATP analysis, and induction of atrogin-1 in C2C12 myotubes were used to assess statin-induced myopathy. RESULTS Statin activation of ERK5 is dependent on the cellular reduction of GGPPs. Furthermore, we found that the combination of FTI-277 (inhibitor of farnesyl transferase) and GGTI-298 (inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase I) mimicked the statin-mediated activation of ERK5. FTI-277 and GGTI-298 together recapitulated the beneficial effects of statins by transcriptionally upregulating anti-inflammatory mediators such as eNOS, THBD, and KLF2. Finally, C2C12 skeletal myotubes treated with both FTI-277 and GGTI-298 evoked less morphological and cellular changes recognized as biomarkers of statin-associated myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Statin-induced endothelial protection and myopathy are mediated by distinct metabolic intermediates and co-inhibition of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I confer endothelial protection without myopathy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The combinatorial FTI-277 and GGTI-298 drug regimen provides a promising alternative avenue for endothelial protection without myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Tyler Duellman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sara J Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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Wu N, Li W, Shu W, Lv Y, Jia D. Inhibition of Rho-kinase by fasudil restores the cardioprotection of ischemic postconditioninng in hypercholesterolemic rat heart. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2517-24. [PMID: 25231456 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) reduces lethal reperfusion injury under normal conditions, but its effectiveness is blocked by hypercholesterolemia. The present study aimed to determine whether the inhibition of Rho‑kinase by fasudil restores the cardioprotection of IPoC in the hypercholesterolemic rat heart, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this process. The isolated rat hearts underwent 30 min global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. IPoC was induced by six cycles of 10 sec ischemia and 10 sec reperfusion at the onset of the reperfusion. Fasudil was administered 15 min prior to ischemia, and wortmannin and L‑NAME were administered following IPoC. The myocardial infarct size, apoptosis, myocardial nitric oxide (NO) content and Rho‑kinase activity, as well as the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PI3K/Akt/eNOS) pathway, were examined. The results revealed that IPoC and 1 µM fasudil treatment alone failed to reduce the infarct size and apoptosis rate. However, IPoC combined with 1 µM fasudil treatment or 10 µM fasudil treatment alone restored the cardioprotection as evidenced by the decreasing in infarct size and apoptosis rate, whereas it was blocked by the administration of wortmannin or L‑NAME. Furthermore, IPoC combined with 1 µM fasudil treatment also enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS and conferred a significant increase in the content of NO. By contrast, no significant improvements were demonstrated in the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, as well as myocardial NO content when treated with 1 µM fasudil and IPoC alone. The inhibition of Rho‑kinase by fasudil was able to restore the cardioprotection of IPoC in the hypercholesterolemic rat heart. The underlying mechanisms involved in this process appear to be mediated by the activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal pathway and an increase in the myocardial NO content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wenna Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Shu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Pecoraro V, Moja L, Dall'Olmo L, Cappellini G, Garattini S. Most appropriate animal models to study the efficacy of statins: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:848-71. [PMID: 25066257 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal models and clinical trials, statins are reported as effective in reducing cholesterol levels and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We have aggregated the findings in animal models - mice, rats and rabbits - using the technique of systematic review and meta-analysis to highlight differences in the efficacy of statins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched Medline and Embase. After examining all eligible articles, we extracted results about total cholesterol and other blood parameters, blood pressure, myocardial infarction and survival. Weighted and standard mean difference random effects meta-analysis was used to measure overall efficacy in prespecified species, strains and subgroups. RESULTS We included in systematic review 161 animal studies and we analysed 120 studies, accounting for 2432 animals. Statins lowered the total cholesterol across all species, although with large differences in the effect size: -30% in rabbits, -20% in mice and -10% in rats. The reduction was larger in animals fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Statins reduced infarct volume but did not consistently reduce the blood pressure or effect the overall survival. Few studies considered strains at high risk of cardiovascular diseases or hard outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although statins showed substantial efficacy in animal models, few preclinical data considered conditions mimicking human pathologies for which the drugs are clinically indicated and utilized. The empirical finding that statins are more effective in lowering cholesterol derived from an external source (i.e. diet) conflicts with statin's supposed primary mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pecoraro
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Endothelial dysfunction and the imbalance between nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species production in the vascular endothelium are important early steps in atherogenesis, a major socioeconomic health problem. Statins have well-established roles in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), due to both their lipid-lowering capacity and their pleiotropic properties. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms by which statins can modify endothelial function and affect atherogenesis. RECENT ADVANCES In the last decade, the concept of statin pleiotropy has been reinforced by a large number of cell culture, animal, and translational studies. Statins have been shown to suppress the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes (such as NADPH oxidase) and pro-inflammatory transcriptional pathways in the endothelium. At the same time, they enhance endothelial NO synthase expression and activity while they also improve its enzymatic coupling. This leads to increased NO bioavailability and improved endothelial function. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite significant recent advances, the exact mechanisms of statin pleitropy are still only partially understood. The vast majority of the published literature relies on animal studies, while the actual mechanistic studies in humans are limited. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The success of statins as endothelium redox-modifying agents with a direct impact on clinical outcome highlights the importance of the endothelium as a therapeutic target in CVD. Better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie endothelial dysfunction could lead to the design of novel therapeutic strategies that target the vascular endothelium for the prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Margaritis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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Janardhanan R, Yang B, Vohra P, Roy B, Withers S, Bhattacharya S, Mandrekar J, Kong H, Leof EB, Mukhopadhyay D, Misra S. Simvastatin reduces venous stenosis formation in a murine hemodialysis vascular access model. Kidney Int 2013; 84:338-52. [PMID: 23636169 PMCID: PMC3731558 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) is responsible for hemodialysis vascular access malfunction. Here we tested whether VNH formation occurs, in part, due to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 gene expression causing adventitial fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts (α-SMA-positive cells). These cells have increased proliferative and migratory capacity leading to VNH formation. Simvastatin was used to decrease VEGF-A and MMP-9 gene expression in our murine arteriovenous fistula model created by connecting the right carotid artery to the ipsilateral jugular vein. Compared to fistulae of vehicle-treated mice, the fistulae of simvastatin-treated mice had the expected decrease in VEGF-A and MMP-9 but also showed a significant reduction in MMP-2 expression with a significant decrease in VNH and a significant increase in the mean lumen vessel area. There was an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and decreases in α-SMA density, cell proliferation, and HIF-1α and hypoxyprobe staining. This latter result prompted us to determine the effect of simvastatin on fibroblasts subjected to hypoxia in vitro. Simvastatin-treated fibroblasts had a significant decrease in myofibroblast production along with decreased cellular proliferation, migration, and MMP-9 activity but increased caspase 3 activity suggesting increased apoptosis. Thus, simvastatin results in a significant reduction in VNH, with increase in mean lumen vessel area by decreasing VEGF-A/MMP-9 pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Janardhanan
- Department of Radiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abbas AM, Sakr HF. Simvastatin and vitamin E effects on cardiac and hepatic oxidative stress in rats fed on high fat diet. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:737-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brioschi M, Lento S, Tremoli E, Banfi C. Proteomic analysis of endothelial cell secretome: A means of studying the pleiotropic effects of Hmg-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Proteomics 2013; 78:346-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sang H, Yuan N, Yao S, Li F, Wang J, Fang Y, Qin S. Inhibitory effect of the combination therapy of simvastatin and pinocembrin on atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:166. [PMID: 23216643 PMCID: PMC3567959 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of the combination therapy of pinocembrin and simvastatin on the atherosclerotic lesions development in the ApoE−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity has detrimental effects on the microcirculation. Functional changes in microvascular responsiveness may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular complications in obese patients. Emerging evidence indicates that selective therapeutic targeting of the microvessels may prevent life-threatening obesity-related vascular complications, such as ischaemic heart disease, heart failure and hypertension. It is also plausible that alterations in adipose tissue microcirculation contribute to the development of obesity. Therefore, targeting adipose tissue arterioles could represent a novel approach to reducing obesity. This review aims to examine recent studies that have been focused on vasomotor dysfunction of resistance arteries in obese humans and animal models of obesity. Particularly, findings in coronary resistance arteries are contrasted to those obtained in other vascular beds. We provide examples of therapeutic attempts, such as use of statins, ACE inhibitors and insulin sensitizers to prevent obesity-related microvascular complications. We further identify some of the important challenges and opportunities going forward. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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Tian XY, Wong WT, Xu A, Chen ZY, Lu Y, Liu LM, Lee VW, Lau CW, Yao X, Huang Y. Rosuvastatin improves endothelial function in db/db mice: role of angiotensin II type 1 receptors and oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:598-606. [PMID: 21486274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, with lipid-reducing properties combat against atherosclerosis and diabetes. The favourable modulation of endothelial function may play a significant role in this effect. The present study aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic benefits of rosuvastatin in ameliorating diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twelve-week-old db/db diabetic mice were treated with rosuvastatin at 20 mg·kg⁻¹ ·day⁻¹ p.o.for 6 weeks. Isometric force was measured in isolated aortae and renal arteries. Protein expressions including angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT₁R), NOX4, p22(phox) , p67(phox) , Rac-1, nitrotyrosine, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38 were determined by Western blotting, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the vascular wall was evaluated by dihydroethidium fluorescence and lucigenin assay. KEY RESULTS Rosuvastatin treatment of db/db mice reversed the impaired ACh-induced endothelium-dependent dilatations in both renal arteries and aortae and prevented the exaggerated contractions to angiotensin II and phenylephrine in db/db mouse renal arteries and aortae. Rosuvastatin reduced the elevated expressions of AT₁R, p22(phox) and p67(phox) , NOX4, Rac1, nitrotyrosine and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibited ROS production in aortae from db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The vasoprotective effects of rosuvastatin are attributed to an increase in NO bioavailability, which is probably achieved by its inhibition of ROS production from the AT₁R-NAD(P)H oxidase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Tian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong, China
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Andreadou I, Farmakis D, Prokovas E, Sigala F, Zoga A, Spyridaki K, Papalois A, Papapetropoulos A, Anastasiou-Nana M, Kremastinos DT, Iliodromitis EK. Short-term statin administration in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits resistant to postconditioning: effects on infarct size, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and nitro-oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:501-9. [PMID: 22411971 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effectiveness of postconditioning (POC) in hypercholesterolaemia is in dispute. We investigated the effects of 3-day lipophilc (simvastatin) or hydrophilic (pravastatin) statin treatment, without or with POC in normocholesterolaemic (Norm) and hypercholesterolaemic (Chol) rabbits. METHODS AND RESULTS Norm or Chol rabbits were subjected to 30 min ischaemia and randomized in two series of 12 groups each: control, simvastatin (Sim), pravastatin (Prav), POC, Sim-POC, Prav-POC, Chol, Sim-Chol, Prav-Chol, POC-Chol, Sim-POC-Chol, Prav-POC-Chol. After ischaemia, rabbits of the first series underwent 3 h reperfusion, followed by infarct size, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein plasma level evaluation; animals of the second series underwent 10 min reperfusion followed by tissue sampling for nitrotyrosine (NT), malondialdehyde, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Akt analyses. N-nitro-l-arginine methylester (L-NAME) was given in two additional groups (POC-L-NAME and Prav-Chol-L-NAME) for infarct size assessment. All interventions reduced infarction in Norm (24.3 ± 1.3, 25.9 ± 2.8, 27.9 ± 3.1, 23.3 ± 2.3, and 33.4 ± 2.5%, in POC, Sim, Prav, Sim-POC, and Prav-POC groups, respectively, vs. 49.3 ± 1.9% in control, P < 0.05), but only Prav did so in Chol animals (25.7 ± 3.3 and 25.3 ± 3.9% in Prav-Chol and Prav-POC-Chol vs. 50.9 ± 1.7, 44.8 ± 4.3, 41.5 ± 3.5, and 49.3 ± 5.5% in Chol, Sim-Chol, POC-Chol, and Sim-POC-Chol, respectively, P < 0.05). L-NAME abolished the infarct size-limiting effect of POC and Prav-Chol. Prav induced the greatest reduction in NT, while it was the only intervention that increased myocardial eNOS and Akt in Chol rabbits (P < 0.05 vs. all others). CONCLUSION Prav, in contrast to same-dose Sim or POC, reduces infarction in Chol rabbits independently of lipid lowering, potentially through eNOS activation and nitro-oxidative stress attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Urbieta-Caceres VH, Zhu XY, Gibson ME, Favreau FD, Jordan K, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Reversal of experimental renovascular hypertension restores coronary microvascular function and architecture. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:458-65. [PMID: 21233798 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction, which are independent factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We hypothesized that decreased blood pressure by percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) would improve the function and architecture of coronary microvessels, in association with decreased inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Three groups of pigs were studied: normal, HTN, and HTN+PTRA. After 6 weeks of renovascular HTN, induced by placing a local-irritant coil in the renal artery, pigs underwent PTRA or sham. Four weeks later multidetector-computed tomography (CT) was used to assess systolic, diastolic, and microvascular function, and responses to adenosine. Microvascular architecture, oxygen sensors, inflammation, and fibrosis were then explored in cardiac tissue. RESULTS PTRA successfully decreased blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Basal fractional vascular volume (FVV) was similar among the groups, but its response to adenosine was significantly attenuated in HTN, whereas microvascular permeability (MP) and response to adenosine were greater than normal. Both were restored by PTRA. These were accompanied by increased myocardial expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, inflammation, and microvascular remodeling, including increased density of epicardial microvessels (20-200 µm), as well as cardiac diastolic dysfunction, all of which improved by reversal of HTN. However, PTRA only partially decreased myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Reversal of early renovascular HTN improved coronary microvascular function and architecture and reversed myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, in association with decreased levels of myocardial ischemia and inflammation markers, underscoring the benefits of blood pressure normalization for preservation of cardiovascular function and structure.
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Mannheim D, Herrmann J, Bonetti PO, Lavi R, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Simvastatin preserves diastolic function in experimental hypercholesterolemia independently of its lipid lowering effect. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:283-91. [PMID: 21414623 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated diastolic dysfunction is present in 40% of heart failure patients. It has been attributed to myocardial fibrosis and related to cardiovascular risk factor exposure. We hypothesized that simvastatin will improve these dynamics in experimental hypercholesterolemia (HC). METHODS Three groups of pigs were studied after 12 weeks of normal (N) diet, HC diet, or HC diet with simvastatin (80 mg/day) treatment. Cardiac function was assessed by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and percentage of myocardium occupied by microvessels (myocardial vascular fraction) was calculated by micro-CT. Collagen content was determined by Sirius red staining and confirmed by a quantitative, hydroxyoproline-based assay. RESULTS Compared with N, LDL serum concentration was higher in HC and HC+simvastatin (1.0±0.1 vs. 7.9±1.7 and 9.6±1.2 mmol/L, p<0.05 for both). Cardiac early diastolic filling was reduced in HC compared with N (102.4±11.3 vs. 151.1±12.1 mL/s; p<0.05) but restored in HC+simvastatin (176.8±21.3 mL/s, p<0.05 vs. HC). Compared with N, myocardial vascular fraction was higher in HC but not in HC+simvastatin (1.98±0.84 vs. 4.48±0.31 and 2.95±0.95%; p<0.05 for HC vs. N). Myocardial collagen content was higher in HC than in HC+simvastatin and N (4.72±1.03 vs. 1.62±0.12 and 1.21±0.24% area staining; p<0.05 for HC vs. N), which was attributable mainly to an increase in collagen III (2.90±0.48 vs. 1.62±0.12 and 1.21±0.24% area staining; p<0.05 for HC vs. N). CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin is able to prevent diastolic dysfunction in experimental HC independent of its lipid lowering effect. This beneficial effect is, at least partially, due to a decrease in myocardial fibrosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallit Mannheim
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Puccetti L, Santilli F, Pasqui AL, Lattanzio S, Liani R, Ciani F, Ferrante E, Ciabattoni G, Scarpini F, Ghezzi A, Auteri A, Davì G. Effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on thromboxane-dependent platelet activation and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:122-8. [PMID: 21056418 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the time-dependent effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on in vivo oxidative stress and platelet activation, to assess whether these phenomena are related to any pleiotropic effect of any statin or to their LDL-lowering effect. We also asked whether the presence of specific allele frequencies in carriers of the 3'UTR/lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) polymorphism may influence the effect of either statin. METHODS We included 60 hypercholesterolemic subjects, previously screened for LOX-1 3'UTR polymorphism, randomized, according to genetic profile (15 T and 15 C carriers for each arm), to atorvastatin 20mg/day or rosuvastatin 10mg/day. RESULTS After 8 weeks, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were associated with comparable, significant reductions in LDL cholesterol (40.8% and 43.6%, respectively), plasma hs-CRP (9.5% vs. 13.8%), urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane (TX) B(2) (38.9% vs. 27.1%) and 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) (39.4% vs. 19.4%). The impact of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin on CRP, 8-iso-PGF(2α), and 11-dehydro-TXB(2) did not differ according to the LOX-1 haplotype. On multiple regression analyses, only CRP and LDL were independent predictors of 11-dehydro-TXB(2), and only LDL was a significant predictor of 8-iso-PGF(2α). CONCLUSIONS Both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin cause comparable reductions of thromboxane-dependent platelet activation, lipid peroxidation and inflammation. The presence of 3'UTR/LOX-1 polymorphism does not affect the changes induced by either statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puccetti
- Center for Atherosclerosis Research, University of Siena, v.le Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Vladimirova-Kitova LG, Deneva-Koycheva T. Asymmetric dimethylarginine—a determinant of the effect of the high dose Simvastatin. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:843-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kim HW, Kang SW, Lee HY, Choi DH, Shim WH, Kim SI, Kim YS, Choi KH. Correlates of the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in long-term kidney transplant patients. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:706-11. [PMID: 20436705 PMCID: PMC2858828 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.5.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of early death and graft loss in renal transplant patients. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and echocardiographic parameters independently associated with the angiographically-determined severity of coronary atherosclerosis in long-term kidney transplant patients. Fifty-two kidney transplant recipients who underwent elective coronary angiography were reviewed retrospectively. Angiographic severity was evaluated using the modified Gensini index (MGI). The mean age at coronary angiography was 52.5+/-7.9 yr with a mean prior transplant duration of 118.1+/-58.8 months. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation of MGI with transplant duration before coronary angiography and chronic allograft nephropathy, whereas an inverse correlation was demonstrated with ejection fraction and statin use. On subsequent multivariate linear regression analysis, transplant duration before coronary angiography, statin use, and ejection fraction were independently associated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in long-term kidney transplant patients. In summary, our study demonstrates that statin use, ejection fraction, and transplant duration before coronary angiography are independent parameters associated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in long-term kidney transplant patients. Further investigation is required to reduce the atherosclerotic burden in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University College of Medicine Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Heum Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Seun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We measured components of the kallikrein- kinin system in human type 2 diabetes mellitus and the effects of statin therapy on the circulating kallikrein-kinin system. METHODS Circulating levels of bradykinin and kallidin peptides, and high and low molecular weight kininogens, as well as plasma and tissue kallikrein, and kallistatin were measured in non-diabetic and diabetic patients before coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Tissue kallikrein levels in atrial tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry and atrial tissue kallikrein mRNA quantified. RESULTS Plasma levels of tissue kallikrein were approximately 62% higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients (p=0.001), whereas no differences were seen in circulating levels of bradykinin and kallidin peptides, and high and low molecular weight kininogens, or in plasma kallikrein or kallistatin. Immunohistochemistry revealed a twofold increase in tissue kallikrein levels in atrial myocytes (p= 0.015), while tissue kallikrein mRNA levels were increased eightfold in atrial tissue of diabetic patients (p=0.014). Statin therapy did not change any variables of the circulating kallikrein-kinin system. Neither aspirin, calcium antagonists, beta blockers or long-acting nitrate therapies influenced any kallikrein-kinin system variable. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Tissue kallikrein levels are increased in type 2 diabetes, whereas statin therapy does not modify the circulating kallikrein-kinin system. Cardiac tissue kallikrein may play a greater cardioprotective role in type 2 diabetic than in non-diabetic patients and contribute to the benefits of ACE inhibitor therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. However, our findings do not support a role for the kallikrein-kinin system in mediating the effects of statin therapy on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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Matsumoto T, Fujita M, Sawamura T, Kakino A, Sato Y, Fujita Y, Matsuda H, Nakanishi M, Uchida K, Nakae I, Kanda H, Yoshida A, Miwa K, Hayashi H, Mitsunami K, Horie M. Pitavastatin reduces lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 ligands in hypercholesterolemic humans. Lipids 2010; 45:329-35. [PMID: 20229124 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of pitavastatin on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Twenty-five hypercholesterolemic patients (8 male, 17 female; age 66 +/- 13, 21-80 years) who had not received anti-dyslipidemic agents and had LDL-C levels of more than 160 mg/dL were examined. Biochemical factors were measured at baseline and after treatment with pitavastatin (2 mg/day) for 6 months. Serum levels of LOX-1 with apolipoprotein B-100 particle ligand and a soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) were measured by ELISA. All subjects completed the study with no adverse side effects. Total-C (268 +/- 26 vs. 176 +/- 17 mg/dL), LDL-C (182 +/- 21 vs. 96 +/- 14 mg/dL), and LOX-1 ligand (867 +/- 452 vs. 435 +/- 262 ng/mL) were reduced with pitavastatin treatment (P < 0.0001 for each). Significant decreases in triacylglycerols were noted (P < 0.0001), but there were no changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. After 6 months, there were no significant changes in high-sensitivity CRP or soluble LOX-1. At baseline, there were no significant correlations between LOX-1 ligand and either LDL-C or sLOX-1. The decrease in LOX-1 ligand was not correlated with the decrease in LDL-C, but was correlated with the decrease in sLOX-1 (r = 0.47, P < 0.05). In conclusion, pitavastatin therapy had beneficial effects on markers of oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Serum levels of LOX-1 ligand may be a useful biomarker of the pleiotropic effects of statins.
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Lavi R, Zhu XY, Chade AR, Lin J, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Simvastatin decreases endothelial progenitor cell apoptosis in the kidney of hypertensive hypercholesterolemic pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:976-83. [PMID: 20203299 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia might interfere with renal repair mechanisms. We hypothesized that simvastatin improves the survival of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in the renal microenvironment imposed by concurrent renovascular hypertension and dietary hypercholesterolemia (HTC). METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs were studied after 12 weeks of no intervention (n=6), HTC (n=6), or HTC+ oral simvastatin supplementation (80 mg/day, n=5). EPC were also isolated and studied in vitro after exposure to the proapoptotic oxidized low-density lipoprotein with or without coincubation with simvastatin. Renal hemodynamics, function, and endothelial function were evaluated in vivo, and the number of CD34+/KDR+ EPC, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in renal tissue studied ex vivo. Compared with normal kidney, the HTC kidney showed endothelial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, interstitial macrophage filtration, and fibrosis. The number of EPC in the kidney increased, as did their apoptosis (0.85+/-0.24% versus 0.22+/-0.07%, P<0.05 versus normal). Simvastatin did not affect blood pressure, cholesterol levels, basal renal function, or number of renal EPC in HTC, but it improved endothelial function; blunted renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis; and attenuated EPC apoptosis (to 0.37+/-0.09%, P<0.05 versus HTC). Simvastatin also significantly decreased oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced EPC apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSION EPC are recruited but undergo apoptosis in the HTC kidney, likely because of a hostile microenvironment. Simvastatin rescues renal repair mechanisms in HTC and counteracts renal damage, which may account for its protective effects on the kidney during exposure to cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Lavi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Trocha M, Merwid-Ląd A, Szuba A, Chlebda E, Pieśsniewska M, Sozański T, Szeląg A. Effect of simvastatin on nitric oxide synthases (eNOS, iNOS) and arginine and its derivatives (ADMA, SDMA) in ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:343-51. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vladimirova-Kitova LG, Terzieva DD, Nikolov FP. Asymmetric dimethylarginine determines the effect of simvastatin on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in severe hypercholesterolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rodríguez C, Alcudia JF, Martínez-González J, Guadall A, Raposo B, Sánchez-Gómez S, Badimon L. Statins normalize vascular lysyl oxidase down-regulation induced by proatherogenic risk factors. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:595-603. [PMID: 19406911 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Statins are lipid-lowering drugs widely used in the management of vascular diseases. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that statins improve endothelial function by both cholesterol-lowering-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have previously shown that endothelial dysfunction induced by risk factors and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with down-regulation of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a key enzyme modulating extracellular matrix maturation and vascular integrity. Our aim was to analyse whether statins could normalize LOX expression impaired by proatherogenic risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that pharmacological concentrations of statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) modulated LOX transcriptional activity, counteracting the down-regulation of LOX (at the mRNA, protein, and activity level) caused by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in porcine, bovine, and human aortic endothelial cells. Geranylgeraniol but not farnesol reversed this effect, suggesting the involvement of geranylgeranylated proteins. In accordance, inhibitors of RhoA/Rho kinase also counteracted LOX down-regulation caused by TNFalpha, and over-expression of a RhoA dominant-negative mutant mimicked statin effects. Statins were also able to counteract the decrease in LOX expression produced by atherogenic concentrations of LDL by a similar mechanism and to partially prevent the increase in endothelial permeability elicited by these lipoproteins. Finally, in the in vivo porcine model of hypercholesterolaemia, we observed that statins abrogated the reduction of vascular LOX expression triggered by high plasma levels of LDL. CONCLUSION These data indicate that statins normalize vascular LOX expression altered by atherogenic risk factors through a RhoA/Rho kinase-dependent mechanism. Thus, modulation of LOX by statins could contribute to vascular protection and to the cardiovascular risk reduction achieved by this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Antoni M Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
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Mannacio VA, Iorio D, De Amicis V, Di Lello F, Musumeci F. Effect of rosuvastatin pretreatment on myocardial damage after coronary surgery: A randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136:1541-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the main receptor for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two relatively common variants of the TLR4 gene are present, resulting in changes from aspartic acid (D) to glycine (G) at residue 299 and from threonine (T) to isoleucine (I) at residue 399, respectively. It has been shown that statins have a greater effect on lowering risk of cardiovascular events in individuals carrying the 299G allele than in those not carrying this allele. We investigated possible mechanisms underlying this synergy of statin treatment and TLR4 genotype. METHODS AND RESULTS In cells expressing the 299D-399T TLR4, LPS activated the transcription factor NFkappaB and increased the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and these effects were reduced by pretreatment of the cells with pravastatin or simvastatin. LPS-induced NFkappaB activation and interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression were substantially reduced in cell expressing the 299G-399T or 299D-399I variant, and undetectable in cells expressing the 299G-399I TLR4. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A pathway inhibitors, Y27632 and GGTI-286, exhibited a similar effect to statins, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of statins was mediated by the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A pathway. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that the TLR4 variations and statins have an additive inhibitory effect on TLR4-mediated inflammatory response, providing a potential explanation for the finding that the beneficial effect of statins on cardiovascular risk is dependent on TLR4 genotype.
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Ky B, Burke A, Tsimikas S, Wolfe ML, Tadesse MG, Szapary PO, Witztum JL, FitzGerald GA, Rader DJ. The influence of pravastatin and atorvastatin on markers of oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1653-62. [PMID: 18436117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pravastatin and atorvastatin on markers of oxidative stress in plasma. BACKGROUND Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular risk, but their effects on circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress are not well-defined. METHODS Hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 120, ages 21 to 80 years with LDL-C 130 to 220 mg/dl) were randomized in a double-blind, parallel design to pravastatin 40 mg/day (prava40), atorvastatin 10 mg/day (atorva10), atorvastatin 80 mg/day (atorva80), or placebo. At baseline and 16 weeks, urinary isoprostanes (8, 12-iso-iPF(2 alpha)-VI isoform), plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), Mercodia oxidized LDL (OxLDL) with antibody 4E6, oxidized phospholipids/apolipoprotein B-100 particle (OxPL/apoB) with antibody E06, immunoglobulin (Ig)G/IgM autoantibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA)-LDL, and apolipoprotein B (apoB)-immune complexes (IC) were measured. RESULTS After 16 weeks, there were no significant changes in urinary 8, 12-iso-iPF(2 alpha)-VI. The Lp-PLA2 and OxLDL were reduced in statin-treated groups, but after adjusting for apoB, only prava40 led to a reduction in Lp-PLA2 (-15%, p = 0.008) and atorva10 to a decrease in OxLDL (-12.9%, p = 0.01). The OxPL/apoB increased 25.8% (p < 0.01) with prava40 and 20.2% (p < 0.05) with atorva80. There were no changes in MDA-LDL autoantibodies, but significant decreases in IC were noted. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that statin therapy results in variable effects on oxidative stress markers in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Future outcome studies should collectively assess various oxidative markers to define clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ky
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Abstract
The microcirculation is a complex and integrated system, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The key component of this system is the endothelium, contributing to the local balance between pro and anti-inflammatory mediators, hemostatic balance, as well as vascular permeability and cell proliferation. A constant shear stress maintains vascular endothelium homeostasis while perturbed shear stress leads to changes in secretion of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents. Increased oxidative stress is a major pathogenetic mechanism of endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO bioavailability, promoting inflammation and participating in activation of intracellular signals cascade, so influencing ion channels activation, signal transduction pathways, cytoskeleton remodelling, intercellular communication and ultimately gene expression. Targeting the microvascular inflammation and oxidative stress is a fascinating approach for novel therapies in order to decrease morbidity and mortality of chronic and acute diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crimi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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de Albuquerque RM, Virgini-Magalhães CE, Lencastre Sicuro F, Bottino DA, Bouskela E. Effects of cilostazol and pentoxifylline on forearm reactive hyperemia response, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 2008; 59:549-58. [PMID: 18388031 DOI: 10.1177/0003319707309656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease may lead to lower limb claudication and increased risk of systemic vascular dysfunction. In this article, the authors have investigated the peripheral vascular dysfunction evaluating forearm blood flow using venous occlusion plethysmography, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein in 60 patients with moderate intermittent claudication treated during 20 weeks with placebo (n = 16), cilostazol (200 mg/d; n = 17), or pentoxifylline (1200 mg/d; n = 15) in a randomized double-blinded clinical trial, taking into account smoking. Forearm blood flow after reactive hyperemia response (FBF(h) ) or oral nitroglycerine spray to evaluate endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent vasodilation, respectively, pain-free and maximal walking distance, levels of C-reactive protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in plasma were determined. The results showed that there was an improvement in the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, pain-free and maximal walking distance, and FBF(h) independent of treatment in nonsmoking patients. Cilostazol increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, maximal walking distance, and FBF(h), whereas pentoxifylline reduced C-reactive protein level and increased maximal walking distance in total and nonsmoking groups. No treatment was effective in smokers.
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Key PB, Hoguet J, Reed LA, Chung KW, Fulton MH. Effects of the statin antihyperlipidemic agent simvastatin on grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23:153-160. [PMID: 18214920 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated lethal effects (i.e., survival) and sublethal effects (glutathione, GSH; lipid peroxidation, LPx; cholesterol, CHL; and acetylcholinesterase, AChE) of the antihyperlipidemic drug simvastatin on larval and adult grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). The 96-h LC50 test for larvae resulted in an estimated LC50 of 1.18 mg/L (95% confidence interval 0.98-1.42 mg/L). The adult 96-h LC50 was >10.0 mg/L. GSH and AChE levels for both the larvae and the adults were not significantly affected by simvastatin exposure. LPx levels in the larvae were significantly higher than controls in the lowest and the highest simvastatin exposures. In adult grass shrimp, LPx levels were highest in the three lowest simvastatin exposures. CHL levels were significantly reduced in larvae at the highest simvastatin exposure level of 1 mg/L while adult CHL was not affected. Both lethal and sublethal effects associated with simvastatin exposure were only observed at concentrations well above those reported in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Key
- National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Charbonneau F, Anderson TJ, Title L, Jobin J, Poirier P, Huyhn T, Chan S, Walling A, Hutchison S, Tran T, Lonn E, Buithieu J, Genest J. Modulation of arterial reactivity using amlodipine and atorvastatin measured by ultrasound examination (MARGAUX). Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:420-7. [PMID: 17673219 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine on endothelial function in normotensive patients with coronary disease taking concomitant atorvastatin therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Atorvastatin was titrated (10-80 mg/day) to maintain LDL-C<2.5 mmol/L and patients were randomized to receive amlodipine (5-10mg/day, n=64) or placebo (n=70) for 12 months. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was assessed using vascular ultrasound. Inflammatory markers were also measured. At 12 months there was a significant decrease in mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (4.4-2.1 mmol/L, P<0.0001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (3.8-2.3mg/L, P<0.0001) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) (710-665 ng/mL, P<0.0001) for all patients, compared with baseline. Amlodipine was associated with a mean blood pressure reduction of 8/3 mm Hg (P<0.0001) whereas patients on placebo had no significant change. In the atorvastatin-placebo group, mean FMD increased (7.3-9.5%, P<0.05) with no change in nitroglycerin-mediated dilation. No further benefit on FMD or inflammatory markers was observed with the addition of amlodipine. CONCLUSIONS Intensive reduction of LDL-C with atorvastatin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces markers of inflammation in patients with coronary disease. Amlodipine was not associated with a significant additional benefit on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Charbonneau
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Clinical and epidemiologic studies convincingly demonstrate that increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol promote premature atherosclerosis. Several large clinical trials have demonstrated that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease cardiovascular events. The beneficial effects of statins may extend to mechanisms beyond cholesterol reduction. Evidence for the pleiotropic effects of statins is provided by recent clinical trials in which the benefit of statin drugs is manifest early in the course of lipid-lowering therapy, well before plaque regression could occur. Inflammation is pivotal in all stages of atherosclerosis, and C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypic marker of inflammation, has emerged as a cardiovascular risk marker. Statins reduce CRP levels, and this reduction in most studies does not correlate to reduction in cholesterol. In addition, statins have beneficial effects on endothelial function, monocyte-macrophages, and platelets. In this review we discuss the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the role of CRP as a risk marker, the clinical evidence implicating the anti-inflammatory effects of statins, and the cellular and molecular basis underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of statins.
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Abstract
The function of vasa vasorum is both to deliver nutrients and oxygen to arterial and venous walls and to remove "waste" products, either produced by cells in the wall or introduced by diffusional transport through the endothelium of the artery or vein. Although the relationship between changes in vasa vasorum characteristics and the development of atheromatous plaques is well documented, the role of vasa vasorum, especially in terms of their appearance and disappearance in disease processes such as atherosclerosis, are still not clearly understood in terms of their being causative or merely reactive. However, even if their proliferation is merely reactive, these new microvessels may be a source of disease progression by virtue of endothelial impairment and as a pathway for monocytic cells to migrate to sites of early disease. As both these features are aspects of the vasa vasorum function, this Review focuses on the following issues: 1) acute modulation of vasa vasorum patency due to surrounding compressive forces within vessel wall and due to variable tone in the smooth muscle within proximal vasa vasorum and 2) chronic angiogenic responses due to local cytokine accumulations such as occur in the wall of arteries in the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, accumulation of lipids, extravasated blood products (e.g., red blood cells, macrophages, inflammatory products) which attract monocytes, and response of vasa vasorum to pharmacological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Ritman
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that statins reduce cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease or stroke in hypercholesterolemic patients in both primary and secondary prevention. The striking benefit achieved with statin treatments in patients with a wide range of cholesterol levels cannot be attributed to their cholesterol lowering effect alone. Substantial data has recently accumulated showing that statins exert various effects on multiple targets, namely pleiotropic effects, especially targeting the concept of 'vascular failure', including the improvement of vascular endothelial function, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, anti-inflammatory actions, anti-oxidative effects or stabilization of vulnerable plaques. These effects have potential in the treatments of coronary artery disease in various settings, such as prevention of its onset as well as its progression, or plaque rupture. Statin therapy should be more extensively applied even in normolipidemic patients if there are additional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or others. Furthermore, statins may be used to intervene in earlier stage risk conditions such as postprandial hyperlipidemia or hyperglycemia, insulin resistant state, masked hypertension, or metabolic syndrome to further reduce mortality or morbidity of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Elesber AA, Redfield MM, Rihal CS, Prasad A, Lavi S, Lennon R, Mathew V, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction and hyperlipidemia are independently associated with diastolic dysfunction in humans. Am Heart J 2007; 153:1081-7. [PMID: 17540214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary endothelial dysfunction (CED) and DHF are both associated with myocardial ischemia and CAD risk factors. The objective of the this study was to determine if CED and CAD factors are associated with diastolic dysfunction before the development of occlusive CAD or clinical heart failure. METHODS Patients with normal ejection fraction and nonocclusive CAD who underwent coronary endothelial function studies were identified. Left ventricular relaxation was assessed by tissue Doppler assessment of early diastolic ascent of the septal mitral annulus (Ea). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate whether coronary risk factors influenced diastolic function after adjusting for the presence of CED. RESULTS A total of 160 patients had adequate assessment of diastolic relaxation. With multiple linear regression models, %deltaCBF (P = .018) was associated with a higher Ea; in contrast, older age (P < .001), female sex (P = .028), higher left ventricular mass index (P = .016), and higher nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .022) were associated with a lower Ea. CONCLUSION Coronary endothelial dysfunction and hyperlipidemia are independently associated with impaired relaxation in patients with normal ejection fraction in the absence of occlusive CAD and heart failure. The current study suggests a new potential mechanism for the development of endothelial and diastolic dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Elesber
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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