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Kavousi M, Bos MM, Barnes HJ, Lino Cardenas CL, Wong D, Lu H, Hodonsky CJ, Landsmeer LPL, Turner AW, Kho M, Hasbani NR, de Vries PS, Bowden DW, Chopade S, Deelen J, Benavente ED, Guo X, Hofer E, Hwang SJ, Lutz SM, Lyytikäinen LP, Slenders L, Smith AV, Stanislawski MA, van Setten J, Wong Q, Yanek LR, Becker DM, Beekman M, Budoff MJ, Feitosa MF, Finan C, Hilliard AT, Kardia SLR, Kovacic JC, Kral BG, Langefeld CD, Launer LJ, Malik S, Hoesein FAAM, Mokry M, Schmidt R, Smith JA, Taylor KD, Terry JG, van der Grond J, van Meurs J, Vliegenthart R, Xu J, Young KA, Zilhão NR, Zweiker R, Assimes TL, Becker LC, Bos D, Carr JJ, Cupples LA, de Kleijn DPV, de Winther M, den Ruijter HM, Fornage M, Freedman BI, Gudnason V, Hingorani AD, Hokanson JE, Ikram MA, Išgum I, Jacobs DR, Kähönen M, Lange LA, Lehtimäki T, Pasterkamp G, Raitakari OT, Schmidt H, Slagboom PE, Uitterlinden AG, Vernooij MW, Bis JC, Franceschini N, Psaty BM, Post WS, Rotter JI, Björkegren JLM, O'Donnell CJ, Bielak LF, Peyser PA, Malhotra R, van der Laan SW, Miller CL. Multi-ancestry genome-wide study identifies effector genes and druggable pathways for coronary artery calcification. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1651-1664. [PMID: 37770635 PMCID: PMC10601987 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, predicts future symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Identifying genetic risk factors for CAC may point to new therapeutic avenues for prevention. Currently, there are only four known risk loci for CAC identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the general population. Here we conducted the largest multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis of CAC to date, which comprised 26,909 individuals of European ancestry and 8,867 individuals of African ancestry. We identified 11 independent risk loci, of which eight were new for CAC and five had not been reported for CAD. These new CAC loci are related to bone mineralization, phosphate catabolism and hormone metabolic pathways. Several new loci harbor candidate causal genes supported by multiple lines of functional evidence and are regulators of smooth muscle cell-mediated calcification ex vivo and in vitro. Together, these findings help refine the genetic architecture of CAC and extend our understanding of the biological and potential druggable pathways underlying CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maxime M Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna J Barnes
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian L Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doris Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chani J Hodonsky
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lennart P L Landsmeer
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam W Turner
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Minjung Kho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Natalie R Hasbani
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sandesh Chopade
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator Centre, London, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sharon M Lutz
- Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lotte Slenders
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Maggie A Stanislawski
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Quenna Wong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator Centre, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Brian G Kral
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Data Science, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaista Malik
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michal Mokry
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rozemarijn Vliegenthart
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianzhao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kendra A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Robert Zweiker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lewis C Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences: Atherosclerosis and Ischemic syndromes, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity: Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator Centre, London, UK
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Išgum
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clint L Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Chalise JP, Ehsani A, Lemecha M, Hung YW, Zhang G, Larson GP, Itakura K. ARID5B regulates fatty acid metabolism and proliferation at the Pre-B cell stage during B cell development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170475. [PMID: 37483604 PMCID: PMC10360657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During B cell development in bone marrow, large precursor B cells (large Pre-B cells) proliferate rapidly, exit the cell cycle, and differentiate into non-proliferative (quiescent) small Pre-B cells. Dysregulation of this process may result in the failure to produce functional B cells and pose a risk of leukemic transformation. Here, we report that AT rich interacting domain 5B (ARID5B), a B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) risk gene, regulates B cell development at the Pre-B stage. In both mice and humans, we observed a significant upregulation of ARID5B expression that initiates at the Pre-B stage and is maintained throughout later stages of B cell development. In mice, deletion of Arid5b in vivo and ex vivo exhibited a significant reduction in the proportion of immature B cells but an increase in large and small Pre-B cells. Arid5b inhibition ex vivo also led to an increase in proliferation of both Pre-B cell populations. Metabolic studies in mouse and human bone marrow revealed that fatty acid uptake peaked in proliferative B cells then decreased during non-proliferative stages. We showed that Arid5b ablation enhanced fatty acid uptake and oxidation in Pre-B cells. Furthermore, decreased ARID5B expression was observed in tumor cells from B-ALL patients when compared to B cells from non-leukemic individuals. In B-ALL patients, ARID5B expression below the median was associated with decreased survival particularly in subtypes originating from Pre-B cells. Collectively, our data indicated that Arid5b regulates fatty acid metabolism and proliferation of Pre-B cells in mice, and reduced expression of ARID5B in humans is a risk factor for B cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prakash Chalise
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mengistu Lemecha
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Hung
- Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Garrett P. Larson
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Keiichi Itakura
- Center for RNA Biology and Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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Chou E, Pirruccello JP, Ellinor PT, Lindsay ME. Genetics and mechanisms of thoracic aortic disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:168-180. [PMID: 36131050 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aortic disease has many forms including aortic aneurysm and dissection, aortic coarctation or abnormalities in aortic function, such as loss of aortic distensibility. Genetic analysis in humans is one of the most important experimental approaches in uncovering disease mechanisms, but the relative infrequency of thoracic aortic disease compared with other cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease has hindered large-scale identification of genetic associations. In the past decade, advances in machine learning technology coupled with large imaging datasets from biobank repositories have facilitated a rapid expansion in our capacity to measure and genotype aortic traits, resulting in the identification of dozens of genetic associations. In this Review, we describe the history of technological advances in genetic discovery and explain how newer technologies such as deep learning can rapidly define aortic traits at scale. Furthermore, we integrate novel genetic observations provided by these advances into our current biological understanding of thoracic aortic disease and describe how these new findings can contribute to strategies to prevent and treat aortic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chou
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Pirruccello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhao X, Qian M, Goodings C, Zhang Y, Yang W, Wang P, Xu B, Tian C, Pui CH, Hunger SP, Raetz EA, Devidas M, Relling MV, Loh ML, Savic D, Li C, Yang JJ. Molecular Mechanisms of ARID5B-Mediated Genetic Susceptibility to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:1287-1295. [PMID: 35575404 PMCID: PMC9468286 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for the inherited basis of susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Genome-wide association studies have identified non-coding ALL risk variants at the ARID5B gene locus, but their exact functional effects and the molecular mechanism linking ARID5B to B-cell ALL leukemogenesis remain largely unknown. METHODS We performed targeted sequencing of ARID5B in germline DNA of 5008 children with ALL. Variants were evaluated for association with ALL susceptibility using 3644 patients from the UK10K cohort as non-ALL controls, under an additive model. Cis-regulatory elements in ARID5B were systematically identified using dCas9-KRAB-mediated enhancer interference system enhancer screen in ALL cells. Disruption of transcription factor binding by ARID5B variant was predicted informatically and then confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation and coimmunoprecipitation. ARID5B variant association with hematological traits was examined using UK Biobank dataset. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS We identified 54 common variants in ARID5B statistically significantly associated with leukemia risk, all of which were noncoding. Six cis-regulatory elements at the ARID5B locus were discovered using CRISPR-based high-throughput enhancer screening. Strikingly, the top ALL risk variant (rs7090445, P = 5.57 × 10-45) is located precisely within the strongest enhancer element, which is also distally tethered to the ARID5B promoter. The variant allele disrupts the MEF2C binding motif sequence, resulting in reduced MEF2C affinity and decreased local chromosome accessibility. MEF2C influences ARID5B expression in ALL, likely via a transcription factor complex with RUNX1. Using the UK Biobank dataset (n = 349 861), we showed that rs7090445 was also associated with lymphocyte percentage and count in the general population (P = 8.6 × 10-22 and 2.1 × 10-18, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ALL risk variants in ARID5B function by modulating cis-regulatory elements at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maoxiang Qian
- Institute of Pediatrics and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Charnise Goodings
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genome Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and The Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Georgescu MM, Whipple SG, Notarianni CM. Novel neoplasms associated with syndromic pediatric medulloblastoma: integrated pathway delineation for personalized therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:123. [PMID: 35978432 PMCID: PMC9382778 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric embryonal brain tumor, and may occur in cancer predisposition syndromes. We describe novel associations of medulloblastoma with atypical prolactinoma and dural high-grade sarcoma in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), and epidural desmoid fibromatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)/Turcot syndrome. Genomic analysis showing XRCC3 alterations suggested radiotherapy as contributing factor to the progression of LFS-associated medulloblastoma, and demonstrated different mechanisms of APC inactivation in the FAP-associated tumors. The integrated genomic-transcriptomic analysis uncovered the growth pathways driving tumorigenesis, including the prolactin-prolactin receptor (PRLR) autocrine loop and Shh pathway in the LFS-associated prolactinoma and medulloblastoma, respectively, the Wnt pathway in both FAP-associated neoplasms, and the TGFβ and Hippo pathways in the soft tissue tumors, regardless of germline predisposition. In addition, the comparative analysis of paired syndromic neoplasms revealed several growth pathways susceptible to therapeutic intervention by PARP, PRLR, and selective receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. These could target the defective DNA damage repair in the LFS-associated medulloblastoma, the prolactin autocrine loop in the atypical prolactinoma, the EPHA3/7 and ALK overexpression in the FAP-associated medulloblastoma, and the multi-RTK upregulation in the soft tissue neoplasms. This study presents the spatiotemporal evolution of novel neoplastic associations in syndromic medulloblastoma, and discusses the post-radiotherapy risk for secondary malignancies in syndromic pediatric patients, with important implications for the biology, diagnosis, and therapy of these tumors. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen G Whipple
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christina M Notarianni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
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6
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Goodings C, Zhao X, McKinney-Freeman S, Zhang H, Yang JJ. ARID5B influences B-cell development and function in mouse. Haematologica 2022; 108:502-512. [PMID: 35924577 PMCID: PMC9890020 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for an inherited basis of susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genomewide association studies by us and others have identified non-coding acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk variants at the ARID5B gene locus, but the molecular mechanisms linking ARID5B to normal and malignant hematopoiesis remain largely unknown. Using a Vav1-driven transgenic mouse model, we characterized the role of Arid5b in hematopoiesis in vivo. Arid5b overexpression resulted in a dramatic reduction in the proportion of circulating B cells, immature, and mature Bcell fractions in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow, and also a decrease of follicular B cells in the spleen. There were significant defects in B-cell activation upon Arid5b overexpression in vitro with hyperactivation of B-cell receptor signaling at baseline. In addition, increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate of naïve or stimulated B cells of Arid5b-overexpressing mice was observed, compared to the rate of wild-type counterparts. Taken together, our results indicate that ARID5B may play an important role in B-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnise Goodings
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,*CG and XZ contributed equally as co-first authors
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,*CG and XZ contributed equally as co-first authors
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun J. Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,J. J. Yang
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7
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Xiang Y, Liang B, Zhang X, Qiu X, Deng Q, Yu L, Yu H, Lu Z, Zheng F. Atheroprotective mechanism by which folic acid regulates monocyte subsets and function through DNA methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:32. [PMID: 35227297 PMCID: PMC8887029 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that folic acid can restore abnormal DNA methylation and monocyte subset shifts caused by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and hyperlipidemia (HL). However, the exact mechanism of action is still not fully understood. In this study, we further investigated the reversal effect and underlying mechanism of folic acid on the shift in monocyte subsets induced by aberrant lipids and Hcy metabolism via DNA methylation in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results showed that intermediate monocytes were significantly increased but had the lowest global 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, which might lead to a decrease in the global 5-mC levels of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). We also discovered that ARID5B might mediate the increased proportion of intermediate monocytes, as this factor was related to the proportion of monocyte subsets and the expression of CCR2. The expression of ARID5B was inversely associated with the hypermethylated cg25953130 CpG site, which was induced by HL and HHcy. ARID5B could also regulate monocyte CCR2, MCP-1, and TNF-α expression, adhesion and migration, macrophage polarization, and monocyte/macrophage apoptosis, which might explain the regulatory effect of ARID5B on monocyte subset shifting. Folic acid reversed HL- and HHcy-mediated aberrant global and cg25953130 DNA methylation, reduced the proportion of intermediate monocytes, and inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Conclusion Folic acid plays a protective role against atherosclerosis through the regulation of DNA methylation, ARID5B expression, and monocyte subsets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01248-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xueping Qiu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianyun Deng
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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8
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Wang P, Deng Y, Yan X, Zhu J, Yin Y, Shu Y, Bai D, Zhang S, Xu H, Lu X. The Role of ARID5B in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Beyond. Front Genet 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32595701 PMCID: PMC7303299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children with distinct characteristics among different subtypes. Although the etiology of ALL has not been fully unveiled, initiation of ALL has been demonstrated to partly depend on genetic factors. As indicated by several genome wide association studies (GWASs) and candidate gene analyses, ARID5B, a member of AT-rich interactive domain (ARID) protein family, is associated with the occurrence and prognosis of ALL. However, the mechanisms by which ARID5B genotype impact on the susceptibility and treatment outcome remain vague. In this review, we outline developments in the understanding of ARID5B in the susceptibility of ALL and its therapeutic perspectives, and summarize the underlying mechanisms based on the limited functional studies, hoping to illustrate the possible mechanisms of ARID5B impact and highlight the potential treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Histone acetyltransferase and Polo-like kinase 3 inhibitors prevent rat galactose-induced cataract. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20085. [PMID: 31882756 PMCID: PMC6934598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cataracts can occur at an early age, causing visual impairment or blindness. The detailed molecular mechanisms of diabetic cataract formation remain incompletely understood, and there is no well-documented prophylactic agent. Galactose-fed rats and ex vivo treatment of lenses with galactose are used as models of diabetic cataract. To assess the role of histone acetyltransferases, we conducted cataract prevention screening with known histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors. Ex vivo treatment with a HAT inhibitor strongly inhibited the formation of lens turbidity in high-galactose conditions, while addition of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor aggravated turbidity. We conducted a microarray to identify genes differentially regulated by HATs and HDACs, leading to discovery of a novel cataract causative factor, Plk3. Plk3 mRNA levels correlated with the degree of turbidity, and Plk3 inhibition alleviated galactose-induced cataract formation. These findings indicate that epigenetically controlled Plk3 influences cataract formation. Our results demonstrate a novel approach for prevention of diabetic cataract using HAT and Plk3 inhibitors.
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A bigenic mouse model of FSGS reveals perturbed pathways in podocytes, mesangial cells and endothelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216261. [PMID: 31461442 PMCID: PMC6713350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a major cause of end stage renal disease. Many patients prove unresponsive to available therapies. An improved understanding of the molecular basis of the disease process could provide insights leading to novel therapeutic approaches. In this study we carried out an RNA-seq analysis of the altered gene expression patterns of podocytes, mesangial cells and glomerular endothelial cells of the bigenic Cd2ap+/-, Fyn-/- mutant mouse model of FSGS. In the podocytes we observed upregulation of many genes related to the Tgfβ family/pathway, including Gdnf, Tgfβ1, Tgfβ2, Snai2, Vegfb, Bmp4, and Tnc. The mutant podocytes also showed upregulation of Acta2, a marker of smooth muscle and associated with myofibroblasts, which are implicated in driving fibrosis. GO analysis of the podocyte upregulated genes identified elevated protein kinase activity, increased expression of growth factors, and negative regulation of cell adhesion, perhaps related to the observed podocyte loss. Both podocytes and mesangial cells showed strong upregulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase genes involved in the synthesis of retinoic acid. Similarly, the Cd2ap+/-, Fyn-/- mesangial cells, as well as podocytes in other genetic models, and the glomeruli of human FSGS patients, all show upregulation of the serine protease Prss23, with the common thread suggesting important functionality. Another gene with strong upregulation in the Cd2ap+/-, Fyn-/- mutant mesangial cells as well as multiple other mutant mouse models of FSGS was thrombospondin, which activates the secreted inactive form of Tgfβ. The Cd2ap+/-, Fyn-/- mutant endothelial cells showed elevated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, angioblast migration, angiogenesis, and neovasculature, all consistent with the formation of new blood vessels in the diseased glomerulus. The resulting global definition of the perturbed molecular pathways in the three major cell types of the mutant glomerulus provide deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenic pathways.
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11
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Blood monocyte transcriptome and epigenome analyses reveal loci associated with human atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:393. [PMID: 28855511 PMCID: PMC5577184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding the epigenetic basis of atherosclerosis. Here we present the CD14+ blood monocyte transcriptome and epigenome signatures associated with human atherosclerosis. The transcriptome signature includes transcription coactivator, ARID5B, which is known to form a chromatin derepressor complex with a histone H3K9Me2-specific demethylase and promote adipogenesis and smooth muscle development. ARID5B CpG (cg25953130) methylation is inversely associated with both ARID5B expression and atherosclerosis, consistent with this CpG residing in an ARID5B enhancer region, based on chromatin capture and histone marks data. Mediation analysis supports assumptions that ARID5B expression mediates effects of cg25953130 methylation and several cardiovascular disease risk factors on atherosclerotic burden. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP1 monocytes, ARID5B knockdown reduced expression of genes involved in atherosclerosis-related inflammatory and lipid metabolism pathways, and inhibited cell migration and phagocytosis. These data suggest that ARID5B expression, possibly regulated by an epigenetically controlled enhancer, promotes atherosclerosis by dysregulating immunometabolism towards a chronic inflammatory phenotype. The molecular mechanisms mediating the impact of environmental factors in atherosclerosis are unclear. Here, the authors examine CD14+ blood monocyte’s transcriptome and epigenome signatures to find differential methylation and expression of ARID5B to be associated with human atherosclerosis.
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12
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Hirose-Yotsuya L, Okamoto F, Yamakawa T, Whitson RH, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Itakura K. Knockdown of AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) 5B gene expression induced AMPKα2 activation in cardiac myocytes. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:377-85. [PMID: 26781795 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that ARID5B mRNA is present in mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells, and that ARID5B siRNA constantly knocked down ARID5B gene expression to the 40% level of control. AMPKα2 protein was elevated in such ARID5B knockdown HL-1 cells, and this was accompanied by an increase in the level of phosphorylated AMPKα. Since AMPKα2 mRNA levels did not change in ARID5B knockdown cells, the stability of AMPKα2 protein was investigated using inhibitors for protein synthesis and proteasomal degradation. Treatment of HL-1 cells with either cycloheximide or MG132 caused an appreciable increase in the amount of AMPKα2 protein in ARID5B knockdown cells, which suggests that knockdown of ARID5B mRNA extends the half-life of AMPKα2 protein in HL-1 cells via yet unidentified mechanisms. As for the expected downstream consequences of AMPKα2 activation, we found thus far that glucose uptake, fatty acid uptake, or fatty acid oxidation remained unchanged in HL-1 cells after knockdown of ARID5B. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms for ARID5B knockdown and resulting AMPKα2 activation, and also to identify which metabolic pathways are affected by AMPKα2 activation in these cells. In summary, this study provided the foundation for an in vitro cell culture system to study possible roles of ARID5B in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hirose-Yotsuya
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
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13
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14
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Gurdziel K, Vogt KR, Walton KD, Schneider GK, Gumucio DL. Transcriptome of the inner circular smooth muscle of the developing mouse intestine: Evidence for regulation of visceral smooth muscle genes by the hedgehog target gene, cJun. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:614-26. [PMID: 26930384 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestion is facilitated by coordinated contractions of the intestinal muscularis externa, a bilayered smooth muscle structure that is composed of inner circular muscles (ICM) and outer longitudinal muscles (OLM). We performed transcriptome analysis of intestinal mesenchyme tissue at E14.5, when the ICM, but not the OLM, is present, to investigate the transcriptional program of the ICM. RESULTS We identified 3967 genes enriched in E14.5 intestinal mesenchyme. The gene expression profiles were clustered and annotated to known muscle genes, identifying a muscle-enriched subcluster. Using publically available in situ data, 127 genes were verified as expressed in ICM. Examination of the promoter and regulatory regions for these co-expressed genes revealed enrichment for cJUN transcription factor binding sites, and cJUN protein was enriched in ICM. cJUN ChIP-seq, performed at E14.5, revealed that cJUN regulatory regions contain characteristics of muscle enhancers. Finally, we show that cJun is a target of Hedgehog (Hh), a signaling pathway known to be important in smooth muscle development, and identify a cJun genomic enhancer that is responsive to Hh. CONCLUSIONS This work provides the first transcriptional catalog for the developing ICM and suggests that cJun regulates gene expression in the ICM downstream of Hh signaling. Developmental Dynamics 245:614-626, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gurdziel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Kyle R Vogt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Gary K Schneider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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15
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Abstract
Myocardin (MYOCD) is a potent transcriptional coactivator that functions primarily in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle through direct contacts with serum response factor (SRF) over cis elements known as CArG boxes found near a number of genes encoding for contractile, ion channel, cytoskeletal, and calcium handling proteins. Since its discovery more than 10 years ago, new insights have been obtained regarding the diverse isoforms of MYOCD expressed in cells as well as the regulation of MYOCD expression and activity through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Curiously, there are a number of functions associated with MYOCD that appear to be independent of contractile gene expression and the CArG-SRF nucleoprotein complex. Further, perturbations in MYOCD gene expression are associated with an increasing number of diseases including heart failure, cancer, acute vessel disease, and diabetes. This review summarizes the various biological and pathological processes associated with MYOCD and offers perspectives to several challenges and future directions for further study of this formidable transcriptional coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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16
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Hata K, Takashima R, Amano K, Ono K, Nakanishi M, Yoshida M, Wakabayashi M, Matsuda A, Maeda Y, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Whitson RH, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Arid5b facilitates chondrogenesis by recruiting the histone demethylase Phf2 to Sox9-regulated genes. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2850. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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17
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Wang G, Watanabe M, Imai Y, Hara K, Manabe I, Maemura K, Horikoshi M, Ozeki A, Itoh C, Sugiyama T, Kadowaki T, Yamazaki T, Nagai R. Associations of variations in the MRF2/ARID5B gene with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:727-33. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Brunskill EW, Potter SS. Changes in the gene expression programs of renal mesangial cells during diabetic nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:70. [PMID: 22839765 PMCID: PMC3416581 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. All three cell types of the glomerulus, podocytes, endothelial cells and mesangial cells, play important roles in diabetic nephropathy. In this report we used Meis1-GFP transgenic mice to purify mesangial cells from normal mice and from db/db mice, which suffer diabetic nephropathy. The purpose of the study is to better define the unique character of normal mesangial cells, and to characterize their pathogenic and protective responses during diabetic nephropathy. Methods Comprehensive gene expression states of the normal and diseased mesangial cells were defined with microarrays. By comparing the gene expression profiles of mesangial cells with those of multiple other renal cell types, including podocytes, endothelial cells and renal vesicles, it was possible to better define their exceptional nature, which includes smooth muscle, phagocytic and neuronal traits. Results The complete set of mesangial cell expressed transcription factors, growth factors and receptors were identified. In addition, the analysis of the mesangial cells from diabetic nephropathy mice characterized their changes in gene expression. Molecular functions and biological processes specific to diseased mesangial cells were characterized, identifying genes involved in extracellular matrix, cell division, vasculogenesis, and growth factor modulation. Selected gene changes considered of particular importance to the disease process were validated and localized within the glomuerulus by immunostaining. For example, thrombospondin, a key mediator of TGFβ signaling, was upregulated in the diabetic nephropathy mesangial cells, likely contributing to fibrosis. On the other hand the decorin gene was also upregulated, and expression of this gene has been strongly implicated in the reduction of TGFβ induced fibrosis. Conclusions The results provide an important complement to previous studies examining mesangial cells grown in culture. The remarkable qualities of the mesangial cell are more fully defined in both the normal and diabetic nephropathy diseased state. New gene expression changes and biological pathways are discovered, yielding a deeper understanding of the diabetic nephropathy pathogenic process, and identifying candidate targets for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Brunskill
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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19
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Gu Q, Nagaraj SH, Hudson NJ, Dalrymple BP, Reverter A. Genome-wide patterns of promoter sharing and co-expression in bovine skeletal muscle. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:23. [PMID: 21226902 PMCID: PMC3025955 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene regulation by transcription factors (TF) is species, tissue and time specific. To better understand how the genetic code controls gene expression in bovine muscle we associated gene expression data from developing Longissimus thoracis et lumborum skeletal muscle with bovine promoter sequence information. RESULTS We created a highly conserved genome-wide promoter landscape comprising 87,408 interactions relating 333 TFs with their 9,242 predicted target genes (TGs). We discovered that the complete set of predicted TGs share an average of 2.75 predicted TF binding sites (TFBSs) and that the average co-expression between a TF and its predicted TGs is higher than the average co-expression between the same TF and all genes. Conversely, pairs of TFs sharing predicted TGs showed a co-expression correlation higher that pairs of TFs not sharing TGs. Finally, we exploited the co-occurrence of predicted TFBS in the context of muscle-derived functionally-coherent modules including cell cycle, mitochondria, immune system, fat metabolism, muscle/glycolysis, and ribosome. Our findings enabled us to reverse engineer a regulatory network of core processes, and correctly identified the involvement of E2F1, GATA2 and NFKB1 in the regulation of cell cycle, fat, and muscle/glycolysis, respectively. CONCLUSION The pivotal implication of our research is two-fold: (1) there exists a robust genome-wide expression signal between TFs and their predicted TGs in cattle muscle consistent with the extent of promoter sharing; and (2) this signal can be exploited to recover the cellular mechanisms underpinning transcription regulation of muscle structure and development in bovine. Our study represents the first genome-wide report linking tissue specific co-expression to co-regulation in a non-model vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gu
- Computational and Systems Biology, CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Livestock Industries, 306 Carmody Rd, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Giraud-Triboult K, Rochon-Beaucourt C, Nissan X, Champon B, Aubert S, Piétu G. Combined mRNA and microRNA profiling reveals that miR-148a and miR-20b control human mesenchymal stem cell phenotype via EPAS1. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:77-86. [PMID: 21081659 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a wide variety of tissues during development of the human embryo starting as early as the first trimester. Gene expression profiling of these cells has focused primarily on the molecular signs characterizing their potential heterogeneity and their differentiation potential. In contrast, molecular mechanisms participating in the emergence of MSC identity in embryo are still poorly understood. In this study, human embryonic stem cells (hESs) were differentiated toward MSCs (ES-MSCs) to compare the genetic patterns between pluripotent hESs and multipotent MSCs by a large genomewide expression profiling of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). After whole genome differential transcriptomic analysis, a stringent protocol was used to search for genes differentially expressed between hESs and ES-MSCs, followed by several validation steps to identify the genes most specifically linked to the MSC phenotype. A network was obtained that encompassed 74 genes in 13 interconnected transcriptional systems that are likely to contribute to MSC identity. Pairs of negatively correlated miRNAs and mRNAs, which suggest miRNA-target relationships, were then extracted and validation was sought with the use of Pre-miRs. We report here that underexpression of miR-148a and miR-20b in ES-MSCs, compared with ESs, allows an increase in expression of the EPAS1 (Endothelial PAS domain 1) transcription factor that results in the expression of markers of the MSC phenotype specification.
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Zeller T, Wild P, Szymczak S, Rotival M, Schillert A, Castagne R, Maouche S, Germain M, Lackner K, Rossmann H, Eleftheriadis M, Sinning CR, Schnabel RB, Lubos E, Mennerich D, Rust W, Perret C, Proust C, Nicaud V, Loscalzo J, Hübner N, Tregouet D, Münzel T, Ziegler A, Tiret L, Blankenberg S, Cambien F. Genetics and beyond--the transcriptome of human monocytes and disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10693. [PMID: 20502693 PMCID: PMC2872668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variability of gene expression in human may link gene sequence variability and phenotypes; however, non-genetic variations, alone or in combination with genetics, may also influence expression traits and have a critical role in physiological and disease processes. Methodology/Principal Findings To get better insight into the overall variability of gene expression, we assessed the transcriptome of circulating monocytes, a key cell involved in immunity-related diseases and atherosclerosis, in 1,490 unrelated individuals and investigated its association with >675,000 SNPs and 10 common cardiovascular risk factors. Out of 12,808 expressed genes, 2,745 expression quantitative trait loci were detected (P<5.78×10−12), most of them (90%) being cis-modulated. Extensive analyses showed that associations identified by genome-wide association studies of lipids, body mass index or blood pressure were rarely compatible with a mediation by monocyte expression level at the locus. At a study-wide level (P<3.9×10−7), 1,662 expression traits (13.0%) were significantly associated with at least one risk factor. Genome-wide interaction analyses suggested that genetic variability and risk factors mostly acted additively on gene expression. Because of the structure of correlation among expression traits, the variability of risk factors could be characterized by a limited set of independent gene expressions which may have biological and clinical relevance. For example expression traits associated with cigarette smoking were more strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis than smoking itself. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that the monocyte transcriptome is a potent integrator of genetic and non-genetic influences of relevance for disease pathophysiology and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zeller
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Szymczak
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maxime Rotival
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Raphaele Castagne
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Seraya Maouche
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Marine Germain
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Karl Lackner
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmediizin, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heidi Rossmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmediizin, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Medea Eleftheriadis
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph R. Sinning
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Renate B. Schnabel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edith Lubos
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Werner Rust
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Claire Perret
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Carole Proust
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Nicaud
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Tregouet
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Laurence Tiret
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (SB) (SB); (FC) (FC)
| | - François Cambien
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University and Medical School, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (SB) (SB); (FC) (FC)
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22
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Ustiyan V, Wang IC, Ren X, Zhang Y, Snyder J, Xu Y, Wert SE, Lessard JL, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Forkhead box M1 transcriptional factor is required for smooth muscle cells during embryonic development of blood vessels and esophagus. Dev Biol 2009; 336:266-79. [PMID: 19835856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead box m1 (Foxm1 or Foxm1b) transcription factor (previously called HFH-11B, Trident, Win, or MPP2) is expressed in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis, including vascular, airway, and intestinal smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Although global deletion of Foxm1 in Foxm1(-/-) mice is lethal in the embryonic period due to multiple abnormalities in the liver, heart, and lung, the specific role of Foxm1 in SMC remains unknown. In the present study, Foxm1 was deleted conditionally in the developing SMC (smFoxm1(-/-) mice). The majority of smFoxm1(-/-) mice died immediately after birth due to severe pulmonary hemorrhage and structural defects in arterial wall and esophagus. Although Foxm1 deletion did not influence SMC differentiation, decreased proliferation of SMC was found in smFoxm1(-/-) blood vessels and esophagus. Depletion of Foxm1 in cultured SMC caused G(2) arrest and decreased numbers of cells undergoing mitosis. Foxm1-deficiency in vitro and in vivo was associated with reduced expression of cell cycle regulatory genes, including cyclin B1, Cdk1-activator Cdc25b phosphatase, Polo-like 1 and JNK1 kinases, and cMyc transcription factor. Foxm1 is critical for proliferation of smooth muscle cells and is required for proper embryonic development of blood vessels and esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ustiyan
- Divisions of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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23
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Capasso M, Ayala F, Russo R, Avvisati RA, Asci R, Iolascon A. A predicted functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene affects mRNA expression and shows a significant association with cutaneous melanoma in Southern Italian population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1799-807. [PMID: 19557432 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An altered expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has been found in malignant melanoma cells. We performed an association study to investigate the effect of putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BMP4 on development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). METHODS We selected the predicted functional SNPs 6007 C/T (rs17563) and -3445 T/G (rs4898820) by the combination of three computational tools (FASTSNP, F-SNP and SNP Function Portal) plus another tool (SNP@promoter) skilled in identifying SNPs in transcription regulatory regions. Both SNPs were genotyped in a case-control study of 215 individuals with CM and 342 controls. We also evaluated the BMP4 hypothetical mRNA secondary structure by GeneBee program, the BMP4 mRNA levels and protein concentrations according to the genotype of two selected SNPs in transformed B-cells of 80 controls and in plasma samples of 38 controls, respectively. RESULTS The BMP4 T-allele was associated with CM (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09-1.78, P = 0.007). The T-allele was predicted to change mRNA structure and the BMP4 mRNA levels were significantly higher in T-allele carriers compared with C-allele carriers (P = 0.01), even the BMP4 protein plasma levels were higher among T-allele carries, but without reaching the statistical significance. No significant association was found between the SNP -3445 T/G alleles and either the risk of CM, or the mRNA levels of BMP4. CONCLUSIONS This study evidences the relevance of using bioinformatics tools in searching for cancer-associated gene polymorphisms and suggests that the predicted functional SNP 6007 C/T affects BMP4 gene expression and the risk to development of CM.
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24
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Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Bochud M, Coin L, Najjar SS, Zhao JH, Heath SC, Eyheramendy S, Papadakis K, Voight BF, Scott LJ, Zhang F, Farrall M, Tanaka T, Wallace C, Chambers JC, Khaw KT, Nilsson P, van der Harst P, Polidoro S, Grobbee DE, Onland-Moret NC, Bots ML, Wain LV, Elliott KS, Teumer A, Luan J, Lucas G, Kuusisto J, Burton PR, Hadley D, McArdle WL, Brown M, Dominiczak A, Newhouse SJ, Samani NJ, Webster J, Zeggini E, Beckmann JS, Bergmann S, Lim N, Song K, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Waterworth DM, Yuan X, Groop L, Orho-Melander M, Allione A, Di Gregorio A, Guarrera S, Panico S, Ricceri F, Romanazzi V, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Barroso I, Sandhu MS, Luben RN, Crawford GJ, Jousilahti P, Perola M, Boehnke M, Bonnycastle LL, Collins FS, Jackson AU, Mohlke KL, Stringham HM, Valle TT, Willer CJ, Bergman RN, Morken MA, Döring A, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Org E, Pfeufer A, Wichmann HE, Kathiresan S, Marrugat J, O’Donnell CJ, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Subirana I, Freimer NB, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, O’Reilly PF, Peltonen L, Pouta A, de Jong PE, Snieder H, van Gilst WH, Clarke R, Goel A, Hamsten A, Peden JF, Seedorf U, Syvänen AC, Tognoni G, Lakatta EG, Sanna S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Scuteri A, Dörr M, Ernst F, Felix SB, Homuth G, Lorbeer R, Reffelmann T, Rettig R, Völker U, Galan P, Gut IG, Hercberg S, Lathrop GM, Zeleneka D, Deloukas P, Soranzo N, Williams FM, Zhai G, Salomaa V, Laakso M, Elosua R, Forouhi NG, Völzke H, Uiterwaal CS, van der Schouw YT, Numans ME, Matullo G, Navis G, Berglund G, Bingham SA, Kooner JS, Paterson AD, Connell JM, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Watkins H, Spector TD, Tuomilehto J, Altshuler D, Strachan DP, Laan M, Meneton P, Wareham NJ, Uda M, Jarvelin MR, Mooser V, Melander O, Loos RJF, Elliott P, Abecasis GR, Caulfield M, Munroe PB. Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet 2009; 41:666-76. [PMID: 19430483 PMCID: PMC2891673 DOI: 10.1038/ng.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure is a common, heritable cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. To date, identification of common genetic variants influencing blood pressure has proven challenging. We tested 2.5 million genotyped and imputed SNPs for association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 34,433 subjects of European ancestry from the Global BPgen consortium and followed up findings with direct genotyping (N ≤ 71,225 European ancestry, N ≤ 12,889 Indian Asian ancestry) and in silico comparison (CHARGE consortium, N = 29,136). We identified association between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and common variants in eight regions near the CYP17A1 (P = 7 × 10(-24)), CYP1A2 (P = 1 × 10(-23)), FGF5 (P = 1 × 10(-21)), SH2B3 (P = 3 × 10(-18)), MTHFR (P = 2 × 10(-13)), c10orf107 (P = 1 × 10(-9)), ZNF652 (P = 5 × 10(-9)) and PLCD3 (P = 1 × 10(-8)) genes. All variants associated with continuous blood pressure were associated with dichotomous hypertension. These associations between common variants and blood pressure and hypertension offer mechanistic insights into the regulation of blood pressure and may point to novel targets for interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Toby Johnson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Institute for Social and Preventative Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Vesela Gateva
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute for Social and Preventative Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Samer S Najjar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon C Heath
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Susana Eyheramendy
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Facultad de Matematicas, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile, 7820436
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Papadakis
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Martin Farrall
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Medstar Research Institute, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA
| | - Chris Wallace
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
- JDRF/WT Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, CB2 0XY
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics - DBG, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 2.2112, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louise V Wain
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - Katherine S Elliott
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gavin Lucas
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine University of Kuopio 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul R Burton
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- ALSPAC Laboratory, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Morris Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK CB2 2QQ
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8TA
| | - Stephen J Newhouse
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Dept of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Noha Lim
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Kijoung Song
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Xin Yuan
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital, Malmö
- Lund University, Malmö S-205 02, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Allione
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Gregorio
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, 80100, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Valeria Romanazzi
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and Centre for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (CPO Piemonte), Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Inês Barroso
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Gabriel J. Crawford
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Public Health Institute
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timo T Valle
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Physiology and Biophysics USC School of Medicine 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR 626 Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Elin Org
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arne Pfeufer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University, IBE, Chair of Epidemiology, Munich
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Jaume Marrugat
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher J O’Donnell
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Framingham Heart Study and National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Stephen M Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USA
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Gonda Center, Room 3506, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Box 951761, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.O. Box 5000 Fin-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK OX3 7LJ
| | - Paul F O’Reilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Public Health Institute
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.O. Box 5000 Fin-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Aapistie 1, P.O. Box 310, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Paul E de Jong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Building L8:03, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John F Peden
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster, Domagkstr. 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine, Dept. Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Tognoni
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, Univ. of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Unitá Operativa Geriatria, Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani (INRCA) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reffelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pilar Galan
- U557 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Ivo G Gut
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- U557 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Diana Zeleneka
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Frances M Williams
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine University of Kuopio 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cuno S Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sheila A Bingham
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5T 3M7
| | - John M Connell
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8TA
| | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), 50125, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - David Altshuler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Maris Laan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre Meneton
- U872 Institut National de la Santét de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Medé0cine, 75270 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Aapistie 1, P.O. Box 310, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, Aapistie 1, FIN-90101, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Mark Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
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25
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Matovina M, Sabol I, Grubisić G, Gasperov NM, Grce M. Identification of human papillomavirus type 16 integration sites in high-grade precancerous cervical lesions. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113:120-7. [PMID: 19157528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infection with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. In many cases of cervical cancer and all cervical cancer derived cell lines oncogenic HPV DNA is found to be integrated, indicating the importance of integration in disease development. In this study, 176 HPV 16 positive precancerous cervical lesions were analyzed for the physical state of viral genome to determine the sites of integration into a host cell DNA and to evaluate the incidence of the integration in different stages of cervical lesions. METHODS The detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences (DIPS) method in combination with the amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of E1/E2 region was used to identify the physical state of HPV 16 genome. The site of integration within a host cell genome was determined by sequencing of unusual sized DIPS amplicons. RESULTS The combined results of DIPS and E1/E2 PCR revealed the integration of HPV 16 DNA in 7.4% samples. The integration was found only in high grade cervical lesions indicating that it is a late event in disease progression. Sequencing of 11 DIPS amplicons revealed HPV DNA from 6 samples (54.5%) to be integrated in cellular genes (VMP1, PVRL1, CHERP, CEACAM5, AHR, MRF-2) and also 6 (54.5%) within the common fragile sites (CFS). CONCLUSIONS Although, the HPV integration is known to be a random event, this study indicates that HPV 16 integrates more than by chance within or close to CFSs. As most of the genes affected by HPV 16 integration can be linked with some aspects of tumor formation, this indicates that the site of HPV DNA integration might play a role in the rate and the nature of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Matovina
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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Wang G, Watanabe M, Imai Y, Hara K, Manabe I, Maemura K, Horikoshi M, Kohro T, Amiya E, Sugiyama T, Fujita T, Kadowaki T, Yamazaki T, Nagai R. Genetic variations of Mrf-2/ARID5B confer risk of coronary atherosclerosis in the Japanese population. Int Heart J 2008; 49:313-27. [PMID: 18612189 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.49.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A phenotypic change of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is considered to be critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Mrf-2/ARID5B, a member of the AT-rich interaction domain family of transcription factors, is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system and is believed to play essential roles in the phenotypic change of SMCs through its regulation of SMC differentiation. In addition, recent studies on gene-engineered mice suggested that this transcriptional factor is involved in obesity and adipogenesis, which are critical aspects for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, we hypothesized that genetic variations of the Mrf-2 gene might be associated with susceptibility to CAD. We investigated 11 common genetic variations of Mrf-2 to determine whether they were associated with susceptibility to CAD in 475 CAD subjects and 310 control subjects. The prevalence of homozygotes for the minor allele G of SNP4 (rs2893880) and minor allele G of SNP6 (rs7087507) were significantly more frequent in the control subjects than in patients with CAD (P=0.0002, rs2893880, P=0.0058, rs7087507). Four nearby SNPs (SNP4 to SNP7) (rs2893880, rs10740055, rs7087507 and rs10761600) showed almost complete linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype G (rs2893880)-C (rs10740055)-G (rs7087507)-A (rs10761600) was also significantly negatively associated with susceptibility to CAD (P=0.049). Moreover, these negative disease associations still existed after logistic regression analysis was taken into account to eliminate confounding conventional coronary risk factors. The results implicate possible disease relevance of the polymorphisms in the Mrf-2 gene with susceptibility to CAD. However, a larger scale prospective study is needed to clarify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ky, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Saleem MA, Zavadil J, Bailly M, McGee K, Witherden IR, Pavenstadt H, Hsu H, Sanday J, Satchell SC, Lennon R, Ni L, Bottinger EP, Mundel P, Mathieson PW. The molecular and functional phenotype of glomerular podocytes reveals key features of contractile smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F959-70. [PMID: 18684887 PMCID: PMC2576149 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00559.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerular podocyte is a highly specialized cell, with the ability to ultrafilter blood and support glomerular capillary pressures. However, little is known about either the genetic programs leading to this functionality or the final phenotype. We approached this question utilizing a human conditionally immortalized cell line, which differentiates from a proliferating epithelial phenotype to a differentiated form. We profiled gene expression during several time points during differentiation and grouped the regulated genes into major functional categories. A novel category of genes that was upregulated during differentiation was of smooth muscle-related molecules. We further examined the smooth muscle phenotype and showed that podocytes consistently express the differentiated smooth muscle markers smoothelin and calponin and the specific transcription factor myocardin, both in vitro and in vivo. The contractile contribution of the podocyte to the glomerular capillary is controversial. We demonstrated using two novel techniques that podocytes contract vigorously in vitro when differentiated and in real time were able to demonstrate that angiotensin II treatment decreases monolayer resistance, morphologically correlating with enhanced contractility. We conclude that the mature podocyte in vitro possesses functional apparatus of contractile smooth muscle cells, with potential implications for its in vivo ability to regulate glomerular dynamic and permeability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin A Saleem
- Academic and Children's Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Lifeline Bldg., Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
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28
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Dong J, Ishimori N, Paigen B, Tsutsui H, Fujii S. Role of modulator recognition factor 2 in adipogenesis and leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:551-5. [PMID: 18070594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex network of adipogenic transcription factors regulates adipocyte differentiation, obesity, and insulin resistance. Modulator recognition factor (Mrf) 2 knockout mice exhibit defects in fat accumulation and are protected from diet-induced obesity, suggesting that Mrf2 deficiency affects adipogenesis. Here, we report that the gene expressions of the 2 isoforms of the transcription factors Mrf2, Mrf2alpha, and Mrf2beta, were induced upon adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Mrf2 mRNA expression was sensitive to stimulation by insulin, dexamethasone, and TNF-alpha in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes. Down-regulation of Mrf2alpha and Mrf2beta gene expressions induced by small interfering RNAs increased the mRNA expression of leptin. These results indicate that Mrf2 can be a potential regulator of adipocyte differentiation and a potential repressor of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Chi JT, Rodriguez EH, Wang Z, Nuyten DSA, Mukherjee S, van de Rijn M, van de Vijver MJ, Hastie T, Brown PO. Gene expression programs of human smooth muscle cells: tissue-specific differentiation and prognostic significance in breast cancers. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:1770-84. [PMID: 17907811 PMCID: PMC1994710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is present in a wide variety of anatomical locations, such as blood vessels, various visceral organs, and hair follicles. Contraction of smooth muscle is central to functions as diverse as peristalsis, urination, respiration, and the maintenance of vascular tone. Despite the varied physiological roles of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we possess only a limited knowledge of the heterogeneity underlying their functional and anatomic specializations. As a step toward understanding the intrinsic differences between SMCs from different anatomical locations, we used DNA microarrays to profile global gene expression patterns in 36 SMC samples from various tissues after propagation under defined conditions in cell culture. Significant variations were found between the cells isolated from blood vessels, bronchi, and visceral organs. Furthermore, pervasive differences were noted within the visceral organ subgroups that appear to reflect the distinct molecular pathways essential for organogenesis as well as those involved in organ-specific contractile and physiological properties. Finally, we sought to understand how this diversity may contribute to SMC-involving pathology. We found that a gene expression signature of the responses of vascular SMCs to serum exposure is associated with a significantly poorer prognosis in human cancers, potentially linking vascular injury response to tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Bronchi/cytology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Complementary
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Homeobox
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsan Chi
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edwin H Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Dimitry S. A Nuyten
- Diagnostic Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayan Mukherjee
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Marc J. van de Vijver
- Diagnostic Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Hastie
- Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick O Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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30
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Yamakawa T, Whitson RH, Li SL, Itakura K. Modulator recognition factor-2 is required for adipogenesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts and 3T3-L1 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:441-53. [PMID: 17962384 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study showed that mice lacking modulator recognition factor-2 (Mrf-2) were lean, with significant decreases in white adipose tissue. One postulated mechanism for the lean phenotype in Mrf-2 knockout mice is a defect in adipogenesis. In order to investigate this further, we examined the effects of Mrf-2 deficiency on adipogenesis in vitro. In mouse fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Mrf-2(-/-) embryos, and in 3T3-L1 cells after knockdown of Mrf-2 by small interference RNA (siRNA) there was a potent inhibition of hormone-induced lipid accumulation, and significant decreases in the expression of the adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and the mature adipocyte genes they control. Transduction of Mrf-2(-/-) MEFs with a retroviral vector expressing the longer Mrf-2 splice variant (Mrf-2B) stimulated both gene expression and lipid accumulation. Because 3T3-L1 cells are committed to the adipocyte lineage, we used this simpler model system to examine the effects of Mrf-2 deficiency on adipocyte maturation. Analyses of both mRNA and protein revealed that knockdown of Mrf-2 in 3T3-L1 cells prolonged the expression of C/EBP homologous protein-10, a dominant-negative form of C/EBP. Consistent with these findings, suppression of Mrf-2 also inhibited the DNA-binding activity of C/EBPbeta. These data suggest that Mrf-2 facilitates the induction of the two key adipogenic transcription factors C/EBPalpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma indirectly by permitting hormone-mediated repression of the adipogenic repressor C/EBP homologous protein-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamakawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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31
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Garin G, Zibara K, Aguilar F, Lo M, Hurlstone A, Poston R, Mcgregor JL. 6A3-5/Osa2 is an early activated gene implicated in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell functions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2006:97287. [PMID: 17489020 PMCID: PMC1698265 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/97287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) growth plays a key role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling gene transcription in VSMC remain poorly understood. We previously identified, by differential display, a new gene (6A3-5) overexpressed in proliferating rat VSMC. In this study, we have cloned the full-length cDNA by screening a rat foetal brain cDNA library and investigated its functions. The 6A3-5 protein shows 4 putative conserved functional motifs: a DNA binding domain called ARID (AT-rich interaction domain), two recently described motifs (Osa Homology Domain), and a nuclear localization signal. The deduced protein sequence was observed to be 85% identical to the recently described human Osa2 gene. Immunolabelling, using an anti-6A3-5/Osa2 monoclonal antibody, showed a nuclear localization of the 6A3-5/Osa2 protein. In addition, PDGF upregulated 6A3-5/Osa2 expression at both the transcript and protein levels in a dose and time-dependent fashion. The pattern of upregulation by PDGF was reminiscent of the early responsive gene c-fos. The PDGF-induced upregulation of 6A3-5/Osa2 and proliferation of VSMC were significantly inhibited in a dose and sequence-dependent fashion by an antisense, but not by sense, scrambled or mismatched oligonucleotides directed against 6A3-5/Osa2. In VSMC of aortas derived from hypertensive (LH) rats, 6A3-5/Osa2 is overexpressed as compared to that in normotensive (LL) rats. The 6A3-5/Osa2-gene expression is downregulated by an ACE inhibitor and upregulated by exogenous AngiotensinII in LH rats. In summary, these results indicate that 6A3-5/Osa2 is an early activated gene that belongs to a new family of proteins involved in the control of VSMC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaele Garin
- INSERM XR331, Faculté of Médicine Laënnec, Lyon 69372, France
- Genomics and Atherothrombosis, Thrombosis Research Institute, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Kazem Zibara
- INSERM XR331, Faculté of Médicine Laënnec, Lyon 69372, France
- Genomics and Atherothrombosis, Thrombosis Research Institute, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Frederick Aguilar
- Département de Physiologie et Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ming Lo
- Département de Physiologie et Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Poston
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College, University of London, UK
| | - John L. Mcgregor
- INSERM XR331, Faculté of Médicine Laënnec, Lyon 69372, France
- Genomics and Atherothrombosis, Thrombosis Research Institute, London SW3 6LR, UK
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College, University of London, UK
- *John L. Mcgregor:
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32
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Wang CH, Su LH, Sun CH. A novel ARID/Bright-like protein involved in transcriptional activation of cyst wall protein 1 gene in Giardia lamblia. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8905-14. [PMID: 17244608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611170200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia to encyst is critical for survival outside the host and its transmission. AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) or Bright homologs constitute a large family of transcription factors in higher eukaryotes that regulate cell proliferation, development, and differentiation. We asked whether Giardia has ARID-like genes and whether they influence gene expression during Giardia encystation. Blast searches of the Giardia genome data base identified two genes with putative ARID/Bright domains (gARID1 and 2). Epitope-tagged gARID1 was found to localize to nuclei. Recombinant gARID1 specifically bound to the encystation-induced cyst wall protein (cwp) gene promoters. Mutation analysis revealed that AT-rich initiators were required for binding of gARID1 to the cwp promoters. gARID1 contains several key residues for DNA binding, and its binding sequences are similar to those of the known ARID family proteins. The gARID1 binding sequences were positive cis-acting elements of the cwp1 promoter during both vegetative growth and encystation. We also found that gARID1 transactivated the cwp1 promoter through its binding sequences in vivo. Our results suggest that the ARID family has been conserved during evolution and that gARID1 is an important transactivator in regulation of the Giardia cwp1 gene, which is key to Giardia differentiation into cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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33
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Huang H, Zhao X, Chen L, Xu C, Yao X, Lu Y, Dai L, Zhang M. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into smooth muscle cells in adherent monolayer culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:321-7. [PMID: 17069765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) plays critical roles in many human diseases, an in vitro system that recapitulates human SMC differentiation would be invaluable for exploring molecular mechanisms leading to the human diseases. We report a directed and highly efficient SMC differentiation system by treating the monolayer-cultivated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with all-trans retinoid acid (atRA). When the hESCs were cultivated in differentiation medium containing 10microM RA, more than 93% of the cells expressed SMC-marker genes along with the steadily accumulation of such SMC-specific proteins as SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC. The fully differentiated SMCs were stable in phenotype and capable of contraction. This inducible and highly efficient in vitro human SMC system could be an important resource to study the mechanisms of SMC phenotype determination in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 338, Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Brunelli S, Cossu G. A Role for Msx2 and Necdin in Smooth Muscle Differentiation of Mesoangioblasts and Other Mesoderm Progenitor Cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15:96-100. [PMID: 16039969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular regulation of smooth muscle differentiation is currently far less well understood than that of striated muscle, in part because in this cell type, the differentiated state is plastic and reversible. In recent years, however, several molecules, the best characterized of which is myocardin, have been shown to be necessary and sufficient to promote at least partial smooth muscle differentiation. Indeed, mice deficient in myocardin have a severe reduction of smooth muscle tissue. However, possibly because of multiple embryological origins, which include mesenchyme, neural crest, and even endothelium, different types of smooth muscle cells differ in their expression of myocardin and of other potential regulatory molecules. Here, we will review recent work on the topic, focusing on the mesoangioblast, a recently described vessel-associated stem cell, whose differentiation into smooth muscle is dependent upon expression of msx2 and necdin, but not of myocardin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Brunelli
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Dibit-H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Chadalavada RSV, Houldsworth J, Olshen AB, Bosl GJ, Studer L, Chaganti RSK. Transcriptional program of bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced epithelial and smooth muscle differentiation of pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2005; 5:59-69. [PMID: 15690164 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-005-0132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma NTera2/cloneD1 (NT2/D1) cells respond to multiple vertebrate patterning factors and offer a unique model system to investigate the signaling events associated with lineage determination and cell differentiation. Here, we define the temporal changes in global gene expression patterns in NT2/D1 cells upon treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Exposure to BMP-2 rapidly induced the expression of several transcription factors involved in establishing non-neural ectodermal fate followed by the appearance of epithelial-specific markers. Subsequent loss of stem cell markers was coupled to gene expression changes associated with decreased proliferative activity. Temporal clustering of gene expression patterns revealed a concurrent down-regulation of multiple transcripts involved in neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and axonal guidance, suggesting that the BMP-mediated differentiation process involves pro-epithelial as well as anti-neurogenic mechanisms. In addition, increased expression of smooth muscle markers both by gene expression and immunohistochemistry was detected. Several neural crest markers were induced preceding such a differentiation, compatible with a neural crest origin of NT2/D1-derived smooth muscle cells. Comparison of changes in transcript expression between BMP-2-induced epithelial versus all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced neural differentiation revealed potential candidates for regulation of BMP-2 signaling and suppression of neural fate by BMP-2. This study suggests that BMP-2-induced differentiation of NT2/D1 cells provides a powerful assay to study early human epithelial and smooth muscle development.
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Spin JM, Nallamshetty S, Tabibiazar R, Ashley EA, King JY, Chen M, Tsao PS, Quertermous T. Transcriptional profiling of in vitro smooth muscle cell differentiation identifies specific patterns of gene and pathway activation. Physiol Genomics 2004; 19:292-302. [PMID: 15340120 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00148.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodermal and epidermal precursor cells undergo phenotypic changes during differentiation to the smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage that are relevant to pathophysiological processes in the adult. Molecular mechanisms that underlie lineage determination and terminal differentiation of this cell type have received much attention, but the genetic program that regulates these processes has not been fully defined. Study of SMC differentiation has been facilitated by development of the P19-derived A404 embryonal cell line, which differentiates toward this lineage in the presence of retinoic acid and allows selection for cells adopting a SMC fate through a differentiation-specific drug marker. We sought to define global alterations in gene expression by studying A404 cells during SMC differentiation with oligonucleotide microarray transcriptional profiling. Using an in situ 60-mer array platform with more than 20,000 mouse genes derived from the National Institute on Aging clone set, we identified 2,739 genes that were significantly upregulated after differentiation was completed (false-detection ratio <1). These genes encode numerous markers known to characterize differentiated SMC, as well as many unknown factors. We further characterized the sequential patterns of gene expression during the differentiation time course, particularly for known transcription factor families, providing new insights into the regulation of the differentiation process. Changes in genes associated with specific biological ontology-based pathways were evaluated, and temporal trends were identified for functional pathways. In addition to confirming the utility of the A404 model, our data provide a large-scale perspective of gene regulation during SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Spin
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:767-801. [PMID: 15269336 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2503] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms/processes that control differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) during normal development and maturation of the vasculature, as well as how these mechanisms/processes are altered in vascular injury or disease. A major challenge in understanding differentiation of the vascular SMC is that this cell can exhibit a wide range of different phenotypes at different stages of development, and even in adult organisms the cell is not terminally differentiated. Indeed, the SMC is capable of major changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues including growth factors/inhibitors, mechanical influences, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and various inflammatory mediators. There has been much progress in recent years to identify mechanisms that control expression of the repertoire of genes that are specific or selective for the vascular SMC and required for its differentiated function. One of the most exciting recent discoveries was the identification of the serum response factor (SRF) coactivator gene myocardin that appears to be required for expression of many SMC differentiation marker genes, and for initial differentiation of SMC during development. However, it is critical to recognize that overall control of SMC differentiation/maturation, and regulation of its responses to changing environmental cues, is extremely complex and involves the cooperative interaction of many factors and signaling pathways that are just beginning to be understood. There is also relatively recent evidence that circulating stem cell populations can give rise to smooth muscle-like cells in association with vascular injury and atherosclerotic lesion development, although the exact role and properties of these cells remain to be clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of our knowledge in this area and to attempt to identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions that require further study.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Owens
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, 415 Lane Rd., Medical Research Building 5, Rm. 1220, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Brunelli S, Tagliafico E, De Angelis FG, Tonlorenzi R, Baesso S, Ferrari S, Niinobe M, Yoshikawa K, Schwartz RJ, Bozzoni I, Ferrari S, Cossu G. Msx2 and necdin combined activities are required for smooth muscle differentiation in mesoangioblast stem cells. Circ Res 2004; 94:1571-8. [PMID: 15155529 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000132747.12860.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying specification and differentiation of smooth muscle (SM), and this is, at least in part, because of the few cellular systems available to study the acquisition of a SM phenotype in vitro. Mesoangioblasts are vessel-derived stem cells that can be induced to differentiate into different cell types of the mesoderm, including SM. We performed a DNA microarray analysis of a mesoangioblast clone that spontaneously expresses an immature SM phenotype and compared it with a sister clone mainly composed of undifferentiated progenitor cells. This study allowed us to define a gene expression profile for "stem" cells versus smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the absence of differentiation inducers such as transforming growth factor beta. Two transcription factors, msx2 and necdin, are expressed at least 100 times more in SMCs than in stem cells, are coexpressed in all SMCs and tissues, are induced by transforming growth factor beta, and, when coexpressed, induce a number of SM markers in mesoangioblast, fibroblast, and endothelial cell lines. Conversely, their downregulation through RNA interference results in a decreased expression of SM markers. These data support the hypothesis that Msx2 and necdin act as master genes regulating SM differentiation in at least a subset of SMCs.
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Zhou J, Hoggatt AM, Herring BP. Activation of the smooth muscle-specific telokin gene by thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15929-37. [PMID: 14702338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313822200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the telokin gene is restricted to smooth muscle cells throughout development, making this gene an excellent model for unraveling the mechanisms that regulate gene expression in smooth muscle tissues. To identify proteins that bind to the telokin promoter, the AT-rich/CArG core of the promoter was used as a probe to perform a Southwestern screen of a mouse bladder cDNA library. Four clones corresponding to two distinct isoforms of mouse thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEFalpha and TEFbeta) were identified from this screen. The two TEF isoforms differ from each other at their amino termini and result from alternative promoter usage. An RNase protection assay showed that both TEF isoforms are expressed at high levels in mouse lung, bladder, kidney, gut, and brain. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that purified TEF protein can specifically bind to an AT-rich region within the core of the telokin promoter. Furthermore, when overexpressed in 10T1/2 cells, TEF significantly increased the activity of a telokin promoter-reporter gene; this activation was further augmented by elevated intracellular calcium levels. In contrast, overexpression of TEF had no effect on reporter genes driven by SM22alpha, smooth muscle alpha-actin, or smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoters. Consistent with these results, overexpression of TEFalpha and TEFbeta in A10 cells, using adenoviral vectors, increased expression of endogenous telokin without altering expression of myosin light chain 20, SM22alpha, smooth muscle alpha-actin, or calponin. These findings suggest that TEF factors contribute to the activation of the telokin promoter in smooth muscle cells in a calcium-dependent manner. These data also suggest that distinct transcription factors are required to control the expression of different smooth muscle genes in a single tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA
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Whitson RH, Tsark W, Huang TH, Itakura K. Neonatal mortality and leanness in mice lacking the ARID transcription factor Mrf-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:997-1004. [PMID: 14651970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteins containing the ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) DNA-binding motif regulate gene expression and differentiation in fungi, plants, and animals. This report describes phenotypes resulting from targeted disruption of the ARID gene Mrf-2. Homozygous loss of Mrf-2 resulted in a high rate of neonatal mortality that was partially strain-dependent: survival of Mrf-2(-/-) pups ranged from 6.4% on the 129S1 genetic background to 38% on a mixed 129S1.C57Bl/6J background. Loss of Mrf-2 expression did not affect embryonic survival, embryonic growth or birth weight. Lipid accumulation was severely reduced in brown adipose of Mrf-2(-/-) neonates at 24h of age, however, and Mrf-2(-/-) mice weighed significantly less than controls from postnatal day five onward. Adult Mrf-2(-/-) mice were lean, with significant reductions in brown and white adipose tissues, and in the percentage of body fat. Mrf-2(-/-) and Mrf-2(+/-) mice were also resistant to weight gains and obesity when maintained on high-fat diets. These phenotypes suggest that Mrf-2 is essential for accumulation of lipid stores in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Whitson
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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41
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Li S, Wang DZ, Wang Z, Richardson JA, Olson EN. The serum response factor coactivator myocardin is required for vascular smooth muscle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9366-70. [PMID: 12867591 PMCID: PMC170924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1233635100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the vascular system requires differentiation and patterning of endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Although much attention has focused on development of the vascular endothelial network, the mechanisms that control vascular SMC development are largely unknown. Myocardin is a smooth and cardiac muscle-specific transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor, a ubiquitous transcription factor implicated in smooth muscle gene expression. When expressed ectopically in nonmuscle cells, myocardin can induce smooth muscle differentiation by its association with serum response factor. Here we report that mouse embryos homozygous for a myocardin loss-of-function mutation die by embryonic day 10.5 and show no evidence of vascular SMC differentiation. Myocardin is the only transcription factor known to be necessary and sufficient for vascular SMC differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Homozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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42
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The serum response factor coactivator myocardin is required for vascular smooth muscle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003. [PMID: 12867591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.12336351001233635100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the vascular system requires differentiation and patterning of endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Although much attention has focused on development of the vascular endothelial network, the mechanisms that control vascular SMC development are largely unknown. Myocardin is a smooth and cardiac muscle-specific transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor, a ubiquitous transcription factor implicated in smooth muscle gene expression. When expressed ectopically in nonmuscle cells, myocardin can induce smooth muscle differentiation by its association with serum response factor. Here we report that mouse embryos homozygous for a myocardin loss-of-function mutation die by embryonic day 10.5 and show no evidence of vascular SMC differentiation. Myocardin is the only transcription factor known to be necessary and sufficient for vascular SMC differentiation.
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43
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Wang Z, Wang DZ, Pipes GCT, Olson EN. Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7129-34. [PMID: 12756293 PMCID: PMC165841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1232341100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all smooth muscle genes analyzed to date contain two or more essential binding sites for serum response factor (SRF) in their control regions. Because SRF is expressed in a wide range of cell types, it alone cannot account for smooth muscle-specific gene expression. We show that myocardin, a cardiac muscle- and smooth muscle-specific transcriptional coactivator of SRF, can activate smooth muscle gene expression in a variety of nonmuscle cell types via its association with SRF. Homodimerization of myocardin is required for maximal transcriptional activity and provides a mechanism for cooperative activation of smooth muscle genes by SRF-myocardin complexes bound to different SRF binding sites. These findings identify myocardin as a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression and explain how SRF conveys smooth muscle specificity to its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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44
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Abstract
Virtually all smooth muscle genes analyzed to date contain two or more essential binding sites for serum response factor (SRF) in their control regions. Because SRF is expressed in a wide range of cell types, it alone cannot account for smooth muscle-specific gene expression. We show that myocardin, a cardiac muscle- and smooth muscle-specific transcriptional coactivator of SRF, can activate smooth muscle gene expression in a variety of nonmuscle cell types via its association with SRF. Homodimerization of myocardin is required for maximal transcriptional activity and provides a mechanism for cooperative activation of smooth muscle genes by SRF-myocardin complexes bound to different SRF binding sites. These findings identify myocardin as a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression and explain how SRF conveys smooth muscle specificity to its target genes.
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45
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Abstract
Differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) remain highly plastic, enabling them to alter their phenotype in response to environmental and pathologic stimuli. SMCs in vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis exhibit phenotypes clearly different from those of the mature cells in normal blood vessels. These phenotypically modulated SMCs play an integral role in the development of vascular diseases. This review addresses recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms that control SMC phenotype during vascular development and in vascular disease. A particular focus is on the transcriptional control programs of the differentiated state of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Alterations in the differentiated state of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are known to play a key role in vascular diseases, yet the mechanisms controlling SMC differentiation are still poorly understand. In this review, we discuss our present knowledge of control of SMC differentiation at the transcriptional level, pointing out some common themes, important paradigms, and unresolved issues in SMC-specific gene regulation. We focus primarily on the serum response factor-CArG box-dependent pathway, because it has been shown to play a critical role in regulation of multiple SMC marker genes. However, we also highlight several other important regulatory elements, such as a transforming growth factor beta control element, E-boxes, and MCAT motifs. We present evidence in support of the notion that SMC-specific gene regulation is not controlled by a few SMC-specific transcription factors but rather by complex combinatorial interactions between multiple general and tissue-specific proteins. Finally, we discuss the implications of chromatin remodeling on SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Kumar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, MR5 Room 1220, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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