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Gonuguntla K, Badu I, Duhan S, Sandhyavenu H, Chobufo MD, Taha A, Thyagaturu H, Sattar Y, Keisham B, Ali S, Khan MZ, Latchana S, Naeem M, Shaik A, Balla S, Gulati M. Sex and Racial Disparities in Proportionate Mortality of Premature Myocardial Infarction in the United States: 1999 to 2020. J Am Heart Assoc 2024:e033515. [PMID: 38842272 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of premature myocardial infarction (PMI) in women (<65 years and men <55 years) is increasing. We investigated proportionate mortality trends in PMI stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity. METHODS AND RESULTS CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) was queried to identify PMI deaths within the United States between 1999 and 2020, and trends in proportionate mortality of PMI were calculated using the Joinpoint regression analysis. We identified 3 017 826 acute myocardial infarction deaths, with 373 317 PMI deaths corresponding to proportionate mortality of 12.5% (men 12%, women 14%). On trend analysis, proportionate mortality of PMI increased from 10.5% in 1999 to 13.2% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 1.0 [0.8-1.2, P <0.01]) with a significant increase in women from 10% in 1999 to 17% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 2.4 [1.8-3.0, P <0.01]) and no significant change in men, 11% in 1999 to 10% in 2020 (average annual percent change of -0.2 [-0.7 to 0.3, P=0.4]). There was a significant increase in proportionate mortality in both Black and White populations, with no difference among American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, or Hispanic people. American Indian/Alaska Natives had the highest PMI mortality with no significant change over time. CONCLUSIONS Over the last 2 decades, there has been a significant increase in the proportionate mortality of PMI in women and the Black population, with persistently high PMI in American Indian/Alaska Natives, despite an overall downtrend in acute myocardial infarction-related mortality. Further research to determine the underlying cause of these differences in PMI mortality is required to improve the outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irisha Badu
- Department of Medicine Onslow Memorial Hospital Jacksonville NC
| | - Sanchit Duhan
- Department of Medicine Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Baltimore MD
| | | | | | - Amro Taha
- Department of Medicine Weiss Memorial Hospital Chicago IL
| | | | - Yasar Sattar
- Department of Cardiology West Virginia University Morgantown WV
| | - Bijeta Keisham
- Department of Medicine Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Baltimore MD
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine Louisiana State University Shreveport LA
| | | | - Sharaad Latchana
- American University of Integrative Sciences School of Medicine Bridgetown Barbados
| | - Minahil Naeem
- Department of Internal Medicine King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Shaik
- Department of Cardiology Hartford Hospital Hartford CT
| | - Sudarshan Balla
- Department of Cardiology West Virginia University Morgantown WV
| | - Martha Gulati
- Department of Cardiology, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA
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Angarita-Fonseca A, Peebles A, Pilote L. Gender-Related Factors Associated With Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Young Female Patients. CJC Open 2024; 6:370-379. [PMID: 38487050 PMCID: PMC10935682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a significant global health concern, with a growing recognition of its impact on young adults, particularly young female adults. Although gender-related factors, defined as a social construct that encompasses 4 distinct dimensions (gender roles, gender identity, gender relations, and institutionalized gender) are undoubtedly relevant across age groups, young female patients with ACS face specific challenges and disparities in outcomes, compared to other populations. This narrative review examines the role of gender-related factors-specifically, gender roles, gender identity, gender relations, and institutionalized gender-in influencing objective and subjective ACS outcomes in young female patients. In the 5 articles identified, the objective outcomes included hospital readmission, "door-to-electrocardiography" time, and coronary atherosclerosis progression. Subjective outcomes, such as physical and mental functional status, quality of life, physical limitations, and vital exhaustion, were also examined. Being employed, which is a gender role, emerged as a protective factor against hospital readmission. Gender identity factors such as depression and stress were correlated with negative outcomes, and anxiety influenced "door-to-electrocardiography" times. Institutional factors, including income disparities, affected readmission likelihood. Strong social support decreased physical limitations post-ACS, whereas financial challenges and lower education negatively impacted quality of life and vital exhaustion. These findings underscore the intricate interplay of gender dimensions in shaping ACS outcomes among young female patients. Integrating these insights into clinical practice and research can enhance care, mitigate disparities, and foster improved cardiovascular health in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Angarita-Fonseca
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Peebles
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Pilote
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Zhou S, Zhang Y, Dong X, Zhang X, Ma J, Li N, Shi H, Yin Z, Xue Y, Hu Y, He Y, Wang B, Tian X, Smith SC, Xu M, Jin Y, Huo Y, Zheng ZJ. Sex Disparities in Management and Outcomes Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2338707. [PMID: 37862014 PMCID: PMC10589815 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.38707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Sex disparities in the management and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have received increasing attention. Objective To evaluate the association of a quality improvement program with sex disparities among patients with ACS. Design, Setting, and Participants The National Chest Pain Centers Program (NCPCP) is an ongoing nationwide program for the improvement of quality of care in patients with ACS in China, with CPC accreditation as a core intervention. In this longitudinal analysis of annual (January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020) cross-sectional data of 1 095 899 patients with ACS, the association of the NCPCP with sex-related disparities in the care of these patients was evaluated using generalized linear mixed models and interaction analysis. The robustness of the results was assessed by sensitivity analyses with inverse probability of treatment weighting. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2021, to June 30, 2022. Exposure Hospital participation in the NCPCP. Main Outcomes and Measures Differences in treatment and outcomes between men and women with ACS. Prehospital indicators included time from onset to first medical contact (onset-FMC), time from onset to calling an emergency medical service (onset-EMS), and length of hospital stay without receiving a percutaneous coronary intervention (non-PCI). In-hospital quality indicators included non-PCI, use of statin at arrival, discharge with statin, discharge with dual antiplatelet therapy, direct PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), PCI for higher-risk non-ST-segment elevation ACS, time from door to catheterization activation, and time from door to balloon. Patient outcome indicators included in-hospital mortality and in-hospital new-onset heart failure. Results Data for 1 095 899 patients with ACS (346 638 women [31.6%] and 749 261 men [68.4%]; mean [SD] age, 63.9 [12.4] years) from 989 hospitals were collected. Women had longer times for onset-FMC and onset-EMS; lower rates of PCI, statin use at arrival, and discharge with medication; longer in-hospital delays; and higher rates of in-hospital heart failure and mortality. The NCPCP was associated with less onset-FMC time, more direct PCI rate for STEMI, lower rate of in-hospital heart failure, more drug use, and fewer in-hospital delays for both men and women with ACS. Sex-related differences in the onset-FMC time (β = -0.03 [95% CI, -0.04 to -0.01), rate of direct PCI for STEMI (odds ratio, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.06-1.17]), time from hospital door to balloon (β = -1.38 [95% CI, -2.74 to -0.001]), and rate of in-hospital heart failure (odds ratio, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.86-0.94]) were significantly less after accreditation. Conclusions and Relevance In this longitudinal cross-sectional study of patients with ACS from hospitals participating in the NCPCP in China, sex-related disparities in management and outcomes were smaller in some aspects by regionalization between prehospital emergency and in-hospital treatment systems and standardized treatment procedures. The NCPCP should emphasize sex disparities to cardiologists; highlight compliance with clinical guidelines, particularly for female patients; and include the reduction of sex disparities as a performance appraisal indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduo Zhou
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejie Dong
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiong Ma
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Chinese Medical Association, Beijing, China
| | - Zuomin Yin
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuzeng Xue
- Division of Cardiology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Division of Cardiology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Division of Cardiology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Sidney C. Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinzi Jin
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huo
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zheng
- Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Shaka H, DeHart L, El-amir Z, Wani F, Ramirez M, Kichloo A. Rising Readmission Rates After Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hospitalization Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Throughout a Decade in the United States. Clin Diabetes 2023; 41:220-225. [PMID: 37092155 PMCID: PMC10115619 DOI: 10.2337/cd22-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Research on longitudinal trends in readmission rates after diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is lacking. This retrospective study was aimed at identifying trends in readmissions after hospitalization for DKA, as well as trends in outcomes after readmission, over time among adults with type 1 diabetes in the United States. Findings indicate that the DKA readmission rate increased from 53 to 73 events per 100,000 between 2010 to 2018, and low-income and uninsured patients had higher odds of readmission. There was no significant change in mortality after readmission over time. Improved access to care and affordable management options may play a crucial role in preventing readmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafeez Shaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Luke DeHart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI
| | - Zain El-amir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI
| | - Farah Wani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI
| | - Marcelo Ramirez
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Asim Kichloo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI
- Department of Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY
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5
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Sawano M, Lu Y, Caraballo C, Mahajan S, Dreyer R, Lichtman JH, D'Onofrio G, Spatz E, Khera R, Onuma O, Murugiah K, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Sex Difference in Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1797-1806. [PMID: 37137590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Younger women experience worse health status than men after their index episode of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, whether women have a higher risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular hospitalizations in the year after discharge is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine sex differences in causes and timing of 1-year outcomes after AMI in people aged 18 to 55 years. METHODS Data from the VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) study, which enrolled young patients with AMI across 103 U.S. hospitals, were used. Sex differences in all-cause and cause-specific hospitalizations were compared by calculating incidence rates ([IRs] per 1,000 person-years) and IR ratios with 95% CIs. We then performed sequential modeling to evaluate the sex difference by calculating subdistribution HRs (SHRs) accounting for deaths. RESULTS Among 2,979 patients, at least 1 hospitalization occurred among 905 patients (30.4%) in the year after discharge. The leading causes of hospitalization were coronary related (IR: 171.8 [95% CI: 153.6-192.2] among women vs 117.8 [95% CI: 97.3-142.6] among men), followed by noncardiac hospitalization (IR: 145.8 [95% CI: 129.2-164.5] among women vs 69.6 [95% CI: 54.5-88.9] among men). Furthermore, a sex difference was present for coronary-related hospitalizations (SHR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.04-1.70; P = 0.02) and noncardiac hospitalizations (SHR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.13-2.07; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Young women with AMI experience more adverse outcomes than men in the year after discharge. Coronary-related hospitalizations were most common, but noncardiac hospitalizations showed the most significant sex disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Sawano
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - César Caraballo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shiwani Mahajan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Dreyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Judith H Lichtman
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gail D'Onofrio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erica Spatz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Oyere Onuma
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karthik Murugiah
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John A Spertus
- University of Missouri-Kansas City's Healthcare Institute for Innovations in Quality and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital Center of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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6
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Gulati M, Holtzman JN, Kaur G. Increased Rehospitalization in Young Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction at 1 Year: Adding Insult to Infarct. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1807-1809. [PMID: 37137591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gulati
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Jessica N Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dreyer RP, Arakaki A, Raparelli V, Murphy TE, Tsang SW, D’Onofrio G, Wood M, Wright CX, Pilote L. Young Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Risk Prediction Model for 1-Year Hospital Readmission. CJC Open 2023; 5:335-344. [PMID: 37377522 PMCID: PMC10290947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although young women ( aged ≤ 55 years) are at higher risk than similarly aged men for hospital readmission within 1 year after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), no risk prediction models have been developed for them. The present study developed and internally validated a risk prediction model of 1-year post-AMI hospital readmission among young women that considered demographic, clinical, and gender-related variables. Methods We used data from the US Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients (VIRGO) study (n = 2007 women), a prospective observational study of young patients hospitalized with AMI. Bayesian model averaging was used for model selection and bootstrapping for internal validation. Model calibration and discrimination were respectively assessed with calibration plots and area under the curve. Results Within 1-year post-AMI, 684 women (34.1%) were readmitted to the hospital at least once. The final model predictors included: any in-hospital complication, baseline perceived physical health, obstructive coronary artery disease, diabetes, history of congestive heart failure, low income ( < $30,000 US), depressive symptoms, length of hospital stay, and race (White vs Black). Of the 9 retained predictors, 3 were gender-related. The model was well calibrated and exhibited modest discrimination (area under the curve = 0.66). Conclusions Our female-specific risk model was developed and internally validated in a cohort of young female patients hospitalized with AMI and can be used to predict risk of readmission. Whereas clinical factors were the strongest predictors, the model included several gender-related variables (ie, perceived physical health, depression, income level). However, discrimination was modest, indicating that other unmeasured factors contribute to variability in hospital readmission risk among younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Dreyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Informatics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Arakaki
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Terrence E. Murphy
- Program on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sui W. Tsang
- Program on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gail D’Onofrio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Malissa Wood
- Massachusetts General Hospital Heart Centre, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine X. Wright
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Louise Pilote
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Dondo TB, Munyombwe T, Hall M, Hurdus B, Soloveva A, Oliver G, Aktaa S, West RM, Hall AS, Gale CP. Sex differences in health-related quality of life trajectories following myocardial infarction: national longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062508. [PMID: 36351712 PMCID: PMC9644325 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate sex-based differences in baseline values and longitudinal trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a large cohort of myocardial infarction (MI) survivors after adjusting for other important factors. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Population-based longitudinal study the Evaluation of the Methods and Management of Acute Coronary Events study linked with national cardiovascular registry. Data were collected from 77 hospitals in England between 1 November 2011 and 24 June 2015. PARTICIPANTS 9551 patients with MI. Patients were eligible for the study if they were ≥18 years of age. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES HRQoL was measured by EuroQol five-dimension, visual analogue scale (EQ-5D, EQ VAS) survey at baseline, 1, 6 and 12 months after discharge. Multi-level linear and logistic regression models coupled with inverse probability weighted propensity scoring were used to evaluate sex differences in HRQoL following MI. RESULTS Of the 9551 patients with MI and complete data on sex, 25.1% (2,397) were women. At baseline, women reported lower HRQoL (EQ VAS (mean (SD) 59.8 (20.4) vs 64.5 (20.9)) (median (IQR) 60.00 (50.00-75.00) vs 70.00 (50.00-80.00))) (EQ-5D (mean (SD) 0.66 (0.31) vs 0.74 (0.28)) (median (IQR) 0.73 (0.52-0.85) vs 0.81 (0.62-1.00))) and were more likely to report problems in each HRQoL domain compared with men. In the covariate balanced and adjusted multi-level model sex differences in HRQoL persisted during follow-up, with lower EQ VAS and EQ-5D scores in women compared with men (adjusted EQ VAS model sex coefficient: -4.41, 95% CI -5.16 to -3.66 and adjusted EQ-5D model sex coefficient: -0.07, 95% CI -0.08 to -0.06). CONCLUSIONS Women have lower HRQoL compared with men at baseline and during 12 months follow-up after MI. Tailored interventions for women following an MI could improve their quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04598048, NCT01808027, NCT01819103.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatendashe Bernadette Dondo
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Theresa Munyombwe
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marlous Hall
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Hurdus
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Anzhela Soloveva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Suleman Aktaa
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert M West
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Chris P Gale
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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9
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Wang S, Zhu X. Predictive Modeling of Hospital Readmission: Challenges and Solutions. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:2975-2995. [PMID: 34133285 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2021.3089682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hospital readmission prediction is a study to learn models from historical medical data to predict probability of a patient returning to hospital in a certain period, e.g. 30 or 90 days, after the discharge. The motivation is to help health providers deliver better treatment and post-discharge strategies, lower the hospital readmission rate, and eventually reduce the medical costs. Due to inherent complexity of diseases and healthcare ecosystems, modeling hospital readmission is facing many challenges. By now, a variety of methods have been developed, but existing literature fails to deliver a complete picture to answer some fundamental questions, such as what are the main challenges and solutions in modeling hospital readmission; what are typical features/models used for readmission prediction; how to achieve meaningful and transparent predictions for decision making; and what are possible conflicts when deploying predictive approaches for real-world usages. In this paper, we systematically review computational models for hospital readmission prediction, and propose a taxonomy of challenges featuring four main categories: (1) data variety and complexity; (2) data imbalance, locality and privacy; (3) model interpretability; and (4) model implementation. The review summarizes methods in each category, and highlights technical solutions proposed to address the challenges. In addition, a review of datasets and resources available for hospital readmission modeling also provides firsthand materials to support researchers and practitioners to design new approaches for effective and efficient hospital readmission prediction.
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10
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Krittanawong C, Yue B, Mahtta D, Narasimhan B, Kumar A, Wang Z, Sharma SK, Tamis-Holland JE, Brar SS, Mehran R, Alam M, Jneid H, Virani SS. Readmission in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in 4 Age Groups (<45, >45 to <60, 60 to <75, and >75). Am J Cardiol 2022; 173:25-32. [PMID: 35431050 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) among younger adults is increasing due to an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Readmissions after STEMI in young patients could lead to substantial health care costs and a significant burden on health care resources. Although STEMI readmissions are well studied in elderly patients, limited data are available regarding readmissions after STEMI in young patients and the etiologies remain poorly understood. Because younger patients with STEMI have different sociodemographic profiles th;an older patients with STEMI, one would postulate that the risk factors for readmissions in young patients would differ from that reported in the older patients with STEMI. We performed a contemporary nationwide study using the 2016 and 2017 Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify patterns of readmissions after STEMI in the young adult population. Our analysis of the Nationwide Readmissions Database revealed a total of 243,747 hospitalizations for STEMI between 2016 and 2017. Readmission rates demonstrated a steady increase from discharge, increasing to 7.8% at 30 days and 10.3% at 60 days before relatively plateauing at 12.1% at 90 days. Cardiovascular etiologies were the most common cause of readmission (53.6%). After multivariable analysis, development of cardiogenic shock (adjusted odds ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.97; p = 0.008) and acute renal failure (adjusted odds ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.87; p = 0.003) during the index admission were associated with significantly higher rates of readmission. In conclusion, close monitoring in young patients who presented with STEMI and concomitant with cardiogenic shock or acute renal failure, and possibly, aggressive therapy during index admission may be needed. However, this population may be heterogeneous and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Bing Yue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York
| | - Dhruv Mahtta
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bharat Narasimhan
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute (Miller Family), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Samin K Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York; Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory of the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Jacqueline E Tamis-Holland
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York
| | - Somjot S Brar
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Department of Cardiac Catheterization, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York; Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory of the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hani Jneid
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Salim S Virani
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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11
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Ismayl M, Machanahalli Balakrishna A, Walters RW, Pajjuru VS, Goldsweig AM, Aboeata A. In-hospital mortality and readmission after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in nonagenarians: A nationwide analysis from the United States. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 100:5-16. [PMID: 35568973 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess readmission rates in nonagenarians (age ≥ 90 years) with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) versus no pPCI. BACKGROUND There are limited data exploring readmissions following STEMI in nonagenarians undergoing pPCI versus no pPCI. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify nonagenarians hospitalized with STEMI. We divided the cohort into two groups based on pPCI status. We compared mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission, readmission rates, and causes of readmissions. RESULTS We identified 58,231 nonagenarian STEMI hospitalizations between 2010 and 2018, of which 18,809 (32.3%) included pPCI, and 39,422 (67.7%) had no pPCI. Unadjusted unplanned 30-day readmission was higher in pPCI cohort (21.0% vs. 15.4%, p < 0.001). However, mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission were significantly lower in pPCI cohort (15.8% vs. 32.2%, p < 0.001; 7.4% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, hospitalizations that included pPCI had 25% greater odds of unplanned 30-day readmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.39, p < 0.001) and 49% lower odds of in-hospital mortality during index hospitalization (aOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.46-0.56, p < 0.001). Heart failure was the most common cause of readmission in both cohorts followed by myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS In nonagenarians with STEMI, pPCI is associated with slightly higher 30-day readmission but significantly lower mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission than no pPCI. Given the overwhelming mortality benefit with pPCI, further research is necessary to optimize the utilization of pPCI while reducing readmissions following STEMI in nonagenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ismayl
- Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Ryan W Walters
- Division of Clinical Research and Evaluative Sciences, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Venkata S Pajjuru
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew M Goldsweig
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ahmed Aboeata
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has brought increased efforts to better understand causes for ACS readmissions and strategies to minimize them. This review seeks to provide a critical appraisal of this rapidly growing body of literature. RECENT FINDINGS Prior to 2010, readmission rates for patients suffering from ACS remained relatively constant. More recently, several strategies have been implemented to mitigate this including improved risk assessment models, transition care bundles, and development of targeted programs by federal organizations and professional societies. These strategies have been associated with a significant reduction in ACS readmission rates in more recent years. With this, improvements in 30-day post-discharge mortality rates are also being appreciated. As we continue to expand our knowledge on independent risk factors for ACS readmissions, further strategies targeting at-risk populations may further decrease the rate of readmissions. Efforts to understand and reduce 30-day ACS readmission rates have resulted in overall improved quality of care for patients.
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13
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Akbar KMA, Dharma S, Andriantoro H, Sukmawan R, Mangkuanom AS, Rejeki VG. Relationship between Hemoglobin Concentration at Admission with the Incidence of No-Reflow Phenomenon and In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Elevation of ST Segments in Patients who underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Int J Angiol 2022; 32:106-112. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAnemia in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with a pro-coagulant state, contributing to the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon and increased mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). However, clinical data remain contradictory. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association of admission hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and in-hospital mortality of STEMI patients' post-PPCI, as well as final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow. A cross-sectional study was performed from the database of Jakarta Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry, consisting of 3,071 STEMI patients who underwent PPCI between January 2014 and December 2019. No-reflow phenomenon was defined as final TIMI flow <3 of the infarct-related artery. Outcome measures were the occurrence of no-reflow and in-hospital mortality. Anemia criteria were based on the World Health Organization. Anemia was found in 550 patients (17.9%). Patients with anemia were older (60 ± 10 years, p < 0.001), predominantly women (20.7 vs. 11.2%, p < 0.001), TIMI risk score >4 (45.8 vs. 30.4%, p < 0.00), and Killip classification >1 (25.8 vs. 20.8%, p < 0.009). Anemia at admission was not associated with no-reflow phenomenon (odds ratio [OR] = 0.889; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.654–1.209, p = 0.455). Multivariate regression models showed that anemia was not associated with in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.963; 95% CI = 0.635–1.459, p = 0.857) and with no-reflow phenomenon (OR = 0.939; 95% CI = 0.361–2.437, p = 0.896). Anemia upon admission was not related to the no-reflow phenomena or in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiagus Muhammad Andri Akbar
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Surya Dharma
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hananto Andriantoro
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Renan Sukmawan
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arwin Saleh Mangkuanom
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vidya Gilang Rejeki
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
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14
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Rashidi A, Whitehead L, Glass C. Factors affecting hospital readmission rates following an acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs 2021; 31:2377-2397. [PMID: 34811845 PMCID: PMC9546456 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim To synthesise quantitative evidence on factors that impact hospital readmission rates following ACS with comorbidities. Design Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Data sources A search of eight electronic databases, including Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Review methods The search strategy included keywords and MeSH terms to identify English language studies published between 2001 and 2020. The quality of included studies was assessed by two independent reviewers, using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Results Twenty‐four articles were included in the review. All cause 30‐day readmission rate was most frequently reported and ranged from 4.2% to 81%. Reported factors that were associated with readmission varied across studies from socio‐demographic, behavioural factors, comorbidity factors and cardiac factors. Findings from some of the studies were limited by data source, study designs and small sample size. Conclusion Strategies that integrate comprehensive discharge planning and individualised care planning to enhance behavioural support are related to a reduction in readmission rates. It is recommended that nurses are supported to influence discharge planning and lead the development of nurse‐led interventions to ensure discharge planning is both coordinated and person‐centred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Rashidi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lisa Whitehead
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Courtney Glass
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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15
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Check R, Kelly B, Dunn E, Stankewicz H, Hakim J, Arner K, Ridley K, Irick J, Irick M, Agresti D, Jeanmonod R. Patients' sex and race are independent predictors of HEART score documentation by emergency medicine providers. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 51:308-312. [PMID: 34798572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The HEART score is a widely used clinical decision tool that provides emergency providers with objective risk stratification for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with undifferentiated chest pain (CP). There is no data as to which patients undergo formal risk stratification with a HEART score, and whether patient demographics influence decisions to apply the HEART score. Our objective was to determine if sex or race independently predict documentation of patients' HEART scores in CP patients. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients with a chief complaint of CP who presented to EDs within a single health care system (11 EDs) from September 2018-January 2021. Charts were identified via query of the electronic medical record, and patient age, race, and sex were extracted. The presence or absence of documentation of a HEART score was also recorded. Patient race was categorized as white/non-white. Sex was categorized as male/female. Age was inputted as a continuous variable. We performed logistic regression to determine which variables were associated with documentation of a HEART score. RESULTS 38,277 patients were included in the study. The median patient age was 51 with IQR 36-64, and 18,927 (47.5%) were male. HEART scores were documented in 24,181. Younger age, female sex, and non-white race were all independent predictors of not having HEART score risk stratification documented in the medical record. CONCLUSIONS Women and non-white patients are less likely to receive HEART score risk stratification when presenting with undifferentiated CP, even when controlling for patient age. Further studies should address whether this influences patient centered outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Check
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Brian Kelly
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Erica Dunn
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Holly Stankewicz
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Jenna Hakim
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Kate Arner
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Kylie Ridley
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Irick
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Irick
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Darin Agresti
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Jeanmonod
- St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America.
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16
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Dreyer RP, Raparelli V, Tsang SW, D'Onofrio G, Lorenze N, Xie CF, Geda M, Pilote L, Murphy TE. Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model for 1-Year Readmission Among Young Adults Hospitalized for Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021047. [PMID: 34514837 PMCID: PMC8649501 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Readmission over the first year following hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is common among younger adults (≤55 years). Our aim was to develop/validate a risk prediction model that considered a broad range of factors for readmission within 1 year. Methods and Results We used data from the VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) study, which enrolled young adults aged 18 to 55 years hospitalized with AMI across 103 US hospitals (N=2979). The primary outcome was ≥1 all‐cause readmissions within 1 year of hospital discharge. Bayesian model averaging was used to select the risk model. The mean age of participants was 47.1 years, 67.4% were women, and 23.2% were Black. Within 1 year of discharge for AMI, 905 (30.4%) of participants were readmitted and were more likely to be female, Black, and nonmarried. The final risk model consisted of 10 predictors: depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05), better physical health (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99), in‐hospital complication of heart failure (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.99–2.08), chronic obstructive pulmomary disease (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.96–1.74), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.00–1.52), female sex (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05–1.65), low income (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.89–1.42), prior AMI (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.15–1.87), in‐hospital length of stay (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23), and being employed (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69–1.12). The model had excellent calibration and modest discrimination (C statistic=0.67 in development/validation cohorts). Conclusions Women and those with a prior AMI, increased depressive symptoms, longer inpatient length of stay and diabetes may be more likely to be readmitted. Notably, several predictors of readmission were psychosocial characteristics rather than markers of AMI severity. This finding may inform the development of interventions to reduce readmissions in young patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Dreyer
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale - New Haven Hospital New Haven CT.,Department of Emergency Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Translational Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy.,Department of Nursing University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Sui W Tsang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Gail D'Onofrio
- Department of Emergency Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Nancy Lorenze
- Program on Aging Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Catherine F Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Mary Geda
- Program on Aging Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Louise Pilote
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal Quebec Canada.,Divisions of Clinical Epidemiology and General Internal Medicine McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Terrence E Murphy
- Program on Aging Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
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17
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Cholack G, Garfein J, Errickson J, Krallman R, Montgomery D, Kline-Rogers E, Eagle K, Rubenfire M, Bumpus S, Barnes GD. Early (0-7 day) and late (8-30 day) readmission predictors in acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure patients. Hosp Pract (1995) 2021; 49:364-370. [PMID: 34474638 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2021.1976558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thirty-day readmission following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atrial fibrillation (AF), or congestive heart failure (CHF) is common, and many occur within one week of discharge. Using a cohort of patients hospitalized for ACS, AF, or CHF, we sought to identify predictors of 30-day, early (0-7 day), and late (8-30 day) all-cause readmission. METHODS We identified 3531 hospitalizations for ACS, AF, or CHF at a large academic medical center between 2008 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to identify predictors of 30-day, early, and late unplanned, all-cause readmission, adjusting for discharge diagnosis and other demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS Of 3531 patients hospitalized for ACS, AF, or CHF, 700 (19.8%) were readmitted within 30 days, and 205 (29.3%) readmissions were early. Of all 30-day readmissions, 34.8% of ACS, 16.8% of AF, and 26.0% of the CHF cohorts' readmissions occurred early. Higher hemoglobin was associated with lower 30-day readmission [adjusted (adj) OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97] while patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission were more likely readmitted within 30 days (adj OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03-1.67). Among patients with a 30-day readmission, females (adj OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.22, 2.47) and patients requiring ICU admission (adj OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.27, 3.26) were more likely readmitted early than late. Readmission predictors did not vary substantively by discharge diagnosis. CONCLUSION Patients admitted to the ICU were more likely readmitted in the early and 30-day periods. Other predictors varied between readmission groups. Since outpatient follow-up often occurs beyond 1 week of discharge, early readmission predictors can help healthcare providers identify patients who may benefit from particular post-discharge services.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Cholack
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Joshua Garfein
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Josh Errickson
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Krallman
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Montgomery
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva Kline-Rogers
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kim Eagle
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melvyn Rubenfire
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sherry Bumpus
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Barnes
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Unplanned hospital readmissions after acute myocardial infarction: a nationwide analysis of rates, trends, predictors and causes in the United States between 2010 and 2014. Coron Artery Dis 2021; 31:354-364. [PMID: 31972608 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unplanned hospital readmissions are an important quality metric for benchmarking, but there are limited data following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aims to examine the 30-day unplanned readmission rate, predictors, causes and outcomes after hospitalization for AMI. METHODS The USA Nationwide Readmission Database was utilized to analyze patients with a primary diagnosis of AMI between 2010 and 2014. Rates of readmissions, causes and costs were determined and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of readmissions. RESULTS Of 2 204 104 patients with AMI, the 30-day unplanned readmission rate was 12.3% (n = 270 510), which changed from 13.0 to 11.5% between 2010 and 2014. The estimated impact of readmissions in AMI was ~718 million USD and ~281000 additional bed days per year. Comorbidities such as diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.29], chronic lung disease (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.26-1.31), renal failure (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.35-1.40) and cancer (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.30-1.41) were independently associated with unplanned readmission. Discharge against medical advice was the variable most strongly associated with unplanned readmission (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.27-2.54). Noncardiac causes for readmissions accounted for 52.9% of all readmissions. The most common cause of cardiac readmission was heart failure (14.3%) and for noncardiac readmissions was infections (8.8%). CONCLUSION Readmissions during the first month after AMI occur in more than one in 10 patients resulting in a healthcare cost of ~718 million USD per year and ~281000 additional bed days per year. These findings have important public health implications. Strategies to identify and reduce readmissions in AMI will dramatically reduce healthcare costs for society.
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19
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Zhang T, Guan YZ, Liu H. Association of Acidemia With Short-Term Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Study Base on MIMIC-III Database. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 26:1076029620950837. [PMID: 32862673 PMCID: PMC7466881 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620950837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death and not a few of these patients are combined with acidemia. This study aimed to detect the association of acidemia with short-term mortality of AMI patients. A total of 972 AMI patients were selected from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) III database for analysis. Propensity-score matching (PSM) was used to reduce the imbalance. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the mortality, and Cox-proportional hazards model was used to detect related factors associated with mortality. After PSM, a total of 345 non-acidemia patients and 345 matched acidemia patients were included. The non-acidemia patients had a significantly lower 30-day mortality (20.0% vs. 28.7%) and lower 90-day mortality (24.9% vs. 31.9%) than the acidemia patients (P < 0.001 for all). The severe-acidemia patients (PH < 7.25) had the highest 30-day mortality (52.6%) and 90-day mortality (53.9%) than non-acidemia patients and mild-acidemia (7.25 ≤ PH < 7.35) patients (P < 0.001). In Cox-proportional hazards model, acidemia was associated with improved 30-day mortality (HR = 1.518; 95%CI = 1.110-2.076, P = 0.009) and 90-day mortality (HR = 1.378; 95%CI = 1.034 -1.837, P = 0.029). These results suggest that severe acidemia is associated with improved 30-day mortality and 90-day mortality of AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, 74626Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Zong Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, 74626Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, 74626Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Haider A, Bengs S, Luu J, Osto E, Siller-Matula JM, Muka T, Gebhard C. Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:1328-1336. [PMID: 31876924 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although health disparities in women presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have received growing attention in recent years, clinical outcomes from ACS are still worse for women than for men. Women continue to experience higher patient and system delays and receive less aggressive invasive treatment and pharmacotherapies. Gender- and sex-specific variables that contribute to ACS vulnerability remain largely unknown. Notwithstanding the sex differences in baseline coronary anatomy and function, women and men are treated the same based on guidelines that were established from experimental and clinical trial data over-representing the male population. Importantly, younger women have a particularly unfavourable prognosis and a plethora of unanswered questions remains in this younger population. The present review summarizes contemporary evidence for gender and sex differences in vascular biology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of ACS. We further discuss potential mechanisms and non-traditional risk conditions modulating the course of disease in women and men, such as unrecognized psychosocial factors, sex-specific vascular and neural stress responses, and the potential impact of epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Susan Bengs
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Judy Luu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg MB R3A, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elena Osto
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jolanta M Siller-Matula
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Gebhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Alyasin N, Teate A, Strickland K. The experience of women following first acute coronary syndrome: An integrative literature review. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:2228-2247. [PMID: 33393122 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is lack of evidence and research understanding among women's lived experiences following first acute coronary syndrome, thus their recovery process remains poorly understood. To date research has largely focused on men's experience of acute coronary syndrome while this area of health care and recovery has considerable impact on women's health and quality of life. Our aim was to review the literature exploring lived experience of women following first acute coronary syndrome. DESIGN Integrative review of the literature. DATA SOURCE We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus from 2008-2018 for articles published in English. REVIEW METHOD Of 1675 publications identified, 18 qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies met our inclusion criteria. Quality of included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools. Findings were integrated using thematic synthesis. RESULTS Experiencing acute coronary syndrome was reported to have significant impacts on women's lives. The most common issues reported were physical limitations, fear, and uncertainties about the future, sexual dissatisfaction, and social isolation. Women also reported to have higher short- and long-term mortality rate, stroke, recurrent, and hospital readmissions compared with men. CONCLUSION This review identified current knowledge and gaps about lived experience of women following first acute coronary syndrome. It is anticipated that the information gained from this literature review will support new research aimed at improving the care women receive following acute coronary syndrome and therefore enhance their recovery and quality of life. IMPACT This review contributes to the current body of knowledge by addressing women's physical, psychosocial, and sexual state following acute coronary syndrome. Improvement in women's quality of life after acute coronary syndrome necessitates further research which ultimately results in better management and treatment of women and their recovery following first acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Alyasin
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alison Teate
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karen Strickland
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Steitieh DA, Lu DY, Kalil RK, Kim LK, Sharma G, Yeo I, Feldman DN, Cheung JW, Mecklai A, Paul TK, Ascunce RR, Amin NP. Sex-based differences in revascularization and 30-day readmission after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2020; 31:41-47. [PMID: 33358184 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States. Revascularization is considered the standard of care for treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is known to reduce readmission. However there is a paucity of data that examines the sex-dependent impact of revascularization on readmission. We aimed to investigate sex differences in revascularization rates, 30-day readmission rates, and primary cause of readmissions following STEMIs. METHODS STEMI hospitalizations were selected in the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014. Revascularization rates, 30-day readmission rates, and primary cause of readmission were examined. Interaction between sex and revascularization was assessed. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of 30-day readmission and revascularization for both sexes. RESULTS 219,944 women and 489,605 men were admitted with STEMIs. Women were more likely to be older, and have more comorbidities. Women were less likely to undergo revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-0.70) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (adjusted OR 0.40; CI 0.39-0.44). Women had higher 30-day readmission rates (15.7% vs. 10.8%, p < 0.001; OR 1.20, CI 1.17-1.23), and revascularization in women was not associated with a decreased likelihood of 30-day readmission. The primary cardiac cause of readmission in women was heart failure. CONCLUSION Compared to men, women with STEMIs had lower rates of revascularization and higher rates of 30-day readmission. When revascularized, women were still more likely to be readmitted as compared to non-revascularized women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala A Steitieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America.
| | - Daniel Y Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Ramsey K Kalil
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Box 130, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Luke K Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group (CORG), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Garima Sharma
- Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Ilhwan Yeo
- Division of Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, 56-45 Main Street, Flushing, NY 11355, United States of America
| | - Dmitriy N Feldman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group (CORG), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Jim W Cheung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group (CORG), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Alicia Mecklai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Women's Heart Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8th Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Tracy K Paul
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Women's Heart Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8th Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R Ascunce
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Women's Heart Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8th Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Nivee P Amin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group (CORG), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8(th) Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America; Weill Cornell Women's Heart Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1305 York Ave, 8th Floor - Cardiology, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
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Yao J, Xie Y, Liu Y, Tang Y, Xu J. Prediction Factors of 6-Month Poor Prognosis in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32903533 PMCID: PMC7438543 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Patients with AMI may have the risk of developing recurrent cardiovascular events leading to rehospitalization or even death. The present study aimed to investigate the prediction factors of poor prognosis (mortality and/or readmission) after AMI during a 6-month follow-up. Methods: A total of 206 consecutive patients hospitalized for the first visit with AMI were enrolled. Data collection included demographic characteristics, medical history, clinical information, laboratory results, and oral medications within 24 h of admission. At 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge, AMI patients were followed up to assess the occurrence of composite endpoint events including in-hospital and out-of-hospital death and/or readmission due to recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or exacerbated symptoms of heart failure following MI. Results: After 6-month follow-up, a total of 197 AMI patients were available and divided in two groups according to good prognosis (n = 144) and poor prognosis (n = 53). Our data identified serum myoglobin ≥651 ng/mL, serum creatinine ≥96 μM, Killip classification 2–4, and female gender as independent predictors of 6-month mortality and/or readmission after AMI. Moreover, we demonstrated that Killip classification 2–4 combined with either myoglobin (AUCKillip class 2−4+myoglobin = 0.784, sensitivity = 69.8%, specificity = 79.9%) or creatinine (AUCKillip class 2−4+creatinine = 0.805, sensitivity = 75.5%, specificity = 77.1%) could further enhance the predictive capacity of poor 6-month prognosis among AMI patients. Conclusions: Patients with AMI ranked in the higher Killip class need to be evaluated and monitored with attention. Multibiomarker approach using Killip classification 2–4 and myoglobin or creatinine may be an effective way for 6-month prognosis prediction in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Operative Incision and Drainage for Perirectal Abscesses: What Are Risk Factors for Prolonged Length of Stay, Reoperation, and Readmission? Dis Colon Rectum 2020; 63:1127-1133. [PMID: 32251145 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perirectal abscess is a common problem. Despite a seemingly simple disease to manage, clinical outcomes of perirectal abscesses can vary significantly given the wide array of patients who are susceptible to this disease. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to evaluate the outcomes after operative incision and drainage for perirectal abscess and to examine factors associated with length of stay, reoperations, and readmissions. DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. SETTINGS The study was conducted with hospitals participating in the surgical database. PATIENTS Adult patients undergoing outpatient perirectal abscess procedures from 2011 through 2016 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Study outcomes were length of stay, reoperation, and readmission. RESULTS We identified 2358 patients undergoing incision and drainage for perirectal abscesses. Approximately 35% of patients required hospital stay. Reoperations occurred in 3.4%, with median time to reoperation of 15.5 days. The majority of reoperations (79.7%) were performed for additional incision and drainage. Readmissions rate was 3.0%, with median time to readmission of 10.5 days. Common indications for readmissions included recurrent/persistent abscess (41.4%) and fever/sepsis (8.6%). Risk factors for hospitalization in multivariable analysis were preoperative sepsis, bleeding disorder, and non-Hispanic black and Hispanic races. For reoperations, risk factors included morbid obesity, preoperative sepsis, and dependent functional status. Lastly, for readmissions, female sex, steroid/immunosuppression, and dependent functional status were significant risk factors. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its retrospective analysis and potential selection bias in decisions on hospital stay, reoperation, and readmission. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal outcomes after outpatient operative incision and drainage for perirectal abscesses are not uncommon in the United States. In the era of value-based care, additional work is needed to optimize use outcomes for high-risk patients undergoing perirectal incision and drainage. Strategies to prevent inadequate drainage at the time of the initial operative incision and drainage (ie, use of imaging modalities and thorough examination under anesthesia) are warranted to improve patient outcomes. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B229. INCISIÓN Y DRENAJE QUIRÚRGICOS DE ABSCESOS PERIRRECTALES: CUALES SON LOS FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA UNA ESTADÍA PROLONGADA, REINTERVENCIÓN Y READMISION?: Los abscesos perirrectales son un problema frecuente. A pesar que parecen ser una afección aparentemente simple de manejar, los resultados clínicos de la incisión y drenaje quirúrgicos pueden variar significativamente dada la amplia variedad de pacientes susceptibles de sufrir esta afección.Evaluar los resultados después de la incisión y el drenaje quirúrgicos de un absceso perirrectal y analizar los factores asociados con la duración de la hospitalización, la reoperación y la readmisión.Análisis retrospectivo de la base de datos del Programa Americano de Mejora de la Calidad Quirúrgica.Hospitales que participan en la base de datos quirúrgica.Pacientes adultos sometidos a incisión y drenaje quirúrgico ambulatorio de un absceso perirrectal desde 2011 hasta 2016.Los resultados del estudio fueron la duración de la hospitalización, la reoperación y el reingreso.Fueron estudiados 2,358 pacientes sometidos a incisión y drenaje por abscesos perirrectales. Aproximadamente el 35% de los pacientes requirieron hospitalización. Las reoperaciones ocurrieron en 3.4% con una mediana de tiempo de reoperación de 15.5 días. La mayoría de las reoperaciones (79.7%) se realizaron para una incisión y drenaje adicionales. La tasa de reingreso fue del 3.0% con una mediana de tiempo de reingreso de 10.5 días. Las indicaciones comunes para los reingresos incluyeron abscesos recurrentes / persistentes (41.4%) y fiebre / sepsis (8.6%). Los factores de riesgo para la hospitalización en el análisis multivariable fueron sepsis preoperatoria, trastorno hemorrágico, raza negra no hispánica y raza hispana. Para las reoperaciones, los factores de riesgo incluyeron obesidad mórbida, sepsis preoperatoria y estado funcional dependiente. Por último, para los reingresos, el sexo femenino, uso de corticoides / inmunosupresores y un estadío funcional dependiente fueron factores de riesgo significativos.Análisis retrospectivo y posible sesgo de selección en las decisiones sobre hospitalización, reoperación y reingreso.Un resultado poco satisfactorio después de la incisión quirúrgica el drenaje de abscesos perirrectales ambulatoriamente no son infrecuentes en los Estados Unidos. En la era de la atención basada en los resultados, se necesita mucho más trabajo para optimizar los mismos en pacientes de alto riesgo sometidos a incisión y drenaje perirrectales. Las estrategias para prevenir el drenaje inadecuado en el momento de la incisión quirúrgica inicial y el drenaje (es decir, el uso de modalidades de imágenes, un examen completo bajo anestesia) son una garantía para mejorar los resultados en estos pacientes. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B229.
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Li J, Dharmarajan K, Bai X, Masoudi FA, Spertus JA, Li X, Zheng X, Zhang H, Yan X, Dreyer RP, Krumholz HM. Thirty-Day Hospital Readmission After Acute Myocardial Infarction in China. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 12:e005628. [PMID: 31092023 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.119.005628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Readmission after acute myocardial infarction in low- and middle-income countries like China is not well characterized. Methods and Results We approached consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction hospitalized within 24 hours of symptom onset and discharged alive from 53 geographically diverse hospitals in China. We described rates of unplanned 30-day readmission, their timing and admitting diagnoses, and fit Cox proportional hazards models to identify factors associated with readmission. Among 3387 patients, median (interquartile range) age was 61 (52-69) years, and 76.9% were men. The index median length of stay was 11 (8-14) days. Unplanned 30-day readmission occurred in 6.3% of the cohort; most readmissions (77.7%) were for cardiovascular diagnoses. Nearly half (41.9% of all-cause readmissions; 44.3% of cardiovascular readmissions) occurred within 5 days of discharge. Mini-Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events scores at admission (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15 for every 10-point increase; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25), longer length of stay (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06 for each extra day), and in-hospital recurrent angina (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.04-1.89) were associated with higher unplanned all-cause readmission. Revascularization during the index hospitalization (70.2% of the cohort) was associated with lower risks of all-cause readmission (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.18-0.42). In addition, left ventricular ejection fraction <0.4 (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.05-3.07) and in-hospital complication (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.39) were associated with higher risk of unplanned cardiovascular readmission, and ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-0.98) was associated with lower risk of unplanned cardiovascular readmission. Sex, family income, depression, stress level, lower social support, disease-specific health status, and medications were not associated with readmission. Conclusions In China, most readmissions are for cardiovascular events, and almost half occur within 5 days of discharge. Clinical factors identify patients at higher and lower unplanned readmissions. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01624909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Kumar Dharmarajan
- Clover Health, Jersey City, NJ (K.D.).,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.D., R.P.D., H.M.K.).,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Xueke Bai
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Frederick A Masoudi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (F.A.M.)
| | - John A Spertus
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City (J.A.S.)
| | - Xi Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Xiaofang Yan
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.L., X.B., X.L., X.Z., H.Z., X.Y.)
| | - Rachel P Dreyer
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.D., R.P.D., H.M.K.).,Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.)
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.D., R.P.D., H.M.K.).,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
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Ajam T, Devaraj S, Fudim M, Ajam S, Soleimani T, Kamalesh M. Lower Post Myocardial Infarction Mortality Among Women Treated at Veterans Affairs Hospitals Compared to Men. Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:537-542. [PMID: 31982101 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence about whether mortality after myocardial infarction is higher among women than among men. This study aimed to compare sex differences in post myocardial infarction mortality in the Veterans Affairs system, a setting where the predominant subjects are men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse inpatient and laboratory chemistry databases were used to identify patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction from inpatient records from January 1st, 2005 to April 25th, 2015. Mortality data was obtained through the Veterans Affairs death registry. RESULTS A total of 130,241 patients were identified; 127,711 men (98%) and 2,530 women (2%). Men typically had more comorbidities including congestive heart failure (54% vs. 46%, P value < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (54% vs. 48%, P value < 0.001), and chronic kidney disease (39% vs. 28%, P value < 0.001). The peak troponin-I was significantly higher among men (16.0 vs. 10.7 ng/mL, P value = 0.03). The mean follow-up time was 1490.67 ± 8 days. After adjusting for differences in demographics and comorbidities, women had a significantly lower risk of mortality (hazard ration [HR]: 0.747, P value < 0.0001) as compared to men. CONCLUSIONS In a health care system where the predominant subjects are men, women had better short- and long-term survival than men after an acute myocardial infarction. Further investigation is warranted to determine the reasons behind the improved outcomes in women post myocardial infarction in the veteran population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ajam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Srikant Devaraj
- Center of Business and Economics, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Marat Fudim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samer Ajam
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tahereh Soleimani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Masoor Kamalesh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Wang P, Yao J, Xie Y, Luo M. Gender-Specific Predictive Markers of Poor Prognosis for Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction During a 6-Month Follow-up. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:27-38. [PMID: 31907785 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates the impact of gender difference on the assessment, treatment, and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, gender-specific prognostic markers of AMI are still lacking. The present study aimed to investigate gender-specific markers of poor prognosis (all-cause mortality or readmission) in a cohort of AMI patients followed up for 6 months. Compared with males (n = 157), females (n = 40) were older and more frequent with previous medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. During the 6-month follow-up, BUN ≥ 7.73 mM, myoglobin ≥ 705.8 ng/mL, and Killip classification 2-4 were identified as the independent predictors of poor prognosis for male AMI patients, while D-dimer ≥ 0.43 mg/L as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in female AMI patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that prognostic markers for AMI patients may differ according to genders. Gender-specific prognostic markers may be useful to guide the risk stratification, clinical therapy, and medications for AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Aldridge E, Verburg PE, Sierp S, Andraweera P, Dekker GA, Roberts CT, Arstall MA. A Protocol for Nurse-Practitioner Led Cardiovascular Follow-Up After Pregnancy Complications in a Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Population. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 6:184. [PMID: 31970161 PMCID: PMC6960097 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Women who experience pregnancy complications have an increased risk of future cardiovascular disease when compared to their healthy counterparts. Despite recommendations, there is no standardized cardiovascular follow-up in the postpartum period for these women, and the Australian follow-up protocols that have been previously described are research-based. This study proposes a new model of care for a nurse practitioner-led postpartum intervention clinic for women who experience severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus requiring medication, severe intrauterine growth restriction, idiopathic preterm delivery, or placental abruption, in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Methods: All women receiving antenatal care or who deliver at the Lyell McEwin Hospital, a tertiary acute care facility located in the northern Adelaide metropolitan area, following a severe complication of pregnancy are referred to the intervention clinic for review at 6 months postpartum. A comprehensive assessment is conducted from demographics, medical history, diet and exercise habits, psychosocial information, health literacy, pathology results, and physical measurements. Subsequently, patient-specific education and clinical counseling are provided by a specialized nurse practitioner. Clinic appointments are repeated at 18 months and 5 years postpartum. All data is also collated into a registry, which aims to assess the efficacy of the intervention at improving modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and reducing cardiovascular risk. Discussion: There is limited information on the efficacy of postpartum intervention clinics in reducing cardiovascular risk in women who have experienced pregnancy complications. Analyses of the data collected in the registry will provide essential information about how best to reduce cardiovascular risk in women in socioeconomically disadvantaged and disease-burdened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Aldridge
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Petra E Verburg
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Susan Sierp
- Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Prabha Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gustaaf A Dekker
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Margaret A Arstall
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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29
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" Bridging the Gap" Everything that Could Have Been Avoided If We Had Applied Gender Medicine, Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in the Gender-Omics and Sex-Omics Era. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010296. [PMID: 31906252 PMCID: PMC6982247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender medicine is the first step of personalized medicine and patient-centred care, an essential development to achieve the standard goal of a holistic approach to patients and diseases. By addressing the interrelation and integration of biological markers (i.e., sex) with indicators of psychological/cultural behaviour (i.e., gender), gender medicine represents the crucial assumption for achieving the personalized health-care required in the third millennium. However, ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are often misused as synonyms, leading to frequent misunderstandings in those who are not deeply involved in the field. Overall, we have to face the evidence that biological, genetic, epigenetic, psycho-social, cultural, and environmental factors mutually interact in defining sex/gender differences, and at the same time in establishing potential unwanted sex/gender disparities. Prioritizing the role of sex/gender in physiological and pathological processes is crucial in terms of efficient prevention, clinical signs’ identification, prognosis definition, and therapy optimization. In this regard, the omics-approach has become a powerful tool to identify sex/gender-specific disease markers, with potential benefits also in terms of socio-psychological wellbeing for each individual, and cost-effectiveness for National Healthcare systems. “Being a male or being a female” is indeed important from a health point of view and it is no longer possible to avoid “sex and gender lens” when approaching patients. Accordingly, personalized healthcare must be based on evidence from targeted research studies aimed at understanding how sex and gender influence health across the entire life span. The rapid development of genetic tools in the molecular medicine approaches and their impact in healthcare is an example of highly specialized applications that have moved from specialists to primary care providers (e.g., pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic applications in routine medical practice). Gender medicine needs to follow the same path and become an established medical approach. To face the genetic, molecular and pharmacological bases of the existing sex/gender gap by means of omics approaches will pave the way to the discovery and identification of novel drug-targets/therapeutic protocols, personalized laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures (sex/gender-omics). In this scenario, the aim of the present review is not to simply resume the state-of-the-art in the field, rather an opportunity to gain insights into gender medicine, spanning from molecular up to social and psychological stances. The description and critical discussion of some key selected multidisciplinary topics considered as paradigmatic of sex/gender differences and sex/gender inequalities will allow to draft and design strategies useful to fill the existing gap and move forward.
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Wang H, Zhao T, Wei X, Lu H, Lin X. The prevalence of 30-day readmission after acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42:889-898. [PMID: 31407368 PMCID: PMC6788479 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The 30‐day readmission is associated with increased medical costs, which has become an important quality metric in several medical institutions. This current study is aimed at clarifying the prevalence, the underlying risk factors, and reasons of the 30‐day readmission after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were systematically searched to identify eligible studies. Random‐effect models were employed to perform pooled analyses. Means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate prevalence and reasons for 30‐day readmission. We also used Odds ratios (ORs) to explore the potential significant predictors of risk factors of 30‐day readmission after AMI. Potential publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Begg'test. Results A total of 14 relevant studies were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis. The pooled 30‐day readmission rate of AMI was 12% (95% CI 0.11‐0.14). Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), angina and acute ischemic heart disease, and heart failure (HF) were the principal cardiovascular reasons of 30‐day readmission. Meanwhile, non‐specific chest pain was regarded as the significant cause among non‐cardiovascular reasons. The common co‐morbidities kidney disease, HF and diabetes mellitus were significant risk factors for 30‐day readmission. No significant publication bias was found by funnel plot and statistical tests. Conclusions The 30‐day readmission rate of post‐AMI ranged from 11% to 14% and can be mainly attributed to cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular events. The common co‐morbidities, such as kidney disease, HF, and diabetes mellitus were significant risk factors for 30‐day readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention, Interventional Medical CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiPR China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention, Interventional Medical CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiPR China
| | - Xiaoliang Wei
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention, Interventional Medical CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiPR China
| | - Huifang Lu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention, Interventional Medical CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiPR China
| | - Xiufang Lin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention, Interventional Medical CenterThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiPR China
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Zheng H, Foo LL, Tan HC, Richards AM, Chan SP, Lee CH, Low AF, Hausenloy DJ, Tan JW, Sahlen AO, Ho HH, Chai SC, Tong KL, Tan DS, Yeo KK, Chua TS, Lam CS, Chan MY. Sex Differences in 1-Year Rehospitalization for Heart Failure and Myocardial Infarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1935-1940. [PMID: 30979413 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether universal access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) may reduce sex differences in 1-year rehospitalization for heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We studied 7,597 consecutive STEMI patients (13.8% women, n = 1,045) who underwent pPCI from January 2007 to December 2013. Cox regression models adjusted for competing risk from death were used to assess sex differences in rehospitalization for HF and MI within 1 year from discharge. Compared with men, women were older (median age 67.6 vs 56.0 years, p < 0.001) with higher prevalence of co-morbidities and multivessel disease. Women had longer median door-to-balloon time (76 vs 66 minutes, p < 0.001) and were less likely to receive drug-eluting stents (19.5% vs 24.1%, p = 0.001). Of the medications prescribed at discharge, fewer women received aspirin (95.8% vs 97.6%, p = 0.002) and P2Y12 antagonists (97.6% vs 98.5%, p = 0.039), but there were no significant sex differences in other discharge medications. After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics and treatment, sex differences in risk of rehospitalization for HF attenuated (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79 to 1.40), but persisted for MI (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.33), with greater disparity in patients aged ≥60 years (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.85) than those aged <60 years (HR 1.45, 95% CI 0.84 to 2.50). In conclusion, in a setting of universal access to pPCI, the adjusted risk of 1-year rehospitalization for HF was similar in both sexes, but women had significantly higher adjusted risk of 1-year rehospitalization for MI, especially older women.
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Lam L, Ahn HJ, Okajima K, Schoenman K, Seto TB, Shohet RV, Miyamura J, Sentell TL, Nakagawa K. Gender Differences in the Rate of 30-Day Readmissions after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Womens Health Issues 2018; 29:17-22. [PMID: 30482594 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that women have higher 30-day readmission rates than men after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, readmission after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ACS is a distinct subset of patients in whom gender differences have not been adequately studied. METHODS Hawaii statewide hospitalization data from 2010 to 2015 were assessed to compare gender differences in 30-day readmission rates among patients hospitalized with ACS who underwent PCI during the index hospitalization. Readmission diagnoses were categorized using an aggregated version of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Condition Categories. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to evaluate the effect of gender on the 30-day readmission rate. RESULTS A total of 5,354 patients (29.4% women) who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of ACS and underwent PCI were studied. Overall, women were older, with more identified as Native Hawaiian, and had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors compared with men. The 30-day readmission rate was 13.9% in women and 9.6% in men (p < .0001). In the multivariable model, female gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.60), Medicaid (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06), Medicare (1.72; 95% CI, 1.35-2.19), heart failure (1.88; 95% CI, 1.53-2.33), atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.54; 95% CI-1.21-1.95), substance use (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.27-2.77), history of gastrointestinal bleeding (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.29-4.58), and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.42-2.22) were independent predictors of 30-day readmissions. Readmission rates were highest during days 1 through 6 (peak, day 3) after discharge. The top three cardiac causes of readmissions were heart failure, recurrent angina, and recurrent ACS. CONCLUSIONS Female gender is an independent predictor of 30-day readmission after ACS that requires PCI. Our finding suggests women are at a higher risk of post-ACS cardiac events such as heart failure and recurrent ACS, and further gender-specific intervention is needed to reduce 30-day readmission rate in women after ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Lam
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
| | - Hyeong Jun Ahn
- Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kazue Okajima
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Katie Schoenman
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Todd B Seto
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Ralph V Shohet
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jill Miyamura
- Hawaii Health Information Corporation, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Tetine L Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kazuma Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Chou LP, Zhao P, Kao C, Chen YH, Jong GP. Women were noninferior to men in cardiovascular outcomes among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention from Taiwan acute coronary syndrome full-spectrum registry. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12998. [PMID: 30412135 PMCID: PMC6221713 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the survival rate and the influencing factors between women and men following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).A national-wide Acute Coronary Syndrome Full Spectrum Registry conducted by the Taiwan Society of Cardiology was used for data collection between October 2008 and January 2010. Details of 1621 patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI, including 1350 (83%) men and 271 (17%) women, were collected. Composite outcomes included all-cause death, myocardial reinfarction, and an ischemic stroke. Demographic data, comorbidities, clinical presentations, details of treatment received, and outcomes were recorded at 3-month intervals for 1 year.No significant difference was observed between men and women in the composite endpoints after STEMI during their hospital stay (5.5% vs 2.5%, P = .07). However, women showed significantly higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates than those of men (4.1% vs 1.8%, P = .008; 11.0% vs 4.1%, P = .000, respectively). Compared with men, women presented with higher age (mean age 68.9 vs 58.9 years, P = .001), less body weight (58.7 vs 70.9 kg, P < .001), more number of risk factors, delayed diagnosis, and more number of inadequate medical treatments. After adjusting for age and cardiovascular risk factors, the difference in mortality ceased to exist between men and women.Although female patients with STEMI-treated primary PCI had higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates than those of males in Taiwan, there was no gender difference after adjusting for age and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chou
- Division of Internal Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sin-Lau Hospital
- Department of Health Care Administration, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, Shaanxi Province
| | - Chieh Kao
- Division of Internal Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan
| | - Yen-Hsun Chen
- Division of Internal Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan
| | - Gwo-Ping Jong
- Division of Internal Cardiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Cross TWL, Kasahara K, Rey FE. Sexual dimorphism of cardiometabolic dysfunction: Gut microbiome in the play? Mol Metab 2018; 15:70-81. [PMID: 29887245 PMCID: PMC6066746 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex is one of the most powerful modifiers of disease development. Clear sexual dimorphism exists in cardiometabolic health susceptibility, likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones. Changes in the gut microbiome have been linked with the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis; however, the impact of microbes in sex-biased cardiometabolic disorders remains unclear. The gut microbiome is critical for maintaining a normal estrous cycle, testosterone levels, and reproductive function. Gut microbes modulate the enterohepatic recirculation of estrogens and androgens, affecting local and systemic levels of sex steroid hormones. Gut bacteria can also generate androgens from glucocorticoids. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current knowledge of the complex interplay between sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic disease and the gut microbiome. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests the role of gut microbiome as a modifier of disease susceptibility due to sex; however, the impact on cardiometabolic disease in this complex interplay is lacking. Elucidating the role of gut microbiome on sex-biased susceptibility in cardiometabolic disease is of high relevance to public health given its high prevalence and significant financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Federico E Rey
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
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Chandrasekhar J, Gill A, Mehran R. Acute myocardial infarction in young women: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2018; 10:267-284. [PMID: 29922097 PMCID: PMC5995294 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Every year, in the USA alone, more than 30,000 young women <55 years of age are hospitalized with AMI. In recent decades, the incidence of AMI is increasing in younger women in the context of increasing metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and non-traditional risk factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Although women are classically considered to present with atypical chest pain, several observational data confirm that men and women experience similar rates of chest pain, with some differences in intensity, duration, radiation, and the choice of descriptors. Women also experience more number of symptoms and more prodromal symptoms compared with men. Suboptimal awareness, sociocultural and financial reasons result in pre-hospital delays in women and lower rates of access to care with resulting undertreatment with guideline-directed therapies. Causes of AMI in young women include plaque-related MI, microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Compared with men, women have greater in-hospital, early and late mortality, as a result of baseline comorbidities. Post-AMI women have lower referral to cardiac rehabilitation with more dropouts, lower levels of physical activity, and poorer improvements in health status compared with men, with higher inflammatory levels at 1-year from index presentation. Future strategies should focus on primary and secondary prevention, adherence, and post-AMI health-related quality of life. This review discusses the current evidence in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMI in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Chandrasekhar
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Amrita Gill
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Litovchik I, Pereg D, Shlomo N, Vorobeichik D, Beigel R, Iakobishvili Z, Vered Z, Goldenberg I, Minha S. Characteristics and outcomes associated with 30-day readmissions following acute coronary syndrome 2000-2013: the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2018; 8:738-744. [PMID: 29617148 DOI: 10.1177/2048872618767997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Readmissions following acute myocardial infarction are associated with poor outcomes and a heavy economic burden. There are few evidence-based data on the characteristics and outcomes of patients readmitted following acute coronary syndrome. We explored the incidence and outcomes of patients readmitted after an acute coronary syndrome in the past decade. METHODS The study population comprised all acute coronary syndrome patients who were enrolled and prospectively followed up in the biennial Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey from 2000 to 2013. Multivariate analysis identified factors independently associated with readmission and long-term mortality. RESULTS There were 13,010 study patients, of whom 556 (4.2%) had an unplanned readmission within 30 days of the index event. Stent thrombosis during the index hospitalisation (odds ratio (OR) 8.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.11-16.07; P<0.001), female sex (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.1-1.63; P=0.003), older age (>65 years; OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.55; P=0.011), and lack of dual-antiplatelet therapy (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.25-1.86; P<0.001) were independently associated with readmission. Readmitted patients were less likely to have been treated with guideline-directed medical therapy during hospitalisation and at discharge, and were less likely to have undergone coronary angiography. A strong trend towards decline in readmission rates following acute coronary syndrome was observed between 2000 and 2013 (P<0.001). However, the association between readmission and poor long-term outcome was more pronounced among patients readmitted during more recent years (2008-2013). CONCLUSIONS Patients readmitted to hospital following acute coronary syndrome comprise an undertreated, high-risk cohort. Our findings indicate that despite a significant decline in readmission rates following acute coronary syndrome over the past decade, readmission within 30 days following acute coronary syndrome still portends a grave outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Litovchik
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - David Pereg
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Department of Cardiology, Meir Medical Center, Israel
| | - Nir Shlomo
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Dina Vorobeichik
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Roy Beigel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | | | - Zvi Vered
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldenberg
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Sa'ar Minha
- Department of Cardiology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Mahmoud AN, Elgendy IY. Gender Impact on 30-Day Readmissions After Hospitalization With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock (from the 2013 to 2014 National Readmissions Database). Am J Cardiol 2018; 121:523-528. [PMID: 29289360 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that women are more likely to have increased risk of readmissions after acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, this difference has not been examined in the setting of AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock. Thus, we aimed to compare 30-day readmissions in women versus men initially admitted with AMI complicated with cardiogenic shock. In this observational study, we used the Nationwide Readmissions Databases years 2013 and 2014 to identify subjects who were initially hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, and discharged alive. The 30-day readmission rates between women and men were compared using a multivariate Cox regression model adjusting for variable co-morbidities, as well as a propensity-matched analysis. Of 1,116,933 patients who had AMI, 39,807 (3.6%) had cardiogenic shock and were discharged alive. The rates of in-hospital procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and intra-aortic balloon placement were less frequent in women. Thirty-day readmissions were higher in women (20.7%) than in men (17.6%), after adjustment for various co-morbidities (hazards ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.19, p = 0.04), and in the propensity-matched analysis (hazards ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.21, p = 0.04). In conclusion, women are at a higher risk of 30-day readmissions after AMI complicated with cardiogenic shock.
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Dreyer RP, Dharmarajan K, Hsieh AF, Welsh J, Qin L, Krumholz HM. Sex Differences in Trajectories of Risk After Rehospitalization for Heart Failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction, or Pneumonia. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017; 10:CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003271. [PMID: 28506980 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have an increased risk of rehospitalization in the immediate postdischarge period; however, few studies have determined how readmission risk dynamically changes on a day-to-day basis over the full year after hospitalization by sex and how these differences compare with the risk for mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified >3 000 000 hospitalizations of patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia and estimated sex differences in the daily risk of rehospitalization/death 1 year after discharge from a population of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. We calculated the (1) time required for adjusted rehospitalization/mortality risks to decline 50% from maximum values after discharge, (2) time required for the adjusted readmission risk to approach plateau periods of minimal day-to-day change, and (3) extent to which adjusted risks are greater among recently hospitalized patients versus Medicare patients. We identified 1 392 289, 530 771, and 1 125 231 hospitalizations for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and pneumonia, respectively. The adjusted daily risk of rehospitalization varied by admitting condition (hazard rate ratio for women versus men, 1.10 for acute myocardial infarction; hazard rate ratio, 1.04 for heart failure; and hazard rate ratio, 0.98 for pneumonia). However, for all conditions, the adjusted daily risk of death was higher among men versus women (hazard rate ratio women versus with men, <1). For both sexes, there was a similar timing of peak daily risk, half daily risk, and reaching plateau. CONCLUSIONS Although the association of sex with daily risk of rehospitalization varies across conditions, women are at highest risk after discharge for acute myocardial infarction. Future studies should focus on understanding the determinants of sex differences in rehospitalization risk among conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Dreyer
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.
| | - Kumar Dharmarajan
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Angela F Hsieh
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - John Welsh
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Li Qin
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Health, CT (R.P.D., K.D., A.F.H., J.W., L.Q., H.M.K.); and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (K.D., H.M.K.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
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Khera R, Jain S, Pandey A, Agusala V, Kumbhani DJ, Das SR, Berry JD, de Lemos JA, Girotra S. Comparison of Readmission Rates After Acute Myocardial Infarction in 3 Patient Age Groups (18 to 44, 45 to 64, and ≥65 Years) in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:1761-1767. [PMID: 28865892 PMCID: PMC5825232 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Postacute myocardial infarction (AMI) readmissions are common among Medicare beneficiaries (≥65 years) and are associated with significant resource utilization. However, patterns of AMI readmissions for younger age groups in the United States are not known. In the Nationwide Readmissions Database, a nationally representative all-payer database of inpatient hospitalizations, we identified 212,171 index AMI hospitalizations in January to November 2013, weighted to represent 478,247 hospitalizations nationally (mean age 66.9 years, 38% women, 29% low income). This included 26,516 cases in the 18 to 44 age group, 183,703 in the 45 to 64 age group, and 268,027 in the ≥65 age group. The overall 30-day readmission rate was 14.5% and varied across age groups (9.7% [18 to 44], 11.2% [45 to 64], and 17.3% [≥65]). The cumulative cost of 30-day readmissions was $1.1 billion, of which $365 million was spent on those <65 years of age. In multivariable hierarchical models, the risk of readmission was higher in women and in low-income patients, but the effect varied by age (p value for age-gender and age-income interactions <0.05) and was more prominent in the younger age groups. Further, patients in all age groups continue to have a high hospitalization burden beyond the typical 30-day readmission period, with an overall 24% post-AMI 90-day readmission rate. In conclusion, readmissions in young and middle-aged AMI survivors pose a substantial burden on patients and on U.S. health-care resources. Women and low-income patients with AMI, particularly those in younger age groups, are more frequently readmitted, and readmissions continue to burden the health-care system beyond the typical 30-day window. Future investigations would need to be targeted toward a better understanding and improvement of the rehospitalization burden for vulnerable patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Khera
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Snigdha Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vijay Agusala
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dharam J Kumbhani
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sandeep R Das
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jarett D Berry
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James A de Lemos
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Saket Girotra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Young women are usually protected against coronary artery disease due to hormonal and risk-factor profile. Previous studies have suggested poorer outcome in women hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome as compared with men. However, when adjusted for age and other risk factors, this difference does not remain significant. We compared the risk profile and outcome between young (≤55 years) women and men admitted with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS We analyzed clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of men and women ≤55 years of age enrolled in the biennial Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Surveys between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS Among 11,536 patients enrolled, 3949 (34%) were ≤55 years old (407 women, 3542 men). Women were slightly older (48.9 ± 5.7 vs 48.3 ± 5.5, P = .007) and suffered more from diabetes (34% vs 24%) and hypertension (47% vs 37%, P <.001 for both). Rates of prior myocardial infarction were high in both sexes (18% vs 21%). Women presented less often with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (50% vs 57%, P = .007) and with typical chest pain (73% vs 80%, P = .004), and had higher rates of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score ≥140 (19% vs 12%, P = .007). After adjustment for GRACE score, diabetes, and enrollment year, women had a lower likelihood to undergo coronary angiography during hospitalization (odds ratio 0.6, P = .007). Female sex was independently associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-14.0), 30-day major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (HR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.31-3.36), and 5-year mortality (HR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8). CONCLUSIONS Young women admitted with acute coronary syndrome are a unique high-risk group that presents a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Women receive less invasive therapy during hospitalization and have worse in-hospital and long-term outcomes.
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Veeranki SP, Ohabughiro MU, Moran J, Mehta HB, Ameredes BT, Kuo YF, Calhoun WJ. National estimates of 30-day readmissions among children hospitalized for asthma in the United States. J Asthma 2017; 55:695-704. [PMID: 28837382 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1365888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous single-center studies have reported that up to 40% of children hospitalized for asthma will be readmitted. The study objectives are to investigate the prevalence and timing of 30-day readmissions in children hospitalized with asthma, and to identify factors associated with 30-day readmissions. METHODS Data (n = 12,842) for children aged 6-18 years hospitalized for asthma were obtained from the 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD). The primary study outcome was time to readmission within 30 days after discharge attributable to any cause. Several predictors associated with the risk of admission were included: patient (age, sex, median household income, insurance type, county location, and pediatric chronic complex condition), admission (type, day, emergency services utilization, length of stay (LOS), and discharge disposition), and hospital (ownership, bed size, and teaching status). Cox's proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors. RESULTS Of 12,842 asthma-related index hospitalizations, 2.5% were readmitted within 30-days post-discharge. Time to event models identified significantly higher risk of readmission among asthmatic children aged 12-18 years, those who resided in micropolitan counties, those with >4-days LOS during index hospitalization, those who were hospitalized in an urban hospital, who had unfavorable discharge (hazard ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval 1.33-4.79), and those who were diagnosed with a pediatric complex chronic condition, respectively, than children in respective referent categories. CONCLUSION A multi-dimensional approach including effective asthma discharge action plans and follow-up processes, home-based asthma education, and neighborhood/community-level efforts to address disparities should be integrated into the routine clinical care of asthma children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas P Veeranki
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Michael U Ohabughiro
- b School of Medicine , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Jacob Moran
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Hemalkumar B Mehta
- c Department of Surgery , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- d Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - William J Calhoun
- d Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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Sukul D, Sinha SS, Ryan AM, Sjoding MW, Hummel SL, Nallamothu BK. Patterns of Readmissions for Three Common Conditions Among Younger US Adults. Am J Med 2017; 130:1220.e1-1220.e16. [PMID: 28606799 PMCID: PMC5699907 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty-day readmissions among elderly Medicare patients are an important hospital quality measure. Although plans for using 30-day readmission measures are under consideration for younger patients, little is known about readmission in younger patients or the relationship between readmissions in younger and elderly patients at the same hospital. METHODS By using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we examined readmission patterns in younger patients (18-64 years) using hierarchical models to evaluate associations between hospital 30-day, risk-standardized readmission rates in elderly Medicare patients and readmission risk in younger patients with acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia. RESULTS There were 87,818, 98,315, and 103,251 admissions in younger patients for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia, respectively, with overall 30-day unplanned readmission rates of 8.5%, 21.4%, and 13.7%, respectively. Readmission risk in younger patients was significantly associated with hospital 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates for elderly Medicare patients for all 3 conditions. A decrease in an average hospital's 30-day, risk-standardized readmission rates from the 75th percentile to the 25th percentile was associated with reduction in younger patients' risk of readmission from 8.8% to 8.0% (difference: 0.7%; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-0.9) for acute myocardial infarction; 21.8% to 20.0% (difference: 1.8%; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.2) for heart failure; and 13.9% to 13.1% (difference: 0.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.0) for pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Among younger patients, readmission risk was moderately associated with hospital 30-day, risk-standardized readmission rates in elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Efforts to reduce readmissions among older patients may have important areas of overlap with younger patients, although further research may be necessary to identify specific mechanisms to tailor initiatives to younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devraj Sukul
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
| | - Shashank S Sinha
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Andrew M Ryan
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael W Sjoding
- Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott L Hummel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Mich
| | - Brahmajee K Nallamothu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Mich
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O'Brien C, Valsdottir L, Wasfy JH, Strom JB, Secemsky EA, Wang Y, Yeh RW. Comparison of 30-Day Readmission Rates After Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men Versus Women. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:1070-1076. [PMID: 28781023 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Readmission after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) significantly contributes to preventable morbidity and health-care costs. Outcomes after AMI vary by sex but the relationship of sex to readmissions warrants further exploration. Using the 2013 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we identified patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of AMI and stratified all-cause 30-day readmissions by sex and age. Of 214,824 patients, 44% were 18 to 64 years of age, 56% were ≥65 years, and 28% and 45%, respectively, were female. For patients 18 to 64 years, the readmission rate was 14% for women and 10% for men (p <0.001). For patients ≥65 years, the readmission rate was 18% for women and 16% for men (p <0.001). After adjusting for co-morbidities, women had a significantly higher risk of 30-day readmission compared with men, an effect that was strongest in younger women (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 1.39, for ages 18 to 44; OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.18, for ages 45 to 64; OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19, for ages 65 to 74, interaction p <0.001). The procedure rates during the index hospitalization were significantly lower for women. The most common readmission diagnoses were recurrent AMI, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Costs associated with readmissions after AMI totaled $447,506,740, of which $176,743,622 were attributed to readmissions of women. In conclusion, women are at higher risk of short-term readmission after an AMI hospitalization than men, particularly younger women. Sex-specific strategies to reduce these readmissions may be warranted.
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Lundbäck M, Gasevic D, Rullman E, Ruge T, Carlsson AC, Holzmann MJ. Sex-specific risk of emergency department revisits and early readmission following myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2017; 243:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Goto T, Faridi MK, Gibo K, Toh S, Hanania NA, Camargo CA, Hasegawa K. Trends in 30-day readmission rates after COPD hospitalization, 2006-2012. Respir Med 2017; 130:92-97. [PMID: 29206640 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction in 30-day readmission rate after chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related hospitalization is a national objective. However, little is known about trends in readmission rates in recent years, particularly in priority populations defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)(e.g., the elderly, women, racial/ethnic minorities, low-income and rural populations, and populations with chronic illnesses). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the State Inpatient Database of eight geographically-dispersed US states (Arkansas, California, Florida, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, Utah, and Washington) from 2006 through 2012. We identified all COPD-related hospitalizations by patients ?40 years old. The primary outcome was any-cause readmission within 30 days of discharge from the index hospitalization for COPD. RESULTS From 2006 to 2012, a total of 845,465 hospitalizations at risk for 30-day readmissions were identified. Overall, 30-day readmission rate for COPD-related hospitalization decreased modestly from 20.0% in 2006 to 19.2% in 2012, an 0.8% absolute decrease (OR 0.991, 95%CI 0.989-0.995, Ptrend<0.001). This modest decline remained statistically significant after adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities (adjusted OR 0.981, 95%CI 0.977-0.984, Ptrend<0.001). Similar to the overall population, the readmission rate over the 7-year period remained persistently high in most of AHRQ-defined priority populations. CONCLUSIONS Our observations provide a benchmark for future investigation of the impact of Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program on readmissions after COPD hospitalization. Our findings encourage researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies aimed at reducing readmissions among patients with COPD in an already-stressed healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Koichiro Gibo
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Sengwee Toh
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dreyer RP, Dharmarajan K, Kennedy KF, Jones PG, Vaccarino V, Murugiah K, Nuti SV, Smolderen KG, Buchanan DM, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Sex Differences in 1-Year All-Cause Rehospitalization in Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Observational Study. Circulation 2017; 135:521-531. [PMID: 28153989 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with men, women are at higher risk of rehospitalization in the first month after discharge for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it is unknown whether this risk extends to the full year and varies by age. Explanatory factors potentially mediating the relationship between sex and rehospitalization remain unexplored and are needed to reduce readmissions. The aim of this study was to assess sex differences and factors associated with 1-year rehospitalization rates after AMI. METHODS We recruited 3536 patients (33% women) ≥18 years of age hospitalized with AMI from 24 US centers into the TRIUMPH study (Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients' Health Status). Data were obtained by medical record abstraction and patient interviews, and a physician panel adjudicated hospitalizations within the first year after AMI. We compared sex differences in rehospitalization using a Cox proportional hazards model, following sequential adjustment for covariates and testing for an age-sex interaction. RESULTS One-year crude all-cause rehospitalization rates for women were significantly higher than men after AMI (hazard ratio, 1.29 for women; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.48). After adjustment for demographics and clinical factors, women had a persistent 26% higher risk of rehospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.47). However, after adjustment for health status and psychosocial factors (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-1.35), the association was attenuated. No significant age-sex interaction was found for 1-year rehospitalization, suggesting that the increased risk applied to both older and younger women. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of age, women have a higher risk of rehospitalization compared with men over the first year after AMI. Although the increased risk persisted after adjustment for clinical factors, the poorer health and psychosocial state of women attenuated the difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Dreyer
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
| | - Kumar Dharmarajan
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Kevin F Kennedy
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Philip G Jones
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Karthik Murugiah
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Sudhakar V Nuti
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Kim G Smolderen
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Donna M Buchanan
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - John A Spertus
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- From Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (R.P.D., K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D.), Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.D., K.M., S.V.N., H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (K.F.K., P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.G.J., K.G.S., D.M.B., J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.V.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (V.V.), Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA; School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City (K.G.S); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
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Hess CN, Kaltenbach LA, Doll JA, Cohen DJ, Peterson ED, Wang TY. Race and Sex Differences in Post-Myocardial Infarction Angina Frequency and Risk of 1-Year Unplanned Rehospitalization. Circulation 2017; 135:532-543. [PMID: 28153990 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race and sex disparities in in-hospital treatment and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been described, but little is known about race and sex differences in post-MI angina and long-term risk of unplanned rehospitalization. We examined race and sex differences in post-MI angina frequency and 1-year unplanned rehospitalization to identify factors associated with unplanned rehospitalization, testing for whether race and sex modify these relationships. METHODS Using TRANSLATE-ACS (Treatment With Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors: Longitudinal Assessment of Treatment Patterns and Events after Acute Coronary Syndrome) data, we examined 6-week and 1-year angina frequency and 1-year unplanned rehospitalization stratified by race and sex among MI patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess factors associated with unplanned rehospitalization and tested for interactions among angina frequency, race, and sex. RESULTS A total of 11 595 MI patients survived to 1 year postdischarge; there were 66.6% white male patients, 24.3% white female patients, 5.3% black male patients, and 3.8% black female patients. Overall, 29.7% had angina at 6 weeks, and 20.6% had angina at 1 year postdischarge. Relative to white patients, black patients were more likely to have angina at 6 weeks (female: 44.2% versus 31.8%; male: 33.5% versus 27.1%; both P<0.0001) and 1 year (female: 49.4% versus 38.9%; male: 46.3% versus 31.1%; both P<0.0001). Rates of 1-year unplanned rehospitalization were highest among black female patients (44.1%), followed by white female patients (38.4%), black male patients (36.4%), and white male patients (30.2%, P<0.0001). In the multivariable model, 6-week angina was most strongly associated with unplanned rehospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.62; P<0.0001); this relationship was not modified by race or sex (adjusted 3-way Pinteraction=0.41). CONCLUSIONS One-fifth of MI patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention report 1-year postdischarge angina, with black and female patients more likely to have angina and to be rehospitalized. Better treatment of post-MI angina may improve patient quality of life and quality of care and help to lower rates of rehospitalization overall and particularly among black and female patients, given their high prevalence of post-MI angina. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01088503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie N Hess
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.).
| | - Lisa A Kaltenbach
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.)
| | - Jacob A Doll
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.)
| | - David J Cohen
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.)
| | - Eric D Peterson
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.)
| | - Tracy Y Wang
- From University of Colorado School of Medicine and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (C.N.H.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (L.A.K., J.A.D., E.D.P., T.Y.W.); and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.)
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Valero-Masa MJ, Velásquez-Rodríguez J, Diez-Delhoyo F, Devesa C, Juárez M, Sousa-Casasnovas I, Angulo-Llanos R, Fernández-Avilés F, Martínez-Sellés M. Sex differences in acute myocardial infarction: Is it only the age? Int J Cardiol 2017; 231:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dreyer RP, Sciria C, Spatz ES, Safdar B, D'Onofrio G, Krumholz HM. Young Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Current Perspectives. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017; 10:CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003480. [PMID: 28228455 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing public awareness and increasing attention to young women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), who represent an extreme phenotype. Young women presenting with AMI may develop coronary disease by different mechanisms and often have worse recoveries, with higher risk for morbidity and mortality compared with similarly aged men. The purpose of this cardiovascular perspective piece is to review recent studies of AMI in young women. More specifically, we emphasize differences in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of AMI in young women (when compared with men) across the continuum of care, including their pre-AMI, in-hospital, and post-AMI periods, and highlight gaps in knowledge and outcomes that can inform the next generation of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Dreyer
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
| | - Christopher Sciria
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Erica S Spatz
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Basmah Safdar
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Gail D'Onofrio
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, CT (R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., B.S., G.D.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.S., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.); and Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.)
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