1
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Coll RC, Schroder K. Inflammasome components as new therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01075-9. [PMID: 39251813 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation drives pathology in many human diseases for which there are no disease-modifying drugs. Inflammasomes are signalling platforms that can induce pathological inflammation and tissue damage, having potential as an exciting new class of drug targets. Small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome that are now in clinical trials have demonstrated proof of concept that inflammasomes are druggable, and so drug development programmes are now focusing on other key inflammasome molecules. In this Review, we describe the potential of inflammasome components as candidate drug targets and the novel inflammasome inhibitors that are being developed. We discuss how the signalling biology of inflammasomes offers mechanistic insights for therapeutic targeting. We also discuss the major scientific and technical challenges associated with drugging these molecules during preclinical development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Coll
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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Wu JP, Wu C, Ma YJ, Zhu JB, Ma LL, Kong FJ. AIM2 Deficiency Alleviates Cardiac Inflammation and Hypertrophy in HFD/STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice by Inhibiting the NLRC4/IRF1 Signaling Pathway. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s12265-024-10556-0. [PMID: 39230659 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2(AIM2) exacerbates atherosclerosis by inflammasome assembly. However, AIM2-mediated inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy remains incompletely understood. Here we investigate the role of AIM2 in high glucose (HG)- and diabetes-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. By RNA-seq, we found that AIM2 were significantly upregulated in HG-induced macrophages, upregulation of AIM2 in cardiac infiltrating macrophages was confirmed in a high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induceddiabetic mouse model . Therefore, AIM2 knockout mice were constructed. Compared to WT mice, HFD/STZ-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction were significantly improved in AIM2-/- mice, despite no changes in blood glucose and body weight. Further, AIM2 deficiency inhibited cardiac recruitment of M1-macrophages and cytokine production. Mechanistically, AIM2-deficient macrophgaes reduced IL-1β and TNF-α secretion, which impaired the NLRC4/IRF1 signaling in cardiomyocytes, and reduced further recruitment of macrophages, attenuated cardiac inflammation and hypertrophy, these effects were confirmed by silencing IRF1 in WT mice, and significantly reversed by overexpression of IRF1 in AIM2-/- mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that AIM2 serves as a novel target for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan-Ji Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Bing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei-Lei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fei-Juan Kong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wu Jin Rd, Hong Kou District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Yalcinkaya M, Tall AR. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of inflammasomes: Role in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2024; 396:118541. [PMID: 39111028 PMCID: PMC11374466 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular complications of atherosclerosis are thought to arise from an inflammatory response to the accumulation of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in the arterial wall. The positive outcome of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study) provided key evidence to support this concept and suggested that inflammasomes and IL-1β are important inflammatory mediators in human atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVD). In specific settings NLRP3 or AIM2 inflammasomes can induce inflammatory responses in the arterial wall and promote the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) has recently emerged as a major independent risk factor for ACVD. CH mutations arise during ageing and commonly involves variants in genes mediating epigenetic modifications (TET2, DNMT3A, ASXL1) or cytokine signaling (JAK2). Accumulating evidence points to the role of inflammasomes in the progression of CH-induced ACVD events and has shed light on the regulatory pathways and possible therapeutic approaches that specifically target inflammasomes in atherosclerosis. Epigenetic dynamics play a vital role in regulating the generation and activation of inflammasome components by causing changes in DNA methylation patterns and chromatin assembly. This review examines the genetic and epigenetic regulation of inflammasomes, the intersection of macrophage cholesterol accumulation with inflammasome activation and their roles in atherosclerosis. Understanding the involvement of inflammasomes in atherosclerosis pathogenesis may lead to customized treatments that reduce the burden of ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Cao J, Roth S, Zhang S, Kopczak A, Mami S, Asare Y, Georgakis MK, Messerer D, Horn A, Shemer R, Jacqmarcq C, Picot A, Green JP, Schlegl C, Li X, Tomas L, Dutsch A, Liman TG, Endres M, Wernsdorf SR, Fürle C, Carofiglio O, Zhu J, Brough D, Hornung V, Dichgans M, Vivien D, Schulz C, Dor Y, Tiedt S, Sager HB, Grosse GM, Liesz A. DNA-sensing inflammasomes cause recurrent atherosclerotic stroke. Nature 2024; 633:433-441. [PMID: 39112714 PMCID: PMC11390481 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The risk of early recurrent events after stroke remains high despite currently established secondary prevention strategies1. Risk is particularly high in patients with atherosclerosis, with more than 10% of patients experiencing early recurrent events1,2. However, despite the enormous medical burden of this clinical phenomenon, the underlying mechanisms leading to increased vascular risk and recurrent stroke are largely unknown. Here, using a novel mouse model of stroke-induced recurrent ischaemia, we show that stroke leads to activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques via an increase of circulating cell-free DNA. Enhanced plaque inflammation post-stroke results in plaque destabilization and atherothrombosis, finally leading to arterioarterial embolism and recurrent stroke within days after the index stroke. We confirm key steps of plaque destabilization also after experimental myocardial infarction and in carotid artery plaque samples from patients with acute stroke. Rapid neutrophil NETosis was identified as the main source of cell-free DNA after stroke and NET-DNA as the causative agent leading to AIM2 inflammasome activation. Neutralization of cell-free DNA by DNase treatment or inhibition of inflammasome activation reduced the rate of stroke recurrence after experimental stroke. Our findings present an explanation for the high recurrence rate after incident ischaemic events in patients with atherosclerosis. The detailed mechanisms uncovered here provide clinically uncharted therapeutic targets for which we show high efficacy to prevent recurrent events. Targeting DNA-mediated inflammasome activation after remote tissue injury represents a promising avenue for further clinical development in the prevention of early recurrent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Cao
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Roth
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kopczak
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Samira Mami
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yaw Asare
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Programme in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Denise Messerer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amit Horn
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Shemer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Charlene Jacqmarcq
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Audrey Picot
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Jack P Green
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christina Schlegl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Tomas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G Liman
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia R Wernsdorf
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Fürle
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Carofiglio
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Brough
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Research Clinical Department, Caen Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerrit M Grosse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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5
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Kwak H, Lee E, Karki R. DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
DNA sensors generally initiate innate immune responses through the production of type I interferons. While extensively studied for host defense against invading pathogens, emerging evidence highlights the involvement of DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of modified, damaged, or ectopically localized self-DNA and non-self-DNA have been observed in patients and animal models with obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of cytosolic DNA aberrantly activates DNA signaling pathways, driving the pathological progression of these disorders. This review highlights the roles of specific DNA sensors, such as cyclic AMP-GMP synthase and stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41) in various metabolic disorders. We explore how DNA signaling pathways in both immune and non-immune cells contribute to the development of these diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the intricate interplay between metabolic stress and immune responses, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA sensor signaling in these contexts provides a foundation for developing novel interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of these pervasive health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosang Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ein Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal
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6
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Su H, Wang X, Wang L, Yuan N. Therapeutic Targeting of Pattern Recognition Receptors to Modulate Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01481-9. [PMID: 39145823 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a potentially fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory condition. The disease's onset and progression are influenced by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms. The innate immune pathways are essential in the progression of AS, as they are responsible for detecting first danger signals and causing long-term changes in immune cells. The innate immune system possesses distinct receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can identify both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular signals. Activation of PRRs initiates the inflammatory response in various physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. This review specifically examines the contribution of the innate immune response and PRRs to the formation and advancement of AS. Studying the role of these particular receptors in AS would enhance our understanding of the development of AS and offer novel approaches for directly improving the inflammatory response associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Su
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Rheumatology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 30000, China.
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7
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Geng X, Wang DW, Li H. The pivotal role of neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117289. [PMID: 39151311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to pose a significant burden on global health, prominently contributing to morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Recent years have witnessed an increasing recognition of the intricate involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pathology of diverse cardiovascular conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted functions of NETs in cardiovascular diseases, shedding light on the impact on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, myocarditis, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, and the potential therapeutic avenues targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Geng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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8
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Dai Y, Junho CVC, Schieren L, Wollenhaupt J, Sluimer JC, van der Vorst EPC, Noels H. Cellular metabolism changes in atherosclerosis and the impact of comorbidities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1446964. [PMID: 39188527 PMCID: PMC11345199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1446964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell activation and nutrient dysregulation are common consequences of atherosclerosis and its preceding risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. These diseases may also impact cellular metabolism and consequently cell function, and the other way around, altered cellular metabolism can impact disease development and progression through altered cell function. Understanding the contribution of altered cellular metabolism to atherosclerosis and how cellular metabolism may be altered by co-morbidities and atherosclerosis risk factors could support the development of novel strategies to lower the risk of CVD. Therefore, we briefly review disease pathogenesis and the principles of cell metabolic pathways, before detailing changes in cellular metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis and comorbidities. In the hypoxic, inflammatory and hyperlipidemic milieu of the atherosclerotic plaque riddled with oxidative stress, metabolism shifts to increase anaerobic glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway and amino acid use. We elaborate on metabolic changes for macrophages, neutrophils, vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and lymphocytes in the context of atherosclerosis and its co-morbidities hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Since causal relationships of specific key genes in a metabolic pathway can be cell type-specific and comorbidity-dependent, the impact of cell-specific metabolic changes must be thoroughly explored in vivo, with a focus on also systemic effects. When cell-specific treatments become feasible, this information will be crucial for determining the best metabolic intervention to improve atherosclerosis and its interplay with co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusang Dai
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luisa Schieren
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Wollenhaupt
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen Campus, Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen Campus, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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9
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Jiang Q, Chen Y, Zheng S, Sui L, Yu D, Qing F, He W, Xiao Q, Guo T, Xu L, Liu Z, Liu Z. AIM2 enhances Candida albicans infection through promoting macrophage apoptosis via AKT signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:280. [PMID: 38918243 PMCID: PMC11335202 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is among the most prevalent invasive fungal pathogens for immunocompromised individuals and novel therapeutic approaches that involve immune response modulation are imperative. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a pattern recognition receptor for DNA sensing, is well recognized for its involvement in inflammasome formation and its crucial role in safeguarding the host against various pathogenic infections. However, the role of AIM2 in host defense against C. albicans infection remains uncertain. This study reveals that the gene expression of AIM2 is induced in human and mouse innate immune cells or tissues after C. albicans infection. Furthermore, compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts, Aim2-/- mice surprisingly exhibit resistance to C. albicans infection, along with reduced inflammation in the kidneys post-infection. The resistance of Aim2-/- mice to C. albicans infection is not reliant on inflammasome or type I interferon production. Instead, Aim2-/- mice display lower levels of apoptosis in kidney tissues following infection than WT mice. The deficiency of AIM2 in macrophages, but not in dendritic cells, results in a phenocopy of the resistance observed in Aim2-/- mice against C. albican infection. The treatment of Clodronate Liposome, a reagent that depletes macrophages, also shows the critical role of macrophages in host defense against C. albican infection in Aim2-/- mice. Furthermore, the reduction in apoptosis is observed in Aim2-/- mouse macrophages following infection or treatment of DNA from C. albicans in comparison with controls. Additionally, higher levels of AKT activation are observed in Aim2-/- mice, and treatment with an AKT inhibitor reverses the host resistance to C. albicans infection. The findings collectively demonstrate that AIM2 exerts a negative regulatory effect on AKT activation and enhances macrophage apoptosis, ultimately compromising host defense against C. albicans infection. This suggests that AIM2 and AKT may represent promising therapeutic targets for the management of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- School of Graduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Nursing, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yayun Chen
- School of Graduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Siping Zheng
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lina Sui
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dalang Yu
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Furong Qing
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenji He
- School of Graduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiuxiang Xiao
- School of Graduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianfu Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Center for Scientific Research, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhichun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Graduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
- Center for Scientific Research, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Du L, Jiang Z, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Yin X, Guo X. TUDCA alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome and enhancing cholesterol efflux capacity in macrophage. iScience 2024; 27:109849. [PMID: 38784008 PMCID: PMC11112614 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) dysfunction in macrophages is important in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism underlying CEC dysfunction remains unclear. We described the characteristics of ATF4 and inflammasome activation in macrophages during atherosclerosis through scRNA sequencing analysis. Then model of hyperlipemia was established in ApoE-/- mice; some were treated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). TUDCA decreased the ATF4, Hspa, and inflammasome activation, reduced plaque area of the artery, and promoted CEC in macrophages. Furthermore, TUDCA abolished oxLDL-induced foam cell formation by inhibiting activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages. Further assays revealed ATF4 binding to AIM2 promoter, promoting its transcriptional activity significantly. Then we discovered that ATF4 affected AIM2-mediated foam cell formation by targeting ABCA1, which could be blocked by TUDCA. Our study demonstrated that TUDCA alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome and enhancing CEC of macrophage, which provided possibilities for the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Luping Du
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yijiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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11
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Xing Y, Lin X. Challenges and advances in the management of inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00253-4. [PMID: 38909884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis, traditionally considered a lipid-related disease, is now understood as a chronic inflammatory condition with significant global health implications. OBJECTIVES This review aims to delve into the complex interactions among immune cells, cytokines, and the inflammatory cascade in atherosclerosis, shedding light on how these elements influence both the initiation and progression of the disease. METHODS This review draws on recent clinical research to elucidate the roles of key immune cells, macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and clonal hematopoiesis in atherosclerosis development. It focuses on how these cells and process contribute to disease initiation and progression, particularly through inflammation-driven processes that lead to plaque formation and stabilization. Macrophages ingest oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which partially converts to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or accumulates as lipid droplets, forming foam cells crucial for plaque stability. Additionally, macrophages exhibit diverse phenotypes within plaques, with pro-inflammatory types predominating and others specializing in debris clearance at rupture sites. The involvement of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in these processes promotes inflammatory macrophage states, suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and enhances plaque instability. RESULTS The nuanced roles of macrophages, T cells, and the related immune cells within the atherosclerotic microenvironment are explored, revealing insights into the cellular and molecular pathways that fuel inflammation. This review also addresses recent advancements in imaging and biomarker technology that enhance our understanding of disease progression. Moreover, it points out the limitations of current treatment and highlights the potential of emerging anti-inflammatory strategies, including clinical trials for agents such as p38MAPK, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-1β, their preliminary outcomes, and the promising effects of canakinumab, colchicine, and IL-6R antagonists. CONCLUSION This review explores cutting-edge anti-inflammatory interventions, their potential efficacy in preventing and alleviating atherosclerosis, and the role of nanotechnology in delivering drugs more effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xing
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230022, China.
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12
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Lin J, Wang J, Fang J, Li M, Xu S, Little PJ, Zhang D, Liu Z. The cytoplasmic sensor, the AIM2 inflammasome: A precise therapeutic target in vascular and metabolic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1695-1719. [PMID: 38528718 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases encompass pathological changes in the heart, brain and vascular system, which pose a great threat to health and well-being worldwide. Moreover, metabolic diseases contribute to and exacerbate the impact of vascular diseases. Inflammation is a complex process that protects against noxious stimuli but is also dysregulated in numerous so-called inflammatory diseases, one of which is atherosclerosis. Inflammation involves multiple organ systems and a complex cascade of molecular and cellular events. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation plays a vital role in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome detects and is subsequently activated by double-stranded DNA in damaged cells and pathogens. With the assistance of the mature effector molecule caspase-1, the AIM2 inflammasome performs crucial biological functions that underpin its involvement in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases: The production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and N-terminal pore-forming Gasdermin D fragment (GSDMD-N) mediates a series of inflammatory responses and programmed cell death (pyroptosis and PANoptosis). Currently, several agents have been reported to inhibit the activity of the AIM2 inflammasome and have the potential to be evaluated for use in clinical settings. In this review, we systemically elucidate the assembly, biological functions, regulation and mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases and outline the inhibitory agents of the AIM2 inflammasome as potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuguo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Fang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Zheng Z, Li K, Yang Z, Wang X, Shen C, Zhang Y, Lu H, Yin Z, Sha M, Ye J, Zhu L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals molecular characterization and immune landscape of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:961-978. [PMID: 38587531 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by abnormal lipid deposition in the arteries. Programmed cell death is involved in the inflammatory response of atherosclerosis, but PANoptosis, as a new form of programmed cell death, is still unclear in atherosclerosis. This study explored the key PANoptosis-related genes involved in atherosclerosis and their potential mechanisms through bioinformatics analysis. METHODS We evaluated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and immune infiltration landscape in atherosclerosis using microarray datasets and bioinformatics analysis. By intersecting PANoptosis-related genes from the GeneCards database with DEGs, we obtained a set of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis (PANoDEGs). Functional enrichment analysis of PANoDEGs was performed and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of PANoDEGs was established. The machine learning algorithms were used to identify the key PANoDEGs closely linked to atherosclerosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potency of key PANoDEGs. CIBERSORT was used to analyze the immune infiltration patterns in atherosclerosis, and the Spearman method was used to study the relationship between key PANoDEGs and immune infiltration abundance. The single gene enrichment analysis of key PANoDEGs was investigated by GSEA. The transcription factors and target miRNAs of key PANoDEGs were predicted by Cytoscape and online database, respectively. The expression of key PANoDEGs was validated through animal and cell experiments. RESULTS PANoDEGs in atherosclerosis were significantly enriched in apoptotic process, pyroptosis, necroptosis, cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis. Four key PANoDEGs (ZBP1, SNHG6, DNM1L, and AIM2) were found to be closely related to atherosclerosis. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the key PANoDEGs had a strong diagnostic potential in distinguishing atherosclerotic samples from control samples. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the proportion of initial B cells, plasma cells, CD4 memory resting T cells, and M1 macrophages was significantly higher in atherosclerotic tissues compared to normal tissues. Spearman analysis showed that key PANoDEGs showed strong correlations with immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. The regulatory networks of the four key PANoDEGs were established. The expression of key PANoDEGs was verified in further cell and animal experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the expression changes of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis, providing a reference direction for the study of PANoptosis in atherosclerosis and offering potential new avenues for further understanding the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Jiangsu Hanjiang Biotechnology Co., LTD, Taizhou, 225399, China
| | - Min Sha
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
| | - Jun Ye
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
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14
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De Meyer GRY, Zurek M, Puylaert P, Martinet W. Programmed death of macrophages in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:312-325. [PMID: 38163815 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disorder of the arterial vessel wall characterized by substantial infiltration of macrophages, which exert both favourable and detrimental functions. Early in atherogenesis, macrophages can clear cytotoxic lipoproteins and dead cells, preventing cytotoxicity. Efferocytosis - the efficient clearance of dead cells by macrophages - is crucial for preventing secondary necrosis and stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, macrophages can promote tissue repair and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing plaque stability. However, advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain large numbers of pro-inflammatory macrophages that secrete matrix-degrading enzymes, induce death in surrounding cells and contribute to plaque destabilization and rupture. Importantly, macrophages in the plaque can undergo apoptosis and several forms of regulated necrosis, including necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Regulated necrosis has an important role in the formation and expansion of the necrotic core during plaque progression, and several triggers for necrosis are present within atherosclerotic plaques. This Review focuses on the various forms of programmed macrophage death in atherosclerosis and the pharmacological interventions that target them as a potential means of stabilizing vulnerable plaques and improving the efficacy of currently available anti-atherosclerotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michelle Zurek
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pauline Puylaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Ishida M, Sakai C, Kobayashi Y, Ishida T. Cigarette Smoking and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:189-200. [PMID: 38220184 PMCID: PMC10918046 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular health, particularly atherosclerosis and thrombosis, are well established, and more detailed mechanisms continue to emerge. As the fundamental pathophysiology of the adverse effects of smoking, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and thrombosis are considered to be particularly important. Cigarette smoke induces endothelial dysfunction, leading to impaired vascular dilation and hemostasis regulation. Factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction include reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide, increased levels of superoxide anion, and endothelin release. Chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is a central pathogenesis of smoking-induced atherosclerosis. Smoking systemically elevates inflammatory markers and induces the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in various tissues. Pattern recognition receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns play crucial roles in the mechanism underlying smoking-induced inflammation. Smoking-induced DNA damage and activation of innate immunity, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and Toll-like receptor 9, are shown to amplify inflammatory cytokine expression. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation influence platelet adhesion, aggregation, and coagulation via adhesion molecule upregulation. Furthermore, it affects the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis balance, causing thrombus formation. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to plaque vulnerability and atherothrombotic events. The impact of smoking on inflammatory cells and adhesion molecules further intensifies the risk of atherothrombosis. Collectively, exposure to cigarette smoke exerts profound effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and thrombosis, contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these intricate mechanisms highlights the urgent need for smoking cessation to protect cardiovascular health. This comprehensive review investigates the multifaceted mechanisms through which smoking contributes to these life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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16
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Sha X, Ye H, Wang X, Xu Z, Sun A, Xiao W, Zhang T, Yang S, Yang H. GSDMD mediated pyroptosis induced inflammation of Graves' orbitopathy via the NF-κB/ AIM2/ Caspase-1 pathway. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109812. [PMID: 38342335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a key executor which triggers pyroptosis as well as an attractive checkpoint in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases but it has yet to prove its function in Graves'orbitopathy (GO). Our aim was to investigate GSDMD levels in orbital connective tissue and serum of GO patients and then assess the association between serum levels and patients' clinical activity score (CAS). Further, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and the underlying mechanism in inflammatory pathogenesis in the cultured orbital fibroblasts (OFs) of GO patients were examined. OFs were collected after tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interferon (IFN)-γ treatment or combination treatment at different times, and the expression of GSDMD and related molecular mechanisms were analyzed. Then, we constructed the GSDMD knockout system with siRNA and the system was further exposed to the medium with or without IFN-γ and TNF-α for a specified time. Finally, we evaluated the production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. We found that serum GSDMD levels were elevated and positively correlated with the CAS in GO patients. Meanwhile, the expression of GSDMD and N-terminal domain (NT-GSDMD) in orbital connective tissue of GO patients was augmented. Also, increased expression of GSDMD and related pyroptosis factors was observed in vitro model of GO. We further demonstrated that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis induced inflammation via the nuclear factor kB (NF-κB)/absent in melanoma-2 (AIM-2)/caspase-1 pathway. In addition, blocking GSDMD suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production in GO. We concluded that GSDMD may be a biomarker as well as a potential target for the evaluation and treatment of inflammation related with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Te Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Zhang T, Pang C, Xu M, Zhao Q, Hu Z, Jiang X, Guo M. The role of immune system in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, controversies, and future possibilities. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110765. [PMID: 38369442 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous cardiovascular disorders have atherosclerosis as their pathological underpinning. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, with the aid of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, innate immunity, represented by monocytes/macrophages, and adaptive immunity, primarily T/B cells, play a critical role in controlling inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis. Additionally, the finding of numerous complement components in atherosclerotic plaques suggests yet again how heavily the immune system controls atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of how the immune system contributes to atherosclerosis. The specific molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of immune cells and immune molecules in atherosclerosis, the controversy surrounding some immune cells in atherosclerosis, and the limitations of extrapolating from relevant animal models to humans were all carefully reviewed in this review from the three perspectives of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and complement system. This could provide fresh possibilities for atherosclerosis research and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenxu Pang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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18
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Zhou Z, Ou-yang C, Chen Q, Ren Z, Guo X, Lei M, Liu C, Yang X. Trafficking and effect of released DNA on cGAS-STING signaling pathway and cardiovascular disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287130. [PMID: 38152400 PMCID: PMC10751357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from clinical research and animal studies indicates that inflammation is an important factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging evidence shows that nucleic acids serve as crucial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or non-infectious damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are released and then recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which activates immunological signaling pathways for host defense. Mechanistically, the released nucleic acids activate cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to promote type I interferons (IFNs) production, which play an important regulatory function during the initiation of an innate immune response to various diseases, including CVD. This pathway represents an essential defense regulatory mechanism in an organism's innate immune system. In this review, we outline the overall profile of cGAS-STING signaling, summarize the latest findings on nucleic acid release and trafficking, and discuss their potential role in CVD. This review also sheds light on potential directions for future investigations on CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimo Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhan Ou-yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zhanhong Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiying Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Min Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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19
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Sarakpi T, Mesic A, Speer T. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction in CKD. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1845-1860. [PMID: 37915921 PMCID: PMC10616504 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Accordingly, CKD patients show a substantial increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Inflammation represents an important link between CKD and CVD. The interaction between endothelial cells and effector cells of the innate immune system plays a central role in the development and progression of inflammation. Vascular injury causes endothelial dysfunction, leading to augmented oxidative stress, increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and chronic inflammation. CKD induces numerous metabolic changes, creating a uremic milieu resulting in the accumulation of various uremic toxins. These toxins lead to vascular injury, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the innate immune system. Recent studies describe CKD-dependent changes in monocytes that promote endothelial dysfunction and thus CKD progression and CKD-associated CVD. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3-interleukin-1β-interleukin-6 (NLRP3-IL-1β-IL-6) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of CVD and CKD alike. Several clinical trials are investigating targeted inhibition of this pathway indicating that anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies may emerge as novel approaches in patients at high cardiovascular risk and nonresolving inflammation. CKD patients in particular would benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory therapy, since conventional therapeutic regimens have limited efficacy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Sarakpi
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armir Mesic
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Sakai C, Ueda K, Goda K, Fujita R, Maeda J, Nakayama S, Sotomaru Y, Tashiro S, Yoshizumi M, Ishida T, Ishida M. A possible role for proinflammatory activation via cGAS-STING pathway in atherosclerosis induced by accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16470. [PMID: 37777633 PMCID: PMC10542807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage contributes to atherosclerosis. However, causative links between DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and atherosclerosis have yet to be established. Here, we investigated the role of DSBs in atherosclerosis using mice and vascular cells deficient in Ku80, a DSB repair protein. After 4 weeks of a high-fat diet, Ku80-deficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice (Ku80+/-ApoE-/-) displayed increased plaque size and DSBs in the aorta compared to those of ApoE-/- control. In the preatherosclerotic stages (two-week high-fat diet), the plaque size was similar in both the Ku80+/-ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- control mice, but the number of DSBs and mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in the Ku80+/-ApoE-/- aortas. We further investigated molecular links between DSBs and inflammatory responses using vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from Ku80 wild-type and Ku80+/- mice. The Ku80+/- cells displayed senescent features and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. Moreover, the cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway was activated in the Ku80+/- cells. Inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway reduced IL-6 mRNA level. Notably, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a downstream effector of the cGAS-STING pathway, was activated, and the depletion of IRF3 also reduced IL-6 mRNA levels in the Ku80+/- cells. Finally, DSBs accumulation in normal cells also activated the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. In addition, cGAS inhibition attenuated DNA damage-induced IL-6 expression and cellular senescence in these cells. These results suggest that DSBs accumulation promoted atherosclerosis by upregulating proinflammatory responses and cellular senescence via the cGAS-STING (-IRF3) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kohei Goda
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Rikuto Fujita
- National Hospital Organization, Higashihiroshima Medical Center, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Junji Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakayama
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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21
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Zhang X, Kang Z, Yin D, Gao J. Role of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis. Innate Immun 2023; 29:97-109. [PMID: 37491844 PMCID: PMC10468622 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231189195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the first line of defense in human immunity and can be attracted to inflamed and infected sites by various chemokines. As essential players in immune processes, neutrophils theoretically play integral roles in the course of chronic inflammation-induced atherosclerosis. However, because neutrophils are rarely found in atherosclerotic lesions, their involvement in the pathophysiological progression of atherosclerosis has been largely underestimated or ignored. Recent research has revealed convincing evidence showing the presence of neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesions and has revealed neutrophil contributions to different atherosclerosis stages in mice and humans. This review describes the underlying mechanisms of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis and highlights potential neutrophil-targeted therapeutic strategies relevant to atherosclerosis. An in-depth understanding of neutrophils' roles in atherosclerosis pathology will promote exploration of new methods for the prevention and treatment of atherogenesis and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfang Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
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22
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Jin X, Ma Y, Liu D, Huang Y. Role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e249. [PMID: 37125240 PMCID: PMC10130418 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is regarded as a pathological form of cell death with an intracellular program mediated, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and embryonic development. Pyroptosis is a new paradigm of PCD, which has received increasing attention due to its close association with immunity and disease. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin that promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines and contents induced by inflammasome activation. Recently, increasing evidence in studies shows that pyroptosis has a crucial role in inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, neurological diseases (NDs), and metabolic diseases (MDs), suggesting that targeting cell death is a potential intervention for the treatment of these inflammatory diseases. Based on this, the review aims to identify the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to pyroptosis activation and summarizes the current insights into the complicated relationship between pyroptosis and multiple human inflammatory diseases (CVDs, cancer, NDs, and MDs). We also discuss a promising novel strategy and method for treating these inflammatory diseases by targeting pyroptosis and focus on the pyroptosis pathway application in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jin
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Yinchu Ma
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Didi Liu
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
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23
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Abstract
The CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study) and colchicine trials suggest an important role of inflammasomes and their major product IL-1β (interleukin 1β) in human atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Moreover, studies in mouse models indicate a causal role of inflammasomes and IL-1β in atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have led to a more granular view of the role of inflammasomes in atherosclerosis. Studies in hyperlipidemic mouse models suggest that prominent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires a second hit such as defective cholesterol efflux, defective DNA repair, clonal hematopoiesis or diabetes. Similarly in humans some mutations promoting clonal hematopoiesis increase coronary artery disease risk in part by promoting inflammasome activation. Recent studies in mice and humans point to a wider role of the AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) inflammasome in promoting cardiovascular disease including in some forms of clonal hematopoiesis and diabetes. These developments suggest a precision medicine approach in which treatments targeting inflammasomes or IL-1β might be best employed in clinical settings involving increased inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (A.R.T.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (K.E.B.)
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24
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Roth S, Wernsdorf SR, Liesz A. The role of circulating cell-free DNA as an inflammatory mediator after stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00993-5. [PMID: 37212886 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Clinical and experimental studies highlighted the complex role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of stroke. Ischemic brain injury leads to the release of cell-free DNA, a damage-associated molecular pattern, which binds to pattern recognition receptors on immune cells such as toll-like receptors and cytosolic inflammasome sensors. The downstream signaling cascade then induces a rapid inflammatory response. In this review, we are highlighting the characteristics of cell-free DNA and how these can affect a local as well as a systemic response after stroke. For this purpose, we screened literature on clinical studies investigating cell-free DNA concentration and properties after brain ischemia. We report the current understanding for mechanisms of DNA uptake and sensing in the context of post-stroke inflammation. Moreover, we compare possible treatment options targeting cell-free DNA, DNA-sensing pathways, and the downstream mediators. Finally, we describe clinical implications of this inflammatory pathway for stroke patients, open questions, and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Roth
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Saskia R Wernsdorf
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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25
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Ahn M, Chen VCW, Rozario P, Ng WL, Kong PS, Sia WR, Kang AEZ, Su Q, Nguyen LH, Zhu F, Chan WOY, Tan CW, Cheong WS, Hey YY, Foo R, Guo F, Lim YT, Li X, Chia WN, Sobota RM, Fu NY, Irving AT, Wang LF. Bat ASC2 suppresses inflammasomes and ameliorates inflammatory diseases. Cell 2023; 186:2144-2159.e22. [PMID: 37172565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bats are special in their ability to live long and host many emerging viruses. Our previous studies showed that bats have altered inflammasomes, which are central players in aging and infection. However, the role of inflammasome signaling in combating inflammatory diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we report bat ASC2 as a potent negative regulator of inflammasomes. Bat ASC2 is highly expressed at both the mRNA and protein levels and is highly potent in inhibiting human and mouse inflammasomes. Transgenic expression of bat ASC2 in mice reduced the severity of peritonitis induced by gout crystals and ASC particles. Bat ASC2 also dampened inflammation induced by multiple viruses and reduced mortality of influenza A virus infection. Importantly, it also suppressed SARS-CoV-2-immune-complex-induced inflammasome activation. Four key residues were identified for the gain of function of bat ASC2. Our results demonstrate that bat ASC2 is an important negative regulator of inflammasomes with therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Program, Singapore 168753, Singapore; SingHealth PGY1 Residency Program, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
| | - Vivian Chih-Wei Chen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pui San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Adrian Eng Zheng Kang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qi Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Lan Huong Nguyen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wharton O Y Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Shoo Cheong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Xin Li
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Nai Yang Fu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Aaron T Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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26
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Yalcinkaya M, Fotakis P, Liu W, Endo-Umeda K, Dou H, Abramowicz S, Xiao T, Libby P, Wang N, Tall AR, Westerterp M. Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages drives NETosis in atherosclerotic plaques via IL-1β secretion. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:969-981. [PMID: 36537208 PMCID: PMC10153645 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) increases atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and athero-thrombosis. However, mechanisms promoting NETosis during atherogenesis are poorly understood. We have shown that cholesterol accumulation due to myeloid cell deficiency of the cholesterol transporters ATP Binding Cassette A1 and G1 (ABCA1/G1) promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and neutrophils and induces prominent NETosis in atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated whether NETosis is a cell-intrinsic effect in neutrophils or is mediated indirectly by cellular crosstalk from macrophages to neutrophils involving IL-1β. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice with neutrophil or macrophage-specific Abca1/g1 deficiency (S100A8CreAbca1fl/flAbcg1fl/fl or CX3CR1CreAbca1fl/flAbcg1fl/fl mice, respectively), and transplanted their bone marrow into low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. We then fed the mice a cholesterol-rich diet. Macrophage, but not neutrophil Abca1/g1 deficiency activated inflammasomes in macrophages and neutrophils, reflected by caspase-1 cleavage, and induced NETosis in plaques. NETosis was suppressed by administering an interleukin (IL)-1β neutralizing antibody. The extent of NETosis in plaques correlated strongly with the degree of neutrophil accumulation, irrespective of blood neutrophil counts, and neutrophil accumulation was decreased by IL-1β antagonism. In vitro, IL-1β or media transferred from Abca1/g1-deficient macrophages increased NETosis in both control and Abca1/Abcg1 deficient neutrophils. This cell-extrinsic effect of IL-1β on NETosis was blocked by an NLRP3 inhibitor. CONCLUSION These studies establish a new link between inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in macrophages and NETosis in atherosclerotic plaques. Macrophage-derived IL-1β appears to increase NETosis both by increasing neutrophil recruitment to plaques and by promoting neutrophil NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotakis
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wenli Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Huijuan Dou
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sandra Abramowicz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tong Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Ishida M, Sakai C, Ishida T. Role of DNA damage in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Cardiol 2023; 81:331-336. [PMID: 36109257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a cause of coronary artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and stroke. The pathogenesis underlying atherosclerosis is complex but it is clear that inflammation plays a pivotal role. Inflammation in atherosclerosis is triggered by the recognition of intracellular contents released from damaged cells by pattern recognition receptors, and is therefore sterile and chronic. Because the DNA of these cells is damaged, cellular senescence is also involved in this inflammation. Here, we will discuss the emerging evidence of a relationship between DNA damage and inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with a focus on intracellular events and cell fates that arise following DNA damage. Recent evidence will lead us to potential therapeutic targets and allow us to explore potential preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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28
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Zhang Y, Tu J, Li Y, Wang Y, Lu L, Wu C, Yu XY, Li Y. Inflammation macrophages contribute to cardiac homeostasis. CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2023. [DOI: 10.1097/cp9.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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29
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Lee SB, Kang JH, Sim EJ, Jung YR, Kim JH, Hillman PF, Nam SJ, Kang TB. Cornus officinalis Seed Extract Inhibits AIM2-Inflammasome Activation and Attenuates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065653. [PMID: 36982727 PMCID: PMC10051512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The AIM2 inflammasome is an innate immune system component that defends against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses, but its aberrant activation can lead to the progression of various inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis. However, there have been few reports of specific inhibitors of AIM2 inflammasome activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of ethanolic extracts of seeds of Cornus officinalis (CO), a herb and food plant used in traditional medicine, on AIM2-inflammasome activation. We found that CO inhibited the release of IL-1β induced by dsDNA in both BMDMs and HaCaT cells, but that it showed no effect on the release of IL-1β induced by NLRP3 inflammasome triggers, such as nigericin and silica, or the NLRC4 inflammasome trigger flagellin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CO inhibited the cleavage of caspase-1, an inflammasome activation marker, and an upstream event, the translocation and speck formation of ASC. In addition, further experiments and mechanistic investigations revealed that CO can inhibit AIM2 speck formation induced by dsDNA in AIM2-overexpressing HEK293T cells. To verify the correlation in vivo, we investigated the efficacy of CO in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model, which has reported associations with the AIM2 inflammasome. We found that topical application of CO alleviated psoriasis-like symptoms, such as erythema, scaling, and epidermal thickening, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CO also significantly decreased IMQ-induced expression of AIM2 inflammasome components, including AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1, and led to the elevation of serum IL-17A. In conclusion, our results suggest that CO may be a valuable candidate for the discovery of AIM2 inhibitors and the regulation of AIM2-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Bin Lee
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hui Kang
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Sim
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Rin Jung
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Prima F. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-043-840-3904
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30
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Lu S, Li Y, Qian Z, Zhao T, Feng Z, Weng X, Yu L. Role of the inflammasome in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1052756. [PMID: 36993972 PMCID: PMC10040598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a protein complex composed of a variety of proteins in cells and which participates in the innate immune response of the body. It can be activated by upstream signal regulation and plays an important role in pyroptosis, apoptosis, inflammation, tumor regulation, etc. In recent years, the number of metabolic syndrome patients with insulin resistance (IR) has increased year by year, and the inflammasome is closely related to the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The inflammasome can directly or indirectly affect conduction of the insulin signaling pathway, involvement the occurrence of IR and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, various therapeutic agents also work through the inflammasome to treat with diabetes. This review focuses on the role of inflammasome on IR and T2DM, pointing out the association and utility value. Briefly, we have discussed the main inflammasomes, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6 and AIM2, as well as their structure, activation and regulation in IR were described in detail. Finally, we discussed the current therapeutic options-associated with inflammasome for the treatment of T2DM. Specially, the NLRP3-related therapeutic agents and options are widely developed. In summary, this article reviews the role of and research progress on the inflammasome in IR and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaojun Qian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Yu, ; Xiaogang Weng,
| | - Lili Yu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Yu, ; Xiaogang Weng,
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31
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Achmad H, Almajidi YQ, Adel H, Obaid RF, Romero-Parra RM, Kadhum WR, Almulla AF, Alhachami FR, Gabr GA, Mustafa YF, Mahmoudi R, Hosseini-Fard S. The emerging crosstalk between atherosclerosis-related microRNAs and Bermuda triangle of foam cells: Cholesterol influx, trafficking, and efflux. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110632. [PMID: 36805844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, the gradual buildup of lipid particles into the sub-endothelium of damaged arteries leads to numerous lipid alterations. The absorption of these modified lipids by monocyte-derived macrophages in the arterial wall leads to cholesterol accumulation and increases the likelihood of foam cell formation and fatty streak, which is an early characteristic of atherosclerosis. Foam cell formation is related to an imbalance in cholesterol influx, trafficking, and efflux. The formation of foam cells is heavily regulated by various mechanisms, among them, the role of epigenetic factors like microRNA alteration in the formation of foam cells has been well studied. Recent studies have focused on the potential interplay between microRNAs and foam cell formation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; nevertheless, there is significant space to progress in this attractive field. This review has focused to examine the underlying processes of foam cell formation and microRNA crosstalk to provide a deep insight into therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
| | - Yasir Q Almajidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussein Adel
- Al-Farahidi University, College of Dentistry, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Wesam R Kadhum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut 52001, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Firas Rahi Alhachami
- Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedreza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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The Role of Neutrophils in Lower Limb Peripheral Artery Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021169. [PMID: 36674682 PMCID: PMC9866688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of neutrophils in cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) with evidence supporting their role in the initiation, progression, and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. Although these cells have long been considered as terminally differentiated cells with a relatively limited spectrum of action, recent research has revealed intriguing novel cellular functions, including neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) generation and inflammasome activation, which have been linked to several human diseases, including CVD. While most research to date has focused on the role of neutrophils in coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases, much less information is available on lower limb peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is a widespread condition associated with great morbidity and mortality, though physician and patient awareness of the disease remains low. To date, several studies have produced some evidence on the role of certain biomarkers of neutrophil activation in this clinical setting. However, the etiopathogenetic role of neutrophils, and in particular of some of the newly discovered mechanisms, has yet to be fully elucidated. In the future, complementary assessment of neutrophil activity should improve CV risk stratification and provide personalized treatments to patients with PAD. This review aims to summarize the basic principles and recent advances in the understanding of neutrophil biology, current knowledge about the role of neutrophils in atherosclerosis, as well as available evidence on their role of PAD.
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Paraskevaidis I, Farmakis D, Papingiotis G, Tsougos E. Inflammation and Heart Failure: Searching for the Enemy-Reaching the Entelechy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010019. [PMID: 36661914 PMCID: PMC9866611 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of heart-failure (HF) development and progression has long been recognized. High blood levels of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory markers are present and associated with adverse outcomes in patients with HF. In addition, there seems to be an interrelation between inflammation and neurohormonal activation, the cornerstone of HF pathophysiology and management. However, clinical trials involving anti-inflammatory agents have shown inconclusive or even contradictory results in improving HF outcomes. In the present review, we try to shed some light on the reciprocal relationship between inflammation and HF in an attempt to identify the central regulating factors, such as inflammatory cells and soluble mediators and the related inflammatory pathways as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Paraskevaidis
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- 6th Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Farmakis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-895235
| | - Georgios Papingiotis
- Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Tsougos
- 6th Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
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34
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Nappi F, Bellomo F, Avtaar Singh SS. Worsening Thrombotic Complication of Atherosclerotic Plaques Due to Neutrophils Extracellular Traps: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010113. [PMID: 36672621 PMCID: PMC9855935 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) recently emerged as a newly recognized contributor to venous and arterial thrombosis. These strands of DNA, extruded by activated or dying neutrophils, decorated with various protein mediators, become solid-state reactors that can localize at the critical interface of blood with the intimal surface of diseased arteries alongside propagating and amplifying the regional injury. NETs thus furnish a previously unsuspected link between inflammation, innate immunity, thrombosis, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. In response to disease-relevant stimuli, neutrophils undergo a specialized series of reactions that culminate in NET formation. DNA derived from either nuclei or mitochondria can contribute to NET formation. The DNA liberated from neutrophils forms a reticular mesh that resembles morphologically a net, rendering the acronym NETs particularly appropriate. The DNA backbone of NETs not only presents intrinsic neutrophil proteins (e.g., MPO (myeloperoxidase) and various proteinases) but can congregate other proteins found in blood (e.g., tissue factor procoagulant). This systematic review discusses the current hypothesis of neutrophil biology, focusing on the triggers and mechanisms of NET formation. Furthermore, the contribution of NETs to atherosclerosis and thrombosis is extensively addressed. Again, the use of NET markers in clinical trials was considered. Ultimately, given the vast body of the published literature, we aim to integrate the experimental evidence with the growing body of clinical information relating to NET critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord of Saint-Denis, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(14)-9334104; Fax: +33-149334119
| | - Francesca Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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35
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Cheng H, Zhou F. AIM2 and Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085448. [PMID: 36742336 PMCID: PMC9889639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease occurring worldwide, with multiple systemic complications, which seriously affect the quality of life and physical and mental health of patients. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is related to the environment, genetics, epigenetics, and dysregulation of immune cells such as T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and nonimmune cells such as keratinocytes. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a susceptibility gene locus for psoriasis, has been strongly linked to the genetic and epigenetic aspects of psoriasis and increased in expression in psoriatic keratinocytes. AIM2 was found to be activated in an inflammasome-dependent way to release IL-1β and IL-18 to mediate inflammation, and to participate in immune regulation in psoriasis, or in an inflammasome-independent way by regulating the function of regulatory T(Treg) cells or programming cell death in keratinocytes as well as controlling the proliferative state of different cells. AIM2 may also play a role in the recurrence of psoriasis by trained immunity. In this review, we will elaborate on the characteristics of AIM2 and how AIM2 mediates the development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
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36
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Zuriaga MA, Fuster JJ. Clonal hematopoiesis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A primer. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2023; 35:35-41. [PMID: 34879980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite current standards of care, a considerable risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains in both primary and secondary prevention. In this setting, clonal hematopoiesis driven by somatic mutations has recently emerged as a relatively common, potent and independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other cardiovascular conditions. Experimental studies in mice suggest that mutations in TET2 and JAK2, which are among the most common in clonal hematopoiesis, increase inflammation and are causally connected to accelerated atherosclerosis development, which may explain the link between clonal hematopoiesis and increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of this emerging cardiovascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Zuriaga
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Xu XD, Chen JX, Zhu L, Xu ST, Jiang J, Ren K. The emerging role of pyroptosis-related inflammasome pathway in atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2022; 28:160. [PMID: 36544112 PMCID: PMC9773468 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic sterile inflammatory disorder, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The dysfunction and unnatural death of plaque cells, including vascular endothelial cells (VEC), macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), are crucial factors in the progression of AS. Pyroptosis was described as a form of cell death at least two decades ago. It is featured by plasma membrane swelling and rupture, cell lysis, and consequent robust release of cytosolic contents and pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Pyroptosis of plaque cells is commonly observed in the initiation and development of AS, and the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins are positively correlated with plaque instability, indicating the crucial contribution of pyroptosis to atherogenesis. Furthermore, studies have also identified some candidate anti-atherogenic agents targeting plaque cell pyroptosis. Herein, we summarize the research progress in understating (1) the discovery and definition of pyroptosis; (2) the characterization and molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis; (3) the regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis in VEC, macrophage, and VSMC, as well as their potential role in AS progression, aimed at providing therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xian Chen
- grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Xu
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Ren
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 Anhui People’s Republic of China ,grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
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38
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Du L, Wang X, Chen S, Guo X. The AIM2 inflammasome: A novel biomarker and target in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106533. [PMID: 36332811 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a cytoplasmic sensor that recognises the double-strand DNA. AIM2 inflammasome is a protein platform in the cell that initiates innate immune responses by cleaving pro-caspase-1 and converting IL-1β and IL-18 to their mature forms. Additionally, AIM2 inflammasome promotes pyroptosis by converting Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) to GSDMD-N fragments. An increasing number of studies have indicated the important and decisive roles of the AIM2 inflammasome, IL-1β, and pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischaemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure, aortic aneurysm and ischaemic stroke. Here, we review the molecular mechanism of the activation and effect of the AIM2 inflammasome in cardiovascular disease, revealing new insights into pathogenic factors that may be targeted to treat cardiovascular disease and related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Du
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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39
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Margiana R, Alsaikhan F, Al-Awsi GRL, Patra I, Sivaraman R, Fadhil AA, Al-Baghdady HFA, Qasim MT, Hameed NM, Mustafa YF, Hosseini-Fard S. Functions and therapeutic interventions of non-coding RNAs associated with TLR signaling pathway in atherosclerosis. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110471. [PMID: 36122884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging data demonstrate that the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of inflammatory atherosclerosis. Indeed, dysregulated TLR signaling pathway could be a cornerstone of inflammation and atherosclerosis, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. It is interesting to note that this pathway is heavily controlled by several mechanisms, such as epigenetic factors in which the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as well as circular RNAs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been well studied. Recent years have seen a significant surge in the amount of research exploring the interplay between ncRNAs and TLR signaling pathway downstream targets in the development of atherosclerosis; however, there is still considerable room for improvement in this field. The current study was designed to review underlying mechanisms of TLR signaling pathway and ncRNA interactions to shed light on therapeutic implications in patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Indrajit Patra
- An Independent Researcher, PhD from NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramaswamy Sivaraman
- Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, University of Madras, Arumbakkam, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Noora M Hameed
- Anesthesia techniques, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyedreza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Hidalgo A, Libby P, Soehnlein O, Aramburu IV, Papayannopoulos V, Silvestre-Roig C. Neutrophil extracellular traps: from physiology to pathology. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:2737-2753. [PMID: 34648022 PMCID: PMC9586562 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the frontline of the host defence response, neutrophil antimicrobial functions have adapted to combat infections and injuries of different origins and magnitude. The release of web-like DNA structures named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitutes an important mechanism by which neutrophils prevent pathogen dissemination or deal with microorganisms of a bigger size. At the same time, nuclear and granule proteins with microbicidal activity bind to these DNA structures promoting the elimination of entrapped pathogens. However, these toxic properties may produce unwanted effects in the host, when neutrophils uncontrollably release NETs upon persistent inflammation. As a consequence, NET accumulation can produce vessel occlusion, tissue damage, and prolonged inflammation associated with the progression and exacerbation of multiple pathologic conditions. This review outlines recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of NET release and functions in sterile disease. We also discuss mechanisms of physiological regulation and the importance of neutrophil heterogeneity in NET formation and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iker Valle Aramburu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Defence, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
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41
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Caselli C, Di Giorgi N, Ragusa R, Lorenzoni V, Smit J, El Mahdiui M, Buechel RR, Teresinska A, Pizzi MN, Roque A, Poddighe R, Knuuti J, Schütte M, Parodi O, Pelosi G, Scholte A, Rocchiccioli S, Neglia D. Association of MMP9 with adverse features of plaque progression and residual inflammatory risk in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107098. [PMID: 36100166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS MMP-9 is a predictor of atherosclerotic plaque instability and adverse cardiovascular events, but longitudinal data on the association between MMP9 and coronary disease progression are lacking. This study is aimed at investigating whether MMP9 is associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression and the related molecular basis in stable patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). METHODS MMP9 serum levels were measured in 157 CCS patients (58 ± 8 years of age; 66% male) undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography at baseline and after a follow up period of 6.5 ± 1.1 years to assess progression of Total, Fibrous, Fibro-fatty, Necrotic Core, and Dense Calcium plaque volumes (PV). Gene expression analysis was evaluated in whole blood using a transcriptomic approach by RNA-seq. RESULTS At multivariate analysis, serum MMP9 was associated with annual change of Total and Necrotic Core PV (Coefficient 3.205, SE 1.321, P = 0.017; 1.449, SE 0.690, P = 0.038, respectively), while MMP9 gene expression with Necrotic Core PV (Coefficient 70.559, SE 32.629, P = 0.034), independently from traditional cardiovascular risk factors, medications, and presence of obstructive CAD. After transcriptomic analysis, MMP9 expression was linked to expression of genes involved in the innate immunity. CONCLUSIONS Among CCS patients, MMP9 is an independent predictive marker of progression of adverse coronary plaques, possibly reflecting the activity of inflammatory pathways conditioning adverse plaque phenotypes. Thus, blood MMP9 might be used for the identification of patients with residual risk even with optimal management of classical cardiovascular risk factors who may derive the greatest benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Caselli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Rosetta Ragusa
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Valentina Lorenzoni
- Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jeff Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohammed El Mahdiui
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronny R Buechel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maria N Pizzi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Roque
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- PET Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, Finland.
| | - Moritz Schütte
- Alacris Theranostics GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oberdan Parodi
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Pelosi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Arthur Scholte
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Danilo Neglia
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy.
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Targeting innate immunity-driven inflammation in CKD and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:762-778. [PMID: 36064794 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is largely a consequence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is a particular concern given the increasing prevalence of CKD. Sterile inflammation triggered by activation of the innate immune system is an important driver of both CKD and associated CVD. Several endogenous mediators, including lipoproteins, crystals such as silica, urate and cholesterol crystals, or compounds released from dying cells interact with pattern recognition receptors expressed on a variety of different cell types, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Disturbed regulation of the haematopoietic system by damage-associated molecular patterns, or as a consequence of clonal haematopoiesis or trained innate immunity, also contributes to the development of inflammation. In observational and genetic association studies, inflammation is linked to the progression of CKD and cardiovascular events. In 2017, the CANTOS trial of canakinumab provided evidence that inhibiting inflammation driven by NLRP3-IL-1-IL-6-mediated signalling significantly reduced cardiovascular event rates in individuals with and without CKD. Other approaches to target innate immune pathways are now under investigation for their ability to reduce cardiovascular events and slow disease progression among patients with atherosclerosis and stage 3 and 4 CKD. This Review summarizes current understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CKD and its associated CVD, and how this knowledge may translate into novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Irwandi RA, Chiesa ST, Hajishengallis G, Papayannopoulos V, Deanfield JE, D’Aiuto F. The Roles of Neutrophils Linking Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915081. [PMID: 35874771 PMCID: PMC9300828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and development of atherosclerosis. Periodontitis is a common chronic disease linked to other chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The mechanistic pathways underlying this association are yet to be fully understood. This critical review aims at discuss the role of neutrophils in mediating the relationship between periodontitis and ASCVD. Systemic inflammation triggered by periodontitis could lead to adaptations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) resulting in trained granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, thereby increasing the production of neutrophils and driving the hyper-responsiveness of these abundant innate-immune cells. These alterations may contribute to the onset, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Despite the emerging evidence suggesting that the treatment of periodontitis improves surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease, the resolution of periodontitis may not necessarily reverse neutrophil hyper-responsiveness since the hyper-inflammatory re-programming of granulopoiesis can persist long after the inflammatory inducers are removed. Novel and targeted approaches to manipulate neutrophil numbers and functions are warranted within the context of the treatment of periodontitis and also to mitigate its potential impact on ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizky A. Irwandi
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T. Chiesa
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity & Inflammation, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - John E. Deanfield
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco D’Aiuto
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Francesco D’Aiuto,
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The Association of Serum AIM2 Level with the Prediction and Short-Term Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:6774416. [PMID: 35646157 PMCID: PMC9124122 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6774416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Coronary artery disease (CAD), one of the commonest cardiovascular diseases, has high morbidity and mortality. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is involved in atherosclerosis, and no clinical trials have explored the association between AIM2 and CAD. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the predictive and short-term prognostic value of AIM2 for CAD. Methods. 279 patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. The AIM2 level was detected from the serum of collected artery blood samples. The association of serum AIM2 level with the prediction and short-term prognosis of CAD was further assessed. Results. The serum AIM2 level of the CAD group was significantly higher than the control group (
vs.
;
). AIM2 was demonstrated to be the risk factor of CAD [odds ratio, 1.589; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.346-1.876;
]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.738 showed the diagnostic value of AIM2 in CAD. Additionally, AIM2 was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.453; 95% CI, 1.086-1.945;
), and CAD patients with high AIM2 levels (>4.9 ng/mL) had a markedly lower survival rate (log-rank
). Conclusions. The serum AIM2
ng/mL can predict CAD to a certain extent. AIM2 might be an independent predictor of its short-term poor prognosis.
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Liao Y, Liu K, Zhu L. Emerging Roles of Inflammasomes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834289. [PMID: 35464402 PMCID: PMC9021369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are known as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As an innate immune signaling complex, inflammasomes can be activated by various cardiovascular risk factors and regulate the activation of caspase-1 and the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Accumulating evidence supports that inflammasomes play a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. The best-known inflammasomes are NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes, among which NLRP3 inflammasome is the most widely studied in the immune response and disease development. This review focuses on the activation and regulation mechanism of inflammasomes, the role of inflammasomes in cardiovascular diseases, and the research progress of targeting NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β for related disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Tall AR, Fuster JJ. Clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease and therapeutic implications. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:116-124. [PMID: 36337911 PMCID: PMC9631799 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-021-00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis arises from somatic mutations that provide a fitness advantage to hematopoietic stem cells and the outgrowth of clones of blood cells. Clonal hematopoiesis commonly involves mutations in genes that are involved in epigenetic modifications, signaling and DNA damage repair. Clonal hematopoiesis has emerged as a major independent risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, thrombosis and heart failure. Studies in mouse models of clonal hematopoiesis have shown an increase in atherosclerosis, thrombosis and heart failure, involving increased myeloid cell inflammatory responses and inflammasome activation. Although increased inflammatory responses have emerged as a common underlying principle, some recent studies indicate mutation-specific effects. The discovery of the association of clonal hematopoiesis with cardiovascular disease and the recent demonstration of benefit of anti-inflammatory treatments in human cardiovascular disease converge to suggest that anti-inflammatory treatments should be directed to individuals with clonal hematopoiesis. Such treatments could target specific inflammasomes, common downstream mediators such as IL-1β and IL-6, or mutations linked to clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose J. Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Over the past three decades, a substantial reduction in cardiovascular mortality has been achieved largely through LDL-cholesterol-lowering regimes and therapies targeting other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the overall benefits of targeting these risk factors have stagnated, and a huge global burden of cardiovascular disease remains. The indispensable role of immunological components in the establishment and chronicity of atherosclerosis has come to the forefront as a clinical target, with proof-of-principle studies demonstrating the benefit and challenges of targeting inflammation and the immune system in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis by discussing findings from preclinical research and clinical trials. We also identify important challenges that need to be addressed to advance the field and for successful clinical translation, including patient selection, identification of responders and non-responders to immunotherapies, implementation of patient immunophenotyping and potential surrogate end points for vascular inflammation. Finally, we provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel targets of immunotherapy into improvements in patient outcomes. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, discuss preclinical research and published and ongoing clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis, highlight emerging therapeutic targets from preclinical studies and identify challenges for successful clinical translation. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease; an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes drives chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.
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Olsen MB, Gregersen I, Sandanger Ø, Yang K, Sokolova M, Halvorsen BE, Gullestad L, Broch K, Aukrust P, Louwe MC. Targeting the Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:84-98. [PMID: 35128212 PMCID: PMC8807732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex and multifactorial, and inflammation plays a central role. Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that are activated in a 2-step manner in response to infection or tissue damage. Upon activation the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukins-1β and -18 are released. In the last decade, the evidence that inflammasome activation plays an important role in CVD development became stronger. We discuss the role of different inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of CVD, focusing on atherosclerosis and heart failure. This review also provides an overview of existing experimental studies and clinical trials on inflammasome inhibition as a therapeutic target in these disorders.
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Key Words
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- AIM2, absent in melanoma 2
- ASC, apoptosis associated speck-like protein
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- GSDMD, gasdermin-D
- GSDMD-NT, gasdermin-D N-terminal
- HF, heart failure
- HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LV, left ventricular
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NLR, NOD-like receptor
- NLRP3
- NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- atherosclerosis
- cardiovascular disease
- heart failure
- inflammasome
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belland Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kuan Yang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Sokolova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente E. Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Center, Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaspar Broch
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Center, Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mieke C. Louwe
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Onódi Z, Ruppert M, Kucsera D, Sayour AA, Tóth VE, Koncsos G, Novák J, Brenner GB, Makkos A, Baranyai T, Giricz Z, Görbe A, Leszek P, Gyöngyösi M, Horváth IG, Schulz R, Merkely B, Ferdinandy P, Radovits T, Varga ZV. AIM2-driven inflammasome activation in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2639-2651. [PMID: 34117866 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important pathogenic factor in cardiovascular diseases including chronic heart failure (HF). The CANTOS trial highlighted that inflammasomes as primary sources of IL-1 β are promising new therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we aimed to assess inflammasome activation in failing hearts to identify activation patterns of inflammasome subtypes as sources of IL-1β. METHODS AND RESULTS Out of the four major inflammasome sensors tested, expression of the inflammasome protein absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) increased in human HF regardless of the aetiology (ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy), while the NLRP1/NALP1 and NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 and 3) inflammasome showed no change in HF samples. AIM2 expression was primarily detected in monocytes/macrophages of failing hearts. Translational animal models of HF (pressure or volume overload, and permanent coronary artery ligation in rat, as well as ischaemia/reperfusion-induced HF in pigs) demonstrated activation pattern of AIM2 similar to that of observed in end-stages of human HF. In vitro AIM2 inflammasome activation in human Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) monocytic cells and human AC16 cells was significantly reduced by pharmacological blockade of pannexin-1 channels by the clinically used uricosuric drug probenecid. Probenecid was also able to reduce pressure overload-induced mortality and restore indices of disease severity in a rat chronic HF model in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation contribute to chronic inflammation in HF and that probenecid alleviates chronic HF by reducing inflammasome activation. The present translational study suggests the possibility of repositioning probenecid for HF indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Onódi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kucsera
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alex Ali Sayour
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória E Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncsos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Novák
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor B Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Makkos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Baranyai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Przemyslaw Leszek
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński National Institute of Cardiology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iván G Horváth
- Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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