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Kumar P, Rani N, Atluri R, Shah A, Rangraze IR, Shivakumar S. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function by Strain Imaging in Patients Presenting with Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Original Research. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S368-S371. [PMID: 38595576 PMCID: PMC11000977 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_593_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study sought to determine the relationship between right ventricular (RV) function and clinical variables and prognosis in individuals with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) utilizing strain imaging. Materials and Methods A prospective observational research involving 150 patients who had been admitted with AMI was carried out. Utilizing two-dimensional speckle-tracking strain imaging, RV function was assessed. Age, sex, risk factors, and comorbidities were recorded as clinical parameters. A 12-month follow-up was conducted to assess major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results 65% of the study's participants were men, with a mean age of 58.2 years. When compared to a healthy control group, individuals with AMI had significantly lower RV longitudinal strain (RVLS) (P 0.001). RVLS and left ventricular ejection fraction had a statistically significant connection (r = 0.642, P 0.001). Patients with compromised RVLS had a greater rate of MACE over the follow-up period compared to those with maintained RV function (P = 0.014). Conclusion In conclusion, strain imaging offers useful information for evaluating RV function in patients with AMI. Reduced left ventricular performance and a higher likelihood of unfavorable clinical outcomes are linked to impaired RVLS. Utilizing strain imaging to detect RV dysfunction early can help direct treatment plans and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Neha Rani
- Department of Dermatology, Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India
| | - Rohith Atluri
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnoutpalli, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Shah
- MBBS, MS, Ophthalmology, Consultant Ophthalmologist, Manish Eye Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Imran R. Rangraze
- Department of Internal Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Al Juwais, Al Qusaidat, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shruti Shivakumar
- Department of Pedodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Lee S, Roest ASV, Blair CA, Kao K, Bremner SB, Childers MC, Pathak D, Heinrich P, Lee D, Chirikian O, Mohran S, Roberts B, Smith JE, Jahng JW, Paik DT, Wu JC, Gunawardane RN, Spudich JA, Ruppel K, Mack D, Pruitt BL, Regnier M, Wu SM, Bernstein D. Multi-scale models reveal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy MYH7 G256E mutation drives hypercontractility and elevated mitochondrial respiration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544276. [PMID: 37333118 PMCID: PMC10274883 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Over 200 mutations in the sarcomeric protein β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) have been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, different mutations in MYH7 lead to variable penetrance and clinical severity, and alter myosin function to varying degrees, making it difficult to determine genotype-phenotype relationships, especially when caused by rare gene variants such as the G256E mutation. Objective This study aims to determine the effects of low penetrant MYH7 G256E mutation on myosin function. We hypothesize that the G256E mutation would alter myosin function, precipitating compensatory responses in cellular functions. Methods We developed a collaborative pipeline to characterize myosin function at multiple scales (protein to myofibril to cell to tissue). We also used our previously published data on other mutations to compare the degree to which myosin function was altered. Results At the protein level, the G256E mutation disrupts the transducer region of the S1 head and reduces the fraction of myosin in the folded-back state by 50.9%, suggesting more myosins available for contraction. Myofibrils isolated from hiPSC-CMs CRISPR-edited with G256E (MYH7 WT/G256E ) generated greater tension, had faster tension development and slower early phase relaxation, suggesting altered myosin-actin crossbridge cycling kinetics. This hypercontractile phenotype persisted in single-cell hiPSC-CMs and engineered heart tissues. Single-cell transcriptomic and metabolic profiling demonstrated upregulation of mitochondrial genes and increased mitochondrial respiration, suggesting altered bioenergetics as an early feature of HCM. Conclusions MYH7 G256E mutation causes structural instability in the transducer region, leading to hypercontractility across scales, perhaps from increased myosin recruitment and altered crossbridge cycling. Hypercontractile function of the mutant myosin was accompanied by increased mitochondrial respiration, while cellular hypertrophy was modest in the physiological stiffness environment. We believe that this multi-scale platform will be useful to elucidate genotype-phenotype relationships underlying other genetic cardiovascular diseases.
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Shimada YJ, Raita Y, Liang LW, Maurer MS, Hasegawa K, Fifer MA, Reilly MP. Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using Proteomics Profiling. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2022; 15:e003546. [PMID: 36252118 PMCID: PMC9771902 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy often causes major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), for example, arrhythmias, stroke, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Currently, there are no models available to predict MACE. Furthermore, it remains unclear which signaling pathways mediate MACE. Therefore, we aimed to prospectively determine protein biomarkers that predict MACE in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and to identify signaling pathways differentially regulated in patients who subsequently develop MACE. METHODS In this multi-centre prospective cohort study of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we conducted plasma proteomics profiling of 4979 proteins upon enrollment. We developed a proteomics-based model to predict MACE using data from one institution (training set). We tested the predictive ability in independent samples from the other institution (test set) and performed time-to-event analysis. Additionally, we executed pathway analysis of predictive proteins using a false discovery rate threshold of <0.001. RESULTS The study included 245 patients (n=174 in the training set and n=71 in the test set). Using the proteomics-based model to predict MACE derived from the training set, the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.68-0.93) in the test set. In the test set, the high-risk group determined by the proteomics-based predictive model had a significantly higher rate of developing MACE (hazard ratio, 13.6 [95% CI, 1.7-107]; P=0.01). The Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway was upregulated in patients who subsequently developed MACE (false discovery rate<1.0×10-7). Pathways involved in inflammation and fibrosis-for example, the TGF (transforming growth factor)-β pathway-were also upregulated. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as the first to demonstrate the ability of proteomics profiling to predict MACE in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, exhibiting both novel (eg, Ras-MAPK) and known (eg, TGF-β) pathways differentially regulated in patients who subsequently experience MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi J. Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yoshihiko Raita
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lusha W. Liang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mathew S. Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A. Fifer
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Tamargo J, Tamargo M, Caballero R. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an up-to-date snapshot of the clinical drug development pipeline. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:1027-1052. [PMID: 36062808 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex cardiac disease with highly variable phenotypic expression and clinical course most often caused by sarcomeric gene mutations resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, hypercontractility, and diastolic dysfunction. For almost 60 years, HCM has remained an orphan disease and still lacks a disease-specific treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical trials with repurposed drugs and new emerging pharmacological and gene-based therapies for the treatment of HCM. EXPERT OPINION The off-label drugs routinely used alleviate symptoms but do not target the core pathophysiology of HCM or prevent or revert the phenotype. Recent advances in the genetics and pathophysiology of HCM led to the development of cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors specifically directed to counteract the hypercontractility associated with HCM-causing mutations. Mavacamten, the first drug specifically developed for HCM successfully tested in a phase 3 trial, represents the major advance for the treatment of HCM. This opens new horizons for the development of novel drugs targeting HCM molecular substrates which hopefully modify the natural history of the disease. The role of current drugs in development and genetic-based approaches for the treatment of HCM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tamargo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hou Y, Zhang X, Sun X, Qin Q, Chen D, Jia M, Chen Y. Genetically modified rabbit models for cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174890. [PMID: 35300995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) rabbits are outstanding animal models for studying human genetic and acquired diseases. As such, GM rabbits that express human genes have been extensively used as models of cardiovascular disease. Rabbits are genetically modified via prokaryotic microinjection. Through this process, genes are randomly integrated into the rabbit genome. Moreover, gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells is a powerful tool for understanding gene function. However, rabbits lack stable ES cell lines. Therefore, ES-dependent gene targeting is not possible in rabbits. Nevertheless, the RNA interference technique is rapidly becoming a useful experimental tool that enables researchers to knock down specific gene expression, which leads to the genetic modification of rabbits. Recently, with the emergence of new genetic technology, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), major breakthroughs have been made in rabbit gene targeting. Using these novel genetic techniques, researchers have successfully modified knockout (KO) rabbit models. In this paper, we aimed to review the recent advances in GM technology in rabbits and highlight their application as models for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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Simvastatin therapy attenuates memory deficits that associate with brain monocyte infiltration in chronic hypercholesterolemia. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34349106 PMCID: PMC8338939 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence associates cardiovascular risk factors with unfavorable systemic and neuro-inflammation and cognitive decline in the elderly. Cardiovascular therapeutics (e.g., statins and anti-hypertensives) possess immune-modulatory functions in parallel to their cholesterol- or blood pressure (BP)-lowering properties. How their ability to modify immune responses affects cognitive function is unknown. Here, we examined the effect of chronic hypercholesterolemia on inflammation and memory function in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice and normocholesterolemic wild-type mice. Chronic hypercholesterolemia that was accompanied by moderate blood pressure elevations associated with apparent immune system activation characterized by increases in circulating pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in ApoE-/- mice. The persistent low-grade immune activation that is associated with chronic hypercholesterolemia facilitates the infiltration of pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes into the brain of aged ApoE-/- but not wild-type mice, and links to memory dysfunction. Therapeutic cholesterol-lowering through simvastatin reduced systemic and neuro-inflammation, and the occurrence of memory deficits in aged ApoE-/- mice with chronic hypercholesterolemia. BP-lowering therapy alone (i.e., hydralazine) attenuated some neuro-inflammatory signatures but not the occurrence of memory deficits. Our study suggests a link between chronic hypercholesterolemia, myeloid cell activation and neuro-inflammation with memory impairment and encourages cholesterol-lowering therapy as safe strategy to control hypercholesterolemia-associated memory decline during ageing.
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Shimada YJ, Raita Y, Liang LW, Maurer MS, Hasegawa K, Fifer MA, Reilly MP. Comprehensive Proteomics Profiling Reveals Circulating Biomarkers of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e007849. [PMID: 34192899 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by mutations in the genes coding for proteins essential in normal myocardial contraction. However, it remains unclear through which molecular pathways gene mutations mediate the development of HCM. The objectives were to determine plasma protein biomarkers of HCM and to reveal molecular pathways differentially regulated in HCM. METHODS We conducted a multicenter case-control study of cases with HCM and controls with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. We performed plasma proteomics profiling of 1681 proteins. We performed a sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis to develop a proteomics-based discrimination model with data from 1 institution (ie, the training set). We tested the discriminative ability in independent samples from the other institution (ie, the test set). As an exploratory analysis, we executed pathway analysis of significantly dysregulated proteins. Pathways with false discovery rate <0.05 were declared positive. RESULTS The study included 266 cases and 167 controls (n=308 in the training set; n=125 in the test set). Using the proteomics-based model derived from the training set, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83-0.94) in the test set. Pathway analysis revealed that the Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, along with its upstream and downstream pathways, was upregulated in HCM. Pathways involved in inflammation and fibrosis-for example, the TGF (transforming growth factor)-β pathway-were also upregulated. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as the largest-scale investigation with the most comprehensive proteomics profiling in HCM, revealing circulating biomarkers and exhibiting both novel (eg, Ras-MAPK) and known (eg, TGF-β) pathways differentially regulated in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi J Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., L.W.L., M.S.M., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., M.A.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yoshihiko Raita
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.R., K.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lusha W Liang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., L.W.L., M.S.M., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., L.W.L., M.S.M., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.R., K.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael A Fifer
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., M.A.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Y.J.S., L.W.L., M.S.M., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease of the myocardium characterized by a hypertrophic left ventricle with a preserved or increased ejection fraction. Cardiac hypertrophy is often asymmetrical, which is associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Myocyte hypertrophy, disarray, and myocardial fibrosis constitute the histological features of HCM. HCM is a relatively benign disease but an important cause of sudden cardiac death in the young and heart failure in the elderly. Pathogenic variants (PVs) in genes encoding protein constituents of the sarcomeres are the main causes of HCM. PVs exhibit a gradient of effect sizes, as reflected in their penetrance and variable phenotypic expression of HCM. MYH7 and MYBPC3, encoding β-myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C, respectively, are the two most common causal genes and responsible for ≈40% of all HCM cases but a higher percentage of HCM in large families. PVs in genes encoding protein components of the thin filaments are responsible for ≈5% of the HCM cases. Whereas pathogenicity of the genetic variants in large families has been firmly established, ascertainment causality of the PVs in small families and sporadic cases is challenging. In the latter category, PVs are best considered as probabilistic determinants of HCM. Deciphering the genetic basis of HCM has enabled routine genetic testing and has partially elucidated the underpinning mechanism of HCM as increased number of the myosin molecules that are strongly bound to actin. The discoveries have led to the development of mavacamten that targets binding of the myosin molecule to actin filaments and imparts beneficial clinical effects. In the coming years, the yield of the genetic testing is expected to be improved and the so-called missing causal gene be identified. The advances are also expected to enable development of additional specific therapies and editing of the mutations in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
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Hornyik T, Rieder M, Castiglione A, Major P, Baczko I, Brunner M, Koren G, Odening KE. Transgenic rabbit models for cardiac disease research. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:938-957. [PMID: 33822374 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the pathophysiology of human cardiac diseases and to develop novel treatment strategies, complex interactions of cardiac cells on cellular, tissue and on level of the whole heart need to be considered. As in vitro cell-based models do not depict the complexity of the human heart, animal models are used to obtain insights that can be translated to human diseases. Mice are the most commonly used animals in cardiac research. However, differences in electrophysiological and mechanical cardiac function and a different composition of electrical and contractile proteins limit the transferability of the knowledge gained. Moreover, the small heart size and fast heart rate are major disadvantages. In contrast to rodents, electrophysiological, mechanical and structural cardiac characteristics of rabbits resemble the human heart more closely, making them particularly suitable as an animal model for cardiac disease research. In this review, various methodological approaches for the generation of transgenic rabbits for cardiac disease research, such as pronuclear microinjection, the sleeping beauty transposon system and novel genome-editing methods (ZFN and CRISPR/Cas9)will be discussed. In the second section, we will introduce the different currently available transgenic rabbit models for monogenic cardiac diseases (such as long QT syndrome, short-QT syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in detail, especially in regard to their utility to increase the understanding of pathophysiological disease mechanisms and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hornyik
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Rieder
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Castiglione
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Major
- Institute for Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Istvan Baczko
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katja E Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:151-166. [PMID: 33128017 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar. The primary source of these myofibroblasts are the resident hepatic stellate cells. Clinical and experimental liver fibrosis regresses when the causative agent is removed, which is associated with the elimination of these activated myofibroblasts and resorption of the fibrous scar. Understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis regression could identify new therapeutic targets to treat liver fibrosis. This Review summarizes studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversibility of liver fibrosis, including apoptosis and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells, the crosstalk between the liver and the systems that orchestrate the recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (and other inflammatory cells) driving fibrosis resolution, and the interactions between various cell types that lead to the intracellular signalling that induces fibrosis or its regression. We also discuss strategies to target hepatic myofibroblasts (for example, via apoptosis or inactivation) and the myeloid cells that degrade the matrix (for example, via their recruitment to fibrotic liver) to facilitate fibrosis resolution and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Steijns F, Bracke N, Renard M, De Backer J, Sips P, Debunne N, Wynendaele E, Verbeke F, De Spiegeleer B, Campens L. MEK1/2 Inhibition in Murine Heart and Aorta After Oral Administration of Refametinib Supplemented Drinking Water. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1336. [PMID: 32982746 PMCID: PMC7483920 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway is involved in the development of several human tumors, aortic aneurysms, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy. Refametinib, a highly selective MEK-inhibitor, has already shown antineoplastic activity in phase II trials. Furthermore, it showed potency to attenuate aortic root growth in murine models. Current formulations of this drug however necessitate oral gavage as a delivery method for long-term studies, which is labor-intensive and induces stress and occasional injury, potentially confounding results. Therefore, we developed a novel oral administration method for refametinib. A 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) based drinking water preparation of refametinib was formulated, for which a selective, analytical UHPLC-UV method was developed to assess the in-use stability. Next, 16 week old male wild-type C57Bl/6J mice received either a daily dose of 50 or 75 mg/kg/day refametinib or were given regular drinking water during 7 days. In both dosage groups the refametinib plasma levels were measured (n = 10 or 7, respectively). Furthermore, pERK/total ERK protein levels were calculated in the myocardial and aortic tissue of mice receiving a daily dose of 50 mg/kg/day refametinib and untreated mice (n = 4/group). After 7 days no significant degradation of refametinib was observed when dissolved in drinking water provided that drinking bottles were protected from UV/visible light. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in refametinib plasma levels was found whereby active plasma levels (> 1.2 µg/mL) were obtained even in the lowest dose-group of 50 mg/kg/day. A significant reduction of pERK/total ERK protein levels compared to untreated mice was observed in aortic and myocardial tissue of mice receiving a daily dose of 50 mg/kg/day refametinib. Importantly, a relatively high mortality rate was noted in the highest dose group (n = 5). This approach provides a valid alternative oral administration method for refametinib with a reduced risk of complications due to animal manipulation and without loss of functionality, which can be implemented in future research regarding the malignant upregulation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway. However, care must be taken not to exceed the toxic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felke Steijns
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Bracke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuar) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie De Backer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sips
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Debunne
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuar) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuar) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederick Verbeke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuar) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuar) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurence Campens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Kim MJ, Bible KL, Regnier M, Adams ME, Froehner SC, Whitehead NP. Simvastatin provides long-term improvement of left ventricular function and prevents cardiac fibrosis in muscular dystrophy. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14018. [PMID: 30912308 PMCID: PMC6434171 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by absence of the protein dystrophin, is a common, degenerative muscle disease affecting 1:5000 males worldwide. With recent advances in respiratory care, cardiac dysfunction now accounts for 50% of mortality in DMD. Recently, we demonstrated that simvastatin substantially improved skeletal muscle health and function in mdx (DMD) mice. Given the known cardiovascular benefits ascribed to statins, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of simvastatin on cardiac function in mdx mice. Remarkably, in 12‐month old mdx mice, simvastatin reversed diastolic dysfunction to normal after short‐term treatment (8 weeks), as measured by echocardiography in animals anesthetized with isoflurane and administered dobutamine to maintain a physiological heart rate. This improvement in diastolic function was accompanied by increased phospholamban phosphorylation in simvastatin‐treated mice. Echocardiography measurements during long‐term treatment, from 6 months up to 18 months of age, showed that simvastatin significantly improved in vivo cardiac function compared to untreated mdx mice, and prevented fibrosis in these very old animals. Cardiac dysfunction in DMD is also characterized by decreased heart rate variability (HRV), which indicates autonomic function dysregulation. Therefore, we measured cardiac ECG and demonstrated that short‐term simvastatin treatment significantly increased heart rate variability (HRV) in 14‐month‐old conscious mdx mice, which was reversed by atropine. This finding suggests that enhanced parasympathetic function is likely responsible for the improved HRV mediated by simvastatin. Together, these findings indicate that simvastatin markedly improves cardiac health and function in dystrophic mice, and therefore may provide a novel approach for treating cardiomyopathy in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min J Kim
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth L Bible
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marvin E Adams
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas P Whitehead
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited heart disease and defined by unexplained isolated progressive myocardial hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death and histopathologic changes, such as myocyte disarray and myocardial fibrosis. Mutations in genes encoding for proteins of the contractile apparatus of the cardiomyocyte, such as β-myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C, have been identified as cause of the disease. Disease is caused by altered biophysical properties of the cardiomyocyte, disturbed calcium handling, and abnormal cellular metabolism. Mutations in sarcomere genes can also activate other signaling pathways via transcriptional activation and can influence non-cardiac cells, such as fibroblasts. Additional environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors result in heterogeneous disease expression. The clinical course of the disease varies greatly with some patients presenting during childhood while others remain asymptomatic until late in life. Patients can present with either heart failure symptoms or the first symptom can be sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The morphological and pathological heterogeneity results in prognosis uncertainty and makes patient management challenging. Current standard therapeutic measures include the prevention of sudden death by prohibition of competitive sport participation and the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators if indicated, as well as symptomatic heart failure therapies or cardiac transplantation. There exists no causal therapy for this monogenic autosomal-dominant inherited disorder, so that the focus of current management is on early identification of asymptomatic patients at risk through molecular diagnostic and clinical cascade screening of family members, optimal sudden death risk stratification, and timely initiation of preventative therapies to avoid disease progression to the irreversible adverse myocardial remodeling stage. Genetic diagnosis allowing identification of asymptomatic affected patients prior to clinical disease onset, new imaging technologies, and the establishment of international guidelines have optimized treatment and sudden death risk stratification lowering mortality dramatically within the last decade. However, a thorough understanding of underlying disease pathogenesis, regular clinical follow-up, family counseling, and preventative treatment is required to minimize morbidity and mortality of affected patients. This review summarizes current knowledge about molecular genetics and pathogenesis of HCM secondary to mutations in the sarcomere and provides an overview about current evidence and guidelines in clinical patient management. The overview will focus on clinical staging based on disease mechanism allowing timely initiation of preventative measures. An outlook about so far experimental treatments and potential for future therapies will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Maria Wolf
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Emelyanova L, Sra A, Schmuck EG, Raval AN, Downey FX, Jahangir A, Rizvi F, Ross GR. Impact of statins on cellular respiration and de-differentiation of myofibroblasts in human failing hearts. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6:1027-1040. [PMID: 31520523 PMCID: PMC6816080 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast to myofibroblast trans-differentiation with altered bioenergetics precedes cardiac fibrosis (CF). Either prevention of differentiation or promotion of de-differentiation could mitigate CF-related pathologies. We determined whether 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors-statins, commonly prescribed to patients at risk of heart failure (HF)-can de-differentiate myofibroblasts, alter cellular bioenergetics, and impact the human ventricular fibroblasts (hVFs) in HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Either in vitro statin treatment of differentiated myofibroblasts (n = 3-6) or hVFs, isolated from human HF patients under statin therapy (HF + statin) vs. without statins (HF) were randomly used (n = 4-12). In vitro, hVFs were differentiated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for 72 h (TGF-72 h). Differentiation status and cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were determined by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and Seahorse assay, respectively. Data are mean ± SEM except Seahorse (mean ± SD); P < 0.05, considered significant. In vitro, statins concentration-dependently de-differentiated the myofibroblasts. The respective half-maximal effective concentrations were 729 ± 13 nmol/L (atorvastatin), 3.6 ± 1 μmol/L (rosuvastatin), and 185 ± 13 nmol/L (simvastatin). Mevalonic acid (300 μmol/L), the reduced product of HMG-CoA, prevented the statin-induced de-differentiation (α-SMA expression: 31.4 ± 10% vs. 58.6 ± 12%). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP, 20 μmol/L), a cholesterol synthesis-independent HMG-CoA reductase pathway intermediate, completely prevented the statin-induced de-differentiation (α-SMA/GAPDH ratios: 0.89 ± 0.05 [TGF-72 h + 72 h], 0.63 ± 0.02 [TGF-72 h + simvastatin], and 1.2 ± 0.08 [TGF-72 h + simvastatin + GGPP]). Cellular metabolism involvement was observed when co-incubation of simvastatin (200 nmol/L) with glibenclamide (10 μmol/L), a KATP channel inhibitor, attenuated the simvastatin-induced de-differentiation (0.84 ± 0.05). Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by oligomycin (1 ng/mL) also produced a de-differentiation effect (0.33 ± 0.02). OCR (pmol O2 /min/μg protein) was significantly decreased in the simvastatin-treated hVFs, including basal (P = 0.002), ATP-linked (P = 0.01), proton leak-linked (P = 0.01), and maximal (P < 0.001). The OCR inhibition was prevented by GGPP (basal OCR [P = 0.02], spare capacity OCR [P = 0.008], and maximal OCR [P = 0.003]). Congruently, hVFs from HF showed an increased population of myofibroblasts while HF + statin group showed significantly reduced cellular respiration (basal OCR [P = 0.021], ATP-linked OCR [P = 0.047], maximal OCR [P = 0.02], and spare capacity OCR [P = 0.025]) and myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA/GAPDH: 1 ± 0.19 vs. 0.23 ± 0.06, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the de-differentiating effect of statins, the underlying GGPP sensitivity, reduced OCR with potential activation of KATP channels, and their impact on the differentiation magnitude of hVFs in HF patients. This novel pleiotropic effect of statins may be exploited to reduce excessive CF in patients at risk of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Emelyanova
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, St. Luke's Medical Center, 2900 W. Oklahoma Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53215, USA
| | - Amar Sra
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, St. Luke's Medical Center, 2900 W. Oklahoma Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53215, USA
| | - Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amish N Raval
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Francis X Downey
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Center for Advanced Atrial Fibrillation Therapies, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Farhan Rizvi
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, St. Luke's Medical Center, 2900 W. Oklahoma Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53215, USA
| | - Gracious R Ross
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, St. Luke's Medical Center, 2900 W. Oklahoma Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53215, USA
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15
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Singh S, Torzewski M. Fibroblasts and Their Pathological Functions in the Fibrosis of Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090472. [PMID: 31510085 PMCID: PMC6769553 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) are driven by inflammation induced by a variety of stimuli, including low-density lipoproteins (LDL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), infections, mechanical stress, and chemical insults. Fibrosis is the process of compensating for tissue injury caused by chronic inflammation. Fibrosis is initially beneficial and maintains extracellular homeostasis. However, in the case of AVS and atherosclerosis, persistently active resident fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) perpetually remodel the extracellular matrix under the control of autocrine and paracrine signaling from the immune cells. Myofibroblasts also produce pro-fibrotic factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), angiotensin II (Ang II), and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which allow them to assist in the activation and migration of resident immune cells. Post wound repair, these cells undergo apoptosis or become senescent; however, in the presence of unresolved inflammation and persistence signaling for myofibroblast activation, the tissue homeostasis is disturbed, leading to excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, disorganized ECM, and thickening of the affected tissue. Accumulating evidence suggests that diverse mechanisms drive fibrosis in cardiovascular pathologies, and it is crucial to understand the impact and contribution of the various mechanisms for the control of fibrosis before the onset of a severe pathological consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Singh
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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ERK: A Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092164. [PMID: 31052420 PMCID: PMC6539093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy and may lead to heart failure. In this review, we analyze the recent literature regarding the role of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activity in cardiac hypertrophy. ERK signaling produces beneficial effects during the early phase of chronic pressure overload in response to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrin stimulation. These functions comprise (i) adaptive concentric hypertrophy and (ii) cell death prevention. On the other hand, ERK participates in maladaptive hypertrophy during hypertension and chemotherapy-mediated cardiac side effects. Specific ERK-associated scaffold proteins are implicated in either cardioprotective or detrimental hypertrophic functions. Interestingly, ERK phosphorylated at threonine 188 and activated ERK5 (the big MAPK 1) are associated with pathological forms of hypertrophy. Finally, we examine the connection between ERK activation and hypertrophy in (i) transgenic mice overexpressing constitutively activated RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), (ii) animal models with mutated sarcomeric proteins characteristic of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCMs), and (iii) mice reproducing syndromic genetic RASopathies. Overall, the scientific literature suggests that during cardiac hypertrophy, ERK could be a “good” player to be stimulated or a “bad” actor to be mitigated, depending on the pathophysiological context.
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17
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Podkalicka P, Mucha O, Dulak J, Loboda A. Targeting angiogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1507-1528. [PMID: 30770952 PMCID: PMC6439152 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) represents one of the most devastating types of muscular dystrophies which affect boys already at early childhood. Despite the fact that the primary cause of the disease, namely the lack of functional dystrophin is known already for more than 30 years, DMD still remains an incurable disease. Thus, an enormous effort has been made during recent years to reveal novel mechanisms that could provide therapeutic targets for DMD, especially because glucocorticoids treatment acts mostly symptomatic and exerts many side effects, whereas the effectiveness of genetic approaches aiming at the restoration of functional dystrophin is under the constant debate. Taking into account that dystrophin expression is not restricted to muscle cells, but is present also in, e.g., endothelial cells, alterations in angiogenesis process have been proposed to have a significant impact on DMD progression. Indeed, already before the discovery of dystrophin, several abnormalities in blood vessels structure and function have been revealed, suggesting that targeting angiogenesis could be beneficial in DMD. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the angiogenesis status both in animal models of DMD as well as in DMD patients, focusing on different organs as well as age- and sex-dependent effects. Moreover, we will critically discuss some approaches such as modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor or nitric oxide related pathways, to enhance angiogenesis and attenuate the dystrophic phenotype. Additionally, we will suggest the potential role of other mediators, such as heme oxygenase-1 or statins in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Podkalicka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Loboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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18
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Yu B, Liu D, Zhang H, Xie D, Nie W, Shi K, Yang P. Anti-hypertrophy effect of atorvastatin on myocardium depends on AMPK activation-induced miR-143-3p suppression via Foxo1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1390-1395. [PMID: 30119211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a pathological characteristic shared by distinct heart disorders. Atorvastatin is employed as a lipid lowering agent and its heart protection effect has been recently reported as well. Thus, the current study attempted to validate the anti-hypertrophy effect of atorvastatin as well as the associated mechanism. Hypertrophic feature was induced in rats using transverse aortic constriction (TAC) method and in cardiomyocytes using angiotensin II (Ang II). Then the animals and cells were treated with atorvastatin and the effect on cardiac weight and structure as well as cell viability, surface area, and apoptosis was assessed. The mechanism associated with the anti-hypertrophy effect of atorvastatin was further explored by focusing on the AMPK/Foxo1/miR-143-3p axis. The results showed that the administration of atorvastatin significantly suppressed TAC-induced heart weight increase and attenuated cardiac structure deteriorations in rats. In in vitro assays, atorvastatin increased cell viability, and reduced cell surface area and apoptosis in Ang II-treated H9c2 cells. At molecular level, atorvastatin activated AMPK, which further promoted Foxo1 activation and suppressed miR-143-3p level. The key role of AMPK during atorvastatin treatment was further validated by subjecting Ang II-treated H9c2 cells to co-incubation of atorvastatin and Compound C, which blocked the pro-survival and anti-hypertrophy effect of atorvastatin on H9c2 cells. The findings outlined in the current study confirmed the anti-hypertrophy effect of atorvastatin and provided a preliminary explanation on the mechanism associated with the treatment: the protective effect of atorvastatin on myocardium against hypertrophy depended on miR-143-3p inhibition via AMPK and Foxo1 activation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/toxicity
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atorvastatin/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongna Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Pentz R, Kaun C, Thaler B, Stojkovic S, Lenz M, Krychtiuk KA, Zuckermann A, Huber K, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ, Demyanets S. Cardioprotective cytokine interleukin-33 is up-regulated by statins in human cardiac tissue. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6122-6133. [PMID: 30216659 PMCID: PMC6237563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐33 is a member of the IL‐1 family and is able to act cardioprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of IL‐33 by 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme‐A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) and bisphosphonates (BPs) in human cardiac tissue. The lipophilic fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and lovastatin as well as the nitrogenous BPs alendronate and ibandronate, but not hydrophilic pravastatin increased IL‐33 mRNA and intracellular IL‐33 protein levels in both human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and fibroblasts (HACF). Additionally, fluvastatin reduced soluble ST2 secretion from HACM. IL‐33 was also up‐regulated by the general inhibitor of prenylation perillic acid, a RhoA kinase inhibitor Y‐27632, and by latrunculin B, but statin‐induced IL‐33 expression was inhibited by mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and RhoA activator U‐46619. The IL‐33 promoter was 2.3‐fold more accessible in statin‐treated HACM compared to untreated cells (P = 0.037). In explanted hearts of statin‐treated patients IL‐33 protein was up‐regulated as compared with the hearts of non‐statin‐treated patients (P = 0.048). As IL‐33 was previously shown to exert cardioprotective effects, one could speculate that such up‐regulation of IL‐33 expression in human cardiac cells, which might happen mainly through protein geranylgeranylation, could be a novel mechanism contributing to known cardioprotective effects of statins and BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pentz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Alves ML, Warren CM, Simon JN, Gaffin RD, Montminy EM, Wieczorek DF, Solaro RJ, Wolska BM. Early sensitization of myofilaments to Ca2+ prevents genetically linked dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:915-925. [PMID: 28379313 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dilated cardiomoypathies (DCM) are a heterogeneous group of inherited and acquired diseases characterized by decreased contractility and enlargement of cardiac chambers and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Mice with Glu54Lys mutation in α-tropomyosin (Tm54) demonstrate typical DCM phenotype with reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that early sensitization of the myofilaments to Ca2+ in DCM can prevent the DCM phenotype. Methods and results To sensitize Tm54 myofilaments, we used a genetic approach and crossbred Tm54 mice with mice expressing slow skeletal troponin I (ssTnI) that sensitizes myofilaments to Ca2+. Four groups of mice were used: non-transgenic (NTG), Tm54, ssTnI and Tm54/ssTnI (DTG). Systolic function was significantly reduced in the Tm54 mice compared to NTG, but restored in DTG mice. Tm54 mice also showed increased diastolic LV dimensions and HW/BW ratios, when compared to NTG, which were improved in the DTG group. β-myosin heavy chain expression was increased in the Tm54 animals compared to NTG and was partially restored in DTG group. Analysis by 2D-DIGE indicated a significant decrease in two phosphorylated spots of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the DTG animals compared to NTG and Tm54. Analysis by 2D-DIGE also indicated no significant changes in troponin T, regulatory light chain, myosin binding protein C and tropomyosin phosphorylation. Conclusion Our data indicate that decreased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity is an essential element in the pathophysiology of thin filament linked DCM. Sensitization of myofilaments to Ca2+ in the early stage of DCM may be a useful therapeutic strategy in thin filament linked DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Center for Research in Echocardiography and Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 44, 05403-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chad M Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert D Gaffin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Eric M Montminy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David F Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Beata M Wolska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, 835 S Wolcott Ave. (M/C 901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois, 840 S Wood St. (M/C 715), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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21
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Strand LN, Young RL, Bertoni AG, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Lima JA, Sotoodehnia N, Psaty BM, McClelland RL, Heckbert SR, Delaney JA. New statin use and left ventricular structure: Estimating long-term associations in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:570-580. [PMID: 29380457 PMCID: PMC5984180 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Only small and short-term studies have evaluated statins in relation to changes in heart structure. We estimated the association between new statin use and 10-year remodeling of the left ventricle. METHODS The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis collected data on statin use over approximately 10 years, conducting cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at baseline and the 10-year exam. Participants were free of baseline cardiovascular disease, and we excluded users of statins at baseline. Statin initiation was defined as a report of current use at any of the 4 subsequent exams. Primary outcomes were the change in left ventricular mass index (LVMI; % predicted by height, weight, and sex) and mass-to-volume ratio. Associations were estimated in a propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS A total of 3113 participants (53% female; 40% European-American, 25% African-American, 22% Hispanic-American, and 13% Chinese-American) were eligible; 2431 returned for follow-up CMR imaging after a median of 9.4 years. Statin therapy (moderate dose, 76%) was started by 36% of participants (N = 872). We excluded 42 participants with incident myocardial infarction. Compared with nonuse, statin use was associated with less 10-year progression in LVMI (-2.35 percentage points; 95% CI, -4.24 to -0.47; P = .01) and mass-to-volume ratio (-0.03 absolute difference; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.00; P = .02); effects were small in magnitude. A dose response was observed: Higher statin dose was associated with less LVMI progression. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous small studies, we found very modest associations between statin use and indices of left ventricular remodeling over 10 years in this prospective study of a diverse cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekah L Young
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - David A Bluemke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory L Burke
- Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joao A Lima
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A Delaney
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Marian AJ, Tan Y, Li L, Chang J, Syrris P, Hessabi M, Rahbar MH, Willerson JT, Cheong BY, Liu CY, Kleiman NS, Bluemke DA, Nagueh SF. Hypertrophy Regression With N-Acetylcysteine in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HALT-HCM): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study. Circ Res 2018. [PMID: 29540445 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic paradigm of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis are important risk factors for sudden death and morbidity in HCM. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Treatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reverses cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in animal models of HCM. OBJECTIVE To determine effect sizes of NAC on indices of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with established HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS HALT-HCM (Hypertrophy Regression With N-Acetylcysteine in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) is a double-blind, randomized, sex-matched, placebo-controlled single-center pilot study in patients with HCM. Patients with HCM, who had a left ventricular wall thickness of ≥15 mm, were randomized either to a placebo or to NAC (1:2 ratio, respectively). NAC was titrated ≤2.4 g per day. Clinical evaluation, blood chemistry, and 6-minute walk test were performed every 3 months, and electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, the latter whenever not contraindicated, before and after 12 months of treatment. Eighty-five of 232 screened patients met the eligibility criteria, 42 agreed to participate; 29 were randomized to NAC and 13 to placebo groups. Demographic, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging phenotypes at the baseline between the 2 groups were similar. WSE in 38 patients identified a spectrum of 42 pathogenic variants in genes implicated in HCM in 26 participants. Twenty-four patients in the NAC group and 11 in the placebo group completed the study. Six severe adverse events occurred in the NAC group but were considered unrelated to NAC. The effect sizes of NAC on the clinical phenotype, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging indices of cardiac hypertrophy, function, and extent of late gadolinium enhancement-a surrogate for fibrosis-were small. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with NAC for 12 months had small effect sizes on indices of cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis. The small sample size of the HALT-HCM study hinders from making firm conclusions about efficacy of NAC in HCM. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01537926.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.).
| | - Yanli Tan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Lili Li
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Jeffrey Chang
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Petros Syrris
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Manouchehr Hessabi
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - James T Willerson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Benjamin Y Cheong
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Chia-Ying Liu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Neal S Kleiman
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - David A Bluemke
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
| | - Sherif F Nagueh
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute (A.J.M., Y.T., L.L., J.C., J.T.W., B.Y.C.), Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H., M.H.R.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences (M.H.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.H.R.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.S.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (C.-Y.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (D.A.B.); and Department of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (N.S.K., S.F.N.)
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23
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Wang Q, Guo L, Strawser CJ, Hauser LA, Hwang WT, Snyder NW, Lynch DR, Mesaros C, Blair IA. Low apolipoprotein A-I levels in Friedreich's ataxia and in frataxin-deficient cells: Implications for therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192779. [PMID: 29447225 PMCID: PMC5813973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, which results primarily from reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. FA has an estimated prevalence of one in 50,000 in the population, making it the most common hereditary ataxia. Paradoxically, mortality arises most frequently from cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure rather than from neurological effects. Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-l) levels in the general population are associated with an increased risk of mortality from cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, the pathophysiology of heart disease in FA is non-vascular and there are conflicting data on HDL-cholesterol in FA. Two studies have shown a decrease in HDL-cholesterol compared with controls and two have shown there was no difference between FA and controls. One also showed that there was no difference in serum Apo-A-I levels in FA when compared with controls. Using a highly specific stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry-based assay, we demonstrated a 21.6% decrease in serum ApoA-I in FA patients (134.8 mg/dL, n = 95) compared with non-affected controls (172.1 mg/dL, n = 95). This is similar to the difference in serum ApoA-I levels between non-smokers and tobacco smokers. Knockdown of frataxin by > 70% in human hepatoma HepG2 cells caused a 20% reduction in secreted ApoA-I. Simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor caused a 200% increase in HMG-CoA in the control HepG2 cells with a similar increase in the frataxin knockdown HepG2 cells, back to levels found in the control cells. There was a concomitant 20% increase in secreted ApoA-I to levels found in the control cells that were treated with simvastatin. This study provides compelling evidence that ApoA-I levels are reduced in FA patients compared with controls and suggest that statin treatment would normalize the ApoA-I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingQing Wang
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Center, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lili Guo
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Center, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cassandra J. Strawser
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Hauser
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Lynch
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Center, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Center, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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Yang C, Zhao D, Liu G, Zheng H, Yang H, Yang S, Yang P. Atorvastatin Attenuates Metabolic Remodeling in Ischemic Myocardium through the Downregulation of UCP2 Expression. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:517-527. [PMID: 29559841 PMCID: PMC5859775 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is primarily expressed in the myocardium and is closely related to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and myocardial metabolism. To explore the effects and the mechanisms of UCP2 on atorvastatin-mediated myocardium protection, the rat model of myocardial ischemia was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs). The rats were divided into the sham operation (SO) group, myocardial infarction (MI) group and MI-atorvastatin group. The study that atorvastatin reduced myocardial remodeling and improved the disturbed myocardial energy metabolism after MI. Furthermore, the mechanisms of myocardial metabolic remodeling affected by atorvastatin were explored. The atorvastatin group showed a significantly decreased expression of UCP2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, the primary rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The results showed that in the atorvastatin group, the surface area of the cardiomyocytes, the total protein content per unit of cells, and the expression of the UCP2 protein were significantly decreased. These data suggested that atorvastatin significantly attenuated the myocardial remodeling by downregulating the expression of UCP2 that was found to improve the myocardial energy metabolism, inhibit myocardial hypertrophy, and eventually reduce myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.,Department of Cardiology, the affiliated hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Haikuo Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Sibao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
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25
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Su F, Shi M, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Zhang D, Zhang W, Wang H, Li X. Simvastatin Protects Heart from Pressure Overload Injury by Inhibiting Excessive Autophagy. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1508-1516. [PMID: 30443172 PMCID: PMC6216062 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To identify the mechanisms by which simvastatin inhibits cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload, we determined effects of simvastatin on 14-3-3 protein expression and autophagic activity. Simvastatin was administered intragastrically to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats before abdominal aortic banding (AAB). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) were treated with simvastatin before angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. 14-3-3, LC3, and p62 protein levels were determined by western blot. Autophagy was also measured by the double-labeled red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein autophagy reporter system. Simvastatin alleviated excessive autophagy, characterized by a high LC3II/LC3I ratio and low level of p62, and blunted cardiac hypertrophy while increasing 14-3-3 protein expression in rats that had undergone AAB. In addition, it increased 14-3-3 expression and inhibited excessive autophagy in NRCs exposed to AngII. Our study demonstrated that simvastatin may inhibit excessive autophagy, increase 14-3-3 expression, and finally exert beneficial effects on cardioprotection against pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Su
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Miaoqian Shi
- Department of Cardiology, PLA Army General Hospital, No.5 Nanmen Cang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chest Hospital Heart Center, Capital Medical University, No.9. Beiguan Grand Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Division of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
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26
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Worke LJ, Barthold JE, Seelbinder B, Novak T, Main RP, Harbin SL, Neu CP. Densification of Type I Collagen Matrices as a Model for Cardiac Fibrosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28881428 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a disease state characterized by excessive collagenous matrix accumulation within the myocardium that can lead to ventricular dilation and systolic failure. Current treatment options are severely lacking due in part to the poor understanding of the complexity of molecular pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis. To close this gap, in vitro model systems that recapitulate the defining features of the fibrotic cellular environment are in need. Type I collagen, a major cardiac extracellular matrix protein and the defining component of fibrotic depositions, is an attractive choice for a fibrosis model, but demonstrates poor mechanical strength due to solubility limits. However, plastic compression of collagen matrices is shown to significantly increase its mechanical properties. Here, confined compression of oligomeric, type I collagen matrices is utilized to resemble defining hallmarks seen in fibrotic tissue such as increased collagen content, fibril thickness, and bulk compressive modulus. Cardiomyocytes seeded on compressed matrices show a strong beating abrogation as observed in cardiac fibrosis. Gene expression analysis of selected fibrosis markers indicates fibrotic activation and cardiomyocyte maturation with regard to the existing literature. With these results, a promising first step toward a facile heart-on-chip model is presented to study cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan J. Worke
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
| | - Jeanne E. Barthold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO USA 80309
| | - Benjamin Seelbinder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO USA 80309
| | - Tyler Novak
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
| | - Russell P. Main
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
| | - Sherry L. Harbin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA 47906
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO USA 80309
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Marian AJ, Braunwald E. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circ Res 2017; 121:749-770. [PMID: 28912181 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy unexplained by secondary causes and a nondilated left ventricle with preserved or increased ejection fraction. It is commonly asymmetrical with the most severe hypertrophy involving the basal interventricular septum. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is present at rest in about one third of the patients and can be provoked in another third. The histological features of HCM include myocyte hypertrophy and disarray, as well as interstitial fibrosis. The hypertrophy is also frequently associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In the majority of patients, HCM has a relatively benign course. However, HCM is also an important cause of sudden cardiac death, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, syncope, a family history of sudden cardiac death, and severe cardiac hypertrophy are major risk factors for sudden cardiac death. This complication can usually be averted by implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in appropriate high-risk patients. Atrial fibrillation is also a common complication and is not well tolerated. Mutations in over a dozen genes encoding sarcomere-associated proteins cause HCM. MYH7 and MYBPC3, encoding β-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C, respectively, are the 2 most common genes involved, together accounting for ≈50% of the HCM families. In ≈40% of HCM patients, the causal genes remain to be identified. Mutations in genes responsible for storage diseases also cause a phenotype resembling HCM (genocopy or phenocopy). The routine applications of genetic testing and preclinical identification of family members represents an important advance. The genetic discoveries have enhanced understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCM and have stimulated efforts designed to identify new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (A.J.M.); and TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.).
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (A.J.M.); and TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
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28
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Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Pioner JM, Gentile F, Tosi B, Mazzoni L, Scellini B, Piroddi N, Laurino A, Santini L, Spinelli V, Sacconi L, De Tombe P, Moore R, Tardiff J, Mugelli A, Olivotto I, Cerbai E, Tesi C, Poggesi C. Pathogenesis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is Mutation Rather Than Disease Specific: A Comparison of the Cardiac Troponin T E163R and R92Q Mouse Models. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005407. [PMID: 28735292 PMCID: PMC5586279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background In cardiomyocytes from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mechanical dysfunction and arrhythmogenicity are caused by mutation‐driven changes in myofilament function combined with excitation‐contraction (E‐C) coupling abnormalities related to adverse remodeling. Whether myofilament or E‐C coupling alterations are more relevant in disease development is unknown. Here, we aim to investigate whether the relative roles of myofilament dysfunction and E‐C coupling remodeling in determining the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype are mutation specific. Methods and Results Two hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mouse models carrying the R92Q and the E163R TNNT2 mutations were investigated. Echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy, enhanced contractility, and diastolic dysfunction in both models; however, these phenotypes were more pronounced in the R92Q mice. Both E163R and R92Q trabeculae showed prolonged twitch relaxation and increased occurrence of premature beats. In E163R ventricular myofibrils or skinned trabeculae, relaxation following Ca2+ removal was prolonged; resting tension and resting ATPase were higher; and isometric ATPase at maximal Ca2+ activation, the energy cost of tension generation, and myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity were increased compared with that in wild‐type mice. No sarcomeric changes were observed in R92Q versus wild‐type mice, except for a large increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. In R92Q myocardium, we found a blunted response to inotropic interventions, slower decay of Ca2+ transients, reduced SERCA function, and increased Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II activity. Contrarily, secondary alterations of E‐C coupling and signaling were minimal in E163R myocardium. Conclusions In E163R models, mutation‐driven myofilament abnormalities directly cause myocardial dysfunction. In R92Q, diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmogenicity are mediated by profound cardiomyocyte signaling and E‐C coupling changes. Similar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes can be generated through different pathways, implying different strategies for a precision medicine approach to treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnostic imaging
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Excitation Contraction Coupling
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myofibrils/metabolism
- Myofibrils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Troponin T/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ferrantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Josè Manuel Pioner
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Gentile
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzoni
- Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Scellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Piroddi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Sacconi
- LENS, University of Florence & National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Pieter De Tombe
- Loyola University Medical Center Department of Physiology, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Alessandro Mugelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Tesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Poggesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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Marian AJ, van Rooij E, Roberts R. Genetics and Genomics of Single-Gene Cardiovascular Diseases: Common Hereditary Cardiomyopathies as Prototypes of Single-Gene Disorders. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:2831-2849. [PMID: 28007145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of 2 review papers on genetics and genomics appearing as part of the series on "omics." Genomics pertains to all components of an organism's genes, whereas genetics involves analysis of a specific gene or genes in the context of heredity. The paper provides introductory comments, describes the basis of human genetic diversity, and addresses the phenotypic consequences of genetic variants. Rare variants with large effect sizes are responsible for single-gene disorders, whereas complex polygenic diseases are typically due to multiple genetic variants, each exerting a modest effect size. To illustrate the clinical implications of genetic variants with large effect sizes, 3 common forms of hereditary cardiomyopathies are discussed as prototypic examples of single-gene disorders, including their genetics, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment. The genetic basis of complex traits is discussed in a separate paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
| | - Eva van Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Roberts
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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30
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Maderal AD, Berman B. Updates on Keloidal Wound Healing. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-016-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Kuusisto J, Sipola P, Jääskeläinen P, Naukkarinen A. Current perspectives in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the focus on patients in the Finnish population: a review. Ann Med 2016; 48:496-508. [PMID: 27460395 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1187764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited heart disease, with the prevalence of about 1/500. During the last two decades, the knowledge of the etiology, pathogenesis, risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in HCM has substantially advanced. Most often, HCM is familial and caused by mutations in sarcomere genes, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. In Finland, genetic background of HCM is unique, with a few founder mutations in cardiac sarcomere genes accounting for a considerable proportion of the disease. Pathogenic mechanisms induced by disease-causing mutations are still poorly understood, although alterations in intracellular calcium handling and inefficient generation of contractile force in myocytes are considered key features in triggering the hypertrophic response. Clinical features of the disease are highly variable from no symptoms to the spectrum of exertional dyspnea, angina, palpitations, syncope and sudden death. In the current patient care, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are successfully used to prevent sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects. Targeted genetic testing is recommended to confirm the diagnosis in patients with HCM and to identify family members with the disease. Future research is needed to elucidate key cellular mechanisms leading to HCM, which may allow specific prevention and treatment of the disease. Key messages Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, most often caused by defects in sarcomere genes, is the most common inherited heart disease, and a common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes and young subjects. Cardiac imaging, ECG and genetic testing are pivotal in the diagnosis of the disease in patients and first-degree relatives. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with high risk for SCD and tailored pharmacotherapy are efficient tools in patient care, but so far, exact mechanisms leading to cardiac hypertrophy in HCM are only partially understood, and there is no curative treatment for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kuusisto
- a Department of Medicine, Centre for Medicine and Clinical Research , University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Petri Sipola
- b Department of Clinical Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Centre , Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | | | - Anita Naukkarinen
- d Department of Pathology, Diagnostic Imaging Centre , Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
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32
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The genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats and humans. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S53-73. [PMID: 26776594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes that encode for muscle sarcomeric proteins have been identified in humans and two breeds of domestic cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This article reviews the history, genetics, and pathogenesis of HCM in the two species in order to give veterinarians a perspective on the genetics of HCM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in people is a genetic disease that has been called a disease of the sarcomere because the preponderance of mutations identified that cause HCM are in genes that encode for sarcomeric proteins (Maron and Maron, 2013). Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of muscle and thus sarcomeric proteins are responsible for the strength, speed, and extent of muscle contraction. In people with HCM, the two most common genes affected by HCM mutations are the myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7), the gene that encodes for the motor protein β-myosin heavy chain (the sarcomeric protein that splits ATP to generate force), and the cardiac myosin binding protein-C gene (MYBPC3), a gene that encodes for the closely related structural and regulatory protein, cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C). To date, the two mutations linked to HCM in domestic cats (one each in Maine Coon and Ragdoll breeds) also occur in MYBPC3 (Meurs et al., 2005, 2007). This is a review of the genetics of HCM in both humans and domestic cats that focuses on the aspects of human genetics that are germane to veterinarians and on all aspects of feline HCM genetics.
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33
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The potential impact of new generation transgenic methods on creating rabbit models of cardiac diseases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 121:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Fukuta H, Goto T, Wakami K, Ohte N. The effect of statins on mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of propensity score analyses. Int J Cardiol 2016; 214:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:620-638. [PMID: 27339799 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of cardiac fibroblasts has moved beyond their roles in heart structure and extracellular matrix generation and now includes their contributions to paracrine, mechanical and electrical signalling during ontogenesis and normal cardiac activity. Fibroblasts also have central roles in pathogenic remodelling during myocardial ischaemia, hypertension and heart failure. As key contributors to scar formation, they are crucial for tissue repair after interventions including surgery and ablation. Novel experimental approaches targeting cardiac fibroblasts are promising potential therapies for heart disease. Indeed, several existing drugs act, at least partially, through effects on cardiac connective tissue. This Review outlines the origins and roles of fibroblasts in cardiac development, homeostasis and disease; illustrates the involvement of fibroblasts in current and emerging clinical interventions; and identifies future targets for research and development.
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36
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Rizvi F, DeFranco A, Siddiqui R, Negmadjanov U, Emelyanova L, Holmuhamedov A, Ross G, Shi Y, Holmuhamedov E, Kress D, Tajik AJ, Jahangir A. Chamber-specific differences in human cardiac fibroblast proliferation and responsiveness toward simvastatin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C330-9. [PMID: 27335167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the heart, contribute to cardiac fibrosis, the substrate for the development of arrythmogenesis, and therefore are potential targets for preventing arrhythmic cardiac remodeling. A chamber-specific difference in the responsiveness of fibroblasts from the atria and ventricles toward cytokine and growth factors has been described in animal models, but it is unclear whether similar differences exist in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and whether drugs affect their proliferation differentially. Using cardiac fibroblasts from humans, differences between atrial and ventricular fibroblasts in serum-induced proliferation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, cyclin gene expression, and their inhibition by simvastatin were determined. The serum-induced proliferation rate of human atrial fibroblasts was more than threefold greater than ventricular fibroblasts with faster DNA synthesis and higher mRNA levels of cyclin genes. Simvastatin predominantly decreased the rate of proliferation of atrial fibroblasts, with inhibition of cell cycle progression and an increase in the G0/G1 phase in atrial fibroblasts with a higher sensitivity toward inhibition compared with ventricular fibroblasts. The DNA synthesis and mRNA levels of cyclin A, D, and E were significantly reduced by simvastatin in atrial but not in ventricular fibroblasts. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin on atrial fibroblasts was abrogated by mevalonic acid (500 μM) that bypasses 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition. Chamber-specific differences exist in the human heart because atrial fibroblasts have a higher proliferative capacity and are more sensitive to simvastatin-mediated inhibition through HMG-CoA reductase pathway. This mechanism may be useful in selectively preventing excessive atrial fibrosis without inhibiting adaptive ventricular remodeling during cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rizvi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alessandra DeFranco
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ramail Siddiqui
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ulugbek Negmadjanov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alisher Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Gracious Ross
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Yang Shi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ekhson Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - David Kress
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A Jamil Tajik
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ongstad EL, Gourdie RG. Can heart function lost to disease be regenerated by therapeutic targeting of cardiac scar tissue? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:41-54. [PMID: 27234380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction results in scar tissue that cannot actively contribute to heart mechanical function and frequently causes lethal arrhythmias. The healing response after infarction involves inflammation, biochemical signaling, changes in cellular phenotype, activity, and organization, and alterations in electrical conduction due to variations in cell and tissue geometry and alterations in protein expression, organization, and function - particularly in membrane channels. The intensive research focus on regeneration of myocardial tissues has, as of yet, only met with modest success, with no near-term prospect of improving standard-of-care for patients with heart disease. An alternative concept for novel therapeutic approach is the rejuvenation of cardiac electrical and mechanical properties through the modification of scar tissue. Several peptide therapeutics, locally applied genetic therapies, or delivery of genetically modified cells have shown promise in improving the characteristics of the fibrous scar and post-myocardial infarction prognosis in experimental models. This review highlights several factors that contribute to arrhythmogenesis in scar formation and how these might be targeted to regenerate some of the electrical and mechanical function of the post-MI scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Ongstad
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, 317 Kelly Hall, Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Carilion Clinic, 1906 Belleview Avenue, Roanoke VA 24014, USA.
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Whitehead NP, Kim MJ, Bible KL, Adams ME, Froehner SC. Simvastatin offers new prospects for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1156286. [PMID: 27141415 PMCID: PMC4838314 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1156286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe inherited neuromuscular disorder. DMD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the dystrophin protein in muscle fibers. Dystrophin was originally proposed to be a structural protein that protected the sarcolemma from stresses produced during contractions. However, more recently, experimental evidence has revealed a far more complicated picture, with the loss of dystrophin causing dysfunction of multiple muscle signaling pathways, which all contribute to the overall disease pathophysiology. Current gene-based approaches for DMD are conceptually appealing since they offer the potential to restore dystrophin to muscles, albeit a partially functional, truncated form of the protein. However, given the cost and technical challenges facing these genetic approaches, it is important to consider if relatively inexpensive, clinically used drugs may be repurposed for treating DMD. Here, we discuss our recent findings showing the potential of simvastatin as a novel therapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Whitehead
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Bible
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marvin E Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
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39
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Sala V, Gallo S, Gatti S, Medico E, Vigna E, Cantarella D, Fontani L, Natale M, Cimino J, Morello M, Comoglio PM, Ponzetto A, Crepaldi T. Cardiac concentric hypertrophy promoted by activated Met receptor is mitigated in vivo by inhibition of Erk1,2 signalling with Pimasertib. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:84-97. [PMID: 26924269 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for heart failure. Hence, its attenuation represents an important clinical goal. Erk1,2 signalling is pivotal in the cardiac response to stress, suggesting that its inhibition may be a good strategy to revert heart hypertrophy. In this work, we unveiled the events associated with cardiac hypertrophy by means of a transgenic model expressing activated Met receptor. c-Met proto-oncogene encodes for the tyrosine kinase receptor of Hepatocyte growth factor and is a strong inducer of Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk1,2 pathway. We showed that three weeks after the induction of activated Met, the heart presents a remarkable concentric hypertrophy, with no signs of congestive failure and preserved contractility. Cardiac enlargement is accompanied by upregulation of growth-regulating transcription factors, natriuretic peptides, cytoskeletal proteins, and Extracellular Matrix remodelling factors (Timp1 and Pai1). At a later stage, cardiac hypertrophic remodelling results into heart failure with preserved systolic function. Prevention trial by suppressing activated Met showed that cardiac hypertrophy is reversible, and progression to heart failure is prevented. Notably, treatment with Pimasertib, Mek1 inhibitor, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling. Our results suggest that modulation of Erk1.2 signalling may constitute a new therapeutic approach for treating cardiac hypertrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | | | | | | | - James Cimino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Morello
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Antonio Ponzetto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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40
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AMPK in cardiac fibrosis and repair: Actions beyond metabolic regulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:188-200. [PMID: 26772531 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a general term encompassing a plethora of pathologies that span all systems and is marked by increased deposition of collagen. Injury of variable etiology gives rise to complex cascades involving several cell-types and molecular signals, leading to the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that promotes fibrosis and eventually leads to organ failure. Cardiac fibrosis is a dynamic process associated notably with ischemia, hypertrophy, volume- and pressure-overload, aging and diabetes mellitus. It has profoundly deleterious consequences on the normal architecture and functioning of the myocardium and is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitously expressed cellular energy sensor and an essential component of the adaptive response to cardiomyocyte stress that occurs during ischemia. Nevertheless, its actions extend well beyond its energy-regulating role and it appears to possess an essential role in regulating fibrosis of the myocardium. In this review paper, we will summarize the main elements and crucial players of cardiac fibrosis. In addition, we will provide an overview of the diverse roles of AMPK in the heart and discuss in detail its implication in cardiac fibrosis. Lastly, we will highlight the recently published literature concerning AMPK-targeting current therapy and novel strategies aiming to attenuate fibrosis.
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Hersi A, Giannoccaro JP, Howarth A, Exner D, Weeks S, Eitel I, Herman RC, Duff H, Ritchie D, Mcrae M, Sheldon R. Statin Induced Regression of Cardiomyopathy Trial: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Double-blind Trial. Heart Views 2016; 17:129-135. [PMID: 28400935 PMCID: PMC5363087 DOI: 10.4103/1995-705x.201784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by a thickened, fibrotic myocardium, remains the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Based on animal and clinical data, we hypothesized that atorvastatin would induce left ventricular (LV) mass regression. Methods: Statin Induced Regression of Cardiomyopathy Trial (SIRCAT) was a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The primary endpoint was change in LV mass measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 12 months after treatment with once-daily atorvastatin 80 mg or placebo. A key secondary endpoint was diastolic dysfunction measured echocardiographically by transmitral flow velocities. SIRCAT is registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00317967). Results: Of 222 screened patients, 22 were randomized evenly to atorvastatin and placebo. The mean age was 47 ± 10 years, and 15 (68%) were male. All subjects completed the protocol. At baseline, LV masses were 197 ± 76 g and 205 ± 82 g in the placebo and atorvastatin groups, respectively. After 12 months treatment, the LV masses in the placebo and atorvastatin groups were 196 ± 80 versus 206 ± 92 g (P = 0.80), respectively. Echocardiographic indices were not different in the two groups at baseline. After 12 months, diastolic dysfunction as assessed using transmitral flow velocities E/E', A/A', and peak systolic mitral velocity showed no benefit from atorvastatin. Conclusions: In patients with HCM, atorvastatin did not cause LV mass regression or improvements in LV diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hersi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University Medical City, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J Peter Giannoccaro
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Howarth
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek Exner
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Weeks
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingo Eitel
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Cameron Herman
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry Duff
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie Ritchie
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maureen Mcrae
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Sheldon
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institue of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Sheng L, Yang X, Ye P, Liu YX, Han CG. Effect of Atorvastatin on Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Beta/delta in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertrophic Myocardial Cells In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 30:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(16)30008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A new therapeutic effect of simvastatin revealed by functional improvement in muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12864-9. [PMID: 26417069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509536112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, degenerative muscle disease with no effective treatment. DMD muscle pathogenesis is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, inhibit these deleterious processes in ischemic diseases affecting skeletal muscle, and therefore have potential to improve DMD. However, statins have not been considered for DMD, or other muscular dystrophies, principally because skeletal-muscle-related symptoms are rare, but widely publicized, side effects of these drugs. Here we show positive effects of statins in dystrophic skeletal muscle. Simvastatin dramatically reduced damage and enhanced muscle function in dystrophic (mdx) mice. Long-term simvastatin treatment vastly improved overall muscle health in mdx mice, reducing plasma creatine kinase activity, an established measure of muscle damage, to near-normal levels. This reduction was accompanied by reduced inflammation, more oxidative muscle fibers, and improved strength of the weak diaphragm muscle. Shorter-term treatment protected against muscle fatigue and increased mdx hindlimb muscle force by 40%, a value comparable to current dystrophin gene-based therapies. Increased force correlated with reduced NADPH Oxidase 2 protein expression, the major source of oxidative stress in dystrophic muscle. Finally, in old mdx mice with severe muscle degeneration, simvastatin enhanced diaphragm force and halved fibrosis, a major cause of functional decline in DMD. These improvements were accompanied by autophagy activation, a recent therapeutic target for DMD, and less oxidative stress. Together, our findings highlight that simvastatin substantially improves the overall health and function of dystrophic skeletal muscles and may provide an unexpected, novel therapy for DMD and related neuromuscular diseases.
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Ferrari R, Böhm M, Cleland JG, Paulus WJ, Pieske B, Rapezzi C, Tavazzi L. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: uncertainties and dilemmas. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17:665-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Cardiology and LTTA Centre; University Hospital of Ferrara and Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, ES Health Science Foundation; Cotignola Italy
| | - Michael Böhm
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes; Klinik für Innere Medizin III; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - John G.F. Cleland
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Harefield Hospital, Imperial College; London UK
| | | | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute; Translational HF Research; Graz Austria
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; Alma Mater-University of Bologna; Italy
| | - Luigi Tavazzi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital; GVM Care & Research, ES Health Science Foundation; Cotignola Italy
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Sun F, Duan W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Qile M, Liu Z, Qiu F, Zhao D, Lu Y, Chu W. Simvastatin alleviates cardiac fibrosis induced by infarction via up-regulation of TGF-β receptor III expression. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3779-92. [PMID: 25884615 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Statins decrease heart disease risk, but their mechanisms are not completely understood. We examined the role of the TGF-β receptor III (TGFBR3) in the inhibition of cardiac fibrosis by simvastatin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice given simvastatin orally for 7 days. Cardiac fibrosis was measured by Masson staining and electron microscopy. Heart function was evaluated by echocardiography. Signalling through TGFBR3, ERK1/2, JNK and p38 pathways was measured using Western blotting. Collagen content and cell viability were measured in cultures of neonatal mouse cardiac fibroblasts (NMCFs). Interactions between TGFBR3 and the scaffolding protein, GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC) were detected using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). In vivo, hearts were injected with lentivirus carrying shRNA for TGFBR3. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin prevented fibrosis following MI, improved heart ultrastructure and function, up-regulated TGFBR3 and decreased ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Simvastatin up-regulated TGFBR3 in NMCFs, whereas silencing TGFBR3 reversed inhibitory effects of simvastatin on cell proliferation and collagen production. Simvastatin inhibited ERK1/2 and JNK signalling while silencing TGFBR3 opposed this effect. Co-IP demonstrated TGFBR3 binding to GIPC. Overexpressing TGFBR3 inhibited ERK1/2 and JNK signalling which was abolished by knock-down of GIPC. In vivo, suppression of cardiac TGFBR3 abolished anti-fibrotic effects, improvement of cardiac function and changes in related proteins after simvastatin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TGFBR3 mediated the decreased cardiac fibrosis, collagen deposition and fibroblast activity, induced by simvastatin, following MI. These effects involved GIPC inhibition of the ERK1/2/JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Muge Qile
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zengyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenfeng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Cannon L, Yu ZY, Marciniec T, Waardenberg AJ, Iismaa SE, Nikolova-Krstevski V, Neist E, Ohanian M, Qiu MR, Rainer S, Harvey RP, Feneley MP, Graham RM, Fatkin D. Irreversible triggers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are established in the early postnatal period. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:560-9. [PMID: 25677315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by mutations in sarcomere protein genes, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) develops as an adaptive response to sarcomere dysfunction. It remains unclear whether persistent expression of the mutant gene is required for LVH or whether early gene expression acts as an immutable inductive trigger. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to use a regulatable murine model of HCM to study the reversibility of pathological LVH. METHODS The authors generated a double-transgenic mouse model, tTAxαMHCR403Q, in which expression of the HCM-causing Arg403Gln mutation in the α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene is inhibited by doxycycline administration. Cardiac structure and function were evaluated in groups of mice that received doxycycline for varying periods from 0 to 40 weeks of age. RESULTS Untreated tTAxαMHCR403Q mice showed increased left ventricular (LV) mass, contractile dysfunction, myofibrillar disarray, and fibrosis. In contrast, mice treated with doxycycline from conception to 6 weeks had markedly less LVH and fibrosis at 40 weeks. Transgene inhibition from 6 weeks reduced fibrosis but did not prevent LVH or functional changes. There were no differences in LV parameters at 40 weeks between mice with transgene inhibition from 20 weeks and mice with continuous transgene expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the critical role of the early postnatal period in HCM pathogenesis and suggest that mutant sarcomeres manifest irreversible cardiomyocyte defects that induce LVH. In HCM, mutation-silencing therapies are likely to be ineffective for hypertrophy regression and would have to be administered very early in life to prevent hypertrophy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cannon
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Ze-Yan Yu
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Marciniec
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Ashley J Waardenberg
- Cardiac Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Vesna Nikolova-Krstevski
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Elysia Neist
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Monique Ohanian
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Min Ru Qiu
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stephen Rainer
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Cardiac Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
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Wheeler MT, Ashley EA. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:570-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zheng L, Han P, Liu J, Li R, Yin W, Wang T, Zhang W, Kang YJ. Role of copper in regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:66-84. [PMID: 25476109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pressure overload causes an accumulation of homocysteine in the heart, which is accompanied by copper depletion through the formation of copper-homocysteine complexes and the excretion of the complexes. Copper supplementation recovers cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity and promotes myocardial angiogenesis, along with the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and the recovery of cardiac contractile function. Increased copper availability is responsible for the recovery of CCO activity. Copper promoted expression of angiogenesis factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells is responsible for angiogenesis. VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is critical for hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes and VEGFR-1 is essential for the regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Copper, through promoting VEGF production and suppressing VEGFR-2, switches the VEGF signaling pathway from VEGFR-2-dependent to VEGFR-1-dependent, leading to the regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Copper is also required for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity, acting on the interaction between HIF-1 and the hypoxia responsible element and the formation of HIF-1 transcriptional complex by inhibiting the factor inhibiting HIF-1. Therefore, therapeutic targets for copper supplementation-induced regression of cardiac hypertrophy include: (1) the recovery of copper availability for CCO and other critical cellular events; (2) the activation of HIF-1 transcriptional complex leading to the promotion of angiogenesis in the endothelial cells by VEGF and other factors; (3) the activation of VEGFR-1-dependent regression signaling pathway in the cardiomyocytes; and (4) the inhibition of VEGFR-2 through post-translational regulation in the hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Future studies should focus on target-specific delivery of copper for the development of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zheng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wen Yin
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Morita N, Mandel WJ, Kobayashi Y, Karagueuzian HS. Cardiac fibrosis as a determinant of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Arrhythm 2014; 30:389-394. [PMID: 25642299 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and emerging clinical studies have demonstrated that increased ventricular fibrosis in a setting of reduced repolarization reserve promotes early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered activity that can initiate ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF). Increased ventricular fibrosis plays a key facilitatory role in allowing oxidative and metabolic stress-induced EADs to manifest as triggered activity causing VT/VF. The lack of such an arrhythmogenic effect by the same stressors in normal non-fibrotic hearts highlights the importance of fibrosis in the initiation of VT/VF. These findings suggest that antifibrotic therapy combined with therapy designed to increase ventricular repolarization reserve may act synergistically to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishige Morita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William J Mandel
- Translational Arrhythmia Research Section, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hrayr S Karagueuzian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Song L, Su M, Wang S, Zou Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Cui H, Zhao P, Hui R, Wang J. MiR-451 is decreased in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and regulates autophagy by targeting TSC1. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2266-74. [PMID: 25209900 PMCID: PMC4224559 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that drive the development of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remain elusive. Accumulated evidence suggests that microRNAs are essential regulators of cardiac remodelling. We have been suggested that microRNAs could play a role in the process of HCM. To uncover which microRNAs were changed in their expression, microRNA microarrays were performed on heart tissue from HCM patients (n = 7) and from healthy donors (n = 5). Among the 13 microRNAs that were differentially expressed in HCM, miR-451 was the most down-regulated. Ectopic overexpression of miR-451 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) decreased the cell size, whereas knockdown of endogenous miR-451 increased the cell surface area. Luciferase reporter assay analyses demonstrated that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) was a direct target of miR-451. Overexpression of miR-451 in both HeLa cells and NRCM suppressed the expression of TSC1. Furthermore, TSC1 was significantly up-regulated in HCM myocardia, which correlated with the decreased levels of miR-451. As TSC1 is a known positive regulator of autophagy, we examined the role of miR-451 in the regulation of autophagy. Overexpression of miR-451 in vitro inhibited the formation of the autophagosome. Conversely, miR-451 knockdown accelerated autophagosome formation. Consistently, an increased number of autophagosomes was observed in HCM myocardia, accompanied by up-regulated autophagy markers, and the lipidated form of LC3 and Beclin-1. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-451 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac autophagy by targeting TSC1. The down-regulation of miR-451 may contribute to the development of HCM and may be a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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