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Efird JT, Anderson EJ, Jindal C, Redding TS, Thompson AD, Press AM, Upchurch J, Williams CD, Choi YM, Suzuki A. The Interaction of Vitamin D and Corticosteroids: A Mortality Analysis of 26,508 Veterans Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:447. [PMID: 35010701 PMCID: PMC8744830 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This data-based cohort consisted of 26,508 (7%) United States veterans out of the 399,290 who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 1 March to 10 September 2020. We aimed to assess the interaction of post-index vitamin D (Vit D) and corticosteroid (CRT) use on 30-day mortality among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Combination Vit D and CRT drug use was assessed according to four multinomial pairs (-|+, -|-, +|+, +|-). Respective categorical effects were computed on a log-binomial scale as adjusted relative risk (aRR). Approximately 6% of veterans who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 died within 30 days of their index date. Among hospitalized patients, a significantly decreased aRR was observed for the use of Vit D in the absence of CRTs relative to patients who received CRTs but not Vit D (aRR = 0.30; multiplicity corrected, p = 0.0004). Among patients receiving systemically administered CRTs (e.g., dexamethasone), the use of Vit D was associated with fewer deaths in hospitalized patients (aRR = 0.51) compared with non-hospitalized patients (aRR = 2.5) (P-for-Interaction = 0.0071). Evaluating the effect of modification of these compounds in the context of hospitalization may aid in the management of COVID-19 and provide a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this and future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T. Efird
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Charulata Jindal
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Thomas S. Redding
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrew D. Thompson
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Ashlyn M. Press
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Julie Upchurch
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Christina D. Williams
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Ayako Suzuki
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA; (T.S.R.); (A.D.T.); (A.M.P.); (J.U.); (C.D.W.); (A.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Biswas T, Gawdi R, Jindal C, Iyer S, Kang KH, Bajor D, Machtay M, Choi YM, Efird JT. Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an important prognostic marker in stage III locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: confirmatory results from the PROCLAIM phase III clinical trial. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:5617-5626. [PMID: 34795912 PMCID: PMC8575807 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an important pretreatment marker of systemic inflammation and tumor aggressiveness. Increased levels of this ratio have been associated with reduced survival in several observational studies of lung cancer. However, supporting analyses from large clinical trial data are lacking. Methods To validate the prognostic role of NLR, the current study evaluated data from a randomized phase III study (PROCLAIM; clinicaltrial.gov ID: NCT00686959) of patients with stage IIIA/B, unresectable, non-squamous, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), originally comparing combination pemetrexed-cisplatin chemoradiotherapy with etoposide-cisplatin chemoradiotherapy. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for survival were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Models were adjusted for age, race, sex, stage, treatment, and body mass index (BMI). Patients were followed for a median of 24 months. Results Increased NLR levels at baseline were associated with reduced overall (PTrend <0.0001) and progression-free survival (PTrend <0.005). A similar but decreasing linear trend was not observed for lymphocytes count alone. Conclusions These findings provide substantiating evidence that NLR, which is routinely available from standard blood testing of patients diagnosed with NSCLC, is an important inflammation-based prognostic marker for survival among patients with locally advanced disease undergoing chemoradiation. Future research will benefit by assessing the prognostic potential of NLR in the context of genetic mutations and molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rohin Gawdi
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Sharanya Iyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kylie H Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine and Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Bajor
- Medical Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell Machtay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Jimmy T Efird
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Health Services Research and Development, DVAHCS, Durham, NC, USA
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Darby IB. Peripheral neutrophil phenotypes during management of periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:58-68. [PMID: 32803891 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neutrophils are emerging as a key player in periodontal pathogenesis. The surface expression of cellular markers enables functional phenotyping of neutrophils which have distinct roles in disease states. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of periodontal management on neutrophil phenotypes in peripheral blood in periodontitis patients over one year. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood and the periodontal parameters, mean probing depth and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (%BOP), were collected from 40 healthy controls and 54 periodontitis patients at baseline and 3-, 6- and 12- months post-treatment. Flow cytometry was used to identify CD11b+ , CD16b+ , CD62L- and CD66b+ expression on neutrophils, neutrophil maturation stages as promyelocytes (CD11b- CD16b- ), metamyelocytes (CD11b+ CD16b- ) and mature neutrophils (CD11b+ CD16b+ ), and suppressive neutrophil phenotype as bands (CD16dim CD62Lbright ), normal neutrophils (CD16bright CD62Lbright ) and suppressive neutrophils (CD16bright CD62Ldim ). RESULTS CD62L- expression decreased with treatment. No differences were observed in neutrophil maturation stages in health or disease upon treatment. Suppressive and normal neutrophils showed a reciprocal relationship, where suppressive neutrophils decreased with treatment and normal neutrophils increased with treatment. In addition, %BOP was associated with suppressive neutrophils. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that management of periodontitis significantly modifies distinct neutrophil phenotypes in peripheral blood. Suppressive neutrophils may play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, their exact role is unclear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Abeyta MA, Goetz BM, Ramirez Ramirez HA, Kleinschmit DH, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary zinc source on the metabolic and immunological response to lipopolysaccharide in lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11681-11700. [PMID: 31606208 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of replacing 40 mg/kg of Zn from Zn sulfate (control; CON) with Zn AA complex (AvZn) on metabolism and immunological responses following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in lactating cows. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) pair-fed (PF) control (PF-CON; 5 mL of saline; n = 5), (2) PF AvZn (PF-AvZn; 5 mL of saline; n = 5), (3) LPS euglycemic clamp control (LPS-CON; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of BW; n = 5), and (4) LPS euglycemic clamp AvZn (LPS-AvZn; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of BW; n = 5). Cows were enrolled in 3 experimental periods (P). During period 1 (3 d), cows received their respective dietary treatments and baseline data were obtained. During period 2 (P2; 2 d), a 12-h LPS euglycemic clamp was conducted or cows were PF to their respective dietary counterparts. During period 3 (P3; 3 d), cows received their dietary treatment and consumed feed ad libitum. Mild hyperthermia (1°C) was observed in LPS cows at 3 h postbolus. Throughout P2, the rectal temperature of LPS-AvZn cows was decreased (0.3°C) relative to LPS-CON cows. Administrating LPS decreased dry matter intake (47%) during P2, and by experimental design the pattern was similar in PF cohorts. During P3, dry matter intake from LPS cows remained decreased (15%) relative to PF cows. Milk yield from LPS cows decreased (54%) during P2 relative to PF cows, but it was similar during P3. During P2, somatic cell count increased 3-fold in LPS cows relative to PF controls. Dietary AvZn tended to decrease somatic cell count (70%) during P3 relative to LPS-CON cows. Insulin increased 7-fold in LPS cows at 12 h postbolus and remained increased (4-fold) for the duration of P2. Circulating glucagon from LPS cows increased (65%) during P2, and supplementing AvZn blunted the increase (30% relative to LPS-CON). During P2, circulating cortisol increased 7-fold post-LPS infusion relative to PF cows, and supplementing AvZn decreased cortisol (58%) from 6 to 48 h postbolus relative to LPS-CON cows. Administrating LPS increased circulating LPS-binding protein and serum amyloid A (3- and 9-fold, respectively) relative to PF cows. Compared with LPS-CON, LPS-AvZn cows had increased circulating serum amyloid A (38%) 24 h postbolus. The 12-h total glucose deficit was 36 and 1,606 g for the PF and LPS treatments, respectively, but was not influenced by Zn source. In summary, replacing a portion of the Zn sulfate with Zn AA complex appeared to reduce the inflammatory response but had no effect on the glucose deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | | | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Wichert S, Pettersson Å, Hellmark T, Johansson Å, Hansson M. Phagocyte function decreases after high-dose treatment with melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:342-351.e5. [PMID: 26774385 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-dose melphalan with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care for younger patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and is aimed at achieving as deep and complete a response as possible after various combinations of induction therapy. However, it is frequently associated with infectious complications. This study investigated the effects of high-dose treatment with autologous stem cell support on patients' innate immunity, with a focus on subpopulations and functioning of recently released polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes in peripheral blood. Flow cytometry-based analysis was used to measure the degree of PMN maturation and activation, before and after ASCT and compared with healthy controls. After high-dose treatment and ASCT, a smaller proportion of patients' PMNs had the capacity for oxidative burst. Moreover, patients' PMNs, both before and after ASCT, had a reduced capacity for phagocytosis. Eosinophils, which recently have been suggested to play a role in promoting malignant plasma cell proliferation, were markedly reduced after ASCT, with slow regeneration. HLA-DR expression by monocytes was significantly depressed after ASCT, a characteristic often attributed to monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Our results suggest that several aspects of phagocytic function are impaired for at least 20 days after ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Wichert
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Pettersson
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Rivera-Nieves J, Gorfu G, Ley K. Leukocyte adhesion molecules in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1715-35. [PMID: 18523998 PMCID: PMC2733908 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulated recruitment of leukocytes into the intestine is required for the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several families of molecules regulate the influx of these cells into sites of inflammation. Interference with some of these molecules has already shown efficacy in the clinics and antibodies that target the molecules involved have been approved by the FDA for use in Crohn's disease (CD), multiple sclerosis (i.e., natalizumab), and psoriasis (i.e., efalizumab). Here, we discuss basic aspects of the different families of relevant molecules and compile a large body of preclinical studies that supported the targeting of specific steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade for therapeutic purposes in colitis and in novel models of CD-like ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver Colorado 80206,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Jesus Rivera-Nieves, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Biochemistry Research Building Room 742A, 4200 E. 9th Ave SE, B146, Denver, CO 80206, e-mail address:
| | - Gezahegn Gorfu
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Buckham Sporer KR, Burton JL, Earley B, Crowe MA. Transportation stress in young bulls alters expression of neutrophil genes important for the regulation of apoptosis, tissue remodeling, margination, and anti-bacterial function. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:19-29. [PMID: 17512060 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transportation of beef cattle results in a stress response that is associated with increased susceptibility and severity of respiratory diseases, presumably due to an alteration in immune function. Neutrophils are phagocytic immune cells important in lung defense and are also targets of the stress response. The objective of this study was to determine if a 9h transportation of young bulls by road induced changes in the expression of candidate genes known to be important in neutrophil-mediated defense and inflammation in the lung. These neutrophil genes encompassed functions of apoptosis (A1 and Fas), tissue remodeling (MMP-9), vascular margination (L-selectin), bacterial killing (BPI), and wound healing (betaglycan), as well as responsiveness of the cells to stress-induced increases in glucocorticoid hormones (GRalpha). To explore gene expression changes, blood was collected, plasma harvested, and neutrophils isolated from six Belgian Blue x Friesian bulls (231+/-7.0 kg in weight; 282+/-4 days of age) at -24, 0, 4.5, 9.75, 14.25, 24, and 48h relative to commencement of a 9h road transportation by truck. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated at 4.5 and 9.75h, peaking at 50.64+/-4.46 ng/mL (P<0.0001) and confirming that the animals experienced stress. Blood neutrophil count was elevated between 4.5 and 14.25h (P<0.0001), reaching a peak that was over 3-fold higher than the -24h concentration. Neutrophil Fas gene expression was acutely down-regulated (P=0.02) by transportation stress, while expressions of MMP-9, l-selectin, and BPI were profoundly up-regulated (P=0.003, 0.002, and <0.001 respectively). However, no changes in neutrophil expressions of betaglycan, GRalpha, and A1 were detected. It is concluded that a 9h transportation of young bulls induces a gene expression signature in blood neutrophils that increases their circulating numbers and may enhance their pro-inflammatory and anti-bacterial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Buckham Sporer
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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8
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Abstract
There have been over 2000 publications in the last year addressing the topic of neuroprotection. Novel and emerging therapeutic targets that have been explored include cerebral inflammation, hypothermia, neural transplantation and repair and gene therapy. Unfortunately, with few exceptions, the successes of experimental neuroprotection have not been translated into clinical practice. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between experimental success and clinical benefit are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Menon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Cecic I, Parkins CS, Korbelik M. Induction of Systemic Neutrophil Response in Mice by Photodynamic Therapy of Solid Tumors¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740712iosnri2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Orr Y, Wilson DP, Taylor JM, Bannon PG, Geczy C, Davenport MP, Kritharides L. A kinetic model of bone marrow neutrophil production that characterizes late phenotypic maturation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R1707-16. [PMID: 17185405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00627.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammatory stimuli rapidly mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow by shortening postmitotic maturation time and releasing younger neutrophils; however, the kinetics of this change in maturation time remains unknown. We propose a kinetic model that examines the rate of change in neutrophil average age at exit from the bone marrow during active mobilization to quantify this response and use this model to examine the temporal profile of late neutrophil phenotypic maturation. Total and CD10(-)/CD16(low) circulating neutrophils were quantified in cardiac surgery patients during extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Net growth in the circulating neutrophil pool occurred during the procedural (0.04 +/- 0.02 x 10(9) x l(-1) x min(-1)), warming (0.14 +/- 0.02 x 10(9) x l(-1) x min(-1)), and weaning (0.12 +/- 0.06 x 10(9) x l(-1) x min(-1)) phases of ECC. When applied to our differential equation mathematical model, these results predict that neutrophil average age at exit from the bone marrow decreased continually during ECC, resulting in average neutrophil release 8.44 +/- 2.20 h earlier during the weaning phase than at the beginning of ECC sampling. Modeling of concurrent changes in CD10(-)/CD16(low) neutrophil numbers indicates that CD10 expression is directly related to neutrophil mean age and predicts that the proportion of mobilizable postmitotic neutrophils that are CD10(+) increases from 64 to 81% during these sampled 8.4 h of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishay Orr
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, and Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Anzac Parade, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Orr Y, Taylor JM, Bannon PG, Geczy C, Kritharides L. Circulating CD10-/CD16low neutrophils provide a quantitative index of active bone marrow neutrophil release. Br J Haematol 2006; 131:508-19. [PMID: 16281943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating neutrophil phenotype and function are altered during neutrophilia associated with acute inflammatory states, however, the contribution of bone marrow neutrophil release to these changes has been difficult to quantify in humans. Accelerated release of neutrophils, with potentially distinct attributes, from the bone marrow and their dilution within the circulating pool may produce these apparent changes. Unfortunately selective analysis of these newly emergent neutrophils is difficult given their morphologic similarity to those already in the circulation and the coincident effect of soluble inflammatory mediators on circulating neutrophil phenotype and function. Using whole blood flow cytometry and cardiac surgery as an inflammatory stimulus, we demonstrate the emergence of a unique subpopulation of circulating neutrophils characterised as CD10(-)/CD16(low), indicative of active bone marrow neutrophil release peri-operatively. CD10(-)/CD16(low) neutrophils emerge at the same operative stages as band forms and a left shift, yet represent over 40% of circulating neutrophils postoperatively, and generate a greater stimulus-induced [Ca(2+)](i) flux than their CD10(+) counterparts. We conclude that CD10(-)/CD16(low) neutrophils represent a significant proportion of the circulating pool after cardiac surgery and that bone marrow release, a major contributor to neutrophilia, influences the phenotype and functional activity of circulating neutrophils following this acute inflammatory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Orr
- Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Anzac Parade, Kensington, Australia
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Turunen AJ, Fernández JA, Lindgren L, Salmela KT, Kyllönen LE, Mäkisalo H, Griffin JH, Siitonen SM, Petäjä J, Pesonen EJ. Activated protein C reduces graft neutrophil activation in clinical renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2204-12. [PMID: 16095499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of endogenous activated protein C (APC), the major physiological anti-coagulant with concomitant anti-inflammatory properties, on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in 45 patients participating in a larger trial comparing three immunosuppressive protocols in cadaveric renal transplantation: perioperative anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG, Fresenius AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), perioperative basiliximab and conventional triple therapy. Blood samples for assessing plasma APC, protein C, and lactoferrin concentrations, neutrophil CD11b and L-selectin expressions and blood leukocyte differential counts were obtained preoperatively and before reperfusion from central venous cannula, complemented with simultaneous samples from iliac artery and graft vein for calculation of transrenal differences (Delta) of study parameters at 1 and 5 min after reperfusion. Unlike basiliximab or conventional therapy groups, ATG infusion induced a substantial increase in plasma APC concentration (119 [88-144]% before infusion vs. 232 [85-1246]% after infusion, p<0.001), resulting in renal graft sequestration of APC at 1 min after reperfusion (Delta=-72 [-567 to 12]%, p<0.001). Graft APC consumption was associated with transrenal reduction of neutrophil activation markers (L-selectin r=0.7, p=0.01; lactoferrin r=-0.6, p=0.02; CD11b r=-0.8, p=0.001), and with both warm (r=0.6, p=0.01) and cold ischemia time (r=0.6, p=0.02) and donor age (r=0.6, p=0.01). These findings suggest that APC has an anti-inflammatory role in I/R injury in clinical renal transplantation.
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Monfardini E, Van Merris V, Paape M, Duchateau L, Burvenich C. l-Selectin and Chemotaxis Throughout Bone Marrow Granulocyte Maturation in the Bovine. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:3350-7. [PMID: 15377614 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL) play a pivotal role during inflammation. Bone marrow (BM) reserves are depleted as cells are released into circulation for recruitment to infection sites. Expression of L-selectin on the cell membrane allows neutrophils to roll along the activated endothelium. Whereas mechanisms leading to recruitment to infection sites are well established, expression of BM adhesion molecules in cows is limited. In this study, we assessed L-selectin expression and chemotactic response to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) in bovine BM cells and in circulating neutrophils. Isolated blood PMNL and BM cells were used from 9 dairy cows, for quantifying L-selectin expression using flow cytometry, and from 12 dairy cows for chemotaxis studies. All granulocytic maturation stages expressed L-selectin. The percentage of cells fluorescing increased significantly in BM band and mature granulocytes and reached maximal expression on circulating neutrophils. Bone marrow band and segmented cells showed the highest L-selectin density. Chemotaxis through micropore filters in response to zymosan-activated fetal bovine serum was first observed in the myelocytic and metamyelocytic stages, and it increased with maturation and release into the blood stream. From these results, we conclude that L-selectin expression varies among stages of granulocytic maturation within the BM and differs from circulating PMNL. Further, BM cells are capable of migration starting at the metamyelocytic stage, and compared with BM cells, circulating neutrophils are more chemotactively active.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monfardini
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan, 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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14
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Diez-Fraile A, Meyer E, Duchateau L, Burvenich C. Effect of proinflammatory mediators and glucocorticoids on L-selectin expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from dairy cows in various stages of lactation. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1421-6. [PMID: 15524330 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether proinflammatory mediators and glucocorticoids affect CD62L(L-selectin) expression on peripheral blood neutrophils from cows in various stages of lactation. ANIMALS 100 healthy dairy cows during early (13.1 +/- 0.79 days after parturition; n = 31), peak (58.7 +/- 1.64 days after parturition; 31), and mid (137.2 +/- 2.59 days after parturition; 38) lactation. PROCEDURE In vitro effects of relevant proinflammatory mediators that are released in response to mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria such as lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on CD62L expression on bovine neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry. Influences of cortisol and dexamethasone on CD62L expression on bovine neutrophils were also investigated. RESULTS Basal CD62L expression on neutrophils from cows during early, peak, and mid lactation were similar. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had no effect on CD62L expression on neutrophils from cows at any stage of lactation. Conversely, PAF elicited a time- and dose-dependent, down regulatory effect on CD62L expression. However, no differential shedding of CD62L from neutrophils of cows at any stage of lactation were detected. In addition, no effects on CD62L expression on bovine neutrophils after whole blood incubation with cortisol or dexamethasone were observed. Incubation with glucocorticoids did not prevent the down regulatory effect of PAF on CD62L expression. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Comparable basal CD62L expression on bovine neutrophils and equal amounts of CD62L shedding from bovine neutrophils during all stages of lactation suggest that variations in CD62L density are not a likely cause of susceptibility of cows to coliform-induced mastitis during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Diez-Fraile
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Goto Y, Hogg JC, Whalen B, Shih CH, Ishii H, Van Eeden SF. Monocyte Recruitment into the Lungs in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:620-6. [PMID: 14578212 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0312oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of monocytes into the alveolar spaces is crucial for clearing infections and resolving the inflammatory response. We have previously reported the effect of acute pneumonia on monocyte transport through the bone marrow, and the present study concerns their clearance from the blood and migration into the lung airspaces. Dividing monocytes were labeled with the thymidine analog, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Whole blood containing the labeled monocytes (MO(BrdU)) was transfused from either donor rabbits with pneumonia or from uninfected controls into recipients with pneumonia, where they were detected in blood and tissues using a double immunostaining method. The results show that MO(BrdU) from infected animals rapidly disappeared from the circulation (P < 0.05), preferentially sequestered in the infected lung tissue within 1 h (22.0 +/- 3.3% versus 6.0 +/- 0.4%, pneumonic region versus peripheral blood, P < 0.05), and accumulated to a greater degree in pneumonic airspaces than control monocytes 48 h after transfusion (3.9 +/- 0.5% versus 1.1 +/- 0.1%, P < 0.05). We conclude that immature monocytes released from the marrow by pneumonia sequester rapidly in lung microvessels but their migration in pneumonic airspaces is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Goto
- McDonald Research Laboratories and iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6 Canada
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16
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Takeshita K, Bacon KB, Gantner F. Critical role of L-selectin and histamine H4 receptor in zymosan-induced neutrophil recruitment from the bone marrow: comparison with carrageenan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:272-80. [PMID: 14996947 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.063776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymosan and carrageenan represent two inflammatory stimuli leading to significant neutrophilia when injected into mice. Despite several similarities between the two proinflammatory agents, the mechanisms leading to neutrophil influx into the site of stimulus injection are unclear. As demonstrated by antibody (Ab) studies directed against adhesion molecules, L-selectin was pivotal for zymosan-induced but not carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Zymosan but not carrageenan injection into the pleural cavity caused blood neutrophilia and significant release of neutrophils from the bone marrow, events that were inhibited by anti-L-selectin but not anti-Mac-1 Ab pretreatment. Pertussis toxin, known to regulate cell efflux, abrogated both zymosan- and carrageenan-induced pleurisy, but only zymosan-induced neutrophil release from the bone marrow. Dexamethasone, known to inhibit pleurisy induced by either stimulus, had no effect on bone marrow neutrophil numbers. The G(i/o) G protein-coupled H4 histamine receptor is highly expressed in the bone marrow and on leukocytes and plays an important role in zymosan-induced pleurisy in vivo. Zymosan-triggered neutrophil release from bone marrow was abrogated by pretreatment of mice with thioperamide, a known H(3/4) receptor antagonist, whereas H1 and H2 receptor antagonists had no effect. Moreover, histamine itself, when injected intravenously, led to a similar time- and dose-dependent decrease of neutrophil numbers in the bone marrow that was inhibited by thioperamide. Because the H3 receptor is not expressed on neutrophils, these findings indicate that both H4 and L-selectin regulate zymosan-induced neutrophil release from bone marrow and subsequent infiltration in the pleurisy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeshita
- Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Research Center Kyoto, Respiratory Diseases Research, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Weber PSD, Toelboell T, Chang LC, Tirrell JD, Saama PM, Smith GW, Burton JL. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced down-regulation of neutrophil L-selectin in cattle: evidence for effects at the gene-expression level and primarily on blood neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:815-27. [PMID: 14761937 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1003505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is down-regulation of surface L-selectin on circulating neutrophils. However, it is unclear if this is a result of release of affected bone marrow neutrophils or if the steroid has direct effects on L-selectin expression in existing blood neutrophils. We recently demonstrated that circulating neutrophils from cattle with high blood concentrations of endogenous glucocorticoid had reduced L-selectin mRNA, suggesting that the steroid interrupted L-selectin gene expression. In the current study, dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to cattle in vivo, and blood and bone marrow neutrophils were studied simultaneously within the animal to determine which pool of cells responds to glucocorticoids with inhibited L-selectin expression. Purified blood neutrophils were also treated with DEX +/- RU486 in vitro, and glucocorticoid effects on L-selectin expression were determined. Our results indicate that glucocorticoid-induced suppression of L-selectin, which accompanies neutrophilia, is likely mediated by direct effects of glucocorticoid receptor activation on intracellular reservoirs of L-selectin mRNA and protein in cattle, predominantly in blood neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty S D Weber
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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18
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Sato Y, Goto Y, Sato S, Endo S, Sohara Y. Continuous subcutaneous injection reduces polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L143-8. [PMID: 14527931 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00248.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for recovery from neutropenia has been established; however, acute lung injury due to G-CSF-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activation is a serious complication. This study was designed to compare the activation of PMN with single bolus administration and continuous administration of G-CSF. Healthy volunteers (age 33.8 ± 1.4 yr; n = 6) received a single bolus injection of 50 μm/m2of G-CSF (SI; n = 6) or continuous subcutaneous injection of 50 μm/m2of G-CSF for 24 h (CI; n = 6) and were followed for 48 h. Circulating leukocyte counts, markers of activation on PMN, and circulating levels of G-CSF, IL-6, and PMN elastase were measured. SI rapidly increased serum G-CSF levels, which peaked at 4 h, whereas CI gradually increased G-CSF levels, which remained at a steady level from 8 to 24 h. SI caused a rapid decrease in PMN counts at 0.5 h followed by sustained increase to peak at 12 h. CI gradually increased PMN counts, which peaked at 24 h, but the peak values were not significantly different between the groups. SI-induced activation of PMN, which was characterized by increased expression of CD11b, decreased expression of L-selectin, and increased F-actin content, led to increases in serum IL-6 and PMN elastase level. Such changes were all attenuated with CI ( P < 0.05). We conclude that continuous subcutaneous injection of G-CSF resulted in a marrow response similar to that to a single injection but yielded reduced PMN activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sato
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Minamikawachi, Kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Neutrophils use cell surface molecules to communicate with their external environment. These molecules are markers reflecting neutrophil development, activation status and cell function. They are also critically important in controlling neutrophil behavior. Targeting these cell surface molecules is an attractive approach in the treatment of neutrophil-mediated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaddin Mahmudi-Azer
- Senior Post-Doctoral fellow, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, U.B.C. McDonald Research Laboratory & iCAPTURE Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Stephan F van Eeden
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, U.B.C. McDonald Research Laboratory & iCAPTURE Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver BC, Canada
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20
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Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Riccobono L, Profita M, Bonanno A, Paternò A, Di Giorgi R, Chimenti L, Abate P, Mirabella F, Maurizio Vignola A, Bonsignore G. Airway cells after swimming outdoors or in the sea in nonasthmatic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1146-52. [PMID: 12840635 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000074581.08023.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marathon runners and elite swimmers showed increased inflammatory cells in the airways at baseline. Although airway neutrophils increase further after a marathon race, the airway response to swimming is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of swimming on airway cells. To avoid the concomitant effects of chronic exposure to chlorine, the study was conducted in seven nonasthmatic swimmers [mean age (SD): 23.3 +/- 7.7 yr, training: 32 +/- 15 km.wk-1] habitually training in an outdoor pool (OP), i.e., a low-chlorine environment. METHODS Spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide (NO), induced sputum, and peripheral blood samples were obtained at baseline, after a 5-km trial in OP, and after a 5-km race in the sea (S), i.e., hypertonic airway exposure. RESULTS Airway neutrophil differential counts at baseline were higher in swimmers than in sedentary controls (N = 10), but cell counts, neutrophil elastase, and eosinophil cationic protein were unaffected by 5-km swimming. After swimming, L-selectin expression on airway cells decreased, suggesting exercise-induced cell mobilization into the airways and/or direct effects of hyperventilation on airway cells. After S, airway eosinophil differential counts increased slightly. Exhaled NO concentration was 19 +/- 6 ppb at baseline, 8 +/- 4 ppb after OP, and 21 +/- 7 ppb after S (P < 0.005 for OP vs baseline and S). CONCLUSIONS In swimmers not chronically exposed to high chlorine concentrations, data obtained at baseline suggest a direct relationship between airway neutrophilia and endurance training. The low L-selectin expression by airway cells postexercise suggests hyperventilation-induced cell recruitment or modulation of cell function. Hypertonic exposure of airways during exercise may slightly increase airway eosinophils and exhaled NO. Overall, 5-km swimming exerted smaller effects on airway cells than running a marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute of Medicine and Pneumology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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21
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Yoshimura Y, Hiramatsu Y, Sato Y, Homma S, Enomoto Y, Kikuchi Y, Sakakibara Y. Activated neutrophils and platelet microaggregates impede blood filterability through microchannels during simulated extracorporeal circulation. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:1254-60. [PMID: 12683572 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil sequestration and platelet microaggregates in organ capillaries have been implicated in the inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. We examined the filterability of neutrophils and platelet microaggregates through silicon microchannels during simulated extracorporeal circulation. We hypothesize that blood contact with artificial surfaces over time decreases the ability of neutrophils, platelets, and their aggregates to pass through microchannels. METHODS Fresh human blood from donors (n = 9) was recirculated for 120 minutes in a simulated extracorporeal circuit. Blood samples were obtained from a donor at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of recirculation. The microchannel transit time and the flow behavior of blood cells were evaluated by a silicon microchannel array flow analyzer. CD11b, L-selectin, and F-actin of neutrophils were measured by flow cytometry. Neutrophil and platelet counts and platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate were measured. RESULTS The microchannel transit time was prolonged during recirculation, reaching 185.9% +/- 25.6% of baseline at 120 minutes. The video microscope showed that neutrophils and platelet microaggregates plugged the microchannels. CD11b, L-selectin, and F-actin levels changed significantly by 120 minutes. Platelet counts decreased and platelet aggregability was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Simulated extracorporeal circulation caused a progressive loss in the ability of neutrophils, platelets, and their aggregates to pass through the microchannels independent of neutrophil adhesion molecule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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22
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Sato Y, Hiramatsu Y, Homma S, Sato S, Onizuka M, Sakakibara Y. Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a simulated extracorporeal circulation model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:172-7. [PMID: 12539001 DOI: 10.1067/mtc.2003.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the risk of multiorgan injuries mediated by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phosphodiesterase type 4 is the predominant phosphodiesterase isozyme in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plays a key role in the regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, on the functional changes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by using simulated extracorporeal circulation. METHODS Simulated extracorporeal circulation was established by recirculating heparinized human blood for 120 minutes on a membrane oxygenator with and without 10 micro mol/L rolipram. F-actin content and L-selectin and CD11b expression of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were measured by means of flow cytometry. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability was evaluated with a microchannel array flow analyzer that had a similar diameter as the capillaries. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase was measured with an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Rolipram reduced the increase of F-actin content of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the increase of transit time of 100 micro L of blood sample through a microchannel. Rolipram reduced the increase of CD11b expression and the decrease of L-selectin expression of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Rolipram reduced the release of elastase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. CONCLUSION Rolipram inhibited the deformability change mediated by F-actin assembly, the changes in adhesion molecules, and the release of elastase from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in simulated extracorporeal circulation. This study suggests that phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition could be a feasible therapeutic strategy to prevent the exaggerated inflammatory response related to cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sato
- University of Tsukuba, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba, Japan.
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23
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Yagi Y, Shiono H, Shibahara T, Chikayama Y, Nakamura I, Ohnuma A. Increase in apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils in peripheral blood after intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:115-25. [PMID: 12383643 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A transient increase in apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) as revealed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl, transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique in bovine jugular and milk vein blood was observed 4 h after intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (jugular vein; before infusion 10.1%, 4h 58.3%: milk vein; before infusion 13.2%, 4 h 76.6%) decrease in PMA-induced oxidative bursts of PMNs was also observed during the same period and continued until 8 h after the infusion. TUNEL-positive cells showed an intention of a Comet tail as detected by a single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) and the morphological apoptotic future, though DNA fragmentation was not clearly detected. A definite decrease in peripheral PMNs and a marked increase in PMNs in the LPS-infused teat cistern were observed during the same period. The migration of milk vein blood-derived PMN and the expression of adhesion receptors (L-selectin and CD18) on PMN were suppressed, accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cells. TUNEL-positive PMN observed in normal animals showed a reduced migration capacity. The increase in apoptotic PMNs observed in the LPS-infused cattle was thought to be due to the remaining intravenous spontaneous apoptotic cells existing under the normal condition (the aging cell), and this increase appeared to lower the expression of adhesion receptors and the migration capacity. Decreased PMA-induced oxidative burst activity in PMN was thought to be derived from these aging cells and immature band cells appearing in the circulation as a subsequent event of leukopenia and/or severe stress associated with mastitis. The results from the present study indicate the possibility that the function of PMN in the circulation at early stages of bovine mastitis is regulated by the kinetics of PMN aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Yagi
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsuigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan.
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24
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van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. Systemic inflammatory response induced by particulate matter air pollution: the importance of bone-marrow stimulation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:1597-613. [PMID: 12396870 DOI: 10.1080/00984100290071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the level of particulate air pollution (PM(10)) and the mortality and morbidity rates from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is well established, but the biological mechanisms responsible for these associations are still unclear. The injurious effects of particulate air pollution may be either local (in the lung) or systemic. Bone-marrow release of leukocytes and platelets is an important component of the systemic inflammatory response. We have developed methods to quantify bone-marrow stimulation and showed in animals that acute exposure to ambient particles accelerates the transit of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) through the marrow whereas chronic exposure expands the size of the bone marrow pool of PMN. Human studies showed that an episode of severe air pollution stimulates the bone marrow in a manner similar to that observed in animals. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that alveolar macrophage produce the mediators implicated in the bone marrow response to ambient particles. Cytokines produced in the lung due to deposition of ambient particles also appear in the circulation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that PMN recently released from the bone marrow preferentially sequester in pulmonary capillaries, are less chemotactic, and contain more damaging granular enzymes, all factors that potentate their ability to damage alveolar tissue. In animals that naturally develop atherosclerosis, deposition of ambient particles in the lung causes progression of atherosclerotic plaques with phenotypic changes in atherosclerotic plaques characteristic of lesions vulnerable to rupture. We conclude that exposure to ambient particulate matter air pollution induces a systemic inflammatory response that includes the release of inflammatory mediators into the circulation that stimulate the bone marrow to release leukocytes and platelets. We postulate that this systemic response to particulate air pollution augments lung inflammation and changes the phenotype of atherosclerotic plaques to make them more vulnerable to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F van Eeden
- McDonald Research Laboratory and iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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25
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Suwa T, Hogg JC, Quinlan KB, Van Eeden SF. The effect of interleukin-6 on L-selectin levels on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H879-84. [PMID: 12181114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00185.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) shortens the transit time of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) through the marrow and accelerates their release into the circulation. In contrast to other inflammatory stimuli, this response is associated with a decrease in L-selectin levels on circulating PMN. The present study was designed to determine the effect of IL-6 on L-selectin levels of PMN in rabbits. Recombinant human IL-6 (2 microg/kg) caused a decrease in L-selectin levels on circulating PMN 3 to 12 h after treatment (P < 0.05). L-selectin levels decreased on PMN already in the circulation for up to 4 h (P < 0.05), on PMN released from the marrow posttreatment for up to 12 h (P < 0.01) and on PMN in the marrow for up to 6 h (P < 0.05) after IL-6 treatment. We conclude that IL-6 decreases L-selectin levels on circulating PMN by demarginating PMN with low levels of L-selectin and by releasing PMN from the marrow with low levels of L-selectin. We postulate that this prolonged downregulation of L-selectin on circulating PMN could influence their recruitment into inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Suwa
- McDonald Research Laboratory and iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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26
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Diez-Fraile A, Meyer E, Burvenich C. Regulation of adhesion molecules on circulating neutrophils during coliform mastitis and their possible immunomodulation with drugs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 86:1-10. [PMID: 11943325 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fast neutrophil diapedesis has been demonstrated to be critical in coliform mastitis and is determining for the severity of infection. Leukocyte adhesion molecules play a pivotal role in neutrophil recruitment. Two families of cell surface proteins help to regulate the adherence of neutrophils to vascular endothelium: selectins and beta(2)-integrins. Both classes of leukocyte adhesion molecules are reviewed in the context of their dynamic expression around parturition and during acute coliform mastitis. Their potential modulation by commonly used drugs and the therapeutic implications during acute coliform mastitis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Diez-Fraile
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the knowledge of the role of L-selectin, an adhesion molecule that is expressed on the surface of circulating leucocytes, in animal and human physiology and pathophysiology. After a brief discussion on nomenclature and structure, it progresses through the evidence for expression and regulation of L-selectin, cell collection and purification, physiological function and roles. The special role of knock out mice and monoclonal antibodies in determining a role for L-selectin in inflammatory states is described before proceeding to discuss the importance of L-selectin ligands and shed L-selectin. A second section describes a role for L-selectin in pathophysiological states in animals and man, with special reference to trauma, systemic inflammatory syndromes and sepsis. The review concludes with a summary of the potential role of anti-inflammatory medication and L-selectin blockers in the management of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Rainer
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Shatin, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Weber PS, Madsen SA, Smith GW, Ireland JJ, Burton JL. Pre-translational regulation of neutrophil L-selectin in glucocorticoid-challenged cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 83:213-40. [PMID: 11730931 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin (CD62L) gene expression in neutrophils is commonly referred to as "constitutive" because circulating neutrophils require a constant supply of this adhesion molecule for continuous trafficking into peripheral tissues. Under normal circumstances, marginating blood neutrophils and neutrophils that become activated for migration into infected tissues rapidly shed surface CD62L that is ligated to the vascular endothelium. However, this does not shut down CD62L gene expression because these cells continue to express surface CD62L. In contrast, glucocorticoid challenges resulting from stress and hormone injections result in gradual and chronic down-regulation of CD62L on the surface of blood neutrophils. Rather than being associated with migration, this type of CD62L down-regulation associates with pronounced neutrophilia and increased susceptibility to infections. Nothing is currently known about glucocorticoid regulation of CD62L expression in neutrophils. In other cell systems, however, this steroid hormone binds to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that influence expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes at multiple pre-translational levels. Thus, the hypothesis of the present study was that glucocorticoid challenge suppresses CD62L mRNA expression in blood neutrophils. Suppressed CD62L gene expression might help explain the chronic down-regulation of surface CD62L in neutrophils and accompanying neutrophilia. The main objectives of the study were to monitor neutrophil CD62L mRNA abundance before and during subtle and severe glucocorticoid challenges and to determine if CD62L mRNA expression correlates with degree of glucocorticoid challenge. Parturient dairy cows and dexamethasone-treated steers were used as models of subtle and severe (respectively) glucocorticoid challenges. Data presented from both models support the hypothesis and show for the first time that glucocorticoids regulate neutrophil CD62L at a pre-translational level. Results also showed that inhibited CD62L mRNA expression correlated precisely with down-regulated surface expression of CD62L on neutrophils and peak neutrophilia during severe glucocorticoid challenge. Therefore, results of this study indicate that bovine neutrophils are highly sensitive to the blood environment, displaying full capacity to alter CD62L gene expression and trafficking patterns in response to changing glucocorticoid levels. This may serve animals well when heightened inflammatory responses begin to lead to tissue damage, but may be detrimental to overall health if animals are exposed to opportunistic pathogens while stressed or undergoing glucocorticoid therapy. Although this study did not elucidate how glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil CD62L mRNA expression, presented data implicate GR as possibly being involved because neutrophils from cattle in both models expressed GR mRNA. Further in vitro studies using purified populations of neutrophils will be required to determine if GR is directly involved in glucocorticoid regulation of CD62L gene expression and, if so, at what level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Weber
- Department of Animal Science, 1205E Anthony Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Cecic I, Parkins CS, Korbelik M. Induction of systemic neutrophil response in mice by photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:712-20. [PMID: 11723800 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0712:iosnri>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumors elicits a strong, acute inflammatory response characterized by a rapid and massive infiltration of activated neutrophils into the tumor. The present study investigated the impact of PDT on the systemic and local (treatment site) kinetics of neutrophil trafficking and activity in mouse SCCVII and EMT6 tumor models. Differential leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood of treated mice revealed a pronounced neutrophilia developing rapidly after Photofrin porfimer sodium (Photofrin)- or tetra(m-tetrahydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC)-based PDT. Significant neutrophilia was also observed upon PDT treatment of normal dorsal skin but not on the footpad of tumor-free mice. The changes in circulating neutrophil numbers were accompanied by an efflux of these cells from the bone marrow. An increased proportion of cells with high L-selectin (CD62L antigen) expression was found among bone-marrow-residing neutrophils 6-24 h after PDT, and in neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and treated tumors 24 h after therapy. Complement inhibition completely prevented the development of PDT-induced neutrophilia. The results of the present study demonstrate that treatment of solid tumors by PDT induces a strong and protracted increase in systemic neutrophil numbers mediated by complement activation. This reaction reflects rapid and massive mobilization and activation of neutrophils for the destruction of PDT-treated tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cecic
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
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Kylänpää-Bäck ML, Takala A, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Kautiainen H, Jansson SE, Haapiainen R, Repo H. Cellular markers of systemic inflammation and immune suppression in patients with organ failure due to severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:1100-7. [PMID: 11589386 DOI: 10.1080/003655201750422738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data are available on cellular markers of systemic inflammation and immune suppression in early acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to describe the cellular immune inflammatory status of patients with acute pancreatitis in relation to development of organ failure. METHODS Prospective study including 89 patients who presented within 72 h of onset of pain. Fifty-eight of them had mild disease (Grade I group), 19 had severe disease with no organ dysfunction (Grade II group) and 12 had severe disease with organ dysfunction (Grade III group). Serial blood samples were collected on admission and following 2 days. Phagocyte surface markers were analysed using flow cytometry. RESULTS The proportion of HLA-DR-positive monocytes, a marker of immune suppression, and CD11b expression level on neutrophils and monocytes, a marker of systemic inflammation, were related to Grades I-III (P for trend <0.001). In Grade III patients, the proportion of HLA-DR-positive monocytes was low on presentation, or decreased rapidly during follow-up, whereas CD11b expression levels were persistently high. L-selectin and monocyte CD14 expression levels were not related to disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Immune suppression develops early, rapidly and unexpectedly in patients with acute pancreatitis. Monitoring immune inflammatory status may provide the means by which to identify patients who benefit from biological response modifier therapy.
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Teeling JL, Bleeker WK, Rigter GM, van Rooijen N, Kuijpers TW, Hack CE. Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations induce mild activation of neutrophils in vivo via triggering of macrophages--studies in a rat model. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:1031-40. [PMID: 11298603 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use in various immune disorders, the in vivo mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations are not well known. We previously reported that human neutrophils degranulate after incubation with IVIG in vitro as a result of interaction with FcgammaRII. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IVIG might stimulate neutrophils in vivo. Anaesthetized rats received a bolus intravenous injection of IVIG preparations, containing either high (aged IVIG) or low (fresh IVIG) amounts or IgG dimers at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Administration of aged IVIG induced neutrophil activation in vivo, whereas no effect was observed after infusion of fresh IVIG. Histological examination of lung tissue demonstrated mild influx of neutrophils into the pulmonary tissue after aged IVIG administration, though gross damage did not occur. Macrophage-depleted rats no longer showed activation of neutrophils after infusion of aged IVIG, suggesting that neutrophils become activated via an indirect macrophage dependent way. We conclude that IVIG induces a mild activation of neutrophils in vivo via triggering of macrophages depending on the amount of IgG dimers. For this reason, IVIG preparations with a high content of dimers may not always be as harmless as generally believed and may be responsible for some of the side-effects observed during IVIG infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Teeling
- Central Laboratory of The Netherlands' Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Paret G, Prince T, Keller N, Dagan O, Sasson Y, Barzilai A, Guthmann D, Barzilay Z. Plasma-soluble E-selectin after cardiopulmonary bypass in children: is it a marker of the postoperative course? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000; 14:433-7. [PMID: 10972611 DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2000.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship and possible role of soluble adhesion molecule E-selectin in the postoperative course in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen children who were candidates for cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serial blood samples of 13 CPB patients were collected from the arterial catheter or from the bypass circuits preoperatively; on initiation of CPB; on termination of CPB; and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Plasma was recovered immediately, aliquoted, and frozen at -70 degrees C until use. Circulating soluble selectin molecules were measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. There were significant changes in plasma levels of soluble E-selectins in patients after CPB, and these levels were associated with patient characteristics, operative variables, and postoperative course. Soluble E-selectin correlated significantly with inotropic support and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. There was a significant association between the development of postoperative sepsis and soluble E-selectin levels. No correlation was found between soluble E-selectins and duration of CPB, aortic cross-clamping, or hemodynamic variables, including heart rate and mean systemic arterial pressure. CONCLUSION These results suggest a relationship between CPB-induced mediators and early and late clinical effects. Although the mechanism for the increase of soluble E-selectin remains to be elucidated, the upregulation of soluble E-selectin indicates neutrophil activation, and its inhibition may represent a target for reducing the inflammatory response associated with CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paret
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Barton AE, Bayley DL, Mikami M, Llewellyn-Jones CG, Stockley RA. Phenotypic changes in neutrophils related to anti-inflammatory therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1500:108-18. [PMID: 10564723 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from the group has shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents given to volunteers and patients inhibit PMN function possibly by affecting the developing neutrophil during the differentiation process. In this study indomethacin treatment in vivo reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and proteolytic degradation of fibronectin, with a maximal effect after 14 days. Stimulated neutrophil adherence to fibronectin was also reduced but this was not due to quantitative changes in beta(2) integrin expression or function. L-Selectin expression on resting and stimulated neutrophils was increased after 14 days and there was a small decrease in plasma levels of soluble L-selectin. These effects, however, could not be reproduced by treatment of neutrophils with indomethacin in vitro, suggesting they are due to effects on differentiating/maturing PMNs. In an attempt to interpret these changes, studies were performed with dexamethasone, which is known to alter neutrophil function and kinetics. Dexamethasone treatment reduced chemotaxis and increased superoxide generation after 1 day and was associated with increased expression of activated beta(2) integrins and reduced L-selectin expression on resting neutrophils. This suggests the appearance of mainly 'activated' cells as a result of demargination and indicates that the effects of indomethacin are distinctive and not related to changes in compartmentalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barton
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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van Eeden SF, Klut ME, Walker BA, Hogg JC. The use of flow cytometry to measure neutrophil function. J Immunol Methods 1999; 232:23-43. [PMID: 10618507 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important professional phagocytic cells that provide the host with a first line of defense against acute bacterial and fungal diseases and recurrent, severe or unusual infections are associated with inherited defects of neutrophil function. Furthermore, abundant evidence links inappropriate neutrophil-mediated tissue damage to the pathogenesis of conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia with multiorgan failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury and rheumatoid arthritis. Flow cytometry has been increasingly used to evaluate the functional capabilities of neutrophils. In this review, we discuss the use of flow cytometry to assess neutrophil functional responses including calcium mobilization, F-actin assembly, adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The use of flow cytometry to identify neutrophil priming is also discussed. The advantage of flow cytometry is that the majority of neutrophil functions can be measured using a small volume of whole blood that reduces artifactual changes in function caused by purification procedures. The advent of numerous new fluorochromes and multiparametric analysis allows the simultaneous measurement of several neutrophil functions in the same population of cells. Flow cytometric analysis provides a rapid screen for abnormalities of neutrophil function and reflects more accurately their behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F van Eeden
- Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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van Eeden SF, Kitagawa Y, Sato Y, Hogg JC. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes released from the bone marrow and acute lung injury. Chest 1999; 116:43S-46S. [PMID: 10424588 DOI: 10.1378/chest.116.suppl_1.43s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S F van Eeden
- UBC, Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
Abstract
When active bone marrow release is induced by inflammatory stimuli, it is associated with an increase in L-selectin expression on circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). This contrasts sharply with glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis that is associated with decreased L-selectin expression on PMN. The present study was designed to determine if the reduced L-selectin expression observed after glucocorticoid treatment is the result of suppression of L-selectin synthesis in the bone marrow. New Zealand white rabbits treated with dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg, a single dose intravenously) were shown to have decreased L-selectin expression on circulating PMN 12 to 24 hours after treatment (P < .01) with a return to baseline levels by 48 hours. When dexamethasone was administered 48 hours after the bone marrow PMN were pulse labeled with the thymidine analogue, 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), L-selectin expression on BrdU-labeled PMN released from the bone marrow was decreased (P< .01). Dexamethasone decreased L-selectin expression on segmented PMN in the bone marrow (P < .05) but not on PMN already in the circulation. We conclude that glucocorticoids decrease L-selectin expression on circulating PMN by downregulating L-selectin expression in the maturation pool of bone marrow and speculate that this is an important glucocorticoid effect that influences the recruitment of PMN into inflammatory sites.
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Abstract
When active bone marrow release is induced by inflammatory stimuli, it is associated with an increase in L-selectin expression on circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). This contrasts sharply with glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis that is associated with decreased L-selectin expression on PMN. The present study was designed to determine if the reduced L-selectin expression observed after glucocorticoid treatment is the result of suppression of L-selectin synthesis in the bone marrow. New Zealand white rabbits treated with dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg, a single dose intravenously) were shown to have decreased L-selectin expression on circulating PMN 12 to 24 hours after treatment (P < .01) with a return to baseline levels by 48 hours. When dexamethasone was administered 48 hours after the bone marrow PMN were pulse labeled with the thymidine analogue, 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), L-selectin expression on BrdU-labeled PMN released from the bone marrow was decreased (P< .01). Dexamethasone decreased L-selectin expression on segmented PMN in the bone marrow (P < .05) but not on PMN already in the circulation. We conclude that glucocorticoids decrease L-selectin expression on circulating PMN by downregulating L-selectin expression in the maturation pool of bone marrow and speculate that this is an important glucocorticoid effect that influences the recruitment of PMN into inflammatory sites.
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van Eeden SF, Granton J, Hards JM, Moore B, Hogg JC. Expression of the cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes that demarginate during acute maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 86:970-6. [PMID: 10066712 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary vascular bed is an important reservoir for the marginated pool of leukocytes that can be mobilized by exercise or catecholamines. This study was designed to determine the phenotypic characteristics of leukocytes that are mobilized into the circulation during exercise. Twenty healthy volunteers performed incremental exercise to exhaustion [maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max)] on a cycle ergometer. Blood was collected at baseline, at 3-min intervals during exercise, at VO2 max, and 30 min after exercise. Total white cell, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), and lymphocyte counts increased with exercise to VO2 max (P < 0.05). Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mean fluorescence intensity of L-selectin on PMN (from 14.9 +/- 1 at baseline to 9.5 +/- 1.6 at VO2 max, P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (from 11.7 +/- 1.2 at baseline to 8 +/- 0.8 at VO2 max, P < 0.05) decreased with exercise. Mean fluorescence intensity of CD11b on PMN increased with exercise (from 10.2 +/- 0.6 at baseline to 25 +/- 2.5 at VO2 max, P < 0.002) but remained unchanged on lymphocytes. Myeloperoxidase levels in PMN did not change with exercise. In vitro studies showed that neither catecholamines nor plasma collected at VO2 max during exercise changed leukocyte L-selectin or CD11b levels. We conclude that PMN released from the marginated pool during exercise express low levels of L-selectin and high levels of CD11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F van Eeden
- Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6.
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Abstract
During the inflammatory response, triggered by cardiopulmonary bypass, interaction between activated leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells is mediated through the expression of three main groups of adhesion molecules: the selectins, the integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. The selectins, which mediate the initial rolling of the leukocyte on the endothelium, are divided in three subgroups: L-selectin is expressed on all three leukocyte types, P-selectin is expressed on platelets and endothelial cells, and E-selectin is only expressed on endothelial cells. Integrins can be found on most cell types, consist of an alpha and a beta subunit and mediate firm adhesion of the leukocyte and migration into the tissues. They are classified into subgroups according to the type of their beta subunit. Immunoglobulins such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are expressed mainly on endothelium and act as ligands for certain integrins. This review article summarizes the existing, and rapidly expanding, literature concerning the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the expression of leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules. Deeper understanding of the, behavior and the role of adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary bypass may facilitate effective intervention in the inflammatory response process and suppression of its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asimakopoulos
- Cardiothoracic Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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Proulx F, Turgeon JP, Litalien C, Mariscalco MM, Robitaille P, Seidman E. Inflammatory mediators in Escherichia coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:899-904. [PMID: 9802632 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199810000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental data suggest that the inflammatory response of the host to verotoxin and/or lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli is involved in the pathophysiology of verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) infections. METHODS We measured the circulating concentrations of cytokines [TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1-beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10] and soluble leukocyte adhesion molecules (L-selectin, P-selectin, E-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay among (1) normal controls (n = 12), (2) disease controls with hemorrhagic colitis (HC) not associated with VTEC infections (n = 57), (3) patients with uncomplicated HC caused by E. coli O157:H7 (n = 30), and (4) children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) (n = 28). Patients with HUS were matched with children who presented an uncomplicated HC caused by E. coli O157:H7 for the time interval elapsed between the onset of HC and that of blood sample collection. RESULTS Concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta were undetectable. Children with HUS were characterized by increased amounts of IL-6 and IL-8, lower values of soluble L-selectin as well as increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1Ra. The circulating concentrations of IL-1Ra were higher among children with O157:H7 HC who subsequently developed HUS. CONCLUSIONS Increased pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine responses are produced by the host during the development of HUS among children with VTEC infections. Further studies are needed to determine their relative contribution to the pathophysiology of classic HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Proulx
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Complement Fragment-Induced Release of Neutrophils From Bone Marrow and Sequestration Within Pulmonary Capillaries in Rabbits. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.1.283.413a04_283_290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion of complement fragments induces rapid sequestration of neutrophils within the pulmonary capillaries. This study examined the contributions of the bone marrow (BM) and the liver to the accumulation of neutrophils within the lungs. Complement fragments induced the release of neutrophils from the BM within 7 minutes of infusion, and these neutrophils sequestered in the lungs immediately upon reaching the pulmonary capillaries. Neutrophils expressing high levels of L-selectin were preferentially retained within the pulmonary microvasculature. By 30 minutes after the infusion was stopped, the circulating neutrophil counts had increased, primarily because of release from the BM. The number of neutrophils sequestered in the lung had decreased by only 27%, and the number of neutrophils in the liver increased by 223%. These studies indicate that complement fragments induce the release of neutrophils from the BM far more rapidly than previously described. These newly released neutrophils immediately sequester within the lung, increasing the number of neutrophils available to injure the lung many fold beyond the number that were circulating before infusion. The preferential retention of L-selectin–expressing neutrophils likely reflects the requirement for L-selectin–mediated adhesion in maintaining sequestered neutrophils within the pulmonary microvasculature. The number of circulating neutrophils reflects a balance between pulmonary sequestration, rapid release from the BM, and uptake by the liver and other organs.
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Sato Y, van Eeden SF, English D, Hogg JC. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: bone marrow release and pulmonary sequestration of neutrophils. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:501-9. [PMID: 9504579 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199803000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutrophils have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. The characteristics of the population of neutrophils that injure the lung are still not known. This study was designed to compare the bone marrow release and lung sequestration of neutrophils during bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with nonbacteremic pneumonia and isolated bacteremia. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, experimental study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Female New Zealand white rabbits (n = 17; weight 2.3 to 2.7 kg). INTERVENTIONS The rabbits were pretreated with intravenous 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU 100 mg/kg i.v.) to pulse label dividing neutrophils in the bone marrow. Twenty hours after the treatment with BrdU, the rabbits were anesthetized and pneumonia was induced by instilling Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.5 x 10(9) organisms) into the lower lobe of the lung. Four hours after pneumonia, bacteremia was induced by infusing S. pneumoniae (3.0 x 10(9) organisms) into the circulation (pneumonia + bacteremia: n = 6). These animals were compared with those with just pneumonia (n = 5) or bacteremia (n = 6). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS White blood cell, neutrophil, and differential count. BrdU-labeled neutrophils (neutrophilBrdU) were identified using immunohistochemistry. Cells in tissues were examined microscopically, using sequential level stereologic analysis. The pneumonia + bacteremia group developed a leukopenia (7.3 +/- 0.7 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(9)/L) following the bacteremia that was associated with an increase in circulating band cells and neutrophilBrdU (2.3 +/- 0.8% to 33.5 +/- 2.8%) which were both higher than those in the other groups (p < .005). Bone marrow smears showed accelerated maturation of neutrophils in the pneumonia + bacteremia group (neutrophilBrdU increased from 11.6 +/- 1.0 to 45.3 +/- 2.1%). Morphometric studies of the lung showed increased neutrophil sequestration in the untreated lung tissue of the pneumonia + bacteremia group (16 +/- 0.8 x 10(8)/mL tissue) compared with the pneumonia (6.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(8)/mL tissue) and bacteremia (12 +/- 0.6 x 10(8)/mL tissue) groups (p < .0001). NeutrophilBrdU preferentially sequester in the lungs of all groups but were slow to migrate into the alveolar air spaces (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS During bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia there is an accelerated maturation of neutrophils in the bone marrow with an enhanced release of neutrophils into the circulation. These newly released neutrophils preferentially sequester in lung microvessels but are slow to migrate into the alveolar air space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- University of British Columbia Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
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Tanji-Matsuba K, van Eeden SF, Saito Y, Okazawa M, Klut ME, Hayashi S, Hogg JC. Functional changes in aging polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Circulation 1998; 97:91-8. [PMID: 9443436 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the expression of L-selectin on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) decreases as the cell ages in the circulation and that these older PMN have more fragmented DNA and show morphological features of apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study was designed to compare the functional capabilities of PMN expressing low levels of L-selectin (L-selectin[low]) and the total population of PMN they were isolated from (L-selectin[mixed]). The results show no difference of the baseline filamentous actin (F-actin) content between PMN expressing low and high levels of L-selectin. However, the ability of L-selectin(low) PMN to assemble F-actin was impaired after stimulation by n-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) (1 nmol/L fMLP: P<.02, 10 nmol/L fMLP: P<.01). The ability of L-selectin(low) PMN to change shape when stimulated (10 nmol/L fMLP) was also decreased (P<.05). Filtration studies showed no difference in baseline deformability between L-selectin(low) and L-selectin(mixed) leukocytes, but the L-selectin(low) cells showed a decreased ability to stiffen after fMLP stimulation (P<.05). L-selectin(low) cells demonstrated a decreased ability to migrate toward a chemoattractant (1, 3, and 10 nmol/L fMLP) (P<.004) but have an enhanced ability to upregulate CD18 (P<.00002) and produce hydrogen peroxide (P<.00004). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PMN undergo substantial functional changes as they age in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanji-Matsuba
- University of British Columbia, Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Waisman D, Van Eeden SF, Hogg JC, Solimano A, Massing B, Bondy GP. L-selectin expression on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes in premature infants: reduced expression after dexamethasone treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1998; 132:53-6. [PMID: 9470000 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of dexamethasone on the expression of the adhesion molecule L-selectin on circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs) and monocytes from premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Nineteen infants who received dexamethasone (Dex group) and 28 who did not receive dexamethasone (no Dex group) were studied. L-selectin expression, measured as mean fluorescence intensity, was lower on circulating PMLs (5.7 +/- 0.6 vs 10.6 +/- 0.7, p < 0.001) and monocytes (7.9 +/- 0.9 vs 12.5 +/- 0.9, p < 0.02) isolated from those who had received dexamethasone. Because L-selectin is important for the recruitment of PMLs to inflammatory foci in the lungs, we speculate that one of the mechanisms by which dexamethasone reduces inflammation in BPD is by impairing the ability of leukocytes to migrate into the BPD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Waisman
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Høgevold HE, Moen O, Fosse E, Venge P, Bråten J, Andersson C, Lyberg T. Effects of heparin coating on the expression of CD11b, CD11c and CD62L by leucocytes in extracorporeal circulation in vitro. Perfusion 1997; 12:9-20. [PMID: 9131716 DOI: 10.1177/026765919701200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucocyte adhesion molecules are involved in the leucocyte-endothelial interaction and in the activation of coagulation and binding of complement and endotoxin. Thus, they are important in inflammation, systemic acute phase reaction, ischaemia reperfusion injury and resistance against infections. The expression of the adhesion molecules CD11b, CD11c and CD62L on leucocytes and changes in plasma products of neutrophil activation (myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin) and complement activation (C3bc, SC5b-9 (TCC)) were examined in an extracorporeal circulation (ECC) model and the effects of Carmeda bioactive surface (CBAS) heparin coating (n = 7) of the circuits were compared to uncoated control circuits (n = 5). In this model, new 'unactivated' cells mobilized from the bone marrow could not interfere with descriptive measures of cell activation as seen in in vivo studies. In the control group, CD11b and CD11c were upregulated on monocytes and granulocytes during ECC, whereas CD62L was downregulated. Heparin coating reduced the increase in CD11b and CD11c on granulocytes (p < 0.02 at 2 h), but the delayed increase in CD11c on monocytes and the delayed downregulation of CD62L on granulocytes and monocytes did not reach statistical significance. Further, heparin coating also reduced the initial decrease in the absolute cell counts of monocytes and granulocytes (p = 0.01 at 2 h), reflecting reduced adhesion to the oxygenator/tubing. The increases in plasma myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, C3bc and TCC were lower in the heparin-coated group compared to the control group. The increases in plasma myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin correlated significantly to the increase in CD11b (r = 0.71, p = 0.02 and r = 0.64, p = 0.05, respectively) and CD11c (r = 0.72, p = 0.008 and r = 0.72, p = 0.008, respectively) on granulocytes, suggesting interacting regulatory pathways in the process of neutrophil adhesion, activation and degranulation. Thus, in this in vitro ECC model, heparin coating of oxygenator/tubing sets reduced leucocyte activation and leucocyte adhesion-related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Høgevold
- Department of Surgery and Research Forum, Ullevål Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
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