1
|
López-Valdez N, Rojas-Lemus M, Bizarro-Nevares P, González-Villalva A, Casarrubias-Tabarez B, Cervantes-Valencia ME, Ustarroz-Cano M, Morales-Ricardes G, Mendoza-Martínez S, Guerrero-Palomo G, Fortoul TI. The multiple facets of the club cell in the pulmonary epithelium. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:969-982. [PMID: 38329181 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The non-ciliated bronchiolar cell, also referred to as "club cell", serves as a significant multifunctional component of the airway epithelium. While the club cell is a prominent epithelial type found in rodents, it is restricted to the bronchioles in humans. Despite these differences, the club cell's importance remains undisputed in both species due to its multifunctionality as a regulatory cell in lung inflammation and a stem cell in lung epithelial regeneration. The objective of this review is to examine different aspects of club cell morphology and physiology in the lung epithelium, under both normal and pathological conditions, to provide a comprehensive understanding of its importance in the respiratory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly López-Valdez
- Department of Cellular and Tisular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcela Rojas-Lemus
- Department of Cellular and Tisular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Martha Ustarroz-Cano
- Department of Cellular and Tisular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Shamir Mendoza-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Tisular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Teresa I Fortoul
- Department of Cellular and Tisular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertuzzi M, Howell GJ, Thomson DD, Fortune-Grant R, Möslinger A, Dancer P, Van Rhijn N, Motsi N, Codling A, Bignell EM. Epithelial uptake leads to fungal killing in vivo and is aberrant in COPD-derived epithelial cells. iScience 2024; 27:109939. [PMID: 38846001 PMCID: PMC11154633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) are inhaled daily by human beings, representing a constant, possibly fatal, threat to respiratory health. The small size of Af spores suggests that interactions with alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are frequent; thus, we hypothesized that spore uptake by AECs is important for driving fungal killing and susceptibility to Aspergillus-related disease. Using single-cell approaches to measure spore uptake and its outcomes in vivo, we demonstrate that Af spores are internalized and killed by AECs during whole-animal infection. Moreover, comparative analysis of primary human AECs from healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) donors revealed significant alterations in the uptake and killing of spores in COPD-derived AECs. We conclude that AECs contribute to the killing of Af spores and that dysregulation of curative AEC responses in COPD may represent a driver of Aspergillus-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Gareth J. Howell
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Darren D. Thomson
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Rachael Fortune-Grant
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Anna Möslinger
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Patrick Dancer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Norman Van Rhijn
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Natasha Motsi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Alice Codling
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Elaine M. Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Liu Y. Epithelial stem cells and niches in lung alveolar regeneration and diseases. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2024; 2:17-26. [PMID: 38645714 PMCID: PMC11027191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alveoli serve as the functional units of the lungs, responsible for the critical task of blood-gas exchange. Comprising type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells, the alveolar epithelium is continuously subject to external aggressors like pathogens and airborne particles. As such, preserving lung function requires both the homeostatic renewal and reparative regeneration of this epithelial layer. Dysfunctions in these processes contribute to various lung diseases. Recent research has pinpointed specific cell subgroups that act as potential stem or progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium during both homeostasis and regeneration. Additionally, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells synergistically establish a nurturing microenvironment-or "niche"-that modulates these epithelial stem cells. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on the identities of these stem cells and the components of their niche, as well as the molecular mechanisms that govern them. Additionally, this article highlights diseases that arise due to perturbations in stem cell-niche interactions. We also discuss recent technical innovations that have catalyzed these discoveries. Specifically, this review underscores the heterogeneity, plasticity, and dynamic regulation of these stem cell-niche systems. It is our aspiration that a deeper understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alveolar homeostasis and regeneration will open avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pribluda A, Daemen A, Lima AN, Wang X, Hafner M, Poon C, Modrusan Z, Katakam AK, Foreman O, Eastham J, Hung J, Haley B, Garcia JT, Jackson EL, Junttila MR. EHMT2 methyltransferase governs cell identity in the lung and is required for KRAS G12D tumor development and propagation. eLife 2022; 11:57648. [PMID: 35983994 PMCID: PMC9439681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development, integrity and repair rely on precise Wnt signaling, which is corrupted in diverse diseases, including cancer. Here, we discover that EHMT2 methyltransferase regulates Wnt signaling in the lung by controlling the transcriptional activity of chromatin-bound β-catenin, through a non-histone substrate in mouse lung. Inhibition of EHMT2 induces transcriptional, morphologic, and molecular changes consistent with alveolar type 2 (AT2) lineage commitment. Mechanistically, EHMT2 activity functions to support regenerative properties of KrasG12D tumors and normal AT2 cells—the predominant cell of origin of this cancer. Consequently, EHMT2 inhibition prevents KrasG12D lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor formation and propagation and disrupts normal AT2 cell differentiation. Consistent with these findings, low gene EHMT2 expression in human LUAD correlates with enhanced AT2 gene expression and improved prognosis. These data reveal EHMT2 as a critical regulator of Wnt signaling, implicating Ehmt2 as a potential target in lung cancer and other AT2-mediated lung pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Pribluda
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Computational biology, Oric Pharma, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Anthony Nelson Lima
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Marc Hafner
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jefferey Eastham
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jefferey Hung
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Julia T Garcia
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Naranjo S, Cabana CM, LaFave LM, Romero R, Shanahan SL, Bhutkar A, Westcott PMK, Schenkel JM, Ghosh A, Liao LZ, Del Priore I, Yang D, Jacks T. Modeling diverse genetic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma with a next-generation alveolar type 2 organoid platform. Genes Dev 2022; 36:936-949. [PMID: 36175034 PMCID: PMC9575694 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349659.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common histological subtype, accounts for 40% of all cases. While existing genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) recapitulate the histological progression and transcriptional evolution of human LUAD, they are time-consuming and technically demanding. In contrast, cell line transplant models are fast and flexible, but these models fail to capture the full spectrum of disease progression. Organoid technologies provide a means to create next-generation cancer models that integrate the most advantageous features of autochthonous and transplant-based systems. However, robust and faithful LUAD organoid platforms are currently lacking. Here, we describe optimized conditions to continuously expand murine alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, a prominent cell of origin for LUAD, in organoid culture. These organoids display canonical features of AT2 cells, including marker gene expression, the presence of lamellar bodies, and an ability to differentiate into the AT1 lineage. We used this system to develop flexible and versatile immunocompetent organoid-based models of KRAS, BRAF, and ALK mutant LUAD. Notably, organoid-based tumors display extensive burden and complete penetrance and are histopathologically indistinguishable from their autochthonous counterparts. Altogether, this organoid platform is a powerful, versatile new model system to study LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Naranjo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Christina M Cabana
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lindsay M LaFave
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Sean-Luc Shanahan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arkopravo Ghosh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Laura Z Liao
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Isabella Del Priore
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Dian Yang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gokey JJ, Snowball J, Sridharan A, Sudha P, Kitzmiller JA, Xu Y, Whitsett JA. YAP regulates alveolar epithelial cell differentiation and AGER via NFIB/KLF5/NKX2-1. iScience 2021; 24:102967. [PMID: 34466790 PMCID: PMC8383002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventilation is dependent upon pulmonary alveoli lined by two major epithelial cell types, alveolar type-1 (AT1) and 2 (AT2) cells. AT1 cells mediate gas exchange while AT2 cells synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactants and serve as progenitor cells which repair the alveoli. We developed transgenic mice in which YAP was activated or deleted to determine its roles in alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. Postnatal YAP activation increased epithelial cell proliferation, increased AT1 cell numbers, and caused indeterminate differentiation of subsets of alveolar cells expressing atypical genes normally restricted to airway epithelial cells. YAP deletion increased expression of genes associated with mature AT2 cells. YAP activation enhanced DNA accessibility in promoters of transcription factors and motif enrichment analysis predicted target genes associated with alveolar cell differentiation. YAP participated with KLF5, NFIB, and NKX2-1 to regulate AGER. YAP plays a central role in a transcriptional network that regulates alveolar epithelial differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Gokey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John Snowball
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Parvathi Sudha
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph A. Kitzmiller
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng Z, Zhou J, Liu Y, Xia R, Li Q, Yan L, Chen Q, Chen X, Jiang Y, Chao G, Wang M, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xia H. Epithelium- and endothelium-derived exosomes regulate the alveolar macrophages by targeting RGS1 mediated calcium signaling-dependent immune response. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2238-2256. [PMID: 33753901 PMCID: PMC8257848 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) maintain airway immune balance; however, the regulation of heterogeneity of AMs is incompletely understood. We demonstrate that RGS1 coregulates the immunophenotype of AM subpopulations, including pro- and anti-inflammatory, injury- and repair-associated, and pro- and antifibrotic phenotypes, through the PLC-IP3R signal-dependent intracellular Ca2+ response. Flt3+ AMs and Tie2+ AMs had different immune properties, and RGS1 expression in the cells was targeted by exosomes (EXOs) containing miR-223 and miR-27b-3p that were derived from vascular endothelial cells (EnCs) and type II alveolar epithelial cells (EpCs-II), respectively. Imbalance of AMs was correlated with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) caused a lack of secretion of CD31+ and CD74+ EXOs derived from EnCs and EpCs-II. Timely treatment with EXOs significantly improved endotoxin-induced ALI/ARDS and bleomycin-induced PF in mice. Thus, EnC- and EpC-II-derived EXOs regulate the immune balance of AMs and can be used as potential therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Feng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College & Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University-Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College & Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yinhua Liu
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College & Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ruixue Xia
- grid.459620.cDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Li
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Liang Yan
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qun Chen
- grid.452929.1Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- grid.411870.b0000 0001 0063 8301Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Gao Chao
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Microsurgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Wang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- grid.452509.f0000 0004 1764 4566Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- grid.459620.cDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- grid.428392.60000 0004 1800 1685Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongping Xia
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College & Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University-Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China ,grid.459620.cDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Kaifeng, China ,grid.452509.f0000 0004 1764 4566Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ciechanowicz AK, Sielatycka K, Cymer M, Skoda M, Suszyńska M, Bujko K, Ratajczak MZ, Krause DS, Kucia M. Bone Marrow-Derived VSELs Engraft as Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells after Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1570. [PMID: 34206516 PMCID: PMC8303224 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells and bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASC) perform critical regenerative functions in response to lung damage. Published data show that nonhematopoietic, bone marrow-derived "very small embryonic-like stem cells" (VSELs) can differentiate in vivo into surfactant protein C (SPC)-producing AT2 cells in the lung. Here, we test directly whether VSEL-derived BASC and AT2 cells function to produce differentiated progeny. METHODS using a reporter mouse in which the H2B-GFP fusion protein is driven from the murine SPC promoter, we tested whether bone marrow-derived VSELs or non-VSEL/nonhematopoietic stem cells (non-VSEL/non-HSCs) can differentiate into AT2 and BASC cells that function as progenitor cells. Immediately following bleomycin administration, WT recipient mice underwent intravenous administration of VSELs or non-VSEL/non-HSCs from SPC H2B-GFP mice. GFP+ AT2 and BASC were isolated and tested for progenitor activity using in vitro organoid assays. RESULTS after 21 days in vivo, we observed differentiation of VSELs but not non-VSEL/non-HSCs into phenotypic AT2 and BASC consistent with previous data in irradiated recipients. Subsequent in vitro organoid assays revealed that VSEL-derived AT2 and BASC maintained physiological potential for differentiation and self-renewal. CONCLUSION these findings prove that VSELs produce functional BASC and AT2 cells, and this may open new avenues using VSELs to develop effective cell therapy approaches for patients with lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej K. Ciechanowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Monika Cymer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Marta Skoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Malwina Suszyńska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Diane S. Krause
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology and Pathology and the Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06509, USA;
| | - Magdalena Kucia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Ren Z, Joshi N, Watanabe S, Stoeger T, Chi M, Lu Z, Sichizya L, Aillon RP, Chen CI, Soberanes S, Chen Z, Reyfman PA, Walter JM, Anekalla KR, Davis JM, Helmin KA, Runyan CE, Abdala-Valencia H, Nam K, Meliton AY, Winter DR, Morimoto RI, Mutlu GM, Bharat A, Perlman H, Gottardi CJ, Ridge KM, Chandel NS, Sznajder JI, Balch WE, Singer BD, Misharin AV, Budinger GS. The lung microenvironment shapes a dysfunctional response of alveolar macrophages in aging. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140299. [PMID: 33586677 PMCID: PMC7919859 DOI: 10.1172/jci140299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages orchestrate the response to viral infections. Age-related changes in these cells may underlie the differential severity of pneumonia in older patients. We performed an integrated analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq data that revealed homogenous age-related changes in the alveolar macrophage transcriptome in humans and mice. Using genetic lineage tracing with sequential injury, heterochronic adoptive transfer, and parabiosis, we found that the lung microenvironment drove an age-related resistance of alveolar macrophages to proliferation that persisted during influenza A viral infection. Ligand-receptor pair analysis localized these changes to the extracellular matrix, where hyaluronan was increased in aged animals and altered the proliferative response of bone marrow-derived macrophages to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Our findings suggest that strategies targeting the aging lung microenvironment will be necessary to restore alveolar macrophage function in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Stoeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Chi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lango Sichizya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raul Piseaux Aillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ching-I Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Saul Soberanes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhangying Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul A. Reyfman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James M. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kishore R. Anekalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Helmin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Constance E. Runyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kiwon Nam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angelo Y. Meliton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deborah R. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Gökhan M. Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William E. Balch
- The Scripps Research Institute Department of Chemical Physiology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Singer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander V. Misharin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G.R. Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mock JR, Dial CF, Tune MK, Gilmore RC, O'Neal WK, Dang H, Doerschuk CM. Impact of Regulatory T Cells on Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cell Transcriptomes during Resolution of Acute Lung Injury and Contributions of IFN-γ. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:464-477. [PMID: 32543909 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0399oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By enhancing tissue repair and modulating immune responses, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play essential roles in resolution from lung injury. The current study investigated the effects that Tregs exert directly or indirectly on the transcriptional profiles of type 2 alveolar epithelial (AT2) cells during resolution in an experimental model of acute lung injury. Purified AT2 cells were isolated from uninjured mice or mice recovering from LPS-induced lung injury, either in the presence of Tregs or in Treg-depleted mice, and transcriptome profiling identified differentially expressed genes. Depletion of Tregs resulted in altered expression of 49 genes within AT2 cells during resolution, suggesting that Tregs present in this microenvironment influence AT2-cell function. Biological processes from Gene Ontology enriched in the absence of Tregs included those describing responses to IFN. Neutralizing IFN-γ in Treg-depleted mice reversed the effect of Treg depletion on inflammatory macrophages and B cells by preventing the increase in inflammatory macrophages and the decrease in B cells. Our results provide insight into the effects of Tregs on AT2 cells. Tregs directly or indirectly impact many AT2-cell functions, including IFN type I and II-mediated signaling pathways. Inhibition of IFN-γ expression and/or function may be one mechanism through which Tregs accelerate resolution after acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Mock
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Marsico Lung Institute, and
| | - Catherine F Dial
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Marsico Lung Institute, and
| | - Miriya K Tune
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Marsico Lung Institute, and
| | | | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Marsico Lung Institute, and
| | | | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Marsico Lung Institute, and.,Center for Airways Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
SCRINSHOT enables spatial mapping of cell states in tissue sections with single-cell resolution. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000675. [PMID: 33216742 PMCID: PMC7717588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell identities and positions underlie tissue development and disease progression. Although single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) methods rapidly generate extensive lists of cell states, spatially resolved single-cell mapping presents a challenging task. We developed SCRINSHOT (Single-Cell Resolution IN Situ Hybridization On Tissues), a sensitive, multiplex RNA mapping approach. Direct hybridization of padlock probes on mRNA is followed by circularization with SplintR ligase and rolling circle amplification (RCA) of the hybridized padlock probes. Sequential detection of RCA-products using fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides profiles thousands of cells in tissue sections. We evaluated SCRINSHOT specificity and sensitivity on murine and human organs. SCRINSHOT quantification of marker gene expression shows high correlation with published scRNA-Seq data over a broad range of gene expression levels. We demonstrate the utility of SCRINSHOT by mapping the locations of abundant and rare cell types along the murine airways. The amenability, multiplexity, and quantitative qualities of SCRINSHOT facilitate single-cell mRNA profiling of cell-state alterations in tissues under a variety of native and experimental conditions. This study presents SCRINSHOT, an amenable, multiplex RNA-mapping method, applicable to a wide variety of tissue types and conditions. It can function quantitatively across a broad range of expression levels and detect even rare cell types, facilitating the creation of digital tissue maps with single-cell resolution.
Collapse
|
12
|
Human Lung Stem Cell-Based Alveolospheres Provide Insights into SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Interferon Responses and Pneumocyte Dysfunction. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:890-904.e8. [PMID: 33128895 PMCID: PMC7577733 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes diffuse alveolar damage leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The absence of ex vivo models of human alveolar epithelium is hindering an understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis. Here, we report a feeder-free, scalable, chemically defined, and modular alveolosphere culture system for the propagation and differentiation of human alveolar type 2 cells/pneumocytes derived from primary lung tissue. Cultured pneumocytes express the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor type-2 (ACE2) and can be infected with virus. Transcriptome and histological analysis of infected alveolospheres mirror features of COVID-19 lungs, including emergence of interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory responses, loss of surfactant proteins, and apoptosis. Treatment of alveolospheres with IFNs recapitulates features of virus infection, including cell death. In contrast, alveolospheres pretreated with low-dose IFNs show a reduction in viral replication, suggesting the prophylactic effectiveness of IFNs against SARS-CoV-2. Human stem cell-based alveolospheres, thus, provide novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and can serve as a model for understanding human respiratory diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Parekh KR, Nawroth J, Pai A, Busch SM, Senger CN, Ryan AL. Stem cells and lung regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C675-C693. [PMID: 32783658 PMCID: PMC7654650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to replace defective cells in an airway with cells that can engraft, integrate, and restore a functional epithelium could potentially cure a number of lung diseases. Progress toward the development of strategies to regenerate the adult lung by either in vivo or ex vivo targeting of endogenous stem cells or pluripotent stem cell derivatives is limited by our fundamental lack of understanding of the mechanisms controlling human lung development, the precise identity and function of human lung stem and progenitor cell types, and the genetic and epigenetic control of human lung fate. In this review, we intend to discuss the known stem/progenitor cell populations, their relative differences between rodents and humans, their roles in chronic lung disease, and their therapeutic prospects. Additionally, we highlight the recent breakthroughs that have increased our understanding of these cell types. These advancements include novel lineage-traced animal models and single-cell RNA sequencing of human airway cells, which have provided critical information on the stem cell subtypes, transition states, identifying cell markers, and intricate pathways that commit a stem cell to differentiate or to maintain plasticity. As our capacity to model the human lung evolves, so will our understanding of lung regeneration and our ability to target endogenous stem cells as a therapeutic approach for lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpaj R Parekh
- Department Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Janna Nawroth
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Albert Pai
- Department Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shana M Busch
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christiana N Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adardour M, Boutafda A, Hdoufane I, Aghraz A, Hafidi M, Zaballos-García E, Cherqaoui D, Baouid A. Efficient and simple synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazolyl-linked benzimidazolone, molecular docking and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1803913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adardour
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Aziz Boutafda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment–MARK Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ismail Hdoufane
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Aghraz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorization of Plant Resources (URAC35 Association unit), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment–MARK Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
- Mohamed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Elena Zaballos-García
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Driss Cherqaoui
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdesselam Baouid
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wculek SK, Bridgeman VL, Peakman F, Malanchi I. Early Neutrophil Responses to Chemical Carcinogenesis Shape Long-Term Lung Cancer Susceptibility. iScience 2020; 23:101277. [PMID: 32619702 PMCID: PMC7334367 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation causing cancer is a key problem in tumor biology and can be triggered by exposure to environmental substances. We investigated whether the cellular composition of a tissue contributes to its predisposition to cancer upon a specific carcinogen. Neutrophils are important immune components involved in cancer progression, but their contribution to generation of transformed cells is elusive. Yet, neutrophil-released reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause tissue damage, which potentially favors tumorigenesis. Here, we show that neutrophils contribute directly to neoplastic transformation by amplifying the genotoxicity of urethane in lung cells via ROS. Neutrophil-driven ROS-dependent DNA damage is timely restricted to urethane exposure and notably uncoupled from broad tissue damage or inflammation. Neutropenic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Gcsf)-knockout mice show reduced lung tumorigenesis, and forcing neutrophil recruitment only during urethane exposure rescues cancer incidence months later. This study shows that the time-restricted neutrophil response to carcinogens can impact the long-term tissue susceptibility to cancer. Neutrophils amplify urethane-induced DNA damage in the lung during cancer initiation Lung neutrophil-derived ROS drive urethane genotoxicity, but not tissue damage Neutropenic GCSF-ko mice show reduced urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis Forced early neutrophil mobilization rescues carcinogenesis in GCSF-ko mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie K Wculek
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Victoria L Bridgeman
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Freddie Peakman
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Calvert BA, Ryan Firth AL. Application of iPSC to Modelling of Respiratory Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1237:1-16. [PMID: 31468358 PMCID: PMC8274633 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide with an increasing incidence as the aged population prevails. Many lung diseases are treated for symptomatic relief, with no cure available, indicating a critical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Such advances are hampered by a lack of understanding of how human lung pathologies initiate and progress. Research on human lung disease relies on the isolation of primary cells from explanted lungs or the use of immortalized cells, both are limited in their capacity to represent the genomic and phenotypic variability among the population. In an era where we are progressing toward precision medicine the use of patient specific induced pluripotent cells (iPSC) to generate models, where sufficient primary cells and tissues are scarce, has increased our capacity to understand human lung pathophysiology. Directed differentiation of iPSC toward lung presented the initial challenge to overcome in generating iPSC-derived lung epithelial cells. Since then major advances have been made in defining protocols to specify and isolate specific lung lineages, with the generation of airway spheroids and multi cellular organoids now possible. This technological advance has opened up our capacity for human lung research and prospects for autologous cell therapy. This chapter will focus on the application of iPSC to studying human lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Calvert
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy L Ryan Firth
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leeman KT, Pessina P, Lee JH, Kim CF. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increase Alveolar Differentiation in Lung Progenitor Organoid Cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6479. [PMID: 31015509 PMCID: PMC6478947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cell damage and dysfunctional repair play a role in the development of lung disease. Effective repair likely requires the normal functioning of alveolar stem/progenitor cells. For example, we have shown in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) protect against hyperoxic lung injury at least in part by increasing the number of Epcam+ Sca-1+ distal lung epithelial cells. These cells are capable of differentiating into both small airway (CCSP+) and alveolar (SPC+) epithelial cells in three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures. To further understand the interactions between MSC and distal lung epithelial cells, we added MSC to lung progenitor 3D cultures. MSC stimulated Epcam+ Sca-1+ derived organoid formation, increased alveolar differentiation and decreased self-renewal. MSC-conditioned media was sufficient to promote alveolar organoid formation, demonstrating that soluble factors secreted by MSC are likely responsible for the response. This work provides strong evidence of a direct effect of MSC-secreted factors on lung progenitor cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Leeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Carla F Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee D, Chambers M. A bilayer tissue culture model of the bovine alveolus. F1000Res 2019; 8:357. [PMID: 31448101 PMCID: PMC6685456 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18696.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the lung is often the first point of interaction between the host and inhaled pathogens, allergens and medications. Epithelial cells are therefore the main focus of studies which aim to shed light on host-pathogen interactions, to dissect the mechanisms of local host immunity and study toxicology. If these studies are not to be conducted exclusively in vivo, it is imperative that in vitro models are developed with a high in vitro- in vivo correlation. We describe here a co-culture bilayer model of the bovine alveolus, designed to overcome some of the limitations encountered with mono-culture and live animal models. Our system includes bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) seeded onto a permeable membrane in 24 well Transwell format. The BPAECs are overlaid with immortalised bovine alveolar type II epithelial cells and the bilayer cultured at air-liquid interface for 14 days before use; in our case to study host-mycobacterial interactions. Characterisation of novel cell lines and the bilayer model have provided compelling evidence that immortalised bovine alveolar type II cells are an authentic substitute for primary alveolar type II cells and their culture as a bilayer in conjunction with BPAECs provides a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the bovine alveolus. The bilayer model may be used to study dynamic intracellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions, using proteomics, genomics, live cell imaging, in-cell ELISA and confocal microscopy. The model presented in this article enables other researchers to establish an in vitro model of the bovine alveolus that is easy to set up, malleable and serves as a comparable alternative to in vivo models, whilst allowing study of early host-pathogen interactions, currently not feasible in vivo. The model therefore achieves one of the 3Rs objectives in that it replaces the use of animals in research of bovine respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the lung is often the first point of interaction between the host and inhaled pathogens, allergens and medications. Epithelial cells are therefore the main focus of studies which aim to shed light on host-pathogen interactions, to dissect the mechanisms of local host immunity and study toxicology. If these studies are not to be conducted exclusively in vivo, it is imperative that in vitro models are developed with a high in vitro- in vivo correlation. We describe here a co-culture model of the bovine alveolus, designed to overcome some of the limitations encountered with mono-culture and live animal models. Our system includes bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) seeded onto a permeable membrane in 24 well Transwell format. The BPAECs are overlaid with immortalised bovine alveolar type II epithelial cells and cultured at air-liquid interface for 14 days before use; in our case to study host-mycobacterial interactions. Characterisation of novel cell lines and the co-culture model have provided compelling evidence that immortalised bovine alveolar type II cells are an authentic substitute for primary alveolar type II cells and their co-culture with BPAECs provides a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the bovine alveolus. The co-culture model may be used to study dynamic intracellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions, using proteomics, genomics, live cell imaging, in-cell ELISA and confocal microscopy. The model presented in this article enables other researchers to establish an in vitro model of the bovine alveolus that is easy to set up, malleable and serves as a comparable alternative to in vivo models, whilst allowing study of early host-pathogen interactions, currently not feasible in vivo. The model therefore achieves one of the 3Rs objectives in that it replaces the use of animals in research of bovine respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifelong maintenance of a healthy lung requires resident stem cells to proliferate according to tissue requirements. Once thought to be a quiescent tissue, evolving views of the complex differentiation landscape of lung stem and progenitor cells have broad implications for our understanding of how the lung is maintained, as well as the development of new therapies for promoting endogenous regeneration in lung disease. AREAS COVERED This review collates a large body of research relating to the hierarchical organization of epithelial stem cells in the adult lung and their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury. To identify relevant studies, PubMed was queried using one or a combination of the terms 'lung', 'airway', 'alveoli', 'stem cells', 'progenitor', 'repair' and 'regeneration'. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses how new technologies and injury models have challenged the demarcations between stem and progenitor cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L McQualter
- a School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee DF, Chambers MA. Isolation of Alveolar Type II Cells from Adult Bovine Lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 80:e71. [PMID: 30875462 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells play a key role as part of the distal lung epithelium, including in the innate immune response and as self-renewing progenitors to replace alveolar type I (ATI) cells during epithelial regeneration. Their secretion of surfactant protein helps maintain homeostasis and exerts protective, antimicrobial properties. ATII cells remain difficult to study, partly due to inefficient and expensive isolation methods, a propensity to differentiate into ATI cells, and susceptibility to fibroblast contamination. Published methods of isolation often require specialized technology, negatively impacting the development of in vitro models of disease, including bovine tuberculosis. Presented here is a simple and cost-effective method for generation of bovine primary ATII cells. These cells exhibit an ATII phenotype in 2D and 3D culture and are conducive to further study of the role of ATII cells in bovine respiratory diseases. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Frances Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Andrew Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bowdish DM. The Aging Lung. Chest 2019; 155:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
23
|
Lee DF, Salguero FJ, Grainger D, Francis RJ, MacLellan-Gibson K, Chambers MA. Isolation and characterisation of alveolar type II pneumocytes from adult bovine lung. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11927. [PMID: 30093682 PMCID: PMC6085293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells play a key role as part of the distal lung epithelium, including roles in the innate immune response and as self-renewing progenitors to replace alveolar type I (ATI) cells during regeneration of the alveolar epithelium. Their secretion of surfactant protein helps to maintain homeostasis in the distal lung and exert protective, antimicrobial properties. Despite the cell's crucial roles, they remain difficult to study, in part due to inefficient and expensive isolation methods, a propensity to differentiate into alveolar type I cells in culture and susceptibility to fibroblast overgrowth from primary isolations. Published methods of isolation often require specialist technology, negatively impacting the development of in vitro models of disease, including bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and humans worldwide. We present here a simple and cost-effective method that may be utilised in the generation of bovine primary ATII cells. These exhibit an ATII phenotype in 2D and 3D culture in our studies and are conducive to further study of the role of ATII cells in bovine respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Frances Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, England.
| | - Francisco Javier Salguero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, England
| | - Duncan Grainger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, England
| | - Robert James Francis
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK EN6 3QG, England
| | - Kirsty MacLellan-Gibson
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK EN6 3QG, England
| | - Mark Andrew Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, England
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sinha M, Lowell CA. Efficiency and Specificity of Gene Deletion in Lung Epithelial Doxycycline-Inducible Cre Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:248-257. [PMID: 28287822 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0208oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transgenic mouse strains surfactant protein C-reverse tetracycline transactivator (SP-C-rtTA), club cell secretory protein (CCSP)-rtTA, and tetracycline operator (TetO)-Cre have been invaluable for spatiotemporally regulating gene deletion in the pulmonary epithelium. In this study, we measured the efficiency and specificity of gene deletion that can be achieved in these mice using the Rosa26-eYFP reporter. Triple-transgenic mice (tTg or rtTA/TetO-Cre/Rosa-eYFP) were bred and treated with various doxycycline (dox) regimens to induce gene deletion, which was then quantified in various cell populations by flow cytometry. In these crosses, we found that the TetO-Cre transgene must be transmitted through the female parent to avoid germline gene deletion. With dox exposure during lung development, SP-C-tTg mice deleted in ∼65-75% of alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells, but in only ∼45-50% of the integrin β4+ population, which consisted of club cells and distal lung progenitor cells. In contrast, CCSP-tTg mice deleted in ∼50% of ATII cells and ∼80% of integrin β4+ cells. Upon dox treatment of adults, deletion in ATII cells and integrin β4+ cells in SP-C-tTg mice dropped significantly to ∼20% and ∼6%, respectively, whereas CCSP-tTg mice deleted in ∼57% of ATII and ∼40% of integrin β4+ cells. Interestingly, untreated CCSP-tTg mice also deleted in ∼40% of integrin β4+ cells, indicating significant leakiness of CCSP-tTg in β4+ cells. In all mouse groups, minimal deletion occurred in mouse tracheal epithelial cells or in mesenchymal or hematopoietic cells. These data provide the first quantitative, side-by-side comparison of the deletion efficiency for these widely used transgenic mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Sinha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dial CF, Tune MK, Doerschuk CM, Mock JR. Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cell Expression of Keratinocyte Growth Factor Enhances Lung Epithelial Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:162-173. [PMID: 28296468 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0019oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of the lung epithelium after injury is a critical component for resolution; however, the processes necessary to drive epithelial resolution are not clearly defined. Published data demonstrate that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) enhance alveolar epithelial proliferation after injury, and Tregs in vitro directly promote type II alveolar epithelial cell (AT2) proliferation, in part by a contact-independent mechanism. Therefore, we sought to determine the contribution of Treg-specific expression of a growth factor that is known to be important in lung repair, keratinocyte growth factor (kgf). The data demonstrate that Tregs express kgf and that Treg-specific expression of kgf regulates alveolar epithelial proliferation during the resolution phase of acute lung injury and in a model of regenerative alveologenesis in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate that AT2 cells cocultured with Tregs lacking kgf have decreased rates of proliferation compared with AT2 cells cocultured with wild-type Tregs. Moreover, Tregs isolated from lung tissue and grown in culture express higher levels of two growth factors that are important for lung repair (kgf and amphiregulin) compared with Tregs isolated from splenic tissue. Lastly, Tregs isolated from human lung tissue can be stimulated ex vivo to induce kgf expression. This study reveals mechanisms by which Tregs direct tissue-reparative effects during resolution after acute lung injury, further supporting the emerging role of Tregs in tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Dial
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Miriya K Tune
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Center for Airways Disease, and.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason R Mock
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hasegawa K, Sato A, Tanimura K, Uemasu K, Hamakawa Y, Fuseya Y, Sato S, Muro S, Hirai T. Fraction of MHCII and EpCAM expression characterizes distal lung epithelial cells for alveolar type 2 cell isolation. Respir Res 2017; 18:150. [PMID: 28784128 PMCID: PMC5545863 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells play important roles in maintaining adult lung homeostasis. AT2 cells isolated from the lung have revealed the cell-specific functions of AT2 cells. Comprehensive molecular and transcriptional profiling of purified AT2 cells would be helpful for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of their cell-specific functions. To enable the further purification of AT2 cells, we aimed to discriminate AT2 cells from non-AT2 lung epithelial cells based on surface antigen expression via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Methods Single-cell suspensions obtained from enzymatically digested murine lungs were labeled for surface antigens (CD45/CD31/epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)/ major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)) and for pro-surfactant protein C (proSP-C), followed by FACS analysis for surface antigen expression on AT2 cells. AT2 cells were sorted, and purity was evaluated by immunofluorescence and FACS. This newly developed strategy for AT2 cell isolation was validated in different strains and ages of mice, as well as in a lung injury model. Results FACS analysis revealed that EpCAM+ epithelial cells existed in 3 subpopulations based on EpCAM and MHCII expression: EpCAMmedMHCII+ cells (Population1:P1), EpCAMhiMHCII− cells (P2), and EpCAMlowMHCII− cells (P3). proSP-C+ cells were enriched in P1 cells, and the purity values of the sorted AT2 cells in P1 were 99.0% by immunofluorescence analysis and 98.0% by FACS analysis. P2 cells were mainly composed of ciliated cells and P3 cells were composed of AT1 cells, respectively, based on the gene expression analysis and immunofluorescence. EpCAM and MHCII expression levels were not significantly altered in different strains or ages of mice or following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. Conclusions We successfully classified murine distal lung epithelial cells based on EpCAM and MHCII expression. The discrimination of AT2 cells from non-AT2 epithelial cells resulted in the isolation of pure AT2 cells. Highly pure AT2 cells will provide accurate and deeper insights into the cell-specific mechanisms of alveolar homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0635-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuyasu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Tanimura
- Pulmonary Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara Kishiwada, Osaka, 596-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Uemasu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamakawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fuseya
- Pulmonary Medicine, Otsu City Hospital, 2 Chome-9-9 Motomiya Otsu, Shiga, 520-0804, Japan
| | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sinha M, Lowell CA. Immune Defense Protein Expression in Highly Purified Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:802-13. [PMID: 26574781 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0171oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells play critical roles in initiating and modulating immune responses during pulmonary infection or injury. To better understand the spectrum of immune response-related proteins present in lung epithelial cells, we developed an improved method of isolating highly pure primary murine alveolar type (AT) II cells and murine tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) using negative selection for a variety of lineage markers and positive selection for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a pan-epithelial cell marker. This method yielded 2-3 × 10(6) ATII cells/mouse lung and 1-2 × 10(4) mTECs/trachea that were highly pure (>98%) and viable (>98%). Using these preparations, we found that both ATII cells and mTECs expressed the Lyn tyrosine kinase, which is best studied as an inhibitory kinase in hematopoietic cells. However, we found little or no expression of Syk in either ATII cells or mTECs, which is in contrast to earlier published reports. Both cell types expressed C-type lectin receptors, anaphylatoxin receptors, and various Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In addition, stimulation of ATII cells with TLR ligands led to secretion of various cytokines and chemokines. Interestingly, lyn(-/-) ATII cells were hyperresponsive to TLR3 stimulation, suggesting that, as in hematopoietic cells, Lyn might be playing an inhibitory role in ATII cells. In conclusion, the improved isolation method reported here, along with expression profiles of various immune defense proteins, will help refocus investigations of immune-related signaling events in pulmonary epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Sinha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen Q, Suresh Kumar V, Finn J, Jiang D, Liang J, Zhao YY, Liu Y. CD44 high alveolar type II cells show stem cell properties during steady-state alveolar homeostasis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L41-L51. [PMID: 28473330 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00564.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is composed of type I cells covering most of the gas-blood exchange surface and type II cells secreting surfactant that lowers surface tension of alveoli to prevent alveolar collapse. Here, we have identified a subgroup of type II cells expressing a higher level of cell surface molecule CD44 (CD44high type II cells) that composed ~3% of total type II cells in 5-10-wk-old mice. These cells were preferentially apposed to lung capillaries. They displayed a higher proliferation rate and augmented differentiation capacity into type I cells and the ability to form alveolar organoids compared with CD44low type II cells. Moreover, in aged mice, 18-24 mo old, the percentage of CD44high type II cells among all type II cells was increased, but these cells showed decreased progenitor properties. Thus CD44high type II cells likely represent a type II cell subpopulation important for constitutive regulation of alveolar homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Varsha Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Johanna Finn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Transcription factor Etv5 is essential for the maintenance of alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3903-3908. [PMID: 28351980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621177114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (AT2) cell dysfunction contributes to a number of significant human pathologies including respiratory distress syndrome, lung adenocarcinoma, and debilitating fibrotic diseases, but the critical transcription factors that maintain AT2 cell identity are unknown. Here we show that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcription factor Etv5 is essential to maintain AT2 cell identity. Deletion of Etv5 from AT2 cells produced gene and protein signatures characteristic of differentiated alveolar type I (AT1) cells. Consistent with a defect in the AT2 stem cell population, Etv5 deficiency markedly reduced recovery following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung tumorigenesis driven by mutant KrasG12D was also compromised by Etv5 deficiency. ERK activation downstream of Ras was found to stabilize Etv5 through inactivation of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 that targets Etv5 for proteasomal degradation. These findings identify Etv5 as a critical output of Ras signaling in AT2 cells, contributing to both lung homeostasis and tumor initiation.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Choi J, Iich E, Lee JH. Organogenesis of adult lung in a dish: Differentiation, disease and therapy. Dev Biol 2016; 420:278-286. [PMID: 27713058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capacity of the lung suggests that stem cells could be of therapeutic importance in diverse lung diseases; however, the successful exploitation of lung stem cell biology has long been hampered by our inability to maintain and expand adult lung stem cells while retaining their multi-lineage potential in vitro. Recently, advances in our understanding of stem cell niches and the role of key signalling modulators in controlling stem cell maintenance and differentiation have fuelled the development of new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture technologies that sustain the stem cell-driven formation of near-physiological, self-organizing structures called organoids. Here we review basic approaches to organoid model systems and highlight recent achievements in the generation of organoids from adult stem and progenitor cells of both the murine and human lungs. We evaluate current applications in studying cellular changes in proliferation, differentiation, plasticity, and cell polarity, and cellular and molecular crosstalk of epithelial cells with stroma. Advantages and limitations of organoids for clinical use are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Choi
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Elhadi Iich
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neutabroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cau F, Pisu E, Gerosa C, Senes G, Ronchi F, Botta C, Di Felice E, Uda F, Marinelli V, Faa G, Fanos V, Moretti C, Fanni D. Interindividual variability in the expression of surfactant protein A and B in the human lung during development. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2678. [PMID: 27734990 PMCID: PMC5062633 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The surfactant complex, thanks to its multiple actions including decrease of surface- tension and antimicrobial activity, plays a fundamental role in newborn survival, lowering the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of this work was to determine if the synthesis of two surfactant proteins (SP), SPA and pro-SPB, shows some inter-individual variability during lung development in the intrauterine life. Immunoreactivity for SPA and pro-SPB was investigated in the lungs of 40 subjects, including 15 fetuses, ranging from 14 to 22 weeks of gestation, and 25 neonates, from 24 to 41 weeks. Lung samples were formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded and routinely processed. SPA and pro-SPB were detected utilizing commercial antibodies. A semi-quantitative grading system (1 to 4) was applied, based on the number of reactive cells and the intensity of immunostaining. Surfactant protein immunostaining was found in three compartments: bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, starting from 14 weeks of gestation in the bronchial epithelium and from the 21st week in the alveolar spaces. Differences were found regarding SPA and pro-SPB expression in the vast majority of subjects: in some lungs, SPA was more expressed whereas in others pro-SPB showed an higher degree of immunoreactivity. The expression of both surfactant proteins was not strictly correlated with gestational age. Whereas the highest levels of reactivity were detected in at term neonates, on the other hand one case with grade 3 was detected at 22 weeks and one negative case for both proteins was observed at 31 weeks. Our data clearly show a marked inter-individual variability regarding the production of SPA and pro-SPB and suggest the existence of other epigenetic factors, acting during gestation, that might influence surfactant production and, consequently, the survival potential of neonates at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Cau
- Hospital Nostra Signora di Bonaria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bantikassegn A, Song X, Politi K. Isolation of epithelial, endothelial, and immune cells from lungs of transgenic mice with oncogene-induced lung adenocarcinomas. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:409-17. [PMID: 25347711 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0312ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma have proven invaluable for understanding mechanisms of tumorigenesis, therapy response, and drug resistance. However, mechanistic studies focused on studying these processes in tumor-bearing mouse lungs are confounded by the fact that, in most cases, relevant signaling pathways are analyzed in whole-lung preparations, which are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of cells. Given our increasing knowledge about the roles played by different subpopulations of cells in the development of lung adenocarcinoma, separating the major cellular compartments of the tumor microenvironment is recommended to allow for a precise analysis of relevant pathways in each isolated cell type. In this study, we optimized magnetic- and fluorescence-based isolation protocols to segregate lung epithelial (CD326/epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive), endothelial (CD31-positive), and immune (CD45-positive) cells, with high purity, from the lungs of transgenic mice with mutant epidermal growth factor receptor-induced lung adenocarcinomas. This approach, which can potentially be extended to additional lung adenocarcinoma models, enables delineation of the molecular features of individual cell types that can be used to gain insight into their roles in lung adenocarcinoma initiation, progression, and response to therapy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Vanderbilt JN, Gonzalez RF, Allen L, Gillespie A, Leaffer D, Dean WB, Chapin C, Dobbs LG. High-efficiency type II cell-enhanced green fluorescent protein expression facilitates cellular identification, tracking, and isolation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:14-21. [PMID: 25692334 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0348ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a transgenic mouse expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in virtually all type II (TII) alveolar epithelial cells. The CBG mouse (SPC-BAC-EGFP) contains a bacterial artificial chromosome modified to express EGFP within the mouse surfactant protein (SP)-C gene 3' untranslated region. EGFP mRNA expression is limited to the lung. EGFP fluorescence is both limited to and exhibited by all cells expressing pro-SP-C; fluorescence is uniform throughout all lobes of the lung and does not change as mice age. EGFP(+) cells also express SP-B but do not express podoplanin, a type I (TI) cell marker. CBG mice show no evidence of lung disease with aging. In 3 hours, TII cells can be isolated in >99% purity from CBG mice by FACS; the yield of 3.7 ± 0.6 × 10(6) cells represents approximately 25 to 60% of the TII cells in the lung. By FACS analysis, approximately 0.9% of TII cells are in mitosis in uninjured lungs; after bleomycin injury, 4.1% are in mitosis. Because EGFP fluorescence can be detected for >14 days in culture, at a time that SP-C mRNA expression is essentially nil, this line may be useful for tracking TII cells in culture and in vivo. When CBG mice are crossed to transgenic mice expressing rat podoplanin, TI and TII cells can be easily simultaneously identified and isolated. When bred to other strains of mice, EGFP expression can be used to identify TII cells without the need for immunostaining for SP-C. These mice should be useful in models of mouse pulmonary disease and in studies of TII cell biology, biochemistry, and genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leland G Dobbs
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Institute and.,Departments of 2 Pediatrics and.,3 Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Calle EA, Mendez JJ, Ghaedi M, Leiby KL, Bove PF, Herzog EL, Sundaram S, Niklason LE. Fate of distal lung epithelium cultured in a decellularized lung extracellular matrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1916-28. [PMID: 25789725 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II cells are the defenders of the alveolus. They produce surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse, they actively transport water to prevent filling of the air sacs that would otherwise prevent gas exchange, and they differentiate to type I epithelial cells. They are an indispensable component of functional lung tissue. To understand the functionality of type II cells in isolation, we sought to track their fate in decellularized matrices and to assess their ability to contribute to barrier function by differentiation to type I alveolar epithelial cells. Rat type II cells were isolated from neonatal rat lungs by labeling with the RTII-70 surface marker and separation using a magnetic column. This produced a population of ∼50% RTII-70-positive cells accompanied by few type I epithelial cells or α-actin-positive mesenchymal cells. This population was seeded into decellularized rat lung matrices and cultured for 1 or 7 days. Culture in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium +10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) resulted in reduced expression of epithelial markers and increased expression of mesenchymal markers. By 7 days, no epithelial markers were visible by immunostaining; nearly all cells were α-actin positive. Gene expression for the mesenchymal markers, α-actin, vimentin, and TGF-βR, was significantly upregulated on day 1 (p=0.0005, 0.0005, and 2.342E-5, respectively). Transcript levels of α-actin and TGF-βR remained high at 7 days (p=1.364E-10 and 0.0002). Interestingly, human type II cells cultured under the same conditions showed a similar trend in the loss of epithelial markers, but did not display high expression of mesenchymal markers. Rat cells additionally showed the ability to produce and degrade the basement membrane and extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin, collagen IV, and collagen I. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed significant increases in expression of the fibronectin and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) genes after 1 day in culture (p=0.0135 and 0.0128, respectively) and elevated collagen I expression at 7 days (p=0.0016). These data suggest that the original type II-enriched population underwent a transition to increased expression of mesenchymal markers, perhaps as part of a survival or wound-healing program. These results suggest that additional medium components and/or the application of physiologically appropriate stimuli such as ventilation may be required to promote lung-specific epithelial phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Calle
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julio J Mendez
- 2Department of Anesthesia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- 2Department of Anesthesia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Katherine L Leiby
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter F Bove
- 3Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erica L Herzog
- 4Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sumati Sundaram
- 2Department of Anesthesia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura E Niklason
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,2Department of Anesthesia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hofer CC, Woods PS, Davis IC. Infection of mice with influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus alters alveolar type II cell phenotype. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L628-38. [PMID: 25595651 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause acute respiratory disease of great importance to public health. Alveolar type II (ATII) respiratory epithelial cells are central to normal lung function and are a site of influenza A virus replication in the distal lung. However, the consequences of infection for ATII cell function are poorly understood. To determine the impact of influenza infection on ATII cells we used C57BL/6-congenic SP-C(GFP) mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the surfactant protein-C (SP-C) promoter, which is only active in ATII cells. Most cells isolated from the lungs of uninfected SP-C(GFP) mice were GFP(+) but did not express the alveolar type I (ATI) antigen podoplanin (PODO). ATII cells were also EpCAM(+) and α2,3-linked sialosaccharide(+). Infection with influenza A/WSN/33 virus caused severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema. This was accompanied by loss of whole lung GFP fluorescence, reduced ATII cell yields, increased ATII cell apoptosis, reduced SP-C gene and protein expression in ATII cell lysates, and increased PODO gene and protein levels. Flow cytometry indicated that infection decreased GFP(+)/PODO(-) cells and increased GFP(-)/PODO(+) and GFP(-)/PODO(-) cells. Very few GFP(+)/PODO(+) cells were detectable. Finally, infection resulted in a significant decline in EpCAM expression by PODO(+) cells, but had limited effects on α2,3-linked sialosaccharides. Our findings indicate that influenza infection results in a progressive differentiation of ATII cells into ATI-like cells, possibly via an SP-C(-)/PODO(-) intermediate, to replace dying or dead ATI cells. However, impaired SP-C synthesis is likely to contribute significantly to reduced lung compliance in infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Hofer
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Parker S Woods
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kassmer SH, Jin H, Zhang PX, Bruscia EM, Heydari K, Lee JH, Kim CF, Kassmer SH, Krause DS, Krouse D. Very small embryonic-like stem cells from the murine bone marrow differentiate into epithelial cells of the lung. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2759-66. [PMID: 23681901 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The view that adult stem cells are lineage restricted has been challenged by numerous reports of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells giving rise to epithelial cells. Previously, we demonstrated that nonhematopoietic BM cells are the primary source of BM-derived lung epithelial cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that very small embryonic like cells (VSELs) are responsible for this engraftment. We directly compared the level of BM-derived epithelial cells after transplantation of VSELs, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, or other nonhematopoietic cells. VSELs clearly had the highest rate of forming epithelial cells in the lung. By transplanting VSELs from donor mice expressing H2B-GFP under a type 2 pneumocyte-specific promoter, we demonstrate that this engraftment occurs by differentiation and not fusion. This is the first report of VSELs differentiating into an endodermal lineage in vivo, thereby potentially crossing germ layer lineages. Our data suggest that Oct4+ VSELs in the adult BM exhibit broad differentiation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah H Kassmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Yale Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
McQualter JL, Bertoncello I. Clonal culture of adult mouse lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1235:231-41. [PMID: 25388397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1785-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clonal culture of stem cells is crucial for their identification, and the characterization of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate their proliferation and differentiation. In the adult mouse lung, epithelial stem/progenitor cells are defined by the phenotype CD45(neg) CD31(neg) EpCAM(pos) CD104(pos) CD24(low). Here we describe a tissue dissociation and flow cytometry strategy for the detection and isolation of adult mouse lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells, and a three-dimensional colony-forming assay for their clonal culture in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L McQualter
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mock JR, Garibaldi BT, Aggarwal NR, Jenkins J, Limjunyawong N, Singer BD, Chau E, Rabold R, Files DC, Sidhaye V, Mitzner W, Wagner EM, King LS, D’Alessio FR. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells promote lung epithelial proliferation. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1440-51. [PMID: 24850425 PMCID: PMC4205163 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. There is a paucity of information regarding the mechanisms necessary for ARDS resolution. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells) have been shown to be an important determinant of resolution in an experimental model of lung injury. We demonstrate that intratracheal delivery of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) elicits alveolar epithelial damage from which the epithelium undergoes proliferation and repair. Epithelial proliferation coincided with an increase in Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells in the lung during the course of resolution. To dissect the role that Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells exert on epithelial proliferation, we depleted Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells, which led to decreased alveolar epithelial proliferation and delayed lung injury recovery. Furthermore, antibody-mediated blockade of CD103, an integrin, which binds to epithelial expressed E-cadherin decreased Foxp3(+) T(reg) numbers and decreased rates of epithelial proliferation after injury. In a non-inflammatory model of regenerative alveologenesis, left lung pneumonectomy, we found that Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells enhanced epithelial proliferation. Moreover, Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells co-cultured with primary type II alveolar cells (AT2) directly increased AT2 cell proliferation in a CD103-dependent manner. These studies provide evidence of a new and integral role for Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells in repair of the lung epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Mock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian T. Garibaldi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neil R. Aggarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Jenkins
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benjamin D. Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric Chau
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Rabold
- Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel C. Files
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Venkataramana Sidhaye
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M. Wagner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Landon S. King
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Franco R. D’Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Harnessing the potential of lung stem cells for regenerative medicine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:82-91. [PMID: 25450456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In response to recurrent exposure to environmental insults such as allergens, pollution, irritants, smoke and viral/bacterial infection, the epithelium of the lung is continually damaged. Homeostasis of the lung requires a balance between immune regulation and promotion of tissue regeneration, which requires the co-ordinated proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. In this review we reflect on the current understanding of lung epithelial stem and progenitor cells and advocate a model hierarchy in which self-renewing multipotent lung epithelial stem cells give rise to lineage restricted progenitor cells that repopulate airway and alveolar epithelial cell lineages during homeostasis and repair. We also discuss the role of mesenchymal progenitor cells in maintaining the structural integrity of the lung and propose a model in which mesenchymal cells act as the quintessential architects of lung regeneration by providing molecular signals, such as FGF-10, to regulate the fate and specificity of epithelial stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, we discuss the current status and future prospects for translating lung stem cell therapies to the clinic to replace, repair, or regenerate diseased lung tissue. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
Collapse
|
41
|
Calle EA, Ghaedi M, Sundaram S, Sivarapatna A, Tseng MK, Niklason LE. Strategies for whole lung tissue engineering. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:1482-96. [PMID: 24691527 PMCID: PMC4126648 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2314261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of using decellularized lung extracellular matrix scaffolds to support the engineering of functional lung tissue in vitro. Rendered acellular through the use of detergents and other reagents, the scaffolds are mounted in organ-specific bioreactors where cells in the scaffold are provided with nutrients and appropriate mechanical stimuli such as ventilation and perfusion. Though initial studies are encouraging, a great deal remains to be done to advance the field and transition from rodent lungs to whole human tissue engineered lungs. To do so, a variety of hurdles must be overcome. In particular, a reliable source of human-sized scaffolds, as well as a method of terminal sterilization of scaffolds, must be identified. Continued research in lung cell and developmental biology will hopefully help identify the number and types of cells that will be required to regenerate functional lung tissue. Finally, bioreactor designs must be improved in order to provide more precise ventilation stimuli and vascular perfusion in order to avoid injury to or death of the cells cultivated within the scaffold. Ultimately, the success of efforts to engineer a functional lung in vitro will critically depend on the ability to create a fully endothelialized vascular network that provides sufficient barrier function and alveolar-capillary surface area to exchange gas at rates compatible with healthy lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Calle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Anesthesia, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Anesthesia, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Michelle K. Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Anesthesia and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee JH, Bhang DH, Beede A, Huang TL, Stripp BR, Bloch KD, Wagers AJ, Tseng YH, Ryeom S, Kim CF. Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis. Cell 2014; 156:440-55. [PMID: 24485453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung stem cells are instructed to produce lineage-specific progeny through unknown factors in their microenvironment. We used clonal 3D cocultures of endothelial cells and distal lung stem cells, bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), to probe the instructive mechanisms. Single BASCs had bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation potential in lung endothelial cell cocultures. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that BMP4-Bmpr1a signaling triggers calcineurin/NFATc1-dependent expression of thrombospondin-1 (Tsp1) in lung endothelial cells to drive alveolar lineage-specific BASC differentiation. Tsp1 null mice exhibited defective alveolar injury repair, confirming a crucial role for the BMP4-NFATc1-TSP1 axis in lung epithelial differentiation and regeneration in vivo. Discovery of this pathway points to methods to direct the derivation of specific lung epithelial lineages from multipotent cells. These findings elucidate a pathway that may be a critical target in lung diseases and provide tools to understand the mechanisms of respiratory diseases at the single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Ha Bhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Beede
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carla F Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang J, Velikoff M, Canalis E, Horowitz JC, Kim KK. Activated alveolar epithelial cells initiate fibrosis through autocrine and paracrine secretion of connective tissue growth factor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L786-96. [PMID: 24508728 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00243.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis involves a pathological accumulation of activated fibroblasts and extensive matrix remodeling. Profibrotic cytokines, such as TGF-β, stimulate fibroblasts to overexpress fibrotic matrix proteins and induce further expression of profibrotic cytokines, resulting in progressive fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a profibrotic cytokine that is indicative of fibroblast activation. Epithelial cells are abundant in the normal lung, but their contribution to fibrogenesis remains poorly defined. Profibrotic cytokines may activate epithelial cells with protein expression and functions that overlap with the functions of active fibroblasts. We found that alveolar epithelial cells undergoing TGF-β-mediated mesenchymal transition in vitro were also capable of activating lung fibroblasts through production of CTGF. Alveolar epithelial cell expression of CTGF was dramatically reduced by inhibition of Rho signaling. CTGF reporter mice demonstrated increased CTGF promoter activity by lung epithelial cells acutely after bleomycin in vivo. Furthermore, mice with lung epithelial cell-specific deletion of CTGF had an attenuated fibrotic response to bleomycin. These studies provide direct evidence that epithelial cell activation initiates a cycle of fibrogenic effector cell activation during progressive fibrosis. Therapy targeted at epithelial cell production of CTGF offers a novel pathway for abrogating this progressive cycle and limiting tissue fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibing Yang
- 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leeman KT, Fillmore CM, Kim CF. Lung stem and progenitor cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:207-233. [PMID: 24439808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lung is a complex organ containing numerous putative stem/progenitor cell populations that contribute to region-specific tissue homeostasis and repair. In this review, we discuss recent advances in identifying and studying these cell populations in the context of lung homeostasis and disease. Genetically engineered mice now allow for lineage tracing of several lung stem and progenitor cell populations in vivo during different types of lung injury repair. Using specific sets of cell surface markers, these cells can also be isolated from murine and human lung and tested in 3D culture systems and in vivo transplant assays. The pathology of devastating lung diseases, including lung cancers, is likely in part due to dysregulation and dysfunction of lung stem cells. More precise characterization of stem cells with identification of new, unique markers; improvement in isolation and transplant techniques; and further development of functional assays will ultimately lead to new therapies for a host of human lung diseases. In particular, lung cancer biology may be greatly informed by findings in normal lung stem cell biology as evidence suggests that lung cancer is a disease that begins in, and may be driven by, neoplastic lung stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Leeman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine M Fillmore
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla F Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Van der Velden JL, Bertoncello I, McQualter JL. LysoTracker is a marker of differentiated alveolar type II cells. Respir Res 2013; 14:123. [PMID: 24215602 PMCID: PMC3840660 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LysoTracker Green DND-26 is a fluorescent dye that stains acidic compartments in live cells and has been shown to selectively accumulate in lamellar bodies in alveolar type II (AT2) cells in the lung. The aim of this study was to determine whether the accumulation of LysoTracker in lamellar bodies can be used to isolate viable AT2 cells by flow cytometry and track their differentiation in live-cell culture by microscopy. Methods Mouse lung cells were sorted on the basis of CD45negCD31negEpCAMposLysoTrackerpos expression and characterized by immunostaining for SP-C and cultured in a three-dimensional epithelial colony-forming unit (CFU-Epi) assay. To track AT2 cell differentiation, lung epithelial stem and progenitor cells were cultured in a CFU-Epi assay with LysoTracker-supplemented media. Results The purity of sorted AT2 cells as determined by SP-C staining was 97.4% and viability was 85.3%. LysoTrackerpos AT2 cells generated SP-Cpos alveolar epithelial cell colonies in culture, and when added to the CFU-Epi culture medium, LysoTracker marked the differentiation of stem/progenitor-derived AT2 cells. Conclusions This study describes a novel method for isolating AT2 cells from mouse lungs. The high purity and viability of cells attained by this method, makes them suitable for functional analysis in vitro. The application of LysoTracker to live cell cultures will allow better assessment of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate AT2 cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan L McQualter
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Barkauskas CE, Cronce MJ, Rackley CR, Bowie EJ, Keene DR, Stripp BR, Randell SH, Noble PW, Hogan BLM. Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3025-36. [PMID: 23921127 DOI: 10.1172/jci68782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas exchange in the lung occurs within alveoli, air-filled sacs composed of type 2 and type 1 epithelial cells (AEC2s and AEC1s), capillaries, and various resident mesenchymal cells. Here, we use a combination of in vivo clonal lineage analysis, different injury/repair systems, and in vitro culture of purified cell populations to obtain new information about the contribution of AEC2s to alveolar maintenance and repair. Genetic lineage-tracing experiments showed that surfactant protein C-positive (SFTPC-positive) AEC2s self renew and differentiate over about a year, consistent with the population containing long-term alveolar stem cells. Moreover, if many AEC2s were specifically ablated, high-resolution imaging of intact lungs showed that individual survivors undergo rapid clonal expansion and daughter cell dispersal. Individual lineage-labeled AEC2s placed into 3D culture gave rise to self-renewing "alveolospheres," which contained both AEC2s and cells expressing multiple AEC1 markers, including HOPX, a new marker for AEC1s. Growth and differentiation of the alveolospheres occurred most readily when cocultured with primary PDGFRα⁺ lung stromal cells. This population included lipofibroblasts that normally reside close to AEC2s and may therefore contribute to a stem cell niche in the murine lung. Results suggest that a similar dynamic exists between AEC2s and mesenchymal cells in the human lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|