1
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Kwon YY, Hui S. IL-6 promotes tumor growth through immune evasion but is dispensable for cachexia. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00144-3. [PMID: 38671295 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Various cytokines have been implicated in cancer cachexia. One such cytokine is IL-6, deemed as a key cachectic factor in mice inoculated with colon carcinoma 26 (C26) cells, a widely used cancer cachexia model. Here we tested the causal role of IL-6 in cancer cachexia by knocking out the IL-6 gene in C26 cells. We found that the growth of IL-6 KO tumors was dramatically delayed. More strikingly, while IL-6 KO tumors eventually reached the similar size as wild-type tumors, cachexia still took place, despite no elevation in circulating IL-6. In addition, the knockout of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), another IL-6 family cytokine proposed as a cachectic factor in the model, also affected tumor growth but not cachexia. We further showed an increase in the infiltration of immune cell population in the IL-6 KO tumors compared with wild-type controls and the defective IL-6 KO tumor growth was rescued in immunodeficient mice while cachexia was not. Thus, IL-6 promotes tumor growth by facilitating immune evasion but is dispensable for cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Yon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Wu Q, Liu Z, Li B, Liu YE, Wang P. Immunoregulation in cancer-associated cachexia. J Adv Res 2024; 58:45-62. [PMID: 37150253 PMCID: PMC10982873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated cachexia is a multi-organ disorder associated with progressive weight loss due to a variable combination of anorexia, systemic inflammation and excessive energy wasting. Considering the importance of immunoregulation in cachexia, it still lacks a complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms in cachectic progression. AIM OF REVIEW Our aim here is to describe the complex immunoregulatory system in cachexia. We summarize the effects and translational potential of the immune system on the development of cancer-associated cachexia and we attempt to conclude with thoughts on precise and integrated therapeutic strategies under the complex immunological context of cachexia. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three main key concepts. First, we highlight the inflammatory factors and additional mediators that have been identified to modulate this syndrome. Second, we decipher the potential role of immune checkpoints in tissue wasting. Third, we discuss the multilayered insights in cachexia through the immunometabolic axis, immune-gut axis and immune-nerve axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University.
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu-E Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University.
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3
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Yang X, Wang J, Chang CY, Zhou F, Liu J, Xu H, Ibrahim M, Gomez M, Guo GL, Liu H, Zong WX, Wondisford FE, Su X, White E, Feng Z, Hu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor suppresses hepatic de novo lipogenesis and induces cachexia in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:627. [PMID: 38245529 PMCID: PMC10799847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic metabolic syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss, and muscle and adipose tissue wasting. Mechanisms underlying cachexia remain poorly understood. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a multi-functional cytokine, has been suggested as a cachexia-inducing factor. In a transgenic mouse model with conditional LIF expression, systemic elevation of LIF induces cachexia. LIF overexpression decreases de novo lipogenesis and disrupts lipid homeostasis in the liver. Liver-specific LIF receptor knockout attenuates LIF-induced cachexia, suggesting that LIF-induced functional changes in the liver contribute to cachexia. Mechanistically, LIF overexpression activates STAT3 to downregulate PPARα, a master regulator of lipid metabolism, leading to the downregulation of a group of PPARα target genes involved in lipogenesis and decreased lipogenesis in the liver. Activating PPARα by fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, restores lipid homeostasis in the liver and inhibits LIF-induced cachexia. These results provide valuable insights into cachexia, which may help develop strategies to treat cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Ibrahim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Gomez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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4
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Yuan Y, Li K, Ye X, Wen S, Zhang Y, Teng F, Zhou X, Deng Y, Yang X, Wang W, Lin J, Luo S, Zhang P, Shi G, Zhang H. CLCF1 inhibits energy expenditure via suppressing brown fat thermogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310711121. [PMID: 38190531 PMCID: PMC10801846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310711121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of nonshivering thermogenesis which plays an important role in thermogenesis and energy metabolism. However, the regulatory factors that inhibit BAT activity remain largely unknown. Here, cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is identified as a negative regulator of thermogenesis in BAT. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of CLCF1 in BAT greatly impairs the thermogenic capacity of BAT and reduces the metabolic rate. Consistently, BAT-specific ablation of CLCF1 enhances the BAT function and energy expenditure under both thermoneutral and cold conditions. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3) is identified as a downstream target of CLCF1 to mediate its role in regulating thermogenesis. Furthermore, CLCF1 is identified to negatively regulate the PERK-ATF4 signaling axis to modulate the transcriptional activity of ADCY3, which activates the PKA substrate phosphorylation. Moreover, CLCF1 deletion in BAT protects the mice against diet-induced obesity by promoting BAT activation and further attenuating impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, our results reveal the essential role of CLCF1 in regulating BAT thermogenesis and suggest that inhibiting CLCF1 signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Kangli Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Xueru Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Shiyi Wen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology & Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yajuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Jiayang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Shenjian Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology & Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
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5
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Marzan AL, Chitti SV. Unravelling the Role of Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Muscle Atrophy, Lipolysis, and Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2023; 12:2598. [PMID: 37998333 PMCID: PMC10670053 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia is a metabolic syndrome that causes significant reduction in whole-body weight due to excessive loss of muscle mass accompanied by loss of fat mass. Reduced food intake and several metabolic abnormalities, such as increased energy expenditure, excessive catabolism, and inflammation, are known to drive cachexia. It is well documented that cancer cells secrete EVs in abundance which can be easily taken up by the recipient cell. The cargo biomolecules carried by the EVs have the potential to alter the signalling pathways and function of the recipient cells. EV cargo includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites. Tumour-secreted EVs have been found to alter the metabolic and biological functions of adipose and muscle tissue, which aids in the development of the cachexia phenotype. To date, no medical intervention or FDA-approved drug exists that can completely reverse cachexia. Therefore, understanding how cancer-derived EVs contribute to the onset and progression of cancer-associated cachexia may help with the identification of new biomarkers as well as provide access to novel treatment alternatives. The goal of this review article is to discuss the most recent research on cancer-derived EVs and their function in cellular crosstalk that promotes catabolism in muscle and adipose tissue during cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai V. Chitti
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
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Laget J, Cortijo I, Boukhaled JH, Muyor K, Duranton F, Jover B, Raynaud F, Lajoix AD, Argilés À, Gayrard N. Cafeteria Diet-Induced Obesity Worsens Experimental CKD. Nutrients 2023; 15:3331. [PMID: 37571269 PMCID: PMC10421241 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of obesity on the development of kidney fibrosis in a model of cafeteria diet rats undergoing 5/6th nephrectomy (SNx). Collagen 1, 3, and 4 expression, adipocyte size, macrophage number, and the expression of 30 adipokines were determined. Collagen 1 expression in kidney tissue was increased in Standard-SNx and Cafeteria-SNx (7.1 ± 0.6% and 8.9 ± 0.9 tissue area, respectively). Renal expression of collagen 3 and 4 was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in Cafeteria-SNx (8.6 ± 1.5 and 10.9 ± 1.9% tissue area, respectively) compared to Cafeteria (5.2 ± 0.5 and 6.3 ± 0.6% tissue area, respectively). Adipocyte size in eWAT was significantly increased by the cafeteria diet. In Cafeteria-SNx, we observed a significant increase in macrophage number in the kidney (p = 0.01) and a consistent tendency in eWAT. The adipokine level was higher in the Cafeteria groups. Interleukin 11, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, and serpin 1 were increased in Cafeteria-SNx. In the kidney, collagen 3 and 4 expressions and the number of macrophages were increased in Cafeteria-SNx, suggesting an exacerbation by preexisting obesity of CKD-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis. IL11, DPP4, and serpin 1 can act directly on fibrosis and participate in the observed worsening CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Laget
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Irene Cortijo
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Juliana H. Boukhaled
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Karen Muyor
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Flore Duranton
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Bernard Jover
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Fabrice Raynaud
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Anne-Dominique Lajoix
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Àngel Argilés
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
| | - Nathalie Gayrard
- RD-Néphrologie, 34090 Montpellier, France; (J.L.); (I.C.); (J.H.B.); (K.M.); (F.D.); (B.J.); (À.A.)
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7
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Kwon YY, Hui S. IL-6 is dispensable for causing cachexia in the colon carcinoma 26 model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539076. [PMID: 37205425 PMCID: PMC10187151 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various cytokines have been implicated in cancer cachexia. One such cytokine is IL-6, which has been deemed a key cachectic factor in mice inoculated with the colon carcinoma 26 (C26) cells, one of the most widely used models of cancer cachexia. Here to test the causal role of IL-6 in cancer cachexia, we used CRISPR/Cas9 editing to knock out IL-6 in C26 cells. We found that growth of IL-6 KO C26 tumors was dramatically delayed. Most strikingly, while IL-6 KO tumors eventually reached the similar size as wild-type tumors, cachexia still took place, despite no elevation in circulating IL-6. We further showed an increase of immune cell populations in IL-6 KO tumors and the defective IL-6 KO tumor growth was rescued in immunodeficient mice. Thus, our results invalidated IL-6 as a necessary factor for causing cachexia in the C26 model and revealed instead its important role in regulating tumor growth via immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Yon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Iyengar P, Gandhi AY, Granados J, Guo T, Gupta A, Yu J, Llano EM, Zhang F, Gao A, Kandathil A, Williams D, Gao B, Girard L, Malladi VS, Shelton JM, Evers BM, Hannan R, Ahn C, Minna JD, Infante RE. Tumor loss-of-function mutations in STK11/LKB1 induce cachexia. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165419. [PMID: 37092555 PMCID: PMC10243820 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC), a wasting syndrome of muscle and adipose tissue resulting in weight loss, is observed in 50% of patients with solid tumors. Management of CC is limited by the absence of biomarkers and knowledge of molecules that drive its phenotype. To identify such molecules, we injected 54 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines into immunodeficient mice, 17 of which produced an unambiguous phenotype of cachexia or non-cachexia. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that 8 of 10 cachexia lines, but none of the non-cachexia lines, possessed mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11/LKB1), a regulator of nutrient sensor AMPK. Silencing of STK11/LKB1 in human NSCLC and murine colorectal carcinoma lines conferred a cachexia phenotype after cell transplantation into immunodeficient (human NSCLC) and immunocompetent (murine colorectal carcinoma) models. This host wasting was associated with an alteration in the immune cell repertoire of the tumor microenvironments that led to increases in local mRNA expression and serum levels of CC-associated cytokines. Mutational analysis of circulating tumor DNA from patients with NSCLC identified 89% concordance between STK11/LKB1 mutations and weight loss at cancer diagnosis. The current data provide evidence that tumor STK11/LKB1 loss of function is a driver of CC, simultaneously serving as a genetic biomarker for this wasting syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Aakash Y. Gandhi
- Center for Human Nutrition
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Arun Gupta
- Center for Human Nutrition
- Department of Radiation Oncology
| | - Jinhai Yu
- Center for Human Nutrition
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Ang Gao
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Population and Data Sciences
| | | | | | - Boning Gao
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pharmacology
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research
| | - Luc Girard
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pharmacology
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research
| | | | | | | | - Raquibul Hannan
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Chul Ahn
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Population and Data Sciences
| | - John D. Minna
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research
| | - Rodney E. Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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9
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Rafii P, Seibel C, Weitz HT, Ettich J, Minafra AR, Petzsch P, Lang A, Floss DM, Behnke K, Köhrer K, Moll JM, Scheller J. Cytokimera GIL-11 rescued IL-6R deficient mice from partial hepatectomy-induced death by signaling via non-natural gp130:LIFR:IL-11R complexes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:418. [PMID: 37061565 PMCID: PMC10105715 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
All except one cytokine of the Interleukin (IL-)6 family share glycoprotein (gp) 130 as the common β receptor chain. Whereas Interleukin (IL-)11 signal via the non-signaling IL-11 receptor (IL-11R) and gp130 homodimers, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) recruits gp130:LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimers. Using IL-11 as a framework, we exchange the gp130-binding site III of IL-11 with the LIFR binding site III of LIF. The resulting synthetic cytokimera GIL-11 efficiently recruits the non-natural receptor signaling complex consisting of gp130, IL-11R and LIFR resulting in signal transduction and proliferation of factor-depending Ba/F3 cells. Besides LIF and IL-11, GIL-11 does not activate receptor complexes consisting of gp130:LIFR or gp130:IL-11R, respectively. Human GIL-11 shows cross-reactivity to mouse and rescued IL-6R-/- mice following partial hepatectomy, demonstrating gp130:IL-11R:LIFR signaling efficiently induced liver regeneration. With the development of the cytokimera GIL-11, we devise the functional assembly of the non-natural cytokine receptor complex of gp130:IL-11R:LIFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyan Rafii
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Seibel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik T Weitz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ettich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Rita Minafra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Unveiling the Role of the Proton Gateway, Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs), in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051407. [PMID: 36900198 PMCID: PMC10000250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are identified as carriers of proton ions between the mitochondrial inner membrane and the mitochondrial matrix. ATP is mainly generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The proton gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial matrix, which facilitates a smooth transfer of electrons across ETC complexes. Until now, it was thought that the role of UCPs was to break the electron transport chain and thereby inhibit the synthesis of ATP. UCPs allow protons to pass from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix and decrease the proton gradient across the membrane, which results in decreased ATP synthesis and increased production of heat by mitochondria. In recent years, the role of UCPs in other physiological processes has been deciphered. In this review, we first highlighted the different types of UCPs and their precise location across the body. Second, we summarized the role of UCPs in different diseases, mainly metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular complications, cancer, wasting syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney complications. Based on our findings, we conclude that UCPs play a major role in maintaining energy homeostasis, mitochondrial functions, ROS production, and apoptosis. Finally, our findings reveal that mitochondrial uncoupling by UCPs may treat many diseases, and extensive clinical studies are required to meet the unmet need of certain diseases.
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11
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Wang J, Chang CY, Yang X, Zhou F, Liu J, Feng Z, Hu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor, a double-edged sword with therapeutic implications in human diseases. Mol Ther 2023; 31:331-343. [PMID: 36575793 PMCID: PMC9931620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily. LIF was initially discovered as a factor to induce the differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells and thus inhibit their proliferation. Subsequent studies have highlighted the multi-functions of LIF under a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions in a highly cell-, tissue-, and context-dependent manner. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that LIF plays an essential role in the stem cell niche, where it maintains the homeostasis and regeneration of multiple somatic tissues, including intestine, neuron, and muscle. Further, LIF exerts a crucial regulatory role in immunity and functions as a protective factor against many immunopathological diseases, such as infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and graft-verse-host disease (GVHD). It is worth noting that while LIF displays a tumor-suppressive function in leukemia, recent studies have highlighted the oncogenic role of LIF in many types of solid tumors, further demonstrating the complexities and context-dependent effects of LIF. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into the roles and mechanisms of LIF in stem cell homeostasis and regeneration, immunity, and cancer, and discuss the potential therapeutic options for human diseases by modulating LIF levels and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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12
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Progressive development of melanoma-induced cachexia differentially impacts organ systems in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111934. [PMID: 36640353 PMCID: PMC9983329 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a systemic wasting syndrome that increases cancer-associated mortality. How cachexia progressively and differentially impacts distinct tissues is largely unknown. Here, we find that the heart and skeletal muscle undergo wasting at early stages and are the tissues transcriptionally most impacted by cachexia. We also identify general and organ-specific transcriptional changes that indicate functional derangement by cachexia even in tissues that do not undergo wasting, such as the brain. Secreted factors constitute a top category of cancer-regulated genes in host tissues, and these changes include upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE inhibition with the drug lisinopril improves muscle force and partially impedes cachexia-induced transcriptional changes, although wasting is not prevented, suggesting that cancer-induced host-secreted factors can regulate tissue function during cachexia. Altogether, by defining prevalent and temporal and tissue-specific responses to cachexia, this resource highlights biomarkers and possible targets for general and tissue-tailored anti-cachexia therapies.
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13
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Gilmore LA, Olaechea S, Gilmore BW, Gannavarapu BS, Alvarez CM, Ahn C, Iyengar P, Infante RE. A preponderance of gastrointestinal cancer patients transition into cachexia syndrome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2920-2931. [PMID: 36165100 PMCID: PMC9745477 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is frequently documented by self-reported, single time-point weight histories. This approach lacks the granularity needed to fully elucidate the progression of cachexia syndrome. This study aimed to longitudinally assess body weight changes pre- and post-cancer diagnosis in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients. METHODS Body weights and relevant clinical data recorded in the electronic health record 12 months pre- and post-GI cancer (colorectal, gastroesophageal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic) diagnosis were extracted. Weight loss was categorized by the International Consensus Definition for cachexia. RESULTS A total of 879 patients were included in the final cohort including patients diagnosed with colorectal (n = 317), hepatocellular (n = 185), biliary (n = 72), pancreatic (n = 186) or gastroesophageal (n = 119) cancer. Stage of disease was equally distributed. Patients without cachexia at diagnosis (n = 608) remained weight stable during the 12 months pre-diagnosis (+0.5 ± 0.5% body weight; P = 0.99). Patients with cachexia at diagnosis (n = 271) remained weight stable 6 to 12 months prior to diagnosis (+0.4 ± 0.8%; P > 0.9999) and lost 8.7 ± 0.6% (P < 0.0001) within the 6 months pre-diagnosis. Patients without cachexia at diagnosis lost more weight post-diagnosis (6.3 ± 0.6%) than patients with cachexia at diagnosis (4.7 ± 1.0%; P = 0.01). Pre-diagnosis weight trajectories did not differ between primary malignancies or stage of disease in patients without or with cachexia at diagnosis (all P ≥ 0.05). Post-diagnosis weight trajectories did differ by primary malignancy (P ≤ 0.0002) and stage (P < 0.0001). In both patients without and with cachexia at diagnosis, colorectal patients lost the least amount of weight post-diagnosis and gastroesophageal patients lost the most amount of weight post-diagnosis. Stage 4 patients without or with cachexia at diagnosis lost the most weight post-diagnosis (P ≤ 0.0003). Regardless of cachexia status at diagnosis, patients lost more weight when treated with systemic therapy (7.1 ± 0.7%; P < 0.0001; n = 419) or radiation therapy (8.4 ± 1.4%; P = 0.02; n = 116) compared to those who did not. Patients who did not have surgery lost more weight post-diagnosis (7.6 ± 1.1%; P < 0.0001; n = 355) compared to those who did have surgery. By 12 months post-diagnosis, 83% of the surviving GI cancer patients in this cohort had transitioned into cachexia syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Significant weight loss in patients with GI cancer cachexia at diagnosis initiates at least 6 months prior to diagnosis, and most patients will transition into cachexia syndrome post-diagnosis, regardless of pre-diagnosis weight change and stage of disease. These findings punctuate the importance of weight surveillance in cancer detection and earlier palliative interventions post-diagnosis in the GI cancer patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Anne Gilmore
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Santiago Olaechea
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brian W Gilmore
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Bhavani S Gannavarapu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christian M Alvarez
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chul Ahn
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rodney E Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Wang Y, An Z, Lin D, Jin W. Targeting cancer cachexia: Molecular mechanisms and clinical study. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e164. [PMID: 36105371 PMCID: PMC9464063 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex systemic catabolism syndrome characterized by muscle wasting. It affects multiple distant organs and their crosstalk with cancer constitute cancer cachexia environment. During the occurrence and progression of cancer cachexia, interactions of aberrant organs with cancer cells or other organs in a cancer cachexia environment initiate a cascade of stress reactions and destroy multiple organs including the liver, heart, pancreas, intestine, brain, bone, and spleen in metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis. The role of involved organs turned from inhibiting tumor growth into promoting cancer cachexia in cancer progression. In this review, we depicted the complicated relationship of cancer cachexia with the metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis imbalance in multiple organs in a cancer cachexia environment and summarized the treatment progress in recent years. And we discussed the molecular mechanism and clinical study of cancer cachexia from the perspective of multiple organs metabolic, neurological, and immunological abnormalities. Updated understanding of cancer cachexia might facilitate the exploration of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Fei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zi‐Yi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Dong‐Hai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wei‐Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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15
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Aleixo GF, Sheu M, Mirzai S, Majhail NS. Prognostic Impact of Adiposity in Hematological Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA AND LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:726-734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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16
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Yin X, Chen Y, Ruze R, Xu R, Song J, Wang C, Xu Q. The evolving view of thermogenic fat and its implications in cancer and metabolic diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:324. [PMID: 36114195 PMCID: PMC9481605 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe incidence of metabolism-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached pandemic levels worldwide and increased gradually. Most of them are listed on the table of high-risk factors for malignancy, and metabolic disorders systematically or locally contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis of patients. Importantly, adipose tissue is fundamental to the occurrence and development of these metabolic disorders. White adipose tissue stores excessive energy, while thermogenic fat including brown and beige adipose tissue dissipates energy to generate heat. In addition to thermogenesis, beige and brown adipocytes also function as dynamic secretory cells and a metabolic sink of nutrients, like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Accordingly, strategies that activate and expand thermogenic adipose tissue offer therapeutic promise to combat overweight, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders through increasing energy expenditure and enhancing glucose tolerance. With a better understanding of its origins and biological functions and the advances in imaging techniques detecting thermogenesis, the roles of thermogenic adipose tissue in tumors have been revealed gradually. On the one hand, enhanced browning of subcutaneous fatty tissue results in weight loss and cancer-associated cachexia. On the other hand, locally activated thermogenic adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment accelerate cancer progression by offering fuel sources and is likely to develop resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we enumerate current knowledge about the significant advances made in the origin and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of thermogenic adipocytes in different tumors. Ultimately, we summarize imaging technologies for identifying thermogenic adipose tissue and pharmacologic agents via modulating thermogenesis in preclinical experiments and clinical trials.
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17
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Miao X, Wang B, Chen K, Ding R, Wu J, Pan Y, Ji P, Ye B, Xiang M. Perspectives of lipid metabolism reprogramming in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An overview. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008361. [PMID: 36185215 PMCID: PMC9524856 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that lipid metabolism reprogramming contributes to tumorigenicity and malignancy by interfering energy production, membrane formation, and signal transduction in cancers. HNSCCs are highly reliant on aerobic glycolysis and glutamine metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs remains obscure. The present review summarizes and discusses the “vital” cellular signaling roles of the lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs. We also address the differences between HNSCCs regions caused by anatomical heterogeneity. We enumerate these recent findings into our current understanding of lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs and introduce the new and exciting therapeutic implications of targeting the lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwan Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jichang Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilin Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingliang Xiang, ; Bin Ye,
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingliang Xiang, ; Bin Ye,
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Olaechea S, Gannavarapu BS, Alvarez C, Gilmore A, Sarver B, Xie D, Infante R, Iyengar P. Primary Tumor Fluorine‐18 Fluorodeoxydglucose (18F‐FDG) Is Associated With Cancer-Associated Weight Loss in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Portends Worse Survival. Front Oncol 2022; 12:900712. [PMID: 35814438 PMCID: PMC9263563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the diagnostic potential of and associations between tumor 18F‐FDG uptake on PET imaging and cancer-associated weight loss. Methods 774 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pre-treatment PET evaluated between 2006 and 2014 were identified. Using the international validated definition of cachexia, the presence of clinically significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss (WL) was retrospectively determined. Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVMax) of 18F‐FDG was recorded and dichotomized based on 3 experimental cutpoints for survival analyses. Each SUVMax cutpoint prioritized either survival differences, total cohort comparison sample sizes, or sample size by stage. Patient outcomes and associations between SUVMax and cancer-associated weight loss were assessed by multivariate, categorical, and survival analyses. Results Patients were found to have an increased likelihood of having WL at diagnosis associated with increasing primary tumor SUVMax after controlling for potentially confounding patient and tumor characteristics on multivariate logistic regression (OR 1.038; 95% CI: 1.012, 1.064; P=0.0037). After stratifying the cohort by WL and dichotomized SUVMax, both factors were found to be relevant in predicting survival outcomes when the alternative variable was constant. Of note, the most striking survival differences contributed by WL status occurred in high SUVMax groups, where the presence of WL predicted a median survival time detriment of up to 10 months, significant regardless of cutpoint determination method applied to categorize high SUVMax patients. SUVMax classification was found to be most consistently relevant in both WL and no WL groups. Conclusions The significant positive association between significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss and primary tumor SUVMax underscores increased glucose uptake as a component of catabolic tumor phenotypes. This substantiates 18F‐FDG PET analysis as a prospective tool for assessment of cancer-associated weight loss and corresponding survival outcomes. Furthermore, the survival differences observed between WL groups across multiple SUVMax classifications supports the importance of weight loss monitoring in oncologic workups. Weight loss in the setting of NSCLCs with higher metabolic activity as determined by 18F‐FDG PET signal should encourage more aggressive and earlier palliative care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Olaechea
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bhavani S. Gannavarapu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Christian Alvarez
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne Gilmore
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brandon Sarver
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Donglu Xie
- Academic Information Systems, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rodney Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
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The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Potential of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122955. [PMID: 35740622 PMCID: PMC9221449 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mechanism of cancer cachexia is linked to a variety of factors, and inflammatory factors are thought to play a key role. We summarize the main roles of LIF in the development of cancer cachexia, including promoting fat loss, inducing skeletal muscle atrophy and causing anorexia nervosa. The main aim of this review is to increase the understanding of the effects of LIF in cachexia and to provide new insights into the treatment of cancer cachexia. Abstract Cachexia is a chronic metabolic syndrome that is characterized by sustained weight and muscle mass loss and anorexia. Cachexia can be secondary to a variety of diseases and affects the prognosis of patients significantly. The increase in inflammatory cytokines in plasma is deeply related to the occurrence of cachexia. As a member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exerts multiple biological functions. LIF is over-expressed in the cancer cells and stromal cells of various tumors, promoting the malignant development of tumors via the autocrine and paracrine systems. Intriguingly, increasing studies have confirmed that LIF contributes to the progression of cachexia, especially in patients with metastatic tumors. This review combines all of the evidence to summarize the mechanism of LIF-induced cachexia from the following four aspects: (i) LIF and cancer-associated cachexia, (ii) LIF and alterations of adipose tissue in cachexia, (iii) LIF and anorexia nervosa in cachexia, and (iv) LIF and muscle atrophy in cachexia. Considering the complex mechanisms in cachexia, we also focus on the interactions between LIF and other key cytokines in cachexia and existing therapeutics targeting LIF.
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Gandhi AY, Yu J, Gupta A, Guo T, Iyengar P, Infante RE. Cytokine-Mediated STAT3 Transcription Supports ATGL/CGI-58-Dependent Adipocyte Lipolysis in Cancer Cachexia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841758. [PMID: 35785158 PMCID: PMC9240385 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is observed in multiple metabolically-altered states including cancer-associated cachexia and obesity. Although cachexia is a syndrome of adipose loss and obesity is a disease of adipose excess, both pathologies demonstrate increases in circulating levels of IL-6 family cytokines, β-adrenergic signaling, and adipocyte lipolysis. While β-adrenergic-stimulated adipocyte lipolysis is well described, there is limited mechanistic insight into how cancer cachexia-associated inflammatory cytokines contribute to adipocyte lipolysis under pathologic conditions. Here, we set out to compare adipocyte lipolysis signaling by cancer cachexia-associated IL-6 family cytokines (IL-6 and LIF) to that of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Unlike isoproterenol, the IL-6 family of cytokines required JAK/STAT3-dependent transcriptional changes to induce adipocyte lipolysis. Furthermore, cachexia-associated cytokines that used STAT3 to induce lipolysis were primarily dependent on the lipase ATGL and its cofactor CGI-58 rather than lipases HSL and MAGL. Finally, administration of JAK but not β-adrenergic inhibitors suppressed adipose STAT3 phosphorylation and associated adipose wasting in a murine model of cancer cachexia characterized by increased systemic IL-6 family cytokine levels. Combined, our results demonstrate how the IL-6 family of cytokines diverge from β-adrenergic signals by employing JAK/STAT3-driven transcriptional changes to promote adipocyte ATGL/CGI-58-dependent lipolysis contributing to adipose wasting in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Y. Gandhi
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jinhai Yu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tong Guo
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney E. Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
| | - Rodney E. Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney E. Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
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Olaechea S, Gilmore A, Alvarez C, Gannavarapu BS, Infante R, Iyengar P. Associations of Prior Chronic Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Glucocorticoids With Cachexia Incidence and Survival. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922418. [PMID: 35747801 PMCID: PMC9210667 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cachexia is an inflammatory and metabolic syndrome of unintentional weight loss through depletion of muscle and adipose tissue. There is limited knowledge of how chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids affect cachexia development. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between prior long-term use of NSAIDs or glucocorticoids with cachexia incidence and post-diagnosis weight loss progression in a retrospective cancer patient cohort. Methods Of 3,802 lung or gastrointestinal cancer patient records, 3,180 comprised our final cohort. Patient demographic information, tumor qualities, medication histories, and comorbidities were assessed. Cachexia was defined as having developed prior to oncologic treatment. Statistical evaluations included categorical, multivariate logistic regression, and log-rank survival analyses. Development of substantial post-diagnosis weight loss was calculated and interpreted for patients without cachexia at diagnosis. Results Chronic prior use of any NSAID or glucocorticoid medication was associated with approximate absolute and relative reductions in cachexia incidence at diagnosis of 10 and 25 percent (P<0.0001). In multivariate analyses, NSAID medications demonstrated a 23 percent reduction in cachexia incidence likelihood (OR=0.770; 95% CI=0.594, 0.998; P=0.0481). Patients without cachexia at diagnosis were significantly more likely to develop substantial post-diagnosis weight loss from pre-diagnosis use groups of glucocorticoids (OR= 1.452; 95% CI=1.065, 1.979; P=0.0183) or NSAIDs (OR=1.411; 95% CI=1.082, 1.840; P=0.011). Conclusions Our findings suggest a protective effect of prior anti-inflammatory medications, primarily NSAIDs, against manifestations of the cachexia phenotype at cancer diagnosis. These observations support further exploration of potential therapeutic benefits from anti-inflammatory medications early in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Olaechea
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne Gilmore
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Christian Alvarez
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bhavani S. Gannavarapu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rodney Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
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22
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Wu X, Dai Y, Nie K. Research Progress of Liujunzi Decoction in the Treatment of Tumor-Associated Anorexia. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1731-1741. [PMID: 35698654 PMCID: PMC9188393 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s365292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xipei Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongzhao Dai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Nie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ke Nie, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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23
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Weber BZC, Arabaci DH, Kir S. Metabolic Reprogramming in Adipose Tissue During Cancer Cachexia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848394. [PMID: 35646636 PMCID: PMC9135324 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a disorder of energy balance characterized by the wasting of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle resulting in severe weight loss with profound influence on morbidity and mortality. Treatment options for cancer cachexia are still limited. This multifactorial syndrome is associated with changes in several metabolic pathways in adipose tissue which is affected early in the course of cachexia. Adipose depots are involved in energy storage and consumption as well as endocrine functions. In this mini review, we discuss the metabolic reprogramming in all three types of adipose tissues – white, brown, and beige – under the influence of the tumor macro-environment. Alterations in adipose tissue lipolysis, lipogenesis, inflammation and adaptive thermogenesis of beige/brown adipocytes are highlighted. Energy-wasting circuits in adipose tissue impacts whole-body metabolism and particularly skeletal muscle. Targeting of key molecular players involved in the metabolic reprogramming may aid in the development of new treatment strategies for cancer cachexia.
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24
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Rich NE, Phen S, Desai N, Mittal S, Yopp AC, Yang JD, Marrero JA, Iyengar P, Infante RE, Singal AG. Cachexia is Prevalent in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Associated With Worse Prognosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e1157-e1169. [PMID: 34555519 PMCID: PMC8934317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome associated with functional impairment and reduced survival that impacts up to 50% of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. However, data are limited on the prevalence and clinical significance of cachexia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with HCC at 2 United States health systems between 2008 and 2018. Patient weights were recorded 6 months prior to and at time of HCC diagnosis. Cachexia was defined as >5% weight loss (or >2% weight loss if body mass index <20 kg/m2), and precachexia was defined as 2% to 5% weight loss. We used multivariable logistic regression models to identify correlates of cachexia and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to identify factors associated with overall survival. RESULTS Of 604 patients with HCC, 201 (33.3%) had precachexia and 143 (23.7%) had cachexia at diagnosis, including 19.0%, 23.5%, 34.7%, and 34.0% of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stages 0/A, B, C, and D, respectively. Patients with cachexia were less likely to receive HCC treatment (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.71) and had worse survival than those with precachexia or stable weight (11.3 vs 20.4 vs 23.5 months, respectively; P < .001). Cachexia remained independently associated with worse survival (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.84) after adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, Child Pugh class, alpha-fetoprotein, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and HCC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 1 in 4 patients with HCC present with cachexia, including many with compensated cirrhosis or early stage tumors. The presence of cancer-associated weight loss appears to be an early and independent predictor of worse outcomes in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Rich
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Samuel Phen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Nirali Desai
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Sukul Mittal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Adam C. Yopp
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA
| | - Jorge A. Marrero
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Rodney E. Infante
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
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25
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Yuan Y, Li K, Teng F, Wang W, Zhou B, Zhou X, Lin J, Ye X, Deng Y, Liu W, Luo S, Zhang P, Liu D, Zheng M, Li J, Lu Y, Zhang H. Leukemia inhibitory factor protects against liver steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101946. [PMID: 35447114 PMCID: PMC9123280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms that promote dysregulation of hepatic triglyceride metabolism and lead to NAFLD are poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family and has been shown to regulate a variety of physiological processes, although its role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism remains unknown. In the present study, we measured circulating LIF levels by ELISA in 214 patients with biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD as well as 314 normal control patients. We further investigated the potential role and mechanism of LIF on hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice. We found that circulating LIF levels correlated with the severity of liver steatosis. Patients with ballooning, fibrosis, lobular inflammation, and abnormally elevated liver injury markers alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase also had higher levels of serum LIF than control patients. Furthermore, animal studies showed that white adipose tissue–derived LIF could ameliorate liver steatosis through activation of hepatic LIF receptor signaling pathways. Together, our results suggested that targeting LIF-LIF receptor signaling might be a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangli Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueru Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenjian Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University affiliated Second Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Lai KC, Hong ZX, Hsieh JG, Lee HJ, Yang MH, Hsieh CH, Yang CH, Chen YR. IFIT2-depleted metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma cells induce muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia in mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1314-1328. [PMID: 35170238 PMCID: PMC8977969 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 2 (IFIT2) is a reported metastasis suppressor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Metastases and cachexia may coexist. The effect of cancer metastasis on cancer cachexia is largely unknown. We aimed to address this gap in knowledge by characterizing the cachectic phenotype of an IFIT2-depleted metastatic OSCC mouse model. METHODS Genetically engineered and xenograft tumour models were used to explore the effect of IFIT2-depleted metastatic OSCC on cancer cachexia. Muscle and organ weight changes, tumour burden, inflammatory cytokine profiles, body composition, food intake, serum albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and survival were assessed. The activation of the IL6/p38 pathway in atrophied muscle was measured. RESULTS IFIT2-depleted metastatic tumours caused marked body weight loss (-18.2% vs. initial body weight, P < 0.001) and a poor survival rate (P < 0.01). Skeletal muscles were markedly smaller in IFIT2-depleted metastatic tumour-bearing mice (quadriceps: -28.7%, gastrocnemius: -29.4%, and tibialis: -24.3%, all P < 0.001). Tumour-derived circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (+772.2-fold, P < 0.05), GROα (+1283.7-fold, P < 0.05), IL6 (+245.8-fold, P < 0.001), IL8 (+616.9-fold, P < 0.001), IL18 (+24-fold, P < 0.05), IP10 (+18.8-fold, P < 0.001), CCL2 (+439.2-fold, P < 0.001), CCL22 (+9.1-fold, P < 0.01) and tumour necrosis factor α (+196.8-fold, P < 0.05) were elevated in IFIT2-depleted metastatic tumour-bearing mice. Murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (+61.4-fold, P < 0.001) and IL6 (+110.9-fold, P < 0.01) levels were significantly increased in IFIT2-depleted metastatic tumour-bearing mice. Serum CRP level (+82.1%, P < 0.05) was significantly increased in cachectic shIFIT2 mice. Serum albumin level (-26.7%, P < 0.01) was significantly decreased in cachectic shIFIT2 mice. An assessment of body composition revealed decreased fat (-81%, P < 0.001) and lean tissue (-21.7%, P < 0.01), which was consistent with the reduced food intake (-19.3%, P < 0.05). Muscle loss was accompanied by a smaller muscle cross-sectional area (-23.3%, P < 0.05). Muscle atrophy of cachectic IFIT2-depleted metastatic tumour-bearing mice (i.v.-shIFIT2 group) was associated with elevated IL6 (+2.7-fold, P < 0.05), phospho-p38 (+2.8-fold, P < 0.05), and atrogin-1 levels (+2.3-fold, P < 0.05) in the skeletal muscle. Neutralization of IL6 rescued shIFIT2 conditioned medium-induced myotube atrophy (+24.6%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the development of shIFIT2 metastatic OSCC lesions promotes IL6 production and is accompanied by the loss of fat and lean tissue, anorexia, and muscle atrophy. This model is appropriate for the study of OSCC cachexia, especially in linking metastasis with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chu Lai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xuan Hong
- Masters Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Gang Hsieh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Immunwork, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Husu Hsieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yang
- Deportment of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Chen
- Masters Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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27
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Xie H, Heier C, Meng X, Bakiri L, Pototschnig I, Tang Z, Schauer S, Baumgartner VJ, Grabner GF, Schabbauer G, Wolinski H, Robertson GR, Hoefler G, Zeng W, Wagner EF, Schweiger M, Zechner R. An immune-sympathetic neuron communication axis guides adipose tissue browning in cancer-associated cachexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112840119. [PMID: 35210363 PMCID: PMC8892347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112840119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by unintended weight loss due to the atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. A phenotypic switch from white to beige adipocytes, a phenomenon called browning, accelerates CAC by increasing the dissipation of energy as heat. Addressing the mechanisms of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning in CAC, we now show that cachexigenic tumors activate type 2 immunity in cachectic WAT, generating a neuroprotective environment that increases peripheral sympathetic activity. Increased sympathetic activation, in turn, results in increased neuronal catecholamine synthesis and secretion, β-adrenergic activation of adipocytes, and induction of WAT browning. Two genetic mouse models validated this progression of events. 1) Interleukin-4 receptor deficiency impeded the alternative activation of macrophages, reduced sympathetic activity, and restrained WAT browning, and 2) reduced catecholamine synthesis in peripheral dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH)-deficient mice prevented cancer-induced WAT browning and adipose atrophy. Targeting the intraadipose macrophage-sympathetic neuron cross-talk represents a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate cachexia in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes and Disease Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes and Disease Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Genes and Disease Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Jorgensen MM, de la Puente P. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Important Cytokine in Pathologies and Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020217. [PMID: 35204717 PMCID: PMC8961628 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and is expressed in almost every tissue type within the body. Although LIF was named for its ability to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, studies of LIF in additional diseases and solid tumor types have shown that it has the potential to contribute to many other pathologies. Exploring the roles of LIF in normal physiology and non-cancer pathologies can give important insights into how it may be dysregulated within cancers, and the possible effects of this dysregulation. Within various cancer types, LIF expression has been linked to hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as overall patient survival. The mechanisms behind these effects of LIF are not well understood and can differ between different tissue types. In fact, research has shown that while LIF may promote malignancy progression in some solid tumors, it can have anti-neoplastic effects in others. This review will summarize current knowledge of how LIF expression impacts cellular function and dysfunction to help reveal new adjuvant treatment options for cancer patients, while also revealing potential adverse effects of treatments targeting LIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Jorgensen
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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29
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Distinct composition and metabolic functions of human gut microbiota are associated with cachexia in lung cancer patients. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3207-3220. [PMID: 34002024 PMCID: PMC8528809 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is associated with decreased survival in cancer patients and has a prevalence of up to 80%. The etiology of cachexia is poorly understood, and limited treatment options exist. Here, we investigated the role of the human gut microbiome in cachexia by integrating shotgun metagenomics and plasma metabolomics of 31 lung cancer patients. The cachexia group showed significant differences in the gut microbial composition, functional pathways of the metagenome, and the related plasma metabolites compared to non-cachectic patients. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), methylhistamine, and vitamins were significantly depleted in the plasma of cachexia patients, which was also reflected in the depletion of relevant gut microbiota functional pathways. The enrichment of BCAAs and 3-oxocholic acid in non-cachectic patients were positively correlated with gut microbial species Prevotella copri and Lactobacillus gasseri, respectively. Furthermore, the gut microbiota capacity for lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis was significantly enriched in cachectic patients. The involvement of the gut microbiome in cachexia was further observed in a high-performance machine learning model using solely gut microbial features. Our study demonstrates the links between cachectic host metabolism and specific gut microbial species and functions in a clinical setting, suggesting that the gut microbiota could have an influence on cachexia with possible therapeutic applications.
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30
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Tang Y, Zhang W, Sheng T, He X, Xiong X. Overview of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the formation of cancer‑associated adipocytes (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:768. [PMID: 34490479 PMCID: PMC8430316 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are the main stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. In addition to serving as energy stores for triglycerides, adipocytes may function as an active endocrine organ. The crosstalk between adipocytes and cancer cells was shown to promote the migration, invasion and proliferation of cancer cells and to cause phenotypic and functional changes in adipocytes. Tumor-derived soluble factors, such as TNF-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, Wnt3a, IL-6, and exosomal microRNAs (miRNA/miRs), including miR-144, miR-126, miR-155, as well as other miRNAs, have been shown to act on adipocytes at the tumor invasion front, resulting in the formation of cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) with diminished reduced terminal differentiation markers and a dedifferentiated phenotype. In addition, the number and size of CAA lipid droplets have been found to be significantly reduced compared with those of mature adipocytes, whereas inflammatory cytokines and proteases are overexpressed. The aim of the present review was to summarize the latest findings on the biological changes of CAAs and the potential role of tumor-adipocyte crosstalk in the formation of CAAs, in the hope of providing novel perspectives for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Tang
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiang Sheng
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Olaechea S, Gannavarapu BS, Gilmore A, Alvarez C, Iyengar P, Infante R. The influence of tumour fluorodeoxyglucose avidity and cachexia development on patient survival in oesophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2021; 6:128-136. [DOI: 10.1002/crt2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Olaechea
- Center for Human Nutrition UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | | | - Anne Gilmore
- Center for Human Nutrition UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Christian Alvarez
- Center for Human Nutrition UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Rodney Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
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Prognostic significance of cachexia in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:387-398. [PMID: 34180007 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by weight loss leading to immune dysfunction that is commonly observed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We examined the impact of cachexia on the prognosis of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving pembrolizumab and evaluated whether the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia affects the clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC treated with pembrolizumab were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and appetite-related hormones, which are related to the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia, were analyzed. Cancer cachexia was defined as (1) a body weight loss > 5% over the past 6 months, or (2) a body weight loss > 2% in patients with a body mass index < 20 kg/m2. RESULTS A total of 133 patients were enrolled. Patients with cachexia accounted for 35.3%. No significant difference in the objective response rate was seen between the cachexia and non-cachexia group (29.8% vs. 34.9%, P = 0.550), but the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) periods were significantly shorter in the cachexia group than in the non-cachexia group (PFS: 4.2 months vs. 7.1 months, P = 0.04, and OS: 10.0 months vs. 26.6 months, P = 0.03). The serum TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-8, IL-10, and leptin levels were significantly associated with the presence of cachexia, but not with the PFS or OS. CONCLUSION The presence of cachexia was significantly associated with poor prognosis in advanced NSCLC patients receiving pembrolizumab, not with the response to pembrolizumab.
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Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, Atfi A. Cancer-Mediated Muscle Cachexia: Etiology and Clinical Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:382-402. [PMID: 33888422 PMCID: PMC8102392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cachexia has a major detrimental impact on cancer patients, being responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths. It is characterized by a debilitating loss in muscle mass and function, which ultimately deteriorates patients' quality of life and dampens therapeutic treatment efficacy. Muscle cachexia stems from widespread alterations in whole-body metabolism as well as immunity and neuroendocrine functions and these global defects often culminate in aberrant signaling within skeletal muscle, causing muscle protein breakdown and attendant muscle atrophy. This review summarizes recent landmark discoveries that significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer-driven muscle cachexia and further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches seeking to simultaneously target those newly discovered mechanisms to efficiently curb this lethal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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34
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Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanism and pharmacological management. Biochem J 2021; 478:1663-1688. [PMID: 33970218 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in weight loss, poor life quality and shorter survival. The pathogenic mechanism of cancer cachexia is complex, involving a variety of molecular substrates and signal pathways. Advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia have provided a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Although recent outcomes of early-phase trials have showed that several drugs presented an ideal curative effect, monotherapy cannot be entirely satisfactory in the treatment of cachexia-associated symptoms due to its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Therefore, the lack of definitive therapeutic strategies for cancer cachexia emphasizes the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidences show that the progression of cachexia is associated with metabolic alternations, which mainly include excessive energy expenditure, increased proteolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we provided an overview of the key mechanisms of cancer cachexia, with a major focus on muscle atrophy, adipose tissue wasting, anorexia and fatigue and updated the latest progress of pharmacological management of cancer cachexia, thereby further advancing the interventions that can counteract cancer cachexia.
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35
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Narasimhan A, Zhong X, Au EP, Ceppa EP, Nakeeb A, House MG, Zyromski NJ, Schmidt CM, Schloss KNH, Schloss DEI, Liu Y, Jiang G, Hancock BA, Radovich M, Kays JK, Shahda S, Couch ME, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. Profiling of Adipose and Skeletal Muscle in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia Reveals Distinct Gene Profiles with Convergent Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1975. [PMID: 33923976 PMCID: PMC8073275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer cachexia. Although cachexia results from concurrent loss of adipose and muscle tissue, most studies focus on muscle alone. Emerging data demonstrate the prognostic value of fat loss in cachexia. Here we sought to identify the muscle and adipose gene profiles and pathways regulated in cachexia. Matched rectus abdominis muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained at surgery from patients with benign conditions (n = 11) and patients with PDAC (n = 24). Self-reported weight loss and body composition measurements defined cachexia status. Gene profiling was done using ion proton sequencing. Results were queried against external datasets for validation. 961 DE genes were identified from muscle and 2000 from adipose tissue, demonstrating greater response of adipose than muscle. In addition to known cachexia genes such as FOXO1, novel genes from muscle, including PPP1R8 and AEN correlated with cancer weight loss. All the adipose correlated genes including SCGN and EDR17 are novel for PDAC cachexia. Pathway analysis demonstrated shared pathways but largely non-overlapping genes in both tissues. Age related muscle loss predominantly had a distinct gene profiles compared to cachexia. This analysis of matched, externally validate gene expression points to novel targets in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Ernie P. Au
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eugene P. Ceppa
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Atilla Nakeeb
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Michael G. House
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Zyromski
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - C. Max Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Katheryn N. H. Schloss
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Daniel E. I. Schloss
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Yunlong Liu
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Guanglong Jiang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Bradley A. Hancock
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Milan Radovich
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua K. Kays
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Safi Shahda
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marion E. Couch
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Hunter SA, McIntosh BJ, Shi Y, Sperberg RAP, Funatogawa C, Labanieh L, Soon E, Wastyk HC, Mehta N, Carter C, Hunter T, Cochran JR. An engineered ligand trap inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor as pancreatic cancer treatment strategy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:452. [PMID: 33846527 PMCID: PMC8041770 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine secreted by stromal myofibroblasts and tumor cells, has recently been highlighted to promote tumor progression in pancreatic and other cancers through KRAS-driven cell signaling. We engineered a high affinity soluble human LIF receptor (LIFR) decoy that sequesters human LIF and inhibits its signaling as a therapeutic strategy. This engineered 'ligand trap', fused to an antibody Fc-domain, has ~50-fold increased affinity (~20 pM) and improved LIF inhibition compared to wild-type LIFR-Fc, potently blocks LIF-mediated effects in pancreatic cancer cells, and slows the growth of pancreatic cancer xenograft tumors. These results, and the lack of apparent toxicity observed in animal models, further highlights ligand traps as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brianna J McIntosh
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin Soon
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah C Wastyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Carter
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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37
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Liu SC, Tsang NM, Lee PJ, Sui YH, Huang CH, Liu TT. Epstein-Barr Virus Induces Adipocyte Dedifferentiation to Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3283-3294. [PMID: 33824135 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent location of metastatic EBV+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the bone marrow, an adipocyte-dominant region. Several EBV-associated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) types also grow in the anatomical vicinity of fat tissues. Here we show that in an adipose tissue-rich tumor setting, EBV targets adipocytes and remodels the tumor microenvironment. Positive immunoreactivity for EBV-encoded early antigen D was detected in adipose tissue near tumor beds of bone marrow metastatic NPC. EBV was capable of infecting primary human adipocytes in vitro, triggering expression of multiple EBV-encoded mRNA and proteins. In infected adipocytes, lipolysis was stimulated through enhanced expression of lipases and the AMPK metabolic pathway. The EBV-mediated imbalance in energy homeostasis was further confirmed by increased release of free fatty acids, glycerol, and expression of proinflammatory adipokines. Clinically, enhanced serum levels of free fatty acids in patients with NPC correlated with poorer recurrence-free survival. EBV-induced delipidation stimulated dedifferentiation of adipocytes into fibroblast-like cells expressing higher levels of S100A4, a marker protein of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). IHC analyses of bone marrow metastatic NPC and salivary LELC revealed similar structural changes of dedifferentiated adipocytes located at the boundaries of EBV+ tumors. S100A4 expression in adipose tissues near tumor beds correlated with fibrotic response, implying that CAFs in the tumor microenvironment are partially derived from EBV-induced dedifferentiated adipocytes. Our data suggest that adipose tissue serves as an EBV reservoir, where EBV orchestrates the interactions between adipose tissues and tumor cells by rearranging metabolic pathways to benefit virus persistence and to promote a protumorigenic microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that Epstein-Barr virus hijacks adipocyte lipid metabolism to create a tumor-promoting microenvironment from which reactivation and relapse of infection could potentially occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hua Sui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Han Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Tung Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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38
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Wrona E, Potemski P, Sclafani F, Borowiec M. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: A Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:2. [PMID: 33630157 PMCID: PMC7907038 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive, treatment-resistant cancer. Five-year survival rate is about 9%, one of the lowest among all solid tumors. Such a poor outcome is partly due to the limited knowledge of tumor biology, and the resulting lack of effective treatment options and robust predictive biomarkers. The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has recently emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC. Accumulating evidence has suggested that LIF plays a role in supporting cancer evolution as a regulator of cell differentiation, renewal and survival. Interestingly, it can be detected in the serum of PDAC patients at higher concentrations than healthy individuals, this supporting its potential value as diagnostic biomarker. Furthermore, preliminary data indicate that testing for LIF serum concentration or tissue expression may help with treatment response monitoring and prognostication. Finally, studies in PDAC mouse models have also shown that LIF may be a valuable therapeutic target, and first-in-human clinical trial is currently ongoing. This article aims to review the available data on the role of LIF in PDAC promotion, and to discuss the evidence supporting its potential role as a biomarker and target of effective anti-cancer therapy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wrona
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Potemski
- Department of Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Francesco Sclafani
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Guo T, Gupta A, Yu J, Granados JZ, Gandhi AY, Evers BM, Iyengar P, Infante RE. LIFR-α-dependent adipocyte signaling in obesity limits adipose expansion contributing to fatty liver disease. iScience 2021; 24:102227. [PMID: 33748712 PMCID: PMC7970148 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of chronic adipose inflammation in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and its sequelae including fatty liver disease remains unclear. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces JAK-dependent adipocyte lipolysis and altered adipo/cytokine expression, suppressing in vivo adipose expansion in normal and obese mouse models. To characterize LIF receptor (LIFR-α)-dependent cytokine signaling in DIO, we created an adipocyte-specific LIFR knockout mouse model (Adipoq-Cre;LIFRfl/fl). Differentiated adipocytes derived from this model blocked LIF-induced triacylglycerol lipolysis. Adipoq-Cre;LIFRfl/fl mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) displayed reduced adipose STAT3 activation, 50% expansion in adipose, 20% body weight increase, and a 75% reduction in total hepatic triacylglycerides compared with controls. To demonstrate that LIFR-α signals adipocytes through STAT3, we also created an Adipoq-Cre;STAT3fl/fl model that showed similar findings when fed a HFD as Adipoq-Cre;LIFRfl/fl mice. These findings establish the importance of obesity-associated LIFR-α/JAK/STAT3 inflammatory signaling in adipocytes, blocking further adipose expansion in DIO contributing to ectopic liver triacylglyceride accumulation. LIFR-α signaling induces adipocyte lipolysis, restricting adipose expansion in DIO LIFR-α signaling requires STAT3 for adipocyte lipolysis LIFR-α/JAK/STAT3 lipolysis signaling in adipocytes promotes hepatic steatosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Guo
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jinhai Yu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Z Granados
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aakash Y Gandhi
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rodney E Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Luo Y, Li X, Ma J, Abbruzzese JL, Lu W. Pancreatic Tumorigenesis: Oncogenic KRAS and the Vulnerability of the Pancreas to Obesity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040778. [PMID: 33668583 PMCID: PMC7918840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a poor survival rate, and oncogenic mutant KRAS is a major driver of its initiation and progression; however, effective strategies/drugs targeting major forms of mutant KRAS have not been forthcoming. Of note, obesity is known to worsen mutant KRAS-mediated pathologies, leading to PDAC with high penetrance; however, the mechanistic link between obesity and pancreatic cancer remains elusive. The recent discovery of FGF21 as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammation factor and as a downstream target of KRAS has shed new light on the problem. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog) mutations have been considered a critical driver of PDAC initiation and progression. However, the effects of mutant KRAS alone do not recapitulate the full spectrum of pancreatic pathologies associated with PDAC development in adults. Historically, mutant KRAS was regarded as constitutively active; however, recent studies have shown that endogenous levels of mutant KRAS are not constitutively fully active and its activity is still subject to up-regulation by upstream stimuli. Obesity is a metabolic disease that induces a chronic, low-grade inflammation called meta-inflammation and has long been recognized clinically as a major modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer. It has been shown in different animal models that obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) and pancreatic inflammation promote the rapid development of mutant KRAS-mediated PDAC with high penetrance. However, it is not clear why the pancreas with endogenous levels of mutant KRAS is vulnerable to chronic HFD and inflammatory challenges. Recently, the discovery of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a novel anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory factor and as a downstream target of mutant KRAS has shed new light on this problem. This review is intended to provide an update on our knowledge of the vulnerability of the pancreas to KRAS-mediated invasive PDAC in the context of challenges engendered by obesity and associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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MC38 Tumors Induce Musculoskeletal Defects in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031486. [PMID: 33540821 PMCID: PMC7867345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and the prevalence of CRC in young adults is on the rise, making this a largescale clinical concern. Advanced CRC patients often present with liver metastases (LM) and an increased incidence of cachexia, i.e., musculoskeletal wasting. Despite its high incidence in CRC patients, cachexia remains an unresolved issue, and animal models for the study of CRC cachexia, in particular, metastatic CRC cachexia, remain limited; therefore, we aimed to establish a new model of metastatic CRC cachexia. C57BL/6 male mice (8 weeks old) were subcutaneously (MC38) or intrasplenically injected (mMC38) with MC38 murine CRC cells to disseminate LM, while experimental controls received saline (n = 5-8/group). The growth of subcutaneous MC38 tumors was accompanied by a reduction in skeletal muscle mass (-16%; quadriceps muscle), plantarflexion force (-22%) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) contractility (-20%) compared to experimental controls. Meanwhile, the formation of MC38 LM (mMC38) led to heighted reductions in skeletal muscle mass (-30%; quadriceps), plantarflexion force (-28%) and EDL contractility (-35%) compared to sham-operated controls, suggesting exacerbated cachexia associated with LM. Moreover, both MC38 and mMC38 tumor hosts demonstrated a marked loss of bone indicated by reductions in trabecular (Tb.BV/TV: -49% in MC38, and -46% in mMC38) and cortical (C.BV/TV: -12% in MC38, and -8% in mMC38) bone. Cell culture experiments revealed that MC38 tumor-derived factors directly promote myotube wasting (-18%) and STAT3 phosphorylation (+5-fold), while the pharmacologic blockade of STAT3 signaling was sufficient to preserve myotube atrophy in the presence of MC38 cells (+21%). Overall, these results reinforce the notion that the formation of LM heightens cachexia in an experimental model of CRC.
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The emerging role of leukemia inhibitory factor in cancer and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107754. [PMID: 33259884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multi-functional cytokine of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily. Initially identified as a factor that inhibits the proliferation of murine myeloid leukemia cells, LIF displays a wide variety of important functions in a cell-, tissue- and context-dependent manner in many physiological and pathological processes, including regulating cell proliferation, pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, tissue/organ development and regeneration, neurogenesis and neural regeneration, maternal reproduction, inflammation, infection, immune response, and metabolism. Emerging evidence has shown that LIF plays an important but complex role in human cancers; while LIF displays a tumor suppressive function in some types of cancers, including leukemia, LIF is overexpressed and exerts an oncogenic function in many more types of cancers. Further, targeting LIF has been actively investigated as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the recent advances in the studies on LIF in human cancers and its potential application in cancer therapy. A better understanding of the role of LIF in different types of cancers and its underlying mechanisms will help to develop more effective strategies for cancer therapy.
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Nilsson IAK, Millischer V, Göteson A, Hübel C, Thornton LM, Bulik CM, Schalling M, Landén M. Aberrant inflammatory profile in acute but not recovered anorexia nervosa. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:718-724. [PMID: 32389698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with high mortality and relapse rates. Even though changes in inflammatory markers and cytokines are known to accompany cachexia associated with somatic disorders such as cancer and chronic kidney disorder, studies on inflammatory markers in AN are rare and typically include few individuals. Here, we utilize an Olink Proteomics inflammatory panel to explore the concentrations of 92 preselected inflammation-related proteins in plasma samples from women with active AN (N = 113), recovered from AN (AN-REC, N = 113), and normal weight healthy controls (N = 114). After correction for multiple testing, twenty-five proteins differed significantly between the AN group and controls (lower levels: ADA, CCL19, CD40, CD5, CD8A, CSF1, CXCL1, CXCL5, HGF, IL10RB, IL12B, 1L18R1, LAP TGFß1, MCP3, OSM, TGFα, TNFRSF9, TNFS14 and TRANCE; higher levels: CCL11, CCL25, CST5, DNER, LIFR and OPG). Although more than half of these differences (N = 15) were present in the comparison between AN and AN-REC, no significant differences were seen between AN-REC and controls. Furthermore, twenty-five proteins correlated positively with BMI (ADA, AXIN1, CASP8, CD5, CD40, CSF1, CXCL1, CXCL5, EN-RAGE, HGF, IL6, IL10RB, IL12B, IL18, IL18R1, LAP TGFß1, OSM, SIRT2, STAMBP, TGFα, TNFRSF9, TNFS14, TRANCE, TRAIL and VEGFA) and four proteins correlated negatively with BMI (CCL11, CCL25, CCL28 and DNER). These results suggest that a dysregulated inflammatory status is associated with AN, but, importantly, seem to be confined to the acute illness state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida A K Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Göteson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Arora G, Gupta A, Guo T, Gandhi A, Laine A, Williams D, Ahn C, Iyengar P, Infante R. JAK Inhibitors Suppress Cancer Cachexia-Associated Anorexia and Adipose Wasting in Mice. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 3:115-128. [PMID: 33103159 PMCID: PMC7580845 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a syndrome of muscle atrophy, adipose loss, and anorexia, is associated with reduced survival in cancer patients. The colon adenocarcinoma C26c20 cell line secretes the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) which induces cachexia. We characterized how LIF promotes cachexia-associated weight loss and anorexia in mice through JAK-dependent changes in adipose and hypothalamic tissues. METHODS Cachexia was induced in vivo with the heterotopic allotransplanted administration of C26c20 colon adenocarcinoma cells or the intraperitoneal administration of recombinant LIF in the absence or presence of JAK inhibitors. Blood, adipose, and hypothalamic tissues were collected and processed for cyto/adipokine ELISAs, immunoblot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR. Cachexia-associated lipolysis was induced in vitro by stimulating differentiated adipocytes with recombinant LIF or IL-6 in the absence or presence of lipase or JAK inhibitors. These adipocytes were processed for glycerol release into the media, immunoblot analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Tumor-secreted LIF induced changes in adipose tissue expression and serum levels of IL-6 and leptin in a JAK-dependent manner influencing cachexia-associated adipose wasting and anorexia. We identified two JAK inhibitors that block IL-6 family-mediated adipocyte lipolysis and IL-6 induction using an in vitro cachexia lipolysis assay. JAK inhibitors administered to the in vivo C26c20 cancer cachexia mouse models led to 1) a decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation in hypothalamic and adipose tissues, 2) a reverse in the cachexia serum cyto/adipokine signature, 3) a delay in cancer cachexia-associated anorexia and adipose loss, and 4) an improvement in overall survival. CONCLUSIONS JAK inhibitors suppress LIF-associated adipose loss and anorexia in both in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Arora
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tong Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aakash Gandhi
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Laine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dorothy Williams
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chul Ahn
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- corresponding authors. Correspondence: Rodney Infante or Puneeth Iyengar, 5300 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, 75390-9014. or ; telephone: 214-648-6614; fax: 214-648-6388
| | - Rodney Infante
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- corresponding authors. Correspondence: Rodney Infante or Puneeth Iyengar, 5300 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, 75390-9014. or ; telephone: 214-648-6614; fax: 214-648-6388
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Siddiqui JA, Pothuraju R, Jain M, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Advances in cancer cachexia: Intersection between affected organs, mediators, and pharmacological interventions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188359. [PMID: 32222610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer patients exhibit cachexia, a condition characterized by a significant reduction in the body weight predominantly from loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cachexia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Decreased food intake and multi-organ energy imbalance in cancer patients worsen the cachexia syndrome. Cachectic cancer patients have a low tolerance for chemo- and radiation therapies and also have a reduced quality of life. The presence of tumors and the current treatment options for cancer further exacerbate the cachexia condition, which remains an unmet medical need. The onset of cachexia involves crosstalk between different organs leading to muscle wasting. Recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy/hypertrophy and adipose tissue wasting/browning provide a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of this multifactorial disorder will help to improve the quality of life of cachectic patients. In this review, we summarize the metabolic mediators of cachexia, their molecular functions, affected organs especially with respect to muscle atrophy and adipose browning and then discuss advanced therapeutic approaches to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Marceca GP, Londhe P, Calore F. Management of Cancer Cachexia: Attempting to Develop New Pharmacological Agents for New Effective Therapeutic Options. Front Oncol 2020; 10:298. [PMID: 32195193 PMCID: PMC7064558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, uncontrolled weight loss and dramatic metabolic alterations. This includes myofibrillar protein breakdown, increased lipolysis, insulin resistance, elevated energy expediture, and reduced food intake, hence impairing the patient's response to anti-cancer therapies and quality of life. While a decade ago the syndrome was considered incurable, over the most recent years much efforts have been put into the study of such disease, leading to the development of potential therapeutic strategies. Several important improvements have been reached in the management of CC from both the diagnostic-prognostic and the pharmacological viewpoint. However, given the heterogeneity of the disease, it is impossible to rely only on single variables to properly treat patients presenting this metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the cachexia symptoms are strictly dependent on the type of tumor, stage and the specific patient's response to cancer therapy. Thus, the attempt to translate experimentally effective therapies into the clinical practice results in a great challenge. For this reason, it is of crucial importance to further improve our understanding on the interplay of molecular mechanisms implicated in the onset and progression of CC, giving the opportunity to develop new effective, safe pharmacological treatments. In this review we outline the recent knowledge regarding cachexia mediators and pathways involved in skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) loss, mainly from the experimental cachexia standpoint, then retracing the unimodal treatment options that have been developed to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino P Marceca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Priya Londhe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Federica Calore
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Ma D, Wang Y, Zhou G, Wang Y, Li X. Review: the Roles and Mechanisms of Glycoprotein 130 Cytokines in the Regulation of Adipocyte Biological Function. Inflammation 2019; 42:790-798. [PMID: 30661143 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is now widely accepted as one of the most important contributors to metabolic disorders. Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) cytokines are involved in the regulation of metabolic activity. Studies have shown that several gp130 cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), have divergent effects on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and insulin sensitivity as well as food intake. In this review, we will summarize the present knowledge about gp130 cytokines, including IL-6, LIF, CNTF, CT-1, and OSM, in adipocyte biology and metabolic activities in conditions such as obesity, cachexia, and type 2 diabetes. It is valuable to explore the diverse actions of these gp130 cytokines on the regulation of the biological functions of adipocytes, which will provide potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dufang Ma
- Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guofeng Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Shi Y, Hunter S, Hunter T. Stem Cell Factor LIFted as a Promising Clinical Target for Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1337-1340. [PMID: 31371576 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
| | - Sean Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
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Yu B, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang A, Zhao D, Pang D, OuYang H, Tang X. Abnormality of hepatic triglyceride metabolism in Apc Min/+ mice with colon cancer cachexia. Life Sci 2019; 227:201-211. [PMID: 31002917 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal cancer syndrome has been one of the greatest concerns in the world. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that hepatic low lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression may be associated with dyslipidemia and tumor progression, it is still not known whether the liver plays an essential role in hyperlipidemia of ApcMin/+ mice. MAIN METHODS We measured the expression of metabolic enzymes that involved fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), β-oxidation and investigated hepatic triglyceride production in the liver of wild-type and ApcMin/+ mice. KEY FINDINGS We found that hepatic fatty acid uptake and DNL decreased, but there was no significant difference in fatty acid β-oxidation. Interestingly, the production of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) decreased at 20 weeks of age, but marked steatosis was observed in the livers of the ApcMin/+ mouse. To further explore hypertriglyceridemia, we assessed the function of hepatic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) for the first time. GPIHBP1 is governed by the transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) which are involved in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the liver of ApcMin/+ mice. Importantly, it was also confirmed that sn50 (100 μg/mL, an inhibitor of the NF-κB) reversed the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced Oct-1 and GPIHBP1 reduction in HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these findings highlighted a novel role of GPIHBP1 that might be responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in ApcMin/+ mice. Hypertriglyceridemia in these mice may be associated with their hepatic lipid metabolism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Anbei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongsheng OuYang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Abstract
Alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism-particularly in skeletal muscle-are a key feature of cancer that contributes to the cachexia syndrome. Thus, skeletal muscle protein turnover is characterized by an exacerbated rate of protein degradation, promoted by an activation of different proteolytic systems that include the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagic-lysosomal pathways. These changes are promoted by both hormonal alterations and inflammatory mediators released as a result of the systemic inflammatory response induced by the tumor. Other events, such as alterations in the rate of myogenesis/apoptosis and decreased regeneration potential also affect skeletal muscle in patients with cancer. Mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and further contributes to the exacerbation of the cancer-wasting syndrome. Different inflammatory mediators-either released by the tumor or by the patient's healthy cells-are responsible for the activation of these catabolic processes that take place in skeletal muscle and in other tissues/organs, such as liver or adipose tissues. Indeed, white adipose tissue is also subject to extensive wasting and "browning" of some of the white adipocytes into beige cells; therefore increasing the energetic inefficiency of the patient with cancer. Recently, an interest in the role of micromRNAs-either free or transported into exosomes-has been related to the events that take place in white adipose tissue during cancer cachexia.
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