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Afsar B, Afsar RE, Caliskan Y, Lentine KL, Edwards JC. Renin angiotensin system-induced muscle wasting: putative mechanisms and implications for clinicians. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05043-8. [PMID: 38811433 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) alters various mechanisms related to muscle wasting. The RAS system consists of classical and non-classical pathways, which mostly function differently. Classical RAS pathway, operates through angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin type 1 receptors, is associated with muscle wasting and sarcopenia. On the other hand, the non-classical RAS pathway, which operates through angiotensin 1-7 and Mas receptor, is protective against sarcopenia. The classical RAS pathway might induce muscle wasting by variety of mechanisms. AngII reduces body weight, via reduction in food intake, possibly by decreasing hypothalamic expression of orexin and neuropeptide Y, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), signaling, AngII increases skeletal muscle proteolysis by forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO), caspase activation and muscle RING-finger protein-1 transcription. Furthermore, AngII infusion in skeletal muscle reduces phospho-Bad (Ser136) expression and induces apoptosis through increased cytochrome c release and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, Renin angiotensin system activation through AT1R and AngII stimulates tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 which induces muscle wasting, Last but not least classical RAS pathway, induce oxidative stress, disturb mitochondrial energy metabolism, and muscle satellite cells which all lead to muscle wasting and decrease muscle regeneration. On the contrary, the non-classical RAS pathway functions oppositely to mitigate these mechanisms and protects against muscle wasting. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of RAS-induced muscle wasting and putative implications for clinical practice. We also emphasize the areas of uncertainties and suggest potential research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yasar Caliskan
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krista L Lentine
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Edwards
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Vemuri V, Kratholm N, Nagarajan D, Cathey D, Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Tan Y, Straughn A, Cai L, Huang J, Kakar SS. Withaferin A as a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Cachexia. Cells 2024; 13:783. [PMID: 38727319 PMCID: PMC11083229 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we showed that the generation of ovarian tumors in NSG mice (immune-compromised) resulted in the induction of muscle and cardiac cachexia, and treatment with withaferin A (WFA; a steroidal lactone) attenuated both muscle and cardiac cachexia. However, our studies could not address if these restorations by WFA were mediated by its anti-tumorigenic properties that might, in turn, reduce the tumor burden or WFA's direct, inherent anti-cachectic properties. To address this important issue, in our present study, we used a cachectic model induced by the continuous infusion of Ang II by implanting osmotic pumps in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. The continuous infusion of Ang II resulted in the loss of the normal functions of the left ventricle (LV) (both systolic and diastolic), including a significant reduction in fractional shortening, an increase in heart weight and LV wall thickness, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The infusion of Ang II also resulted in the development of cardiac fibrosis, and significant increases in the expression levels of genes (ANP, BNP, and MHCβ) associated with cardiac hypertrophy and the chemical staining of the collagen abundance as an indication of fibrosis. In addition, Ang II caused a significant increase in expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, MIP-2, and IFNγ), NLRP3 inflammasomes, AT1 receptor, and a decrease in AT2 receptor. Treatment with WFA rescued the LV functions and heart hypertrophy and fibrosis. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that, while WFA has anti-tumorigenic properties, it also ameliorates the cardiac dysfunction induced by Ang II, suggesting that it could be an anticachectic agent that induces direct effects on cardiac muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasa Vemuri
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nicholas Kratholm
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Darini Nagarajan
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Dakotah Cathey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Alex Straughn
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Yin A, Fu W, Elengickal A, Kim J, Liu Y, Bigot A, Mamchaoui K, Call JA, Yin H. Chronic hypoxia impairs skeletal muscle repair via HIF-2α stabilization. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:631-645. [PMID: 38333911 PMCID: PMC10995261 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hypoxia and skeletal muscle atrophy commonly coexist in patients with COPD and CHF, yet the underlying physio-pathological mechanisms remain elusive. Muscle regeneration, driven by muscle stem cells (MuSCs), holds therapeutic potential for mitigating muscle atrophy. This study endeavours to investigate the influence of chronic hypoxia on muscle regeneration, unravel key molecular mechanisms, and explore potential therapeutic interventions. METHODS Experimental mice were exposed to prolonged normobaric hypoxic air (15% pO2, 1 atm, 2 weeks) to establish a chronic hypoxia model. The impact of chronic hypoxia on body composition, muscle mass, muscle strength, and the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α in MuSC was examined. The influence of chronic hypoxia on muscle regeneration, MuSC proliferation, and the recovery of muscle mass and strength following cardiotoxin-induced injury were assessed. The muscle regeneration capacities under chronic hypoxia were compared between wildtype mice, MuSC-specific HIF-2α knockout mice, and mice treated with HIF-2α inhibitor PT2385, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify hypoxia- and HIF-2α-dependent molecular mechanisms. Statistical significance was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Chronic hypoxia led to limb muscle atrophy (EDL: 17.7%, P < 0.001; Soleus: 11.5% reduction in weight, P < 0.001) and weakness (10.0% reduction in peak-isometric torque, P < 0.001), along with impaired muscle regeneration characterized by diminished myofibre cross-sectional areas, increased fibrosis (P < 0.001), and incomplete strength recovery (92.3% of pre-injury levels, P < 0.05). HIF-2α stabilization in MuSC under chronic hypoxia hindered MuSC proliferation (26.1% reduction of MuSC at 10 dpi, P < 0.01). HIF-2α ablation in MuSC mitigated the adverse effects of chronic hypoxia on muscle regeneration and MuSC proliferation (30.9% increase in MuSC numbers at 10 dpi, P < 0.01), while HIF-1α ablation did not have the same effect. HIF-2α stabilization under chronic hypoxia led to elevated local ACE, a novel direct target of HIF-2α. Notably, pharmacological interventions with PT2385 or lisinopril enhanced muscle regeneration under chronic hypoxia (PT2385: 81.3% increase, P < 0.001; lisinopril: 34.6% increase in MuSC numbers at 10 dpi, P < 0.05), suggesting their therapeutic potential for alleviating chronic hypoxia-associated muscle atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hypoxia detrimentally affects skeletal muscle regeneration by stabilizing HIF-2α in MuSC and thereby diminishing MuSC proliferation. HIF-2α increases local ACE levels in skeletal muscle, contributing to hypoxia-induced regenerative deficits. Administration of HIF-2α or ACE inhibitors may prove beneficial to ameliorate chronic hypoxia-associated muscle atrophy and weakness by improving muscle regeneration under chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Yin
- Center for Molecular MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Center for Molecular MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Anthony Elengickal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Joonhee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Molecular MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Anne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de MyologieCentre de Recherche en MyologieParisFrance
| | - Kamal Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de MyologieCentre de Recherche en MyologieParisFrance
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Hang Yin
- Center for Molecular MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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Lee DY, Shin S. Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Dynapenia in Elderly Koreans. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2976. [PMID: 37998468 PMCID: PMC10671638 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by various factors such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Loss of muscle strength and mass is a negative prognostic factor for CKD. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between CKD and dynapenia in the Korean elderly. To this end, we analyzed 7029 participants from the 2014-2019 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) aged ≥65 years. After adjusting for all of the covariates that could affect the results, such as physical examinations, lifestyle factors, and exercise, the association between CKD and dynapenia was found to be significant, at 1.207 (95% CI: 1.056-1.379) in CKD stage 2 and 1.790 (95% CI: 1.427-2.246) in CKD stage 3a-5. However, when sexes were analyzed separately, women were significant in both CKD stage 2 and stage 3-5 compared to normal, but only in stage 3-5 for men. Additionally, the prevalence of dynapenia increased significantly as the stage of CKD increased (normal, stage 2, and stage 3-5: 18.5%, 20.8%, and 32.3% in men and 27.5%, 34.4%, and 46.1% in women, respectively). Thus, CKD is significantly related to dynapenia, especially in women, when stratified by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Youn Lee
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sunghoon Shin
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Muthamil S, Kim HY, Jang HJ, Lyu JH, Shin UC, Go Y, Park SH, Lee HG, Park JH. Understanding the relationship between cancer associated cachexia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114802. [PMID: 37146421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by an unrestricted loss of body weight as a result of muscle and adipose tissue atrophy. Cachexia is influenced by several factors, including decreased metabolic activity and food intake, an imbalance between energy uptake and expenditure, excessive catabolism, and inflammation. Cachexia is highly associated with all types of cancers responsible for more than half of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. In healthy individuals, adipose tissue significantly regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis. However, in metastatic cancer patients, CAC occurs mainly because of an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation which are organized by certain extracellular ligands and associated signaling pathways. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) accumulated and translocated to the nucleus and activate numerous genes involved in cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer stemness. On the other hand, the ubiquitination proteasome pathway is inhibited during low O2 levels which promote muscle wasting in cancer patients. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the HIF-1 pathway and its metabolic adaptation to biomolecules is important for developing a novel therapeutic method for cancer and cachexia therapy. Even though many HIF inhibitors are already in a clinical trial, their mechanism of action remains unknown. With this background, this review summarizes the basic concepts of cachexia, the role of inflammatory cytokines, pathways connected with cachexia with special reference to the HIF-1 pathway and its regulation, metabolic changes, and inhibitors of HIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthamil
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yong Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Lyu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Cheol Shin
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine (KM)-application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM campus, Korean Convergence Medicine Major, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Is the anti-aging effect of ACE2 due to its role in the renin-angiotensin system?-Findings from a comparison of the aging phenotypes of ACE2-deficient, Tsukuba hypertensive, and Mas-deficient mice. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1210-1220. [PMID: 36788301 PMCID: PMC9925940 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) functions as an enzyme that produces angiotensin 1-7 (A1-7) from angiotensin II (AII) in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We evaluated aging phenotypes, especially skeletal muscle aging, in ACE2 systemically deficient (ACE2 KO) mice and found that ACE2 has an antiaging function. The characteristic aging phenotype observed in ACE2 KO mice was not reproduced in mice deficient in the A1-7 receptor Mas or in Tsukuba hypertensive mice, a model of chronic AII overproduction, suggesting that ACE2 has a RAS-independent antiaging function. In this review, the results we have obtained and related studies on the aging regulatory mechanism mediated by RAS components will be presented and summarized. We evaluated the aging phenotype of ACE2 systemically deficient (ACE2 KO) mice, particularly skeletal muscle aging, and found that ACE2 has an antiaging function. The characteristic aging phenotype observed in ACE2 KO mice was not reproduced in Mas KO mice, angiotensin 1-7 receptor-deficient mice or in Tsukuba hypertensive mice, a model of chronic angiotensin II overproduction, suggesting that the antiaging functions of ACE2 are independent of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
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Villasis-Keever MA, Zurita-Cruz JN, Zepeda-Martinez C, Alegria-Torres G, Serret-Montoya J, Estrada-Loza MDJ, Hernández-Hernández BC, Alonso-Flores S, Zavala-Serret M. Adipokines as predictive factor of cardiac function in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1120445. [PMID: 36967775 PMCID: PMC10034059 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are associated with cardiovascular disease; in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients adipokines could be useful prognostic factors. OBJECTIVES To explore whether leptin and adiponectin in kidney replacement therapy (KRT) children could have a role on their cardiac function, in the long-term. DESIGN Prospective cohort study was performed with pediatric KRT patients, aged 8 to 17 years who were undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. At enrollment, lipid profile, adipokines (leptin, leptin receptor, free leptin, and adiponectin), anthropometric measurements and cardiological evaluation were determined. At two-year follow-up, a new cardiological evaluation was performed. Statistical analysis: Quantitative data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared were used for the between-group comparison. Multivariate analyzes were performed to determine the association of adipokines levels with ventricular ejection fraction (LEVF). RESULTS We included 56 patients, with a median age of 12.5 years. In the first cardiological evaluation, median LVEF was 70.0% (IQR 61%, 76%), 20 patients (35.7%) had some cardiovascular condition, and 10 (17.8%) altered LVEF. At 24-month follow-up, the median LVEF was 70.5% (IQR 65.1%, 77%), while the delta-LVEF values was 3% (IQR -6.5%, 7%). Delta-LVEF were correlated with baseline adipokines serum levels, and the only positive correlation found was with free leptin (r=0.303, p=0.025). In multivariate analysis, levels of free leptin (Coef. 0.12, p<0.036) and leptin (coef. 1.72, p=0.049), as well as baseline LVEF (Coef. -0.65, p<0.001) were associated with delta-LVEF. CONCLUSIONS Free leptin, leptin and LVEF at the beginning of follow-up were associated with the LVEF decrease at the 24-month follow-up in KRT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Villasis-Keever
- Research Unit in Analysis and Synthesis of the Evidence, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessie Nallely Zurita-Cruz
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jessie Nallely Zurita-Cruz,
| | - Claudia Zepeda-Martinez
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alegria-Torres
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juana Serret-Montoya
- Adolescent Medicine Service, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesus Estrada-Loza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Carolina Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Alonso-Flores
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Zavala-Serret
- Adolescent Medicine Service, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
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The complex pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia: A review of current pathophysiology and implications for clinical practice. Am J Med Sci 2023; 365:9-18. [PMID: 36055378 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia is a muscle wasting process that often develops in those with chronic heart failure resulting in weight loss, low levels of physical activity, reduced quality of life, and is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathology of cardiac cachexia is complex with new evidence emerging that implicates several body systems. This review describes the pathophysiology associated with cardiac cachexia and addresses: 1) hormonal changes- neurohormonal abnormalities and metabolic hormone imbalance; 2) mechanisms of muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia, and the integral mechanisms between changed hormones due to cardiac cachexia and muscle wasting processes, and 3) associated abnormalities of gastrointestinal system that contribute to cardiac cachexia. These pleiotropic mechanisms demonstrate the intricate interplay between the affected systems and account for why cardiac cachexia is difficult to manage clinically. This review summarises current pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia and highlights symptoms of cardiac cachexia, implications for clinical practice and research gaps.
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Patil PD, Melo AC, Westwood BM, Tallant EA, Gallagher PE. A Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Muscadine Grapes Prevents Hypertension-Induced Diastolic Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2026. [PMID: 36290749 PMCID: PMC9598776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscadine grapes are abundant in dietary polyphenols, but their effect on hypertension-induced cardiac damage is limited. This study assessed whether a muscadine grape skin/seed extract supplement (MGES) prevents hypertension-induced cardiac damage and oxidative stress. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated for four weeks with drinking water, angiotensin II (Ang II) to induce hypertension, MGES, or both Ang II and MGES. Cardiac function assessed by echocardiography showed that Ang II increased systolic blood pressure while MGES alone or in combination with Ang II had no effect. Ang II increased E/e', an indicator of left ventricular filling pressure and diastolic dysfunction, by 41% compared to Control and co-treatment with MGES prevented the Ang II-mediated increase, suggesting that the extract attenuated hypertension-induced diastolic function. Ang II infusion increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and cardiac 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde, which were prevented by the extract. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase 1 activity and mRNA were increased significantly in animals treated with MGES alone or in combination with Ang II, suggesting that the extract upregulates oxidative stress defense mechanisms in cardiac tissue. Thus, MGES may serve as a medical food to protect the heart from hypertension-induced diastolic dysfunction caused in part by excessive reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patricia E. Gallagher
- Surgery/Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Holder ER, Alibhai FJ, Caudle SL, McDermott JC, Tobin SW. The importance of biological sex in cardiac cachexia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H609-H627. [PMID: 35960634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia is a catabolic muscle wasting syndrome observed in approximately 1 in 10 heart failure patients. Increased skeletal muscle atrophy leads to frailty and limits mobility which impacts quality of life, exacerbates clinical care, and is associated with higher rates of mortality. Heart failure is known to exhibit a wide range of prevalence and severity when examined across individuals of different ages and with co-morbidities related to diabetes, renal failure and pulmonary dysfunction. It is also recognized that men and women exhibit striking differences in the pathophysiology of heart failure as well as skeletal muscle homeostasis. Given that both skeletal muscle and heart failure physiology are in-part sex dependent, the diagnosis and treatment of cachexia in heart failure patients may depend on a comprehensive examination of how these organs interact. In this review we explore the potential for sex-specific differences in cardiac cachexia. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of clinical methods used to measure muscle mass and function and provide alternative measurements that should be considered in preclinical studies. Additionally, we summarize sex-dependent effects on muscle wasting in preclinical models of heart failure, disuse, and cancer. Lastly, we discuss the endocrine function of the heart and outline unanswered questions that could directly impact patient care.
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Martins FDAD, Mateo DPA, Silva FJDM, Moura SSD, Oliveira EC, Coelho DB, Bearzoti E, Pinto KMDC, Becker LK. Use of Diuretics is Associated with Higher Risk of Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Genistein alleviates renin-angiotensin system mediated vascular and kidney alterations in renovascular hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112601. [PMID: 35062067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is a bioflavonoid mainly found in soybean. This study evaluated the effect of genistein on vascular dysfunction and kidney damage in two-kidney, one-clipped (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Sprague-Dawley-2K1C hypertensive rats were treated with genistein (40 or 80 mg/kg) or losartan 10 mg/kg (n = 8/group). Genistein reduced blood pressure, attenuated the increase in sympathetic nerve-mediated contractile response and endothelial dysfunction in the mesenteric vascular beds and aorta of 2K1C rats. Increases in the intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the mesentery and plasma norepinephrine (NE) were alleviated in the genistein-treated group. Genistein also improved renal dysfunction, hypertrophy of the non-clipped kidney (NCK) and atrophy of the clipped kidney (CK) in 2K1C rats. Upregulation of angiotensin II receptor type I (AT1R), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit 4 (Nox4) and Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX) and downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) protein found in CK were restored by genistein. It also suppressed the overexpression of AT1R, transforming growth factor beta I (TGF-β1), smad2/3 and p-smad3 in NCK. Genistein reduced serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) in 2K1C rats. Low levels of catalase activity as well as high levels of superoxide generation and malondialdehyde (MDA) in 2K1C rats were restored by genistein treatment. In conclusion, genistein suppressed renin-angiotensin system-mediated sympathetic activation and oxidative stress in 2K1C rats. It alleviated renal atrophy in CK via modulation of AT1R/NADPH oxidase/Bcl-2/BAX pathways and hypertrophy in NCK via AT1R/TGF-β1/smad-dependent signalling pathways.
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Tonon F, Tornese G, Giudici F, Nicolardi F, Toffoli B, Barbi E, Fabris B, Bernardi S. Children With Short Stature Display Reduced ACE2 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:912064. [PMID: 35909539 PMCID: PMC9335146 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.912064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of short stature remains often unknown. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to growth regulation. Several groups reported that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-knockout mice weighed less than controls. Our case-control study aimed to investigate if children with short stature had reduced ACE2 expression as compared to controls, and its significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS children aged between 2 and 14 years were consecutively recruited in a University Hospital pediatric tertiary care center. Cases were children with short stature defined as height SD ≤ -2 diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) or idiopathic short stature (ISS), before any treatment. Exclusion criteria were: acute diseases, kidney disease, endocrine or autoimmune disorders, precocious puberty, genetic syndromes, SGA history. ACE and ACE2 expression were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, angiotensins were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Children with short stature displayed significantly lower ACE2 expression, being 0.40 fold induction (0.01-2.27) as compared to controls, and higher ACE/ACE2, with no differences between GHD and ISS. ACE2 expression was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of short stature, OR 0.26 (0.07-0.82), and it had a moderate accuracy to predict it, with an AUC of 0.73 (0.61-0.84). The cutoff of 0.45 fold induction of ACE2 expression was the value best predicting short stature, identifying correctly 70% of the children. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association between the reduction of ACE2 expression and growth retardation. Further studies are needed to determine its diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS ‘Burlo Garofolo’, Trieste, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianluca Tornese,
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Nicolardi
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoli
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS ‘Burlo Garofolo’, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Operative Unit of Medicina Clinica, Ospedale di Cattinara, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Operative Unit of Medicina Clinica, Ospedale di Cattinara, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
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Joshi B, Wagh G, Kaur H, Patra C. Zebrafish Model to Study Angiotensin II-Mediated Pathophysiology. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1177. [PMID: 34827169 PMCID: PMC8614710 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a common chronic condition, may damage multiple organs, including the kidney, heart, and brain. Thus, it is essential to understand the pathology upon ectopic activation of the molecular pathways involved in mammalian hypertension to develop strategies to manage hypertension. Animal models play a crucial role in unraveling the disease pathophysiology by allowing incisive experimental procedures impossible in humans. Zebrafish, a small freshwater fish, have emerged as an important model system to study human diseases. The primary effector, Angiotensin II of the RAS pathway, regulates hemodynamic pressure overload mediated cardiovascular pathogenesis in mammals. There are various established mammalian models available to study pathophysiology in Angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Here, we have developed a zebrafish model to study pathogenesis by Angiotensin II. We find that intradermal Angiotensin II injection every 12 h can induce cardiac remodeling in seven days. We show that Angiotensin II injection in adult zebrafish causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and enhances cardiac cell proliferation. In addition, Angiotensin II induces ECM protein-coding gene expression and fibrosis in the cardiac ventricles. Thus, this study can conclude that Angiotensin II injection in zebrafish has similar implications as mammals, and zebrafish can be a model to study pathophysiology associated with AngII-RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Joshi
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ganesh Wagh
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada;
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Angiotensin II inhibition: a potential treatment to slow the progression of sarcopenia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2503-2520. [PMID: 34751393 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, which is associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality. The etiology of sarcopenia has been postulated to be multifactorial with genetics, aging, immobility, nutritional deficiencies, inflammation, stress, and endocrine factors all contributing to the imbalance of muscle anabolism and catabolism. The prevalence of sarcopenia is estimated to range from 13 to 24% in adults over 60 years of age and up to 50% in persons aged 80 and older. As the population continues to age, the prevalence of sarcopenia continues to increase and is expected to affect 500 million people by the year 2050. Sarcopenia impacts the overall health of patients through limitations in functional status, increase in hospital readmissions, poorer hospital outcomes, and increase in overall mortality. Thus, there exists a need to prevent or reduce the occurrence of sarcopenia. Here, we explore the potential mechanisms and current studies regarding angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on reducing the development of sarcopenia through the associated changes in cardiovascular function, renal function, muscle fiber composition, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic efficiency, and mitochondrial function.
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Ciccarelli M, Dawson D, Falcao-Pires I, Giacca M, Hamdani N, Heymans S, Hooghiemstra A, Leeuwis A, Hermkens D, Tocchetti CG, van der Velden J, Zacchigna S, Thum T. Reciprocal organ interactions during heart failure: a position paper from the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2416-2433. [PMID: 33483724 PMCID: PMC8562335 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure-either with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF/HFpEF)-is a clinical syndrome of multifactorial and gender-dependent aetiology, indicating the insufficiency of the heart to pump blood adequately to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Typical symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue with impaired exercise capacity, and peripheral oedema, thereby alluding to the fact that heart failure is a syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. Patients suffering from progressed heart failure have a very limited life expectancy, lower than that of numerous cancer types. In this position paper, we provide an overview regarding interactions between the heart and other organ systems, the clinical evidence, underlying mechanisms, potential available or yet-to-establish animal models to study such interactions and finally discuss potential new drug interventions to be developed in the future. Our working group suggests that more experimental research is required to understand the individual molecular mechanisms underlying heart failure and reinforces the urgency for tailored therapeutic interventions that target not only the heart but also other related affected organ systems to effectively treat heart failure as a clinical syndrome that affects and involves multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciccarelli
- University of Salerno, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi(Salerno), Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2DZ, UK
| | - Inês Falcao-Pires
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King’s College London, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, 125 Caldharbour Lane, London WC2R2LS, United Kingdom
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stéphane Heymans
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
- ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Holland Heart House, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hooghiemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Humanities, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annebet Leeuwis
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien Hermkens
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34129 Trieste, Italy
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nicolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Priego T, Martín AI, González-Hedström D, Granado M, López-Calderón A. Role of hormones in sarcopenia. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:535-570. [PMID: 33706961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves numerous changes in body composition that include a decrease in skeletal muscle mass. The gradual reduction in muscle mass is associated with a simultaneous decrease in muscle strength, which leads to reduced mobility, fragility and loss of independence. This process called sarcopenia is secondary to several factors such as sedentary lifestyle, inadequate nutrition, chronic inflammatory state and neurological alterations. However, the endocrine changes associated with aging seem to be of special importance in the development of sarcopenia. On one hand, advancing age is associated with a decreased secretion of the main hormones that stimulate skeletal muscle mass and function (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI), testosterone and estradiol). On the other hand, the alteration of the IGF-I signaling along with decreased insulin sensitivity also have an important impact on myogenesis. Other hormones that decline with aging such as the adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone, thyroid hormones and vitamin D seem to also be involved in sarcopenia. Adipokines released by adipose tissue show important changes during aging and can affect muscle physiology and metabolism. In addition, catabolic hormones such as cortisol and angiotensin II can accelerate aged-induced muscle atrophy, as they are involved in muscle wasting and their levels increase with age. The role played by all of these hormones and the possible use of some of them as therapeutic tools for treating sarcopenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A I Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L. Parque Científico de Madrid. Avenida del Doctor Severo Ochoa, 37 Local 4J, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A López-Calderón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Armstrong VS, Fitzgerald LW, Bathe OF. Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting-Candidate Mechanisms and Molecular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239268. [PMID: 33291708 PMCID: PMC7729509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive muscle loss is commonly observed in cancer patients and its association with poor prognosis has been well-established. Cancer-associated sarcopenia differs from age-related wasting in that it is not responsive to nutritional intervention and exercise. This is related to its unique pathogenesis, a result of diverse and interconnected mechanisms including inflammation, disordered metabolism, proteolysis and autophagy. There is a growing body of evidence that suggests that the tumor is the driver of muscle wasting by its elaboration of mediators that influence each of these pro-sarcopenic pathways. In this review, evidence for these tumor-derived factors and putative mechanisms for inducing muscle wasting will be reviewed. Potential targets for future research and therapeutic interventions will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Armstrong
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (V.S.A.); (L.W.F.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Liam W. Fitzgerald
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (V.S.A.); (L.W.F.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Oliver F. Bathe
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (V.S.A.); (L.W.F.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-521-3275
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Carbone S, Billingsley HE, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Kirkman DL, Garten R, Franco RL, Lee DC, Lavie CJ. Lean Mass Abnormalities in Heart Failure: The Role of Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Cachexia. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 45:100417. [PMID: 31036371 PMCID: PMC11146283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of body composition in patients with heart failure (HF) has been receiving much attention in the last few years. Particularly, reduced lean mass (LM), the best surrogate for skeletal muscle mass, is independently associated with abnormal cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength, ultimately leading to reduced quality of life and worse prognosis. While in the past, reduced CRF in patients with HF was thought to result exclusively from cardiac dysfunction leading to reduced cardiac output at peak exercise, current evidence supports the concept that abnormalities in LM may also play a critical role. Abnormalities in the LM body composition compartment are associated with the development of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and cachexia. Such conditions have been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of HF. However, identification of such conditions remains challenging, as universal definitions for sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and cachexia are lacking. In this review article, we describe the most common body composition abnormalities related to the LM compartment, including skeletal and respiratory muscle mass abnormalities, and the consequences of such anomalies on CRF and muscle strength in patients with HF. Finally, we discuss the potential nonpharmacologic therapeutic strategies such as exercise training (ie, aerobic exercise and resistance exercise) and dietary interventions (ie, dietary supplementation and dietary patterns) that have been implemented to target body composition, with a focus on HF.
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Yoshida T, Delafontaine P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091970. [PMID: 32858949 PMCID: PMC7564605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key growth factor that regulates both anabolic and catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. IGF-1 increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathways. PI3K/Akt can also inhibit FoxOs and suppress transcription of E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulate ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS)-mediated protein degradation. Autophagy is likely inhibited by IGF-1 via mTOR and FoxO signaling, although the contribution of autophagy regulation in IGF-1-mediated inhibition of skeletal muscle atrophy remains to be determined. Evidence has suggested that IGF-1/Akt can inhibit muscle atrophy-inducing cytokine and myostatin signaling via inhibition of the NF-κΒ and Smad pathways, respectively. Several miRNAs have been found to regulate IGF-1 signaling in skeletal muscle, and these miRs are likely regulated in different pathological conditions and contribute to the development of muscle atrophy. IGF-1 also potentiates skeletal muscle regeneration via activation of skeletal muscle stem (satellite) cells, which may contribute to muscle hypertrophy and/or inhibit atrophy. Importantly, IGF-1 levels and IGF-1R downstream signaling are suppressed in many chronic disease conditions and likely result in muscle atrophy via the combined effects of altered protein synthesis, UPS activity, autophagy, and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-48, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-48, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (P.D.)
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Lee YL, Jin H, Lim JY, Lee SY. Relationship Between Low Handgrip Strength and Chronic Kidney Disease: KNHANES 2014-2017. J Ren Nutr 2020; 31:57-63. [PMID: 32381354 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated loss of muscle mass is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various factors associated with CKD, such as nutritional deficiencies, metabolic acidosis, and chronic inflammation, contribute to muscle wasting. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CKD and handgrip strength (HGS) in the Korean population. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a population-based, cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of 18,765 patients aged ≥19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2014-2017. We measured HGS using a digital hand dynamometer and determined the cutoff for low HGS by deriving -2 standard deviation values of sex-matched healthy young adults (19-39 years old). We defined CKD as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the presence of CKD based on a self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of CKD was 4.0% in the total population. The cutoff values for the low HGS were 29.5 kg for men and 16.8 kg for women. The prevalence of low HGS was 6.2% in patients without CKD, and 25.2% in patients with CKD. There was a significant correlation between HGS and eGFR in both men and women. In multivariate logistic regression adjusted by age group, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, CKD showed an independent relationship with low HGS in both men (odds ratio [OR] 1.910, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.468-2.485) and women (OR 1.570, 95% CI 1.202-2.052). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of low HGS was higher in patients with CKD. We suggest that the sarcopenia should be evaluated in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Lim Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Jin
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dehghani M, Mirzaie M, Farhadi P, Rezvani A. The Effect of ACE Inhibitor on the Quality of Life amongst Patients with Cancer Cachexia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:325-330. [PMID: 32102506 PMCID: PMC7332150 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: ACEI (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) inhibits tumor growth and development. Different mechanisms have been proposed for this matter, including the inhibition of enzymes that are involved in extracellular matrix degradation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and etc. The present study was designed with the aim to investigate the effects of low dose ACEI on the Quality of Life (QoL) of non-hospitalized gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Materials and Methods: This study was a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in clinics affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). All participants were patients with gastric cancer in cancer cachexia step aged 40-80 years old who had referred to our clinics from October 2013 to April 2014. In the intervention group, patients were assigned to receive ACEI (Captopril) and the placebo group served as control and received placebo during the same time course. They were asked questions in order to fill out QLQ-C30 (Persian Version) questionnaire 3 times; baseline, 1 and 2 months after their first visit. Results: The mean age of patients was 60.55 ± 12.07 (range 31-80) years and the mean BMI of the patients was 17.21 ± 2.31. In the ACEI group, physical functioning and fatigue score changes were significant 1 and 2 months after treatment. The mean of fatigue score decreased significantly in the placebo group. Overall, global health status scores significantly increased in both groups, but other items of QoL did not change significantly. Conclusion: Overall, our results showed that Captopril does not have a significant positive effect on QoL of patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Dehghani
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pouya Farhadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Watanabe H, Enoki Y, Maruyama T. Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interventions. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 42:1437-1445. [PMID: 31474705 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a chronic catabolic condition, is characterized by muscle wasting and decreased muscle endurance. Many insights into the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting in CKD have been obtained. A persistent imbalance between protein degradation and synthesis in muscle causes muscle wasting. During muscle wasting, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines are detected in muscle. These increased ROS and inflammatory cytokine levels induce the expression of myostatin. The myostatin binding to its receptor activin A receptor type IIB stimulates the expression of atrogenes such as atrogin-1 and muscle ring factor 1, members of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase family. Impaired mitochondrial function also contributes to reducing muscle endurance. The increased protein-bound uremic toxin, parathyroid hormone, glucocorticoid, and angiotensin II levels that are observed in CKD all have a negative effect on muscle mass and endurance. Among the protein-bound uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate, an indole-containing compound has the potential to induce muscle atrophy by stimulating ROS-mediated myostatin and atrogenes expression. Indoxyl sulfate also impairs mitochondrial function. Some potential therapeutic approaches based on the muscle wasting mechanisms in CKD are currently in the testing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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24
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Beyond the boundaries of cardiology: Still untapped anticancer properties of the cardiovascular system-related drugs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Silva KAS, Ghiarone T, Schreiber K, Grant D, White T, Frisard MI, Sukhanov S, Chandrasekar B, Delafontaine P, Yoshida T. Angiotensin II suppresses autophagy and disrupts ultrastructural morphology and function of mitochondria in mouse skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1550-1562. [PMID: 30946636 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced skeletal muscle wasting is characterized by activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, the potential involvement of proteolytic system macroautophagy/autophagy in this wasting process remains elusive. Autophagy is precisely regulated to maintain cell survival and homeostasis; thus its dysregulation (i.e., overactivation or persistent suppression) could lead to detrimental outcomes in skeletal muscle. Here we show that infusion of ANG II for 7 days in male FVB mice suppressed autophagy in skeletal muscle. ANG II blunted microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-I-to-LC3B-II conversion (an autophagosome marker), increased p62/SQSTM1 (an autophagy cargo receptor) protein expression, and decreased the number of autophagic vacuoles. ANG II inhibited UNC-51-like kinase 1 via inhibition of 5'-AMP-activated kinase and activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, leading to reduced phosphorylation of beclin-1Ser14 and Autophagy-related protein 14Ser29, suggesting that ANG II impairs autophagosome formation in skeletal muscle. In line with ANG II-mediated suppression of autophagy, ANG II promoted accumulation of abnormal/damaged mitochondria, characterized by swelling and disorganized cristae and matrix dissolution, with associated increase in PTEN-induced kinase 1 protein expression. ANG II also reduced mitochondrial respiration, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, these results demonstrate that ANG II reduces autophagic activity and disrupts mitochondrial ultrastructure and function, likely contributing to skeletal muscle wasting. Therefore, strategies that activate autophagy in skeletal muscle have the potential to prevent or blunt ANG II-induced skeletal muscle wasting in chronic diseases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study identified a novel mechanism whereby angiotensin II (ANG II) impairs mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. ANG II suppressed autophagosome formation by inhibiting the UNC-51-like kinase 1(ULK1)-beclin-1 axis, resulting in accumulation of abnormal/damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria and reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Therapeutic strategies that activate the ULK1-beclin-1 axis have the potential to delay or reverse skeletal muscle wasting in chronic diseases characterized by increased systemic ANG II levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kathy Schreiber
- Cell and Immunobiology Core, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - DeAna Grant
- Electron Microcopy Core Facility, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tommi White
- Electron Microcopy Core Facility, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Madlyn I Frisard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri
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26
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Powers SK, Morton AB, Hyatt H, Hinkley MJ. The Renin-Angiotensin System and Skeletal Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:205-214. [PMID: 30001274 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in the control of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Emerging evidence also reveals that hyperactivity of the RAS contributes to skeletal muscle wasting. This review discusses the key role that the RAS plays in skeletal muscle wasting due to congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and ventilator-induced diaphragmatic wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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27
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Abstract
Recent data demonstrated the role of CYP1B1 in cardiovascular disease. It was, therefore, necessary to examine whether the inhibition of CYP1B1 and hence inhibiting the formation of its metabolites, using 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS), would have a cardioprotective effect against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. For this purpose, male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with Ang II with or without TMS (300 μg/kg every third day i.p.). Thereafter, cardiac hypertrophy and the formation of mid-chain HETEs and arachidonic acid were assessed. In vitro, RL-14 cells were treated with Ang II (10 μM) in the presence and absence of TMS (0.5 μM). Then, reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation levels, and nuclear factor-kappa B-binding activity were determined. Our results demonstrated that TMS protects against Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by the improvement in cardiac functions shown by the echocardiography as well as by reversing the increase in heart weight to tibial length ratio caused by Ang II. In addition, the cardioprotective effect of TMS was associated with a significant decrease in cardiac mid-chain HETEs levels. Mechanistically, TMS inhibited reactive oxygen species formation, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the binding of p65 NF-κB.
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28
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Kadoguchi T, Shimada K, Koide H, Miyazaki T, Shiozawa T, Takahashi S, Aikawa T, Ouchi S, Kitamura K, Sugita Y, Hamad AS, Kunimoto M, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Akita K, Isoda K, Daida H. Possible Role of NADPH Oxidase 4 in Angiotensin II-Induced Muscle Wasting in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 29674975 PMCID: PMC5895660 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle wasting is a debilitating phenotype associated with chronic heart failure (CHF). We have previously demonstrated that angiotensin II (AII) directly induces muscle wasting in mice through the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that deficiency of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a major source of oxidative stress, ameliorates AII-induced muscle wasting through the regulation of redox balance. Methods and Results: Nox4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were used. At baseline, there were no differences in physical characteristics between the WT and KO mice. Saline (vehicle, V) or AII was infused via osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks, after which, the WT + AII mice showed significant increases in Nox activity and NOX4 protein compared with the WT + V mice, as well as decreases in body weight, gastrocnemius muscle weight, and myocyte cross-sectional area. These changes were significantly attenuated in the KO + AII mice (27 ± 1 vs. 31 ± 1 g, 385 ± 3 vs. 438 ± 13 mg, and 1,330 ± 30 vs. 2281 ± 150 μm2, respectively, all P < 0.05). The expression levels of phospho-Akt decreased, whereas those of muscle RING Finger-1 (MuRF-1) and MAFbx/atrogin-1 significantly increased in the WT + AII mice compared with the WT + V mice. Furthermore, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and the expression levels of Nrf2-regulated genes significantly decreased in the WT + AII mice compared with the WT + V mice. These changes were significantly attenuated in the KO + AII mice (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Nox4 deficiency attenuated AII-induced muscle wasting, partially through the regulation of Nrf2. The Nox4-Nrf2 axis may play an important role in the development of AII-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koide
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Research (Kyodo-ken), Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Aikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Ouchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yurina Sugita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Al Shahi Hamad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kunimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Sato-Okabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Akita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial capacity and quality play a critical role in skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction. In vivo measurements of mitochondrial capacity provide a clear link between physical activity and mitochondrial function in aging and heart failure, although the cause and effect relationship remains unclear. Age-related decline in mitochondrial quality leads to mitochondrial defects that affect redox, calcium, and energy-sensitive signaling by altering the cellular environment that can result in skeletal muscle dysfunction independent of reduced mitochondrial capacity. This reduced mitochondrial quality with age is also likely to sensitize skeletal muscle mitochondria to elevated angiotensin or beta-adrenergic signaling associated with heart failure. This synergy between aging and heart failure could further disrupt cell energy and redox homeostasis and contribute to exercise intolerance in this patient population. Therefore, the interaction between aging and heart failure, particularly with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction, should be a consideration when developing strategies to improve quality of life in heart failure patients. Given the central role of the mitochondria in skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction, mitochondrial quality may provide a common link for targeted interventions in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Z Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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30
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Development of obesity can be prevented in rats by chronic icv infusions of AngII but less by Ang(1-7). Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:867-881. [PMID: 29430615 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering that obesity is one of the leading risks for death worldwide, it should be noted that a brain-related mechanism is involved in AngII-induced and AT1-receptor-dependent weight loss. It is moreover established that activation of the Ang(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis reduces weight, but it remains unclear whether this Ang(1-7) effect is also mediated via a brain-related mechanism. Additionally to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, we used TGR(ASrAOGEN) selectively lacking brain angiotensinogen, the precursor to AngII, as we speculated that effects are more pronounced in a model with low brain RAS activity. Rats were fed with high-calorie cafeteria diet. We investigated weight regulation, food behavior, and energy balance in response to chronic icv.-infusions of AngII (200 ng•h-1), or Ang(1-7) (200/600 ng•h-1) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. High- but not low-dose Ang(1-7) slightly decreased weight gain and energy intake in SD rats. AngII showed an anti-obese efficacy in SD rats by decreasing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure and also improved glucose control. TGR(ASrAOGEN) were protected from developing obesity. However, Ang(1-7) did not reveal any effects in TGR(ASrAOGEN) and those of AngII were minor compared to SD rats. Our results emphasize that brain AngII is a key contributor for regulating energy homeostasis and weight in obesity by serving as a negative brain-related feedback signal to alleviate weight gain. Brain-related anti-obese potency of Ang(1-7) is lower than AngII but must be further investigated by using other transgenic models as TGR(ASrAOGEN) proved to be less valuable for answering this question.
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31
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Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Drugs of Muscle Wasting and Their Therapeutic Targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:463-481. [PMID: 30390265 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting and weakness such as cachexia, atrophy, and sarcopenia are characterized by marked decreases in the protein content, myonuclear number, muscle fiber size, and muscle strength. This chapter focuses on the recent advances of pharmacological approach for attenuating muscle wasting.A myostatin-inhibiting approach is very intriguing to prevent sarcopenia but not muscular dystrophy in humans. Supplementation with ghrelin is also an important candidate to combat sarcopenia as well as cachexia. Treatment with soy isoflavone, trichostatin A (TSA), and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) inhibitors seems to be effective modulators attenuating muscle wasting, although further systematic research is needed on this treatment in particular concerning side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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32
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Ábrigo J, Elorza AA, Riedel CA, Vilos C, Simon F, Cabrera D, Estrada L, Cabello-Verrugio C. Role of Oxidative Stress as Key Regulator of Muscle Wasting during Cachexia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2063179. [PMID: 29785242 PMCID: PMC5896211 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2063179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition mainly characterized by a loss of muscular mass and the contractile capacity of the skeletal muscle as a consequence of muscular weakness and decreased force generation. Cachexia is defined as a pathological condition secondary to illness characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass and with concomitant diminution of muscle strength. The molecular mechanisms involved in cachexia include oxidative stress, protein synthesis/degradation imbalance, autophagy deregulation, increased myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress is one of the most common mechanisms of cachexia caused by different factors. It results in increased ROS levels, increased oxidation-dependent protein modification, and decreased antioxidant system functions. In this review, we will describe the importance of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles, its sources, and how it can regulate protein synthesis/degradation imbalance, autophagy deregulation, increased myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction involved in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ábrigo
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- 3Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- 4Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 5Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- 6Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 7Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisbell Estrada
- 8Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Saitoh M, Dos Santos MR, Emami A, Ishida J, Ebner N, Valentova M, Bekfani T, Sandek A, Lainscak M, Doehner W, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Anorexia, functional capacity, and clinical outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF). ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:448-457. [PMID: 28960880 PMCID: PMC5695184 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We aimed to assess determinants of anorexia, that is loss of appetite in patients with heart failure (HF) and aimed to further elucidate the association between anorexia, functional capacity, and outcomes in affected patients. Methods and results We assessed anorexia status among 166 patients with HF (25 female, 66 ± 12 years) who participated in the Studies Investigating Co‐morbidities Aggravating HF. Anorexia was assessed by a 6‐point Likert scale (ranging from 0 to 5), wherein values ≥1 indicate anorexia. Functional capacity was assessed as peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), 6 min walk test, and short physical performance battery test. A total of 57 patients (34%) reported any anorexia, and these patients showed lower values of peak VO2, 6 min walk distance, and short physical performance battery score (all P < 0.05). Using multivariate analysis adjusting for clinically important factors, only high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein [odds ratio (OR) 1.24, P = 0.04], use of loop diuretics (OR 5.76, P = 0.03), and the presence of cachexia (OR 2.53, P = 0.04) remained independent predictors of anorexia. A total of 22 patients (13%) died during a mean follow‐up of 22.5 ± 5.1 months. Kaplan‐Meier curves for cumulative survival showed that those patients with anorexia presented higher mortality (Log‐rank test P = 0.03). Conclusions Inflammation, use of loop diuretics, and cachexia are associated with an increased likelihood of anorexia in patients with HF, and patients with anorexia showed impaired functional capacity and poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saitoh
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcelo R Dos Santos
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany.,Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amir Emami
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Junichi Ishida
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miroslava Valentova
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tarek Bekfani
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Sandek
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Departments of Cardiology and Research and Education, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Centre for Stroke Research Berlin and Department of Cardiology, Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany.,Division of Cardiology and Metabolism - Heart Failure, Cachexia and Sarcopenia; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) at Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
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34
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Huber G, Schuster F, Raasch W. Brain renin-angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:72-90. [PMID: 28687340 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the main causes of death globally and in this context hypertension represents one of the key risk factors for developing a CVD. It is well established that the peripheral renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in regulating blood pressure (BP). All components of the classic RAS can also be found in the brain but, in contrast to the peripheral RAS, how the endogenous RAS is involved in modulating cardiovascular effects in the brain is not fully understood yet. It is a complex system that may work differently in diverse areas of the brain and is linked to the peripheral system by the circumventricular organs (CVO), which do not have a blood brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we focus on the brain angiotensin peptides, their interactions with each other, and the consequences in the central nervous system (CNS) concerning cardiovascular control. Additionally, we present potential drug targets in the brain RAS for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Huber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany; CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Schuster
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany; CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany; CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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35
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Becker BK, Wang H, Zucker IH. Central TrkB blockade attenuates ICV angiotensin II-hypertension and sympathetic nerve activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Auton Neurosci 2017; 205:77-86. [PMID: 28549782 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased sympathetic nerve activity and the activation of the central renin-angiotensin system are commonly associated with cardiovascular disease states such as hypertension and heart failure, yet the precise mechanisms contributing to the long-term maintenance of this sympatho-excitation are incompletely understood. Due to the established physiological role of neurotrophins contributing toward neuroplasticity and neuronal excitability along with recent evidence linking the renin-angiotensin system and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) along with its receptor (TrkB), it is likely the two systems interact to promote sympatho-excitation during cardiovascular disease. However, this interaction has not yet been fully demonstrated, in vivo. Thus, we hypothesized that central angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment will evoke a sympatho-excitatory state mediated through the actions of BDNF/TrkB. We infused Ang II (20ng/min) into the right lateral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats for twelve days with or without the TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12 (50ng/h). We found that ICV infusion of Ang II increased mean arterial pressure (+40.4mmHg), increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (+19.4% max activity), and induced baroreflex dysfunction relative to vehicle. Co-infusion of ANA-12 attenuated the increase in blood pressure (-20.6mmHg) and prevented the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (-22.2% max) and baroreflex dysfunction relative to Ang II alone. Ang II increased thirst and decreased food consumption, and Ang II+ANA-12 augmented the thirst response while attenuating the decrease in food consumption. We conclude that TrkB signaling is a mediator of the long-term blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity responses to central Ang II activity. These findings demonstrate the involvement of neurotrophins such as BDNF in promoting Ang II-induced autonomic dysfunction and further implicate TrkB signaling in modulating presympathetic autonomic neurons during cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Becker
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hanjun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.; Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA..
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Abstract
Heart failure represents a systemic disease with profound effects on multiple peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle. Within the context of heart failure, perturbations in skeletal muscle physiology, structure, and function strongly contribute to exercise intolerance and the morbidity of this devastating disease. There is growing evidence that chronic heart failure imparts specific pathological changes within skeletal muscle beds resulting in muscle dysfunction and tissue atrophy. Mechanistically, systemic and local inflammatory responses drive critical aspects of this pathology. In this review, we will discuss pathological mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle inflammation and highlight emerging roles for distinct innate immune subsets that reside within damage muscle tissue focusing on the recently described embryonic and monocyte-derived macrophage lineages. Within this context, we will discuss how immune mechanisms can be differentially targeted to stimulate skeletal muscle inflammation, catabolism, fiber atrophy, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Oscar L Sierra
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Ichige MHA, Pereira MG, Brum PC, Michelini LC. Experimental Evidences Supporting the Benefits of Exercise Training in Heart Failure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:181-206. [PMID: 29022264 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart Failure (HF), a common end point for many cardiovascular diseases, is a syndrome with a very poor prognosis. Although clinical trials in HF have achieved important outcomes in reducing mortality, little is known about functional mechanisms conditioning health improvement in HF patients. In parallel with clinical studies, basic science has been providing important discoveries to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of HF, as well as to identify potential targets for the treatment of this syndrome. In spite of being the end-point of cardiovascular derangements caused by different etiologies, autonomic dysfunction, sympathetic hyperactivity, oxidative stress, inflammation and hormonal activation are common factors involved in the progression of this syndrome. Together these causal factors create a closed link between three important organs: brain, heart and the skeletal muscle. In the past few years, we and other groups have studied the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training as a safe therapy to avoid the progression of HF. As summarized in this chapter, exercise training, a non-pharmacological tool without side effects, corrects most of the HF-induced neurohormonal and local dysfunctions within the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. These adaptive responses reverse oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, ameliorate neurohormonal control and improve both cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, thus increasing the quality of life and reducing patients' morbimortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H A Ichige
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Body Movement, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Brum
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Body Movement, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The mechanisms of breathlessness in heart failure as the basis of therapy. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 10:32-5. [PMID: 26716391 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review provides an overview of recent understanding in relation to the mechanisms relating to skeletal muscle and the sympathetic nervous system, and therapies for breathlessness which target these mechanisms. These are set in the context of established knowledge in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Despite strong evidence to support exercise training programmes, and recommendations in international guidelines, programmes are implemented poorly. Electrical stimulation appears to be a way of exercising people too frail to undertake a full exercise programme. There is evidence to support the use of opioids for breathlessness in other conditions, but as yet the evidence in chronic heart failure is mixed. SUMMARY Previous work in relation to the role of skeletal muscle and sympathetic nervous system has set the scene for targeted therapies for the relief of breathlessness in people with heart failure.
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Yoshida T, Delafontaine P. An Intronic Enhancer Element Regulates Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Expression during Satellite Cell Differentiation, and Its Activity Is Suppressed in Congestive Heart Failure. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25578-25590. [PMID: 27756842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic kidney disease often have increased angiotensin II (Ang II) levels and cachexia. We previously demonstrated that Ang II, via its type 1 receptor, causes muscle protein breakdown and apoptosis and inhibits satellite cell (SC) proliferation and muscle regeneration, likely contributing to cachexia in CHF and chronic kidney disease. In contrast, Ang II, via its type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression, is robustly induced during SC differentiation, and it potentiates muscle regeneration. To understand the mechanisms regulating AT2R expression and its potential role in muscle regeneration in chronic diseases, we used a mouse model of CHF and found that muscle regeneration was markedly reduced and that this was accompanied by blunted increase of AT2R expression. We performed AT2R promoter reporter analysis during satellite cell differentiation and found that the 70 bp upstream of the AT2R transcription start site contain a core promoter region, and regions upstream of 70 bp to 3 kbp are dispensable for AT2R induction. Instead, AT2R intron 2 acts as a transcriptional enhancer during SC differentiation. Further deletion/mutation analysis revealed that multiple transcription factor binding sites in the +286/+690 region within intron 2 coordinately regulate AT2R transcription. Importantly, +286/+690 enhancer activity was suppressed in CHF mouse skeletal muscle, suggesting that AT2R expression is suppressed in CHF via inhibition of AT2R intronic enhancer activity, leading to lowered muscle regeneration. Thus targeting intron 2 enhancer element could lead to the development of a novel intervention to increase AT2R expression in SCs and potentiate skeletal muscle regenerative capacity in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- From the Department of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- From the Department of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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Manikkam V, Vasiljevic T, Donkor ON, Mathai ML. A Review of Potential Marine-derived Hypotensive and Anti-obesity Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:92-112. [PMID: 25569557 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are food derived components, usually consisting of 3-20 amino acids, which are inactive when incorporated within their parent protein. Once liberated by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, during food processing and gastrointestinal transit, they can potentially provide an array of health benefits to the human body. Owing to an unprecedented increase in the worldwide incidence of obesity and hypertension, medical researchers are focusing on the hypotensive and anti-obesity properties of nutritionally derived bioactive peptides. The role of the renin-angiotensin system has long been established in the aetiology of metabolic diseases and hypertension. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and preventing the formation of angiotensin II can be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of hypertension and obesity. Fish-derived proteins and peptides can potentially be excellent sources of bioactive components, mainly as a source of ACE inhibitors. However, increased use of marine sources, poses an unsustainable burden on particular fish stocks, so, the underutilized fish species and by-products can be exploited for this purpose. This paper provides an overview of the techniques involved in the production, isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive peptides from marine sources, as well as the evaluation of the ACE inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manikkam
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - T Vasiljevic
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - O N Donkor
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Bilodeau PA, Coyne ES, Wing SS. The ubiquitin proteasome system in atrophying skeletal muscle: roles and regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C392-403. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy complicates many diseases as well as aging, and its presence predicts both decreased quality of life and survival. Much work has been conducted to define the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining protein homeostasis in muscle. To date, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been shown to play an important role in mediating muscle wasting. In this review, we have collated the enzymes in the UPS whose roles in muscle wasting have been confirmed through loss-of-function studies. We have integrated information on their mechanisms of action to create a model of how they work together to produce muscle atrophy. These enzymes are involved in promoting myofibrillar disassembly and degradation, activation of autophagy, inhibition of myogenesis as well as in modulating the signaling pathways that control these processes. Many anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways are involved in regulating these UPS genes, but none appear to coordinately regulate a large number of these genes. A number of catabolic signaling pathways appear to instead function by inhibition of the insulin/IGF-I/protein kinase B anabolic pathway. This pathway is a critical determinant of muscle mass, since it can suppress key ubiquitin ligases and autophagy, activate protein synthesis, and promote myogenesis through its downstream mediators such as forkhead box O, mammalian target of rapamycin, and GSK3β, respectively. Although much progress has been made, a more complete inventory of the UPS genes involved in mediating muscle atrophy, their mechanisms of action, and their regulation will be useful for identifying novel therapeutic approaches to this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Bilodeau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Erin S. Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon S. Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kho MC, Lee YJ, Park JH, Kim HY, Yoon JJ, Ahn YM, Tan R, Park MC, Cha JD, Choi KM, Kang DG, Lee HS. Fermented Red Ginseng Potentiates Improvement of Metabolic Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome Rat Models. Nutrients 2016; 8:E369. [PMID: 27322312 PMCID: PMC4924210 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome including obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension is a cluster of risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Fermentation of medicinal herbs improves their pharmacological efficacy. Red ginseng (RG), a widely used traditional herbal medicine, was reported with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Aim in the present study was to investigate that the effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) on a high-fructose (HF) diet induced metabolic disorders, and those effects were compared to RG and losartan. Animals were divided into four groups: a control group fed a regular diet and tap water, and fructose groups that were fed a 60% high-fructose (HF) diet with/without RG 250 mg/kg/day or FRG 250 mg/kg/day for eight weeks, respectively. Treatment with FRG significantly suppressed the increments of body weight, liver weight, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size. Moreover, FRG significantly prevented the development of metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Staining with Oil-red-o demonstrated a marked increase of hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, and this increase was prevented by FRG. FRG ameliorated endothelial dysfunction by downregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and adhesion molecules in the aorta. In addition, FRG induced markedly upregulation of Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) in the muscle. These results indicate that FRG ameliorates obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and fatty liver in HF diet rats. More favorable pharmacological effects on HF diet induced metabolic disorders were observed with FRG, compared to an equal dose of RG. These results showed that the pharmacological activity of RG was enhanced by fermentation. Taken together, fermentated red ginseng might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kho
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Hye Yoom Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Jung Joo Yoon
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - You Mee Ahn
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Min Cheol Park
- Department of Oriental Medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Jeong Dan Cha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Kyung Min Choi
- Department of Research Development, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Jeonbuk 55442, Korea.
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
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Salma W, Franekova V, Lund T, Höper A, Ludvigsen S, Lund J, Aasum E, Ytrehus K, Belke DD, Larsen TS. Dietary Calanus oil antagonizes angiotensin II-induced hypertension and tissue wasting in diet-induced obese mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 108:13-21. [PMID: 27154360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that Calanus oil, which is extracted from the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus, reduces fat deposition, suppresses adipose tissue inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity in high fat-fed rodents. This study expands upon our previous observations by examining whether dietary supplementation with Calanus oil could antagonize angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and ventricular remodeling in mice given a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS C57BL/6J mice were initially subjected to 8 weeks of HFD with or without 2% (w/w) Calanus oil. Thereafter, animals within each group were randomized for the administration of either Ang II (1µg/kg/min) or saline for another two weeks, while still on the same dietary regimen. RESULTS Ang II caused a marked decline in body and organ weights in mice receiving non-supplemented HFD, a response which was clearly attenuated in mice receiving Calanus oil supplementation. Furthermore, Ang II-induced elevation in blood pressure was also attenuated in the Calanus oil-supplemented group. As expected, infusion of Ang II produced hypertrophy and up-regulation of marker genes (mRNA level) of both hypertrophy and fibrosis in cardiac muscle, but this response was unaffected by dietary Calanus oil. Fibrosis and inflammation were up-regulated also in the aorta following Ang II infusion. However, the inflammatory response was blocked by Calanus oil supplementation. A final, and unexpected, finding was that dietary intake of Calanus oil caused a robust increase in the level of O-GlcNAcylation in cardiac tissue. CONCLUSION These results suggest that dietary intake of oil from the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus could be a beneficial addition to conventional hypertension treatment. The compound attenuates inflammation and the severe metabolic stress caused by Ang II infusion. Although the present study suggests that the anti-hypertensive effect of the oil (or its n-3 PUFAs constituents) is related to its anti-inflammatory action in the vessel wall, other mechanisms such as interaction with intracellular calcium mechanisms or a direct antagonistic effect on Ang II receptors should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahida Salma
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Veronika Franekova
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trine Lund
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anje Höper
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Ludvigsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jim Lund
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ellen Aasum
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Darrell D Belke
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 3300 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Terje S Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Aerobic Exercise and Pharmacological Therapies for Skeletal Myopathy in Heart Failure: Similarities and Differences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4374671. [PMID: 26904163 PMCID: PMC4745416 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4374671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myopathy has been identified as a major comorbidity of heart failure (HF) affecting up to 20% of ambulatory patients leading to shortness of breath, early fatigue, and exercise intolerance. Neurohumoral blockade, through the inhibition of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAS) and β-adrenergic receptor blockade (β-blockers), is a mandatory pharmacological therapy of HF since it reduces symptoms, mortality, and sudden death. However, the effect of these drugs on skeletal myopathy needs to be clarified, since exercise intolerance remains in HF patients optimized with β-blockers and inhibitors of RAS. Aerobic exercise training (AET) is efficient in counteracting skeletal myopathy and in improving functional capacity and quality of life. Indeed, AET has beneficial effects on failing heart itself despite being of less magnitude compared with neurohumoral blockade. In this way, AET should be implemented in the care standards, together with pharmacological therapies. Since both neurohumoral inhibition and AET have a direct and/or indirect impact on skeletal muscle, this review aims to provide an overview of the isolated effects of these therapeutic approaches in counteracting skeletal myopathy in HF. The similarities and dissimilarities of neurohumoral inhibition and AET therapies are also discussed to identify potential advantageous effects of these combined therapies for treating HF.
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DELAFONTAINE PATRICE, YOSHIDA TADASHI. THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND THE BIOLOGY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE: MECHANISMS OF MUSCLE WASTING IN CHRONIC DISEASE STATES. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 127:245-258. [PMID: 28066057 PMCID: PMC5216488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and cachexia are muscle-wasting syndromes associated with aging and with many chronic diseases such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure. While mechanisms are complex, these conditions are often accompanied by elevated angiotensin II (Ang II). We found that Ang II infusion in rodents leads to skeletal muscle wasting via alterations in insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling, increased apoptosis, enhanced muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and decreased appetite resulting from downregulation of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides orexin and neuropeptide Y. Furthermore, Ang II inhibits skeletal muscle stem cell proliferation, leading to lowered muscle regenerative capacity. Distinct stem cell Ang II receptor subtypes are critical for regulation of muscle regeneration. In ischemic mouse congestive heart failure model skeletal muscle wasting and attenuated muscle regeneration are Ang II dependent. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in mechanisms underlying cachexia in chronic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- PATRICE DELAFONTAINE
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Patrice Delafontaine, MD,
Department of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, CE323, Columbia, Missouri 65212573-884-9260573-884-4808
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Anastasiou CA, Karfopoulou E, Yannakoulia M. Weight regaining: From statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism 2015; 64:1395-407. [PMID: 26362728 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Achieving maintenance of weight loss is crucial to combat obesity. However, most individuals tend to regain weight. Data from successful maintainers show that they remain vigilant and constantly apply techniques to oppose the course of regaining. On the other hand, current advances in obesity research show that the reduced obese state is a state of altered physiology in terms of energy balance. This review describes the physiological adaptations occurring after weight loss that predispose to regaining. Specifically, changes regarding body composition, hormonal background, energy expenditure and control of food intake are discussed. Moreover, metabolites that can act as regain predictors and dietary techniques to oppose regaining are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Karfopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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47
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Abstract
Sarcopenia and cachexia are muscle wasting syndromes associated with aging and with many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). While mechanisms are complex, these conditions are often accompanied by elevated angiotensin II (Ang II). Patients with advanced CHF or CKD often have increased Ang II levels and cachexia, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment improves weight loss. It was found that Ang II infusion in rodents leads to skeletal muscle wasting. Ang II increases cytokines and circulating hormones, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, serum amyloid-A and glucocorticoids, which regulate muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Ang II-induced muscle wasting is caused by alterations in insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling, enhanced muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome system and decreased appetite resulting from the downregulation of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides, such as Npy and orexin. Ang II also inhibits 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity and disrupts normal energy balance via the activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphatase PP2Cα. Furthermore, Ang II inhibits skeletal muscle stem (satellite) cell proliferation, leading to lowered muscle regenerative capacity. Distinct satellite cell angiotensin receptor subtypes have different effects on different stages of differentiation and are critical for the regulation of muscle regeneration. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in mechanisms underlying cachexia in chronic disease states, and it is a promising target for the treatment of muscle atrophy in patients with diseases such as CHF and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
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Prolonged Subcutaneous Administration of Oxytocin Accelerates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Renal Damage in Male Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138048. [PMID: 26393919 PMCID: PMC4579129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin and its receptor are synthesised in the heart and blood vessels but effects of chronic activation of this peripheral oxytocinergic system on cardiovascular function are not known. In acute studies, systemic administration of low dose oxytocin exerted a protective, preconditioning effect in experimental models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic administration of low dose oxytocin following angiotensin II-induced hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and renal damage. Angiotensin II (40 μg/Kg/h) only, oxytocin only (20 or 100 ng/Kg/h), or angiotensin II combined with oxytocin (20 or 100 ng/Kg/h) were infused subcutaneously in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days. At day 7, oxytocin or angiotensin-II only did not change hemodynamic parameters, but animals that received a combination of oxytocin and angiotensin-II had significantly elevated systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure compared to controls (P < 0.01). Hemodynamic changes were accompanied by significant left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy and renal damage at day 28 in animals treated with angiotensin II (P < 0.05) or both oxytocin and angiotensin II, compared to controls (P < 0.01). Prolonged oxytocin administration did not affect plasma concentrations of renin and atrial natriuretic peptide, but was associated with the activation of calcium-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin, a canonical signalling mechanism in pressure overload-induced cardiovascular disease. These data demonstrate that oxytocin accelerated angiotensin-II induced hypertension and end-organ renal damage, suggesting caution should be exercised in the chronic use of oxytocin in individuals with hypertension.
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Biressi S, Gopinath SD. The quasi-parallel lives of satellite cells and atrophying muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:140. [PMID: 26257645 PMCID: PMC4510774 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy or wasting accompanies various chronic illnesses and the aging process, thereby reducing muscle function. One of the most important components contributing to effective muscle repair in postnatal organisms, the satellite cells (SCs), have recently become the focus of several studies examining factors participating in the atrophic process. We critically examine here the experimental evidence linking SC function with muscle loss in connection with various diseases as well as aging, and in the subsequent recovery process. Several recent reports have investigated the changes in SCs in terms of their differentiation and proliferative capacity in response to various atrophic stimuli. In this regard, we review the molecular changes within SCs that contribute to their dysfunctional status in atrophy, with the intention of shedding light on novel potential pharmacological targets to counteract the loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of TrentoTrento, Italy
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