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Kelly KA, Heaps CL, Wu G, Labhasetwar V, Meininger CJ. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in diabetic rats. Nitric Oxide 2024; 148:13-22. [PMID: 38642795 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, underlying the vascular complications of diabetes and other cardiovascular disorders, may result from uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity due to decreased levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a critical co-factor for eNOS. Some clinical trials attempting to deliver exogenous BH4 as a potential therapeutic strategy in vascular disease states have failed due to oxidation of BH4 in the circulation. We sought to develop a means of protecting BH4 from oxidation while delivering it to dysfunctional endothelial cells. Polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with BH4 were delivered by injection or oral gavage, respectively, to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BH4 was measured in coronary endothelial cells and endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity was assessed in vascular rings. Lymphatic uptake of orally delivered lipid NPs was verified by sampling mesenteric lymph. BH4-loaded polymeric NPs maintained nitric oxide production by cultured endothelial cells under conditions of oxidative stress. BH4-loaded NPs, delivered via injection or ingestion, increased coronary endothelial BH4 concentration and improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in diabetic rats. Pharmacodynamics assessment indicated peak concentration of solid lipid NPs in the systemic bloodstream 6 hours after ingestion, with disappearance noted by 48 hours. These studies support the feasibility of utilizing NPs to deliver BH4 to dysfunctional endothelial cells to increase nitric oxide bioavailability. BH4-loaded NPs could provide an innovative tool to restore redox balance in blood vessels and modulate eNOS-mediated vascular function to reverse or retard vascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kelly
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical Research and Education Building Rm 1341, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Cristine L Heaps
- Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical Research and Education Building Rm 1341, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA; Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, Kleberg Center Rm 133, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mail Code ND20, Cleveland, OH, 44196, USA
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical Research and Education Building Rm 1341, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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2
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van Drie RWA, van de Wouw J, Zandbergen LM, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Mulder MT, Verhaar MC, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Duncker DJ, Sorop O, Merkus D. Vasodilator reactive oxygen species ameliorate perturbed myocardial oxygen delivery in exercising swine with multiple comorbidities. Basic Res Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00395-024-01055-z. [PMID: 38796544 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Multiple common cardiovascular comorbidities produce coronary microvascular dysfunction. We previously observed in swine that a combination of diabetes mellitus (DM), high fat diet (HFD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced systemic inflammation, increased oxidative stress and produced coronary endothelial dysfunction, altering control of coronary microvascular tone via loss of NO bioavailability, which was associated with an increase in circulating endothelin (ET). In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) ROS scavenging and (2) ETA+B-receptor blockade improve myocardial oxygen delivery in the same female swine model. Healthy female swine on normal pig chow served as controls (Normal). Five months after induction of DM (streptozotocin, 3 × 50 mg kg-1 i.v.), hypercholesterolemia (HFD) and CKD (renal embolization), swine were chronically instrumented and studied at rest and during exercise. Sustained hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and renal dysfunction were accompanied by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. In vivo ROS scavenging (TEMPOL + MPG) reduced myocardial oxygen delivery in DM + HFD + CKD swine, suggestive of a vasodilator influence of endogenous ROS, while it had no effect in Normal swine. In vitro wire myography revealed a vasodilator role for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in isolated small coronary artery segments from DM + HFD + CKD, but not Normal swine. Increased catalase activity and ceramide production in left ventricular myocardial tissue of DM + HFD + CKD swine further suggest that increased H2O2 acts as vasodilator ROS in the coronary microvasculature. Despite elevated ET-1 plasma levels in DM + HFD + CKD swine, ETA+B blockade did not affect myocardial oxygen delivery in Normal or DM + HFD + CKD swine. In conclusion, loss of NO bioavailability due to 5 months exposure to multiple comorbidities is partially compensated by increased H2O2-mediated coronary vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W A van Drie
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J van de Wouw
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M Zandbergen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic Munich, 81377 LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - J Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M T Mulder
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A MaassenVanDenBrink
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic Munich, 81377 LMU, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modelling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), University Clinic Munich, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Xia W, Zhang M, Liu C, Wang S, Xu A, Xia Z, Pang L, Cai Y. Exploring the therapeutic potential of tetrahydrobiopterin for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A path forward. Life Sci 2024; 345:122594. [PMID: 38537900 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A large number of patients are affected by classical heart failure (HF) symptomatology with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and multiorgan syndrome. Due to high morbidity and mortality rate, hospitalization and mortality remain serious socioeconomic problems, while the lack of effective pharmacological or device treatment means that HFpEF presents a major unmet medical need. Evidence from clinical and basic studies demonstrates that systemic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and impaired mitochondrial function are the common pathological mechanisms in HFpEF. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), beyond being an endogenous co-factor for catalyzing the conversion of some essential biomolecules, has the capacity to prevent systemic inflammation, enhance antioxidant resistance, and modulate mitochondrial energy production. Therefore, BH4 has emerged in the last decade as a promising agent to prevent or reverse the progression of disorders such as cardiovascular disease. In this review, we cover the clinical progress and limitations of using downstream targets of nitric oxide (NO) through NO donors, soluble guanylate cyclase activators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in treating cardiovascular diseases, including HFpEF. We discuss the use of BH4 in association with HFpEF, providing new evidence for its potential use as a pharmacological option for treating HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Xia
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China.
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Kishi S, Nagasu H, Kidokoro K, Kashihara N. Oxidative stress and the role of redox signalling in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:101-119. [PMID: 37857763 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, underscoring a need to identify pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of oxygen molecules that are generated during aerobic metabolism and are involved in a variety of cellular functions that are governed by redox conditions. Low levels of ROS are required for diverse processes, including intracellular signal transduction, metabolism, immune and hypoxic responses, and transcriptional regulation. However, excess ROS can be pathological, and contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases. Despite evidence linking elevated levels of ROS to CKD development and progression, the use of low-molecular-weight antioxidants to remove ROS has not been successful in preventing or slowing disease progression. More recent advances have enabled evaluation of the molecular interactions between specific ROS and their targets in redox signalling pathways. Such studies may pave the way for the development of sophisticated treatments that allow the selective control of specific ROS-mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hajime Nagasu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kengo Kidokoro
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kashihara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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5
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Pokharel MD, Marciano DP, Fu P, Franco MC, Unwalla H, Tieu K, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Metabolic reprogramming, oxidative stress, and pulmonary hypertension. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102797. [PMID: 37392518 PMCID: PMC10363484 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles essential for cell metabolism, growth, and function. It is becoming increasingly clear that endothelial cell dysfunction significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and vascular remodeling of various lung diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and that mitochondria are at the center of this dysfunction. The more we uncover the role mitochondria play in pulmonary vascular disease, the more apparent it becomes that multiple pathways are involved. To achieve effective treatments, we must understand how these pathways are dysregulated to be able to intervene therapeutically. We know that nitric oxide signaling, glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and the TCA cycle are abnormal in PAH, along with alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, these pathways are incompletely characterized in PAH, especially in endothelial cells, highlighting the urgent need for further research. This review summarizes what is currently known about how mitochondrial metabolism facilitates a metabolic shift in endothelial cells that induces vascular remodeling during PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa D Pokharel
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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6
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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Płoska A, Wierońska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:21. [PMID: 36890458 PMCID: PMC9996905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO bioavailability is a common hallmark of endothelial dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Vascular NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, aging, or smoking increase vascular oxidative stress that strongly affects eNOS activity and leads to eNOS uncoupling. Uncoupled eNOS produces superoxide anion (O2-) instead of NO, thus becoming a source of harmful free radicals exacerbating the oxidative stress further. eNOS uncoupling is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction observed in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling, including oxidative depletion of the critical eNOS cofactor BH4, deficiency of eNOS substrate L-Arg, or accumulation of its analog asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), and eNOS S-glutathionylation. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches that prevent eNOS uncoupling by improving cofactor availability, restoration of L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or modulation of eNOS S-glutathionylation are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. .,BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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7
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Suppression of GCH1 Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer and Breast Cancer to PARP Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:1453739. [PMID: 36793373 PMCID: PMC9925261 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1453739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Breast and ovarian cancers are common malignancies among women, contributing to a significant disease burden, and are characterized by a high level of genomic instability, owing to the failure of homologous recombination repair (HRR). Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) could elicit the synthetic lethal effect of tumor cells in patients with homologous recombination deficiency, ultimately achieving a favorable clinical benefit. However, primary and acquired resistance remain the greatest hurdle, limiting the efficacy of PARP inhibitors; thus, strategies conferring or augmenting tumor cell sensitivity to PARP inhibitors are urgently required. Methods Our RNA-seq data of niraparib-treated and -untreated tumor cells were analyzed by R language. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to assess the biological functions of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence were applied to confirm the upregulation of GCH1 upon niraparib treatment at transcriptional and translational levels. Immunohistochemistry of patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-derived tissue sections further validated that niraparib increased GCH1 expression. Tumor cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, while the superiority of the combination strategy was confirmed in the PDX model. Results The expression of GCH1 was aberrantly enriched in breast and ovarian cancers and increased after niraparib treatment via JAK-STAT signaling. GCH1 was also demonstrated to be associated with the HRR pathway. Subsequently, the enhancement of the tumor-killing effect of PARP inhibitors induced by GCH1 suppression using siRNA and GCH1 inhibitor was validated by flow cytometry in vitro. Finally, using the PDX model, we further demonstrated that GCH1 inhibitors markedly potentiated PARP inhibitors' antitumor efficacy in vivo. Conclusion Our results illustrated that PARP inhibitors promote GCH1 expression via the JAK-STAT pathway. We also elucidated the potential relationship between GCH1 and the homologous recombination repair pathway and proposed a combination regimen of GCH1 suppression with PARP inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancers.
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Erectile Dysfunction: Pharmacological Pathways with Understudied Potentials. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010046. [PMID: 36672554 PMCID: PMC9855349 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a public health concern worldwide. In the past, it was perceived as a phenomenon attributed to age advancement. However, more individuals are affected every year that do not fall under that age criterion. Epidemiological research revealed that this abnormality has an association with endothelial dysfunction connected to several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Currently, ED is interpreted as a clinical marker for future adverse events and not only as a present health issue that negatively affects the quality of life. The management of ED involves lifestyle modifications, therapeutic optimization for comorbid conditions, and pharmacological and psychosexual therapy. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are the first-line pharmacological agents to be prescribed for such a condition. Nonetheless, other pharmacological pathways and agents remain underinvestigated or were investigated at some stage. This review aimed to present to future researchers interested in this field with some pharmacological agents that showed favorable effects on a limited number of studies on human subjects or experimental models.
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9
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Zheng D, Liu J, Piao H, Zhu Z, Wei R, Liu K. ROS-triggered endothelial cell death mechanisms: Focus on pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039241. [PMID: 36389728 PMCID: PMC9663996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is a single layer of epithelium covering the surface of the vascular system, and it represents a physical barrier between the blood and vessel wall that plays an important role in maintaining intravascular homeostasis. However, endothelial dysfunction or endothelial cell death can cause vascular barrier disruption, vasoconstriction and diastolic dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory responses, and thrombosis, which are closely associated with the progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, ischemic stroke, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism underlying endothelial cell death. Growing evidence suggests that ROS can trigger endothelial cell death in various ways, including pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Therefore, this review will systematically illustrate the source of ROS in endothelial cells (ECs); reveal the molecular mechanism by which ROS trigger pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis in ECs; and provide new ideas for the research and treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hulin Piao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kexiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Kexiang Liu,
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Soleymani M, Masoudkabir F, Shabani M, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Behnoush AH, Khalaji A. Updates on Pharmacologic Management of Microvascular Angina. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:6080258. [PMID: 36382021 PMCID: PMC9626221 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6080258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microvascular angina (MVA), historically called cardiac syndrome X, refers to angina with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. This female-predominant cardiovascular disorder adds considerable health-related costs due to repeated diagnostic angiography and frequent hospital admissions. Despite the high prevalence of this diagnosis in patients undergoing coronary angiography, it is still a therapeutic challenge for cardiologists. Unlike obstructive coronary artery disease, with multiple evidence-based therapies and management guidelines, little is known regarding the management of MVA. During the last decade, many therapeutic interventions have been suggested for the treatment of MVA. However, there is a lack of summarization tab and update of current knowledge about pharmacologic management of MVA, mostly due to unclear pathophysiology. In this article, we have reviewed the underlying mechanisms of MVA and the outcomes of various medications in patients with this disease. Contrary to vasospastic angina in which normal angiogram is observed as well, nitrates are not effective in the treatment of MVA. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers have the strongest evidence of improving the symptoms. Moreover, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, statins, estrogen, and novel antianginal drugs has had promising outcomes. Investigations are still ongoing for vitamin D, omega-3, incretins, and n-acetyl cysteine, which have resulted in beneficial initial outcomes. We believe that the employment of the available results and results of the future large-scale trials into cardiac care guidelines would help reduce the global cost of cardiac care tremendously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Soleymani
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Masoudkabir
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Shabani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ali Vasheghani-Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Behnoush
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmohammad Khalaji
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shishikura D, Octavia Y, Hayat U, Thondapu V, Barlis P. Atherogenesis and Inflammation. Interv Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119697367.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Machin DR, Clifton HL, Wray DW, Frech TM, Donato AJ. Tetrahydrobiopterin Administration Augments Exercise-Induced Hyperemia and Endothelial Function in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:791689. [PMID: 35083247 PMCID: PMC8784551 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.791689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, auto-immune disease with variably progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, as well as vascular dysfunction. Recently, we demonstrated a decrement in exercising skeletal muscle blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in SSc, but the mechanisms responsible for these impairments have not been investigated. Thus, we sought to determine if acute administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), would improve hyperemia and brachial artery vasodilation during progressive handgrip exercise in SSc. Thirteen patients with SSc (63 ± 11 years) participated in this placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Tetrahydrobiopterin (10 mg/kg) administration resulted in a ~4-fold increase in circulating BH4 concentrations (P < 0.05). Cardiovascular variables at rest were unaffected by BH4 (P > 0.05). During handgrip exercise, BH4 administration increased brachial artery blood flow (placebo: 200 ± 87; BH4: 261 ± 115 ml/min; P < 0.05) and vascular conductance (placebo: 2.0 ± 0.8; BH4: 2.5 ± 1.0 ml/min/mmHg; P < 0.05), indicating augmented resistance artery vasodilation. Tetrahydrobiopterin administration also increased brachial artery vasodilation in response to exercise (placebo: 12 ± 6; BH4: 17 ± 7%; P < 0.05), resulting in a significant upward shift in the slope relationship between Δ brachial artery vasodilation and Δ shear rate (placebo: 0.030 ± 0.007; BH4: 0.047 ± 0.007; P < 0.05) that indicates augmented sensitivity of the brachial artery to vasodilate to the sustained elevations in shear rate during handgrip exercise. These results demonstrate the efficacy of acute BH4 administration to improve both resistance and conduit vessel endothelial function in SSc, suggesting that eNOS recoupling may be an effective strategy for improving vasodilatory capacity in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Machin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Heather L Clifton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - D Walter Wray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tracy M Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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13
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Contreras-Duarte S, Claudette C, Farias M, Leiva A. High total cholesterol and triglycerides levels increase arginases metabolism, impairing nitric oxide signaling and worsening fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166216. [PMID: 34314821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During human pregnancy, maternal physiological dyslipidemia (MPD) supports fetal development. However, some women develop maternal supraphysiological dyslipidemia (MSPD: increased total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) levels). MSPD is present in normal and pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Both pathologies associate with fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction, producing alterations in nitric oxide (NO)-L-arginine/arginase metabolism. Nevertheless, the effect of MSPD on GDM, and how this synergy alters fetoplacental endothelial function is unknown, which is the aim of this study. 123 women at term of pregnancy were classified as MPD (n=40), MSPD (n=35), GDM with normal lipids (GDM- MPD, n=23) and with increased lipids (GDM-MSPD, n=25). TC ≥291 mg/dL and TG ≥275 mg/dL were considered as MSPD. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCat1), and arginase II protein abundance and activity, were assayed in umbilical vein endothelial cells. In MSPD and MSPD-GDM, TC and TG increased respect to MPD and MPD-GDM. eNOS activity was reduced in MSPD and MSPD-GDM, but increased in MPD-GDM compared with MPD. No changes were observed in eNOS protein. However, decreased tetrahydrobiopterin levels were observed in all groups compared with MPD. Increased hCat1 protein and L-arginine transport were observed in both GDM groups compared with MPD. However, the transport was higher in GDM-MSPD compared to GDM-MPD. Higher Arginase II protein and activity were observed in MSPD-GDM compared with MPD. Thus, MSPD in GDM pregnancies alters fetal endothelial function associated with NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Contreras-Duarte
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7510156, Chile.
| | - C Claudette
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - M Farias
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - A Leiva
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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14
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Andreadou I, Daiber A, Baxter GF, Brizzi MF, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Lazou A, Varga ZV, Zuurbier CJ, Schulz R, Ferdinandy P. Influence of cardiometabolic comorbidities on myocardial function, infarction, and cardioprotection: Role of cardiac redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:33-52. [PMID: 33588049 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain high. Metabolic diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as well as hypertension are the most common comorbidities in patients with CVD. These comorbidities result in increased myocardial oxidative stress, mainly from increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, mitochondria as well as downregulation of antioxidant defense systems. Oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in ischemia/reperfusion injury and may account for increased susceptibility of the myocardium to infarction and myocardial dysfunction in the presence of the comorbidities. Thus, while early reperfusion represents the most favorable therapeutic strategy to prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury, redox therapeutic strategies may provide additive benefits, especially in patients with heart failure. While oxidative and nitrosative stress are harmful, controlled release of reactive oxygen species is however important for cardioprotective signaling. In this review we summarize the current data on the effect of hypertension and major cardiometabolic comorbidities such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, DM, NAFLD/NASH on cardiac redox homeostasis as well as on ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. We also review and discuss the therapeutic interventions that may restore the redox imbalance in the diseased myocardium in the presence of these comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr, Germany.
| | - Gary F Baxter
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Antigone Lazou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Wu Y, Ding Y, Ramprasath T, Zou MH. Oxidative Stress, GTPCH1, and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling in Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:750-764. [PMID: 32363908 PMCID: PMC7910417 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Hypertension has major health consequences, which is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-produced nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the vasculature plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Considering the importance of NO system, this review aims to provide a brief overview of the biochemistry of members of NO signaling, including GTPCH1 [guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1], tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and eNOS. Recent Advances: Being NO signaling activators and regulators of eNOS signaling, BH4 treatment is getting widespread attention either as potential therapeutic agents or as preventive agents. Recent clinical trials also support that BH4 treatment could be considered a promising therapeutic in hypertension. Critical Issues: Under conditions of BH4 depletion, eNOS-generated superoxides trigger pathological events. Abnormalities in NO availability and BH4 deficiency lead to disturbed redox regulation causing pathological events. This disturbed signaling influences the development of systemic hypertension as well as pulmonary hypertension. Future Directions: Considering the importance of BH4 and NO to improve the translational significance, it is essential to continue research on this field to manipulate BH4 to increase the efficacy for treating hypertension. Thus, this review also examines the current state of knowledge on the effects of eNOS activators on preclinical models and humans to utilize this information for potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Prakash V, Jaker S, Burgan A, Jacques A, Fluck D, Sharma P, Fry CH, Han TS. The smoking-dyslipidaemia dyad: A potent synergistic risk for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 10:2048004020980945. [PMID: 33796280 PMCID: PMC7968041 DOI: 10.1177/2048004020980945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and dyslipidaemia are known individual risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study examined the combined risk of smoking and dyslipidaemia on coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS Coronary artery calcium (CAC), measured by cardiac CT, was used to assess the extent of CAD, which was related to smoking and dyslipidaemia using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, BMI and family history of ischaemic heart disease. RESULTS Seventy-one patients (46 men, 25 women: median age of 53.7yrs; IQR = 47.0-59.5) were recruited. The mean log10 CAC score in never-smokers without dyslipidaemia (reference group) was 0.37 (SD = 0.73), while the value in those with a history of smoking was 0.44 ± 0.48 (mean difference: 0.07, 95%CI:-0.67 to 0.81, p = 0.844), dyslipidaemia was 1.07 ± 1.08 (mean difference: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.24 to 1.17, p = 0.003), and both risk factors was 1.82 ± 0.64 (mean difference: 1.45, 95%CI:0.88 to 2.02, p < 0.001). For individuals in the reference group, the proportions with none, one and multiple vessel disease were 80.6%, 16.1% and 3.2%; for those with a history of smoking or with dyslipidaemia were 50.0%, 25.0% and 25.0%; and for those with both risk factors were 8.3%, 25.0% and 66.7%. Patients with a history of both risk factors had greater adjusted risks of having one- vessel disease - OR = 14.3 (95%CI = 2.1-98.2) or multiple vessel disease: OR = 51.8 (95%CI = 4.2-609.6). CONCLUSIONS Smoking and dyslipidaemia together are associated with high coronary artery calcification and CAD, independent of other major risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Prakash
- Department of Radiology, Ashford & St Peter’s Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
- Diagnostic Imaging, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Sams Jaker
- Department of Radiology, Ashford & St Peter’s Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - Amjad Burgan
- Department of Radiology, Ashford & St Peter’s Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - Adam Jacques
- Department of Cardiology, Ashford & St Peter’s Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - David Fluck
- Department of Cardiology, Ashford & St Peter’s Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Christopher H Fry
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thang S Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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17
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Ebenhoch R, Prinz S, Kaltwasser S, Mills DJ, Meinecke R, Rübbelke M, Reinert D, Bauer M, Weixler L, Zeeb M, Vonck J, Nar H. A hybrid approach reveals the allosteric regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31838-31849. [PMID: 33229582 PMCID: PMC7750480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013473117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate (H2NTP), the initiating step in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Besides other roles, BH4 functions as cofactor in neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The BH4 biosynthetic pathway and GCH1 have been identified as promising targets to treat pain disorders in patients. The function of mammalian GCH1s is regulated by a metabolic sensing mechanism involving a regulator protein, GCH1 feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). GFRP binds to GCH1 to form inhibited or activated complexes dependent on availability of cofactor ligands, BH4 and phenylalanine, respectively. We determined high-resolution structures of human GCH1-GFRP complexes by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). Cryo-EM revealed structural flexibility of specific and relevant surface lining loops, which previously was not detected by X-ray crystallography due to crystal packing effects. Further, we studied allosteric regulation of isolated GCH1 by X-ray crystallography. Using the combined structural information, we are able to obtain a comprehensive picture of the mechanism of allosteric regulation. Local rearrangements in the allosteric pocket upon BH4 binding result in drastic changes in the quaternary structure of the enzyme, leading to a more compact, tense form of the inhibited protein, and translocate to the active site, leading to an open, more flexible structure of its surroundings. Inhibition of the enzymatic activity is not a result of hindrance of substrate binding, but rather a consequence of accelerated substrate binding kinetics as shown by saturation transfer difference NMR (STD-NMR) and site-directed mutagenesis. We propose a dissociation rate controlled mechanism of allosteric, noncompetitive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ebenhoch
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Simone Prinz
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susann Kaltwasser
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Deryck J Mills
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Meinecke
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Rübbelke
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Margit Bauer
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Lisa Weixler
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Markus Zeeb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Janet Vonck
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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Mauri M, Calmarza P, Ibarretxe D. Dyslipemias and pregnancy, an update. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2020; 33:41-52. [PMID: 33309071 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy there is a physiological increase in total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) plasma concentrations, due to increased insulin resistance, oestrogens, progesterone, and placental lactogen, although their reference values are not exactly known, TG levels can increase up to 300mg/dL, and TC can go as high as 350mg/dL. When the cholesterol concentration exceeds the 95th percentile (familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and transient maternal hypercholesterolaemia), there is a predisposition to oxidative stress in foetal vessels, exposing the newborn to a greater fatty streaks formation and a higher risk of atherosclerosis. However, the current treatment of pregnant women with hyperlipidaemia consists of a diet and suspension of lipid-lowering drugs. The most prevalent maternal hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is due to secondary causes, like diabetes, obesity, drugs, etc. The case of severe HTG due to genetic causes is less prevalent, and can be a higher risk of maternal-foetal complications, such as, acute pancreatitis (AP), pre-eclampsia, preterm labour, and gestational diabetes. Severe HTG-AP is a rare but potentially lethal pregnancy complication, for the mother and the foetus, usually occurs during the third trimester or in the immediate postpartum period, and there are no specific protocols for its diagnosis and treatment. In conclusion, it is crucial that dyslipidaemia during pregnancy must be carefully evaluated, not just because of the acute complications, but also because of the future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the newborn child. That is why the establishment of consensus protocols or guidelines is essential for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mauri
- Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, España
| | - Pilar Calmarza
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.
| | - Daiana Ibarretxe
- Unidad de Medicina Vascular y Metabolismo (UVASMET), Hospital Universitario de Reus, Universidad Rovira y Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Tarragona, España
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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Kumar G, Dey SK, Kundu S. Functional implications of vascular endothelium in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis to control blood pressure and cardiac functions. Life Sci 2020; 259:118377. [PMID: 32898526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is the innermost vascular lining performing significant roles all over the human body while maintaining the blood pressure at physiological levels. Malfunction of endothelium is thus recognized as a biomarker linked with many vascular diseases including but not limited to atherosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis. Alternatively, prevention of endothelial malfunctioning or regulating the functions of its associated physiological partners like endothelial nitric oxide synthase can prevent the associated vascular disorders which account for the highest death toll worldwide. While many anti-hypertensive drugs are available commercially, a comprehensive description of the key physiological roles of the endothelium and its regulation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase or vice versa is the need of the hour to understand its contribution in vascular homeostasis. This, in turn, will help in designing new therapeutics targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase or its interacting partners present in the cellular pool. This review describes the central role of vascular endothelium in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase while outlining the emerging drug targets present in the vasculature with potential to treat vascular disorders including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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21
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Plasma APE1/Ref-1 Correlates with Atherosclerotic Inflammation in ApoE -/- Mice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090366. [PMID: 32967121 PMCID: PMC7555038 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is involved in DNA base repair and reducing activity. However, the role of APE1/Ref-1 in atherosclerosis is unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of APE1/Ref-1 in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) mice fed with a Western-type diet. We found that serologic APE1/Ref-1 was strongly correlated with vascular inflammation in these mice. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), endothelial cell/macrophage activation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation, reflected by atherosclerotic inflammation, were increased in the ApoE−/− mice fed with a Western-type diet. APE1/Ref-1 expression was upregulated in aortic tissues of these mice, and was co-localized with cells positive for cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and galectin-3, suggesting endothelial cell/macrophage expression of APE1/Ref-1. Interestingly, APE1/Ref-1 plasma levels of ApoE−/− mice fed with a Western-type diet were significantly increased compared with those of the mice fed with normal diet (15.76 ± 3.19 ng/mL vs. 3.51 ± 0.50 ng/mL, p < 0.05), and were suppressed by atorvastatin administration. Correlation analysis showed high correlation between plasma APE1/Ref-1 levels and NLR, a marker of systemic inflammation. The cut-off value for APE1/Ref-1 for predicting atherosclerotic inflammation at 4.903 ng/mL showed sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91%. We conclude that APE1/Ref-1 expression is upregulated in aortic endothelial cells/macrophages of atherosclerotic mice, and that plasma APE1/Ref-1 levels could predict atherosclerotic inflammation.
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22
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Kim HK, Han J. Tetrahydrobiopterin in energy metabolism and metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104827. [PMID: 32348841 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an endogenous cofactor for various enzymatic conversions of essential biomolecules including nitric oxide, tyrosine, dopamine, serotonin and phenylalanine. Depending on the physiological functions of these molecules, BH4 plays multiple roles in the cardiovascular, immune, nervous and endocrine systems. A deficiency of BH4 or an imbalance of the redox state of biopterin has been implicated in various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Therefore, supplementation with BH4 is considered as a therapeutic option for these diseases. In addition to the classical nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent role of BH4, recent studies proposed novel NOS-independent roles of BH4 in health and disease conditions. This article reviews the updated role of BH4 in mitochondrial regulation, energy metabolism and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Jansen T, Kvandová M, Daiber A, Stamm P, Frenis K, Schulz E, Münzel T, Kröller-Schön S. The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Plays a Role in Antioxidant Defense and Regulation of Vascular Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060525. [PMID: 32560060 PMCID: PMC7346208 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of global deaths and life years spent with a severe disability. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress are early precursors of atherosclerotic processes in the vascular wall, all of which are hallmarks in the development of cardiovascular diseases and predictors of future cardiovascular events. There is growing evidence that inflammatory processes represent a major trigger for endothelial dysfunction, vascular oxidative stress and atherosclerosis and clinical data identified inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor on its own. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central enzyme of cellular energy balance and metabolism that has been shown to confer cardio-protection and antioxidant defense which thereby contributes to vascular health. Interestingly, AMPK is also redox-regulated itself. We have previously shown that AMPK largely contributes to a healthy endothelium, confers potent antioxidant effects and prevents arterial hypertension. Recently, we provided deep mechanistic insights into the role of AMPK in cardiovascular protection and redox homeostasis by studies on arterial hypertension in endothelial and myelomonocytic cell-specific AMPK knockout (Cadh5CrexAMPKfl/fl and LysMCrexAMPKfl/fl) mice. Using these cell-specific knockout mice, we revealed the potent anti-inflammatory properties of AMPK representing the molecular basis of the antihypertensive effects of AMPK. Here, we discuss our own findings in the context of literature data with respect to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of AMPK in the specific setting of arterial hypertension as well as cardiovascular diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jansen
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Miroslava Kvandová
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.K.-S); Tel.: +49-(0)6131-176280 (A.D.); Fax: +49-(0)6131-176293 (A.D.)
| | - Paul Stamm
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Katie Frenis
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Department of Cardiology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, 29223 Celle, Germany;
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.K.-S); Tel.: +49-(0)6131-176280 (A.D.); Fax: +49-(0)6131-176293 (A.D.)
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Łuczak A, Madej M, Kasprzyk A, Doroszko A. Role of the eNOS Uncoupling and the Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1417981. [PMID: 32351667 PMCID: PMC7174952 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1417981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its clinical complications constitute the major healthcare problems of the world population. Due to the central role of endothelium throughout the atherosclerotic disease process, endothelial dysfunction is regarded as a common mechanism for various cardiovascular (CV) disorders. It is well established that patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases are characterized by significantly increased prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. The current European guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice recommend to use a 1,5-factor multiplier for CV risk in rheumatoid arthritis as well as in other autoimmune inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of accelerated atherosclerosis in these diseases, especially in the absence of traditional risk factors, still remain unclear. Oxidative stress plays the major role in the endothelial dysfunction and recently is strongly attributed to endothelial NO synthase dysfunction (eNOS uncoupling). Converted to a superoxide-producing enzyme, uncoupled eNOS not only leads to reduction of the nitric oxide (NO) generation but also potentiates the preexisting oxidative stress, which contributes significantly to atherogenesis. However, to date, there are no systemic analyses on the role of eNOS uncoupling in the excess CV mortality linked with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. The current review paper addresses this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Łuczak
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Marta Madej
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Agata Kasprzyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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25
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis Development and Treatment. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9030060. [PMID: 32245238 PMCID: PMC7150948 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis can be regarded as chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial wall. Despite the recent progress in studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, some of the pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Among these mechanisms is oxidative stress, which is closely linked to foam cells formation and other key events in atherosclerosis development. Two groups of enzymes are involved in the emergence of oxidative stress: Pro-oxidant (including NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidases, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and antioxidant (such as superoxide dismutase, catalases, and thioredoxins). Pro-oxidant enzymes in normal conditions produce moderate concentrations of reactive oxidant species that play an important role in cell functioning and can be fully utilized by antioxidant enzymes. Under pathological conditions, activities of both pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes can be modified by numerous factors that can be relevant for developing novel therapies. Recent studies have explored potential therapeutic properties of antioxidant molecules that are capable to eliminate oxidative damage. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Other perspective approach is to inhibit the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes and thus to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarized the current knowledge on oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and potential antioxidant approaches. We discuss several important antioxidant molecules of plant origin that appear to be promising for treatment of atherosclerosis.
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26
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Gonçalves DA, Xisto R, Gonçalves JD, da Silva DB, Moura Soares JP, Icimoto MY, Sant’Anna C, Gimenez M, de Angelis K, Llesuy S, Fernandes DC, Laurindo F, Jasiulionis MG, Melo FHMD. Imbalance between nitric oxide and superoxide anion induced by uncoupled nitric oxide synthase contributes to human melanoma development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 115:105592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rajendran S, Shen X, Glawe J, Kolluru GK, Kevil CG. Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Ischemic Vascular Growth and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1213-1247. [PMID: 31187898 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic vascular remodeling occurs in response to stenosis or arterial occlusion leading to a change in blood flow and tissue perfusion. Altered blood flow elicits a cascade of molecular and cellular physiological responses leading to vascular remodeling of the macro- and micro-circulation. Although cellular mechanisms of vascular remodeling such as arteriogenesis and angiogenesis have been studied, therapeutic approaches in these areas have had limited success due to the complexity and heterogeneous constellation of molecular signaling events regulating these processes. Understanding central molecular players of vascular remodeling should lead to a deeper understanding of this response and aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are gaseous signaling molecules that are critically involved in regulating fundamental biochemical and molecular responses necessary for vascular growth and remodeling. This review examines how NO and H2 S regulate pathophysiological mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, along with important chemical and experimental considerations revealed thus far. The importance of NO and H2 S bioavailability, their synthesis enzymes and cofactors, and genetic variations associated with cardiovascular risk factors suggest that they serve as pivotal regulators of vascular remodeling responses. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1213-1247, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - John Glawe
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport.,Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
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29
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Role of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Nitroglycerin-Mediated Vasodilation: Observations Concerning the Dose-Response Relationship. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 73:359-364. [PMID: 31162244 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the bioactivation of nitroglycerin has long been controversial, with a number of suggested enzymatic pathways. More recently, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH-2) has been reported as the important enzyme involved in the bioactivation of nitroglycerin at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Other previously described enzyme systems can also bioactivate nitroglycerin, but only at concentrations, which are significantly higher than achieved in clinical practice. This study investigated the vascular response to nitroglycerin given over a wide range of concentrations in subjects with and without the ALDH-2 Glu504Lys polymorphism, a common genetic variant that greatly reduces the activity of ALDH-2 (n = 10 in both groups). Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to a brachial artery infusion of nitroglycerin were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography. Intra-arterial infusion of nitroglycerin caused a significant increase in FBF beginning at 0.464 µg/min with increasing responses seen in both groups at all infusion rates. However, there were no differences in the FBF responses to nitroglycerin in those with and without the ALDH-2 polymorphism, suggesting that ALDH-2 is not solely responsible for the bioactivation of nitroglycerin at either low (therapeutically relevant) or high concentrations of nitroglycerin.
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Pharmacological inhibition of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase1 elevates tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin1 and cellular senescence. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:1-10. [PMID: 30690003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), on cellular-senescence remains unclear as differential effects of DAHP have been reported in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. We investigated the effect of pharmacologically-induced guanosine-triphosphate-cyclohydrolase1 (GTPCH1)-inhibition, through DAHP, on cellular-senescence in experimentally-induced diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats. Cellular-senescence was evaluated through senescence-associated events, namely, cell-cycle-arrest of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs); myocardial DNA fragmentation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), telomerase-activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-content and tyrosine14-phosphorylation of caveolin1 (pY14) in similarly-aged, pubertal Wistar rats with streptozotocin (STZ) and/or DAHP. Oxidative stress (OS) indices such as myocardial biopterin concentrations (tetrahydrobiopterin-BH4 and dihydrobiopterin-BH2) and plasma total nitrite and nitrate (NOx) were determined. DAHP, per se, exhibited distinct senescence; in addition, in STZ+DAHP (the cardiomyopathy model), there was a marked accumulation of cells in G0G1 phase, as evidenced through flow-cytometry analysis, as-well-as fragmented DNA, than the respective controls suggesting the DAHP-mediated onset of senescence in circulating cells and the myocardium, with or without STZ. Concentrations of BH4 and BH2, and NOx were impaired in STZ and/or DAHP, indicating elevated OS in the treatment groups. In the independent treatment groups or the combination treatment, typical senescence indicators including myocardial telomerase-activity, NAD+-content and TAC were significantly reduced, while there was a marked elevation in the concentrations of pY14 as compared to the respective controls, reinforcing the occurrence of senescence in PBMNCs and the myocardium. We postulate that DAHP promotes early onset of cellular-senescence, potentially through OS-mediated cellular events in diabetic or non-diabetic models.
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31
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Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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32
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Banach M, Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Jozwiak J, Rysz J, Watts GF. Association between phenotypic familial hypercholesterolaemia and telomere length in US adults: results from a multi-ethnic survey. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:3635-3640. [PMID: 30165413 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) accelerates atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and accordingly is the most potent hereditary cause of premature coronary heart disease. The association between telomere length (TL), a biological index of ageing, and FH has not been hitherto investigated. We addressed this question using data from the US National Health and Education National Surveys (NHANES, 1999-2002). Methods and results We included individuals, who had TL measurements (with quantitative polymerase chain reaction method) and a phenotypic diagnosis of FH based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria. Sample weights were applied for unequal probabilities of selection, non-response bias, and oversampling by complex sample analysis. The adult prevalence of FH in NHANES was 0.43% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.33-0.57]. The frequencies of probable FH (mean DLCN score: 6.2) and definite FH (mean DLCN score: 8.9) were 0.42% (95% CI 0.32-0.48) and 0.03% (95% CI 0.02-0.06), respectively. Subjects with FH had a higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes 2 type, and obesity) and early atherosclerosis (2.9% in overall population vs. 42.2% in FH). Overall, the mean TL in the non-FH population was 1.09 (95% CI 1.06-1.12) (T/S ratio) and 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.12) [(T/S ratio) for total FH]. Telomere length adjusted for age, sex, race, and body mass index was shorter in FH compared with healthy subjects (FH 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.93 vs. healthy: 1.05, 95% CI 0.97-1.11 T/S ratio; P < 0.001). Subjects with longer TL (highest quartile) had 12% less chance of having FH compared with those with TL in the lowest quartile (Q1, 95% CI 0.78-0.93). Conclusions These preliminary data suggest an association between TL, an index of biological age, and the presence of FH, the most common inherited cause of premature ASCVD. Given our relatively low sample size, the findings need confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zyty 28, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigarden 4, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London, UK
| | - Peter P Toth
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, 600 N. Wolfe St, Carnegie 565-G, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Preventive Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, 01 East Miller Road, Sterling, IL, USA
| | - Jacek Jozwiak
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Kopernika 11A, Opole, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Cardiometabolic Service, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
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33
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Han BH, Seo CS, Yoon JJ, Kim HY, Ahn YM, Eun SY, Hong MH, Lee JG, Shin HK, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Kang DG. The Inhibitory Effect of Ojeoksan on Early and Advanced Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1256. [PMID: 30200674 PMCID: PMC6164175 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is closely related to vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Ojeoksan (OJS), originally recorded in an ancient Korean medicinal book named "Donguibogam", is a well-known, blended herbal formula. This study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of OJS on atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo. Western-diet-fed apolipoprotein-E gene-deficient mice (ApoE -/-) were used for this study for 16 weeks, and their vascular dysfunction and inflammation were analyzed. OJS-treated ApoE -/- mice showed lowered blood pressure and glucose levels. The levels of metabolic parameters with hyperlipidemia attenuated following OJS administration. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed that treatment with OJS reduced atherosclerotic lesions. OJS also suppressed the expression of adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) compared to Western-diet-fed ApoE -/- mice and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Expression levels of MicroRNAs (miRNA)-10a, -126 3p were increased in OJS-fed ApoE -/- mice. OJS significantly increased the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and protein kinase B (Akt), which are involved in nitric oxide (NO) production. OJS also regulated eNOS coupling by increasing the expression of endothelial GTP Cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH). Taken together, OJS has a protective effect on vascular inflammation via eNOS coupling-mediated NO production and might be a potential therapeutic agent for both early and advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyuk Han
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Chang Seob Seo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jung Joo Yoon
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Hye Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - You Mee Ahn
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - So Young Eun
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Mi Hyeon Hong
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Jae Geon Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Hyeun Kyoo Shin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
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34
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Sawada N, Arany Z. Metabolic Regulation of Angiogenesis in Diabetes and Aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:290-307. [PMID: 28615313 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction are hallmarks of diabetes and aging. Clinical efforts at promoting angiogenesis have largely focused on growth factor pathways, with mixed results. Recently, a new repertoire of endothelial intracellular molecules critical to endothelial metabolism has emerged as playing an important role in regulating angiogenesis. This review thus focuses on the emerging importance and therapeutic potential of these proteins and of endothelial bioenergetics in diabetes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sawada
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Zolt Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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35
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Frech TM, Machin DR, Murtaugh MA, Stoddard GJ, Bloom SI, Phibbs JV, Donato AJ. Implications of endothelial shear stress on systemic sclerosis vasculopathy and treatment. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36 Suppl 113:175-182. [PMID: 30277867 PMCID: PMC6542469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
There are no Federal Drug Administration approved drugs for the treatment of systemic sclerosis vascular digital ulcers (DU) in the United States, which are thought to be an end-stage result of prolonged ischaemia due to severe, prolonged Raynaud's phenomenon. Most therapeutics for vasodilation used in SSc work different pathways to target the smooth muscle to induce vessel relaxation. Longitudinal studies of vascular function allow insight into the effects of medications used for Raynaud's phenomenon in the SSc patient population. In this review, we discuss vascular tone, the function of the endothelium in SSc, and provide the rationale for longitudinal studies of vascular function and therapeutics that target the endothelial shear stress in addition to vasodilation for treatment and prevention of DU. This review provides the rationale for vasodilatory medication use for treatment of SSc-related DU and justifies access to non-FDA approved medications for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Frech
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics; and VAMC Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Daniel R Machin
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Maureen A Murtaugh
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gregory J Stoddard
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- University of Utah, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jessica V Phibbs
- University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah, Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of Utah, Dept. of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah; and VAMC Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, USA
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36
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Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno NP, Liu AH, Ward NC, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Devine A, Croft KD, Hodgson JM, Bondonno CP. Nitrate, the oral microbiome, and cardiovascular health: a systematic literature review of human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:504-522. [PMID: 29635489 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary nitrate is an important source of nitric oxide (NO), a molecule critical for cardiovascular health. Nitrate is sequentially reduced to NO through an enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway that involves the oral microbiome. This pathway is considered an important adjunct pathway to the classical l-arginine-NO synthase pathway. Objective The objective of this study was to systematically assess the evidence for dietary nitrate intake and improved cardiovascular health from both human and animal studies. Design A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by using key search terms in Medline and EMBASE databases and defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Thirty-seven articles on humans and 14 articles on animals were included from 12,541 screened references. Data on the effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, ischemic reperfusion injury, arterial stiffness, platelet function, and cerebral blood flow in both human and animal models were identified. Beneficial effects of nitrate on vascular health have predominantly been observed in healthy human populations, whereas effects in populations at risk of cardiovascular disease are less clear. Few studies have investigated the long-term effects of dietary nitrate on cardiovascular disease clinical endpoints. In animal studies, there is evidence that nitrate improves blood pressure and endothelial function, particularly in animal models with reduced NO bioavailability. Nitrate dose seems to be a critical factor because there is evidence of cross-talk between the 2 pathways of NO production. Conclusions Evidence for a beneficial effect in humans at risk of cardiovascular disease is limited. Furthermore, there is a need to investigate the long-term effects of dietary nitrate on cardiovascular disease clinical endpoints. Further animal studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex H Liu
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Medical Center Unit, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Medical Center Unit, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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37
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Mollazadeh H, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Oxidative burden in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5716-5725. [PMID: 29323716 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). FH is characterized by accelerated development of atherosclerosis and represents the most frequent hereditary cause of premature coronary heart disease. Mutations of the LDL receptor gene are the genetic signature of FH, resulting in abnormal levels of circulating LDLs. Moreover, FH promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is another key mechanism involved in atherosclerosis development and progression. The aim of this narrative review is to update the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking FH to ROS generation and their detrimental impact on atherosclerotic pathophysiology. With this purpose, we reviewed experimental and clinical data on the association between FH and OS and the functional role of OS as a promoter of inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this regard, oxidant species such as oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde, ROS, and isoprostanes emerged as leading mediators of the oxidative injury in FH. In conclusion, targeting oxidative stress may be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce atherogenesis in patients with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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38
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Sambe T, Mason RP, Dawoud H, Bhatt DL, Malinski T. Metformin treatment decreases nitroxidative stress, restores nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial function beyond glucose control. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:149-156. [PMID: 29253762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, and an increase in cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-) may be associated with the uncoupling of NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. In addition to its effect on glucose control, metformin, may also directly benefit in the restoration of the function of eNOS and EC. Obese Zucker rats were administered vehicle or 300 mg/kg/day metformin for 4 weeks. NO concentration [NO] and ONOO- concentration [ONOO-] were measured in aortic and glomerular endothelial cells from Zucker rats in vitro. Compared with controls, aortic and glomerular endothelial [NO] was reduced by 32% and 41%, while [ONOO-] release increased 79% and 69%, respectively. Metformin treatment increased aortic and glomerular endothelial [NO] by 37% and 57%, respectively, while decreasing [ONOO-] by 32% and 34%, compared with vehicle-treated animals. Treatment with metformin significantly restored the balance in the [NO]/[ONOO-] ratio with 101% and 138% increase for aortic and glomerular endothelial cells, respectively. Fasting glucose levels were not significantly changed. These findings indicate that metformin therapy has a direct and beneficial effect on arterial and renal EC function in obese rats, including enhanced NO release and reduced nitroxidative stress, beyond any effects on fasting glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Sambe
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - R Preston Mason
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Elucida Research LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Beverly, MA 01915, USA.
| | - Hazem Dawoud
- Ohio University, Nanomedical Research Lab, 350 West State Street, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tadeusz Malinski
- Ohio University, Nanomedical Research Lab, 350 West State Street, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Rahmania L, Orbegozo D, Su F, Taccone FS, Vincent JL, De Backer D. Administration of Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Protects the Renal Microcirculation From Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1253-1260. [PMID: 28632534 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery with suprarenal cross-clamping is often associated with renal injury. Although the mechanism underlying such injury is unclear, tissue ischemia and reperfusion, which induces endothelial dysfunction and decreases the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), may play a role. We evaluated whether BH4 administration prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in an animal model of aortic cross-clamping. METHODS Nineteen anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and invasively monitored adult sheep were randomized into 3 groups: sham animals (n = 5) that underwent surgical preparation but no aortic clamping; an ischemia/reperfusion group (n = 7), where the aorta was clamped above the renal arteries for 1 hour, and a BH4 group (n = 7), in which animals received 20 mg/kg of BH4 followed by aortic cross-clamp for 1 hour. Animals were followed for a maximum of 6 hours after reperfusion. The renal microcirculation was evaluated at baseline (before clamping), and 1, 4, and 6 hours after reperfusion using side-stream dark field videomicroscopy. The renal lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was evaluated using microdialysis. The primary outcome was the change in proportion of small perfused vessels before and after injury. Secondary outcomes were renal tissue redox state and renal function. RESULTS Ischemia/reperfusion injury was associated with increases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure, which were blunted by BH4 administration. From the first to the sixth hour after reperfusion, the small vessel density (estimated mean difference [EMD], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.64; P = .003), perfused small vessel density (EMD, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.29-1.39; P = .005), and proportion of perfused small vessels (EMD, 8.60; 95% CI, 0.85-16.30; P = .031) were altered less in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group. The renal lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were lower in the cortex in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group from the first to the sixth hour after reperfusion (EMD, -19.16; 95% CI, -11.06 to 33.16; P = .002) and in the medulla from the first to the fourth hour (EMD, -26.62; 95% CI, -18.32 to 38.30; P = .020; and EMD, -8.68; 95% CI, -5.96 to 12.65; P = .019). At the sixth hour, serum creatinine was lower in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group (EMD, -3.36; 95% CI, -0.29 to 1.39; P = .026). CONCLUSIONS In this sheep model of renal ischemia/reperfusion, BH4 pretreatment reduced renal microvascular injury and improved renal metabolism and function. Further work is needed to clarify the potential role of BH4 in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokmane Rahmania
- From the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Togliatto G, Lombardo G, Brizzi MF. The Future Challenge of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Hypertension: From Bench to Bed Side. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091988. [PMID: 28914782 PMCID: PMC5618637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that control physiological processes, including cell adaptation to stress. Redox signaling via ROS has quite recently become the focus of much attention in numerous pathological contexts, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney and cardiovascular disease. Imbalance in ROS formation and degradation has also been implicated in essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors which do not completely explain its associated risk factors. Thereby, even if advances in therapy have led to a significant reduction in hypertension-associated complications, to interfere with the unbalance of redox signals might represent an additional therapeutic challenge. The decrease of nitric oxide (NO) levels, the antioxidant activity commonly found in preclinical models of hypertension and the ability of antioxidant approaches to reduce ROS levels have spurred clinicians to investigate the contribution of ROS in humans. Indeed, particular effort has recently been devoted to understanding how redox signaling may contribute to vascular pathobiology in human hypertension. However, although biomarkers of oxidative stress have been found to positively correlate with blood pressure in preclinical model of hypertension, human data are less convincing. We herein provide an overview of the most relevant mechanisms via which oxidative stress might contribute to the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Moreover, alternative approaches, which are directed towards improving antioxidant machinery and/or interfering with ROS production, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Togliatto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lombardo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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41
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Ambasta RK, Kohli H, Kumar P. Multiple therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cell regulated by drugs in diabetes and diabetes related disorder. J Transl Med 2017; 15:185. [PMID: 28859673 PMCID: PMC5580204 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) counts have been reported in diabetic mellitus (DM) patients and other diabetes-related disorder. EPCs are a circulating, bone marrow-derived cell population that appears to participate in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and damage repair. These EPC may revert the damage caused in diabetic condition. We aim to identify several existing drugs and signaling molecule, which could alleviate or improve the diabetes condition via mobilizing and increasing EPC number as well as function. MAIN BODY Accumulated evidence suggests that dysregulation of EPC phenotype and function may be attributed to several signaling molecules and cytokines in DM patients. Hyperglycemia alone, through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via eNOS and NOX, can induce changes in gene expression and cellular behavior in diabetes. Furthermore, reports suggest that EPC telomere shortening via increased oxidative DNA damage may play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. In this review, different type of EPC derived from different sources has been discussed along with cell-surface marker. The reduced number and immobilized EPC in diabetic condition have been mobilized for the therapeutic purpose via use of existing, and novel drugs have been discussed. Hence, evidence list of all types of drugs that have been reported to target the same pathway which affect EPC number and function in diabetes has been reviewed. Additionally, we highlight that proteins are critical in diabetes via polymorphism and inhibitor studies. Ultimately, a lucid pictorial explanation of diabetic and normal patient signaling pathways of the collected data have been presented in order to understand the complex signaling mystery underlying in the diseased and normal condition. CONCLUSION Finally, we conclude on eNOS-metformin-HSp90 signaling and its remedial effect for controlling the EPC to improve the diabetic condition for delaying diabetes-related complication. Altogether, the review gives a holistic overview about the elaborate therapeutic effect of EPC regulated by novel and existing drugs in diabetes and diabetes-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi K. Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
| | - Harleen Kohli
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
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42
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Münzel T, Camici GG, Maack C, Bonetti NR, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:212-229. [PMID: 28683969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disease and heart failure impart an enormous burden in terms of global morbidity and mortality. Although there are many different causes of cardiac and vascular disease, most causes share an important pathological mechanism: oxidative stress. In the failing heart, oxidative stress occurs in the myocardium and correlates with left ventricular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) negatively affect myocardial calcium handling, cause arrhythmia, and contribute to cardiac remodeling by inducing hypertrophic signaling, apoptosis, and necrosis. Similarly, oxidative balance in the vasculature is tightly regulated by a wealth of pro- and antioxidant systems that orchestrate region-specific ROS production and removal. Reactive oxygen species also regulate multiple vascular cell functions, including endothelial and smooth muscle cell growth, proliferation, and migration; angiogenesis; apoptosis; vascular tone; host defenses; and genomic stability. However, excessive levels of ROS promote vascular disease through direct and irreversible oxidative damage to macromolecules, as well as disruption of redox-dependent vascular wall signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology Mainz, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Maack
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Fuster
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Aquila G, Fortini F, Vaccarezza M, Secchiero P, Rizzo P, Campo G. Context-dependent function of ROS in the vascular endothelium: The role of the Notch pathway and shear stress. Biofactors 2017; 43:475-485. [PMID: 28419584 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules in several biological processes whereas excessive, unregulated, ROS production contributes to the development of pathological conditions including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The maintenance of a healthy endothelium depends on many factors and on their reciprocal interactions; in this framework, the Notch pathway and shear stress (SS) play two lead roles. Recently, evidence of a crosstalk between ROS, Notch, and SS, is emerging. The aim of this review is to describe the way ROS interact with the Notch pathway and SS protecting from-or promoting-the development of endothelial dysfunction. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):475-485, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, (RA), Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, Cona, (FE), Italy
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension remains undefined. Changes in the expression and effects mediated by a number of vasoactive factors have been implicated to play a role in the onset and progression of the disease. The source of many of these mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and endothelin-1 (ET-1), is the pulmonary endothelium. This article focus in the role of nitric oxide in PAH, reviewing the evidence for its involvement in regulation of pulmonary a vascular tone under physiological conditions, the mechanisms by which it can contribute to the pathological changes seen in PAH and strategies for the use of NO as a therapy for treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Chester
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Salvador Moncada
- School of Medical Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
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Incalza MA, D'Oria R, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 100:1-19. [PMID: 28579545 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation of reactive ROS and antioxidant defense systems represents the primary cause of endothelial dysfunction, leading to vascular damage in both metabolic and atherosclerotic diseases. Endothelial activation is the first alteration observed, and is characterized by an abnormal pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic phenotype of the endothelial cells lining the lumen of blood vessels. This ultimately leads to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, impairment of the vascular tone and other endothelial phenotypic changes collectively termed endothelial dysfunction(s). This review will focus on the main mechanisms involved in the onset of endothelial dysfunction, with particular focus on inflammation and aberrant ROS production and on their relationship with classical and non-classical cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, metabolic disorders, and aging. Furthermore, new mediators of vascular damage, such as microRNAs, will be discussed. Understanding mechanisms underlying the development of endothelial dysfunction is an important base of knowledge to prevent vascular damage in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela Incalza
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section on Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
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Förstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120:713-735. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase. ROS at moderate concentrations have important signaling roles under physiological conditions. Excessive or sustained ROS production, however, when exceeding the available antioxidant defense systems, leads to oxidative stress. Animal studies have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the roles of vascular oxidative stress and NO in atherosclerosis. All established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking enhance ROS generation and decrease endothelial NO production. Key molecular events in atherogenesis such as oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, endothelial cell activation, and macrophage infiltration/activation are facilitated by vascular oxidative stress and inhibited by endothelial NO. Atherosclerosis develops preferentially in vascular regions with disturbed blood flow (arches, branches, and bifurcations). The fact that these sites are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced endothelial NO production is a further indication for the roles of ROS and NO in atherosclerosis. Therefore, prevention of vascular oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial NO production represent reasonable therapeutic strategies in addition to the treatment of established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Ning Xia
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Huige Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
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47
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Abstract
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is the most potent endogenous vasodilator and, by virtue of its anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects, it is an endogenous anti-atherogenic agent. Accordingly, impairment of NO synthesis or bioactivity may increase the risk of vascular disease. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of the NO synthase pathway. Plasma levels of ADMA are increased in patients with vascular disease, or with risk factors for vascu lar disease. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that ADMA may mediate the adverse effects of traditional risk factors on endothelial vasodilator function. By impairing endothelial function, ADMA may contribute to pulmonary or systemic hypertension, as well as to vascular disease. Several drugs known to treat cardiovas cular disease also reduce plasma ADMA levels, such as angiotensin receptor antag onists, converting enzyme inhibitors, and insulin sensitizing agents. Plasma ADMA may be a common mediator of endothelial dysfunction induced by vascular risk factors. Insights into the mechanisms by which plasma ADMA is regulated may lead to new therapeutic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, CA 94305-5406, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is the most potent endogenous vasodilator and, by virtue of its anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects, it is an endogenous anti-atherogenic agent. Accordingly, impairment of NO synthesis or bioactivity may increase the risk of vascular disease. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of the NO synthase pathway. Plasma levels of ADMA are increased in patients with vascular disease, or with risk factors for vascular disease. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that ADMA may mediate the adverse effects of traditional risk factors on endothelial vasodilator function. By impairing endothelial function, ADMA may contribute to pulmonary or systemic hypertension, as well as to vascular disease. Several drugs known to treat cardiovascular disease also reduce plasma ADMA levels, such as angiotensin receptor antagonists, converting enzyme inhibitors, and insulin sensitizing agents. Plasma ADMA may be a common mediator of endothelial dysfunction induced by vascular risk factors. Insights into the mechanisms by which plasma ADMA is regulated may lead to new therapeutic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,
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49
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Forte M, Conti V, Damato A, Ambrosio M, Puca AA, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A. Targeting Nitric Oxide with Natural Derived Compounds as a Therapeutic Strategy in Vascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7364138. [PMID: 27651855 PMCID: PMC5019908 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7364138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the family of endogenous gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) is the smallest gaseous intercellular messenger involved in the modulation of several processes, such as blood flow and platelet aggregation control, essential to maintain vascular homeostasis. NO is produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and its effects are mediated by cGMP-dependent or cGMP-independent mechanisms. Growing evidence suggests a crosstalk between the NO signaling and the occurrence of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of vascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, ischemia, and stroke. For these reasons, NO is considered as an emerging molecular target for developing therapeutic strategies for cardio- and cerebrovascular pathologies. Several natural derived compounds, such as polyphenols, are now proposed as modulators of NO-mediated pathways. The aim of this review is to highlight the experimental evidence on the involvement of nitric oxide in vascular homeostasis focusing on the therapeutic potential of targeting NO with some natural compounds in patients with vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Antonio Damato
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Annibale A. Puca
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
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50
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Stewart CR, Obi N, Epane EC, Akbari AA, Halpern L, Southerland JH, Gangula PR. Effects of Diabetes on Salivary Gland Protein Expression of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Function. J Periodontol 2016; 87:735-41. [PMID: 26777763 PMCID: PMC4882217 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xerostomia is defined as dry mouth resulting from a change in the amount or composition of saliva and is often a major oral health complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Studies have shown that xerostomia is more common in females at the onset of DM. Evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in healthy salivary gland function. However, the specific mechanisms by which NO regulates salivary gland function at the onset of DM have yet to be determined. This study has two aims: 1) to determine whether protein expression or dimerization of NO synthase enzymes (neuronal [nNOS] and endothelial [eNOS]) are altered in the onset of diabetic xerostomia; and 2) to determine whether the changes in nNOS/eNOS protein expression or dimerization are correlated with changes in NO cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthetic enzymes (guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 and dihydrofolate reductase). METHODS Functional and Western blot studies were performed in streptozotocin-induced and control Sprague-Dawley female rats with DM (type 1 [t1DM]) using standardized protocols. Confirmation of xerostomia was determined by increased water intake and decreased salivary flow rate. RESULTS The results showed that in female rats with DM, salivary hypofunction is correlated with decreased submandibular and parotid gland sizes. The results also show a decrease in NOS and BH4 biosynthetic enzyme in submandibular glands. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a decrease in submandibular NO-BH4 protein expression may provide insight pertaining to mechanisms for the development of hyposalivation in DM-induced xerostomia. Furthermore, understanding the role of the NO-BH4 pathway may give insight into possible treatment options for the patient with DM experiencing xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nneka Obi
- School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Elodie C Epane
- School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Leslie Halpern
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College
| | | | - Pandu R Gangula
- School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
- Center for Women's Health Research, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College
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