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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Nie L, Huang Y, Cheng Z, Luo H, Zhan Y, Dou K, Ma C, Yu C, Luo C, Liu Z, Liu S, Zhu Y. An intranasal influenza virus vector vaccine protects against Helicobacter pylori in mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0192323. [PMID: 38358289 PMCID: PMC10949480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen that infects almost half of the population. Antibiotic resistance in H. pylori threatens health and increases the demand for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Traditional oral vaccine research faces considerable challenges because of the epithelial barrier, potential enterotoxicity of adjuvants, and the challenging conditions of the gastric environment. We developed an intranasal influenza A virus (IAV) vector vaccine based on two live attenuated influenza viruses with modified acidic polymerase protein (PA) genes encoding the A subunit of H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein (NapA), named IAV-NapA, including influenza virus A/WSN/33 (WSN)-NapA and A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8)-NapA. These recombinant influenza viruses were highly attenuated and exhibited strong immunogenicity in mice. Vaccination with IAV-NapA induced antigen-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses while stimulating robust Th1 and Th17 cell immune responses in mice. Our findings suggest that prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination with influenza virus vector vaccines significantly reduces colonization of H. pylori and inflammation in the stomach of mice.IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylori is the most common cause of chronic gastritis and leads to severe gastroduodenal pathology in some patients. Many studies have shown that Th1 and Th17 cellular and gastric mucosal immune responses are critical in reducing H. pylori load. IAV vector vaccines can stimulate these immune responses while overcoming potential adjuvant toxicity and antigen dosing issues. To date, no studies have demonstrated the role of live attenuated IAV vector vaccines in preventing and treating H. pylori infection. Our work indicates that vaccination with IAV-NapA induces antigen-specific humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, producing a protective and therapeutic effect against H. pylori infection in BALB/c mice. This undescribed H. pylori vaccination approach may provide valuable information for developing vaccines against H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhikui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiwen Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhou J, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhong X, Yang X. Role of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and alteration of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: challenges and opportunities for Cancer Immunotherapy. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:167. [PMID: 38485861 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Various forms of malignancies have been linked to Helicobacter pylori. Despite advancements in chemotherapeutic and surgical approaches, the management of cancer, particularly at advanced stages, increasingly relies on the integration of immunotherapy. As a novel, safe therapeutic modality, immunotherapy harnesses the immune system of the patient to treat cancer, thereby broadening treatment options. However, there is evidence that H. pylori infection may influence the effectiveness of immunotherapy in various types of cancer. This association is related to H. pylori virulence factors and the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the influence of H. pylori infection on immunotherapy in non-gastrointestinal and gastrointestinal tumors, the mechanisms underlying this relationship, and directions for the development of improved immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Huai'an Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - HongGang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The Huai'an Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
| | - XiaoZhong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang F, Ni L, Zhang Z, Luo X, Wang X, Zhou W, Chen J, Liu J, Qu Y, Liu K, Guo L. Recombinant L. lactis vaccine LL-plSAM-WAE targeting four virulence factors provides mucosal immunity against H. pylori infection. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:61. [PMID: 38402145 PMCID: PMC10893618 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes chronic gastric disease. An efficient oral vaccine would be mucosa-targeted and offer defense against colonization of invasive infection in the digestive system. Proteolytic enzymes and acidic environment in the gastrointestinal tract (GT) can, however, reduce the effectiveness of oral vaccinations. For the creation of an edible vaccine, L. lactis has been proposed as a means of delivering vaccine antigens. RESULTS We developed a plSAM (pNZ8148-SAM) that expresses a multiepitope vaccine antigen SAM-WAE containing Urease, HpaA, HSP60, and NAP extracellularly (named LL-plSAM-WAE) to increase the efficacy of oral vaccinations. We then investigated the immunogenicity of LL-plSAM-WAE in Balb/c mice. Mice that received LL-plSAM-WAE or SAM-WAE with adjuvant showed increased levels of antibodies against H. pylori, including IgG and sIgA, and resulted in significant reductions in H. pylori colonization. Furthermore, we show that SAM-WAE and LL-plSAM-WAE improved the capacity to target the vaccine to M cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that recombinant L. lactis could be a promising oral mucosa vaccination for preventing H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furui Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- College of Laboratory Medicine , Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Linhan Ni
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Special Needs Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xuequan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wenmiao Zhou
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine , Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yuliang Qu
- College of Laboratory Medicine , Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Kunmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Le Guo
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- College of Laboratory Medicine , Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Travaglione S, Carlini F, Maroccia Z, Fabbri A. Special Issue "Bacterial Toxins and Cancer". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2128. [PMID: 38396805 PMCID: PMC10889233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection is a major contributor to the development of cancer, with more than 15% of new cancer diagnoses estimated to be caused by infection [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (Z.M.)
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Reuter S, Raspe J, Taube C. Microbes little helpers and suppliers for therapeutic asthma approaches. Respir Res 2024; 25:29. [PMID: 38218816 PMCID: PMC10787474 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a prevalent and increasingly chronic inflammatory lung disease affecting over 300 million people globally. Initially considered an allergic disorder driven by mast cells and eosinophils, asthma is now recognized as a complex syndrome with various clinical phenotypes and immunological endotypes. These encompass type 2 inflammatory endotypes characterized by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 dominance, alongside others featuring mixed or non-eosinophilic inflammation. Therapeutic success varies significantly based on asthma phenotypes, with inhaled corticosteroids and beta-2 agonists effective for milder forms, but limited in severe cases. Novel antibody-based therapies have shown promise, primarily for severe allergic and type 2-high asthma. To address this gap, novel treatment strategies are essential for better control of asthma pathology, prevention, and exacerbation reduction. One promising approach involves stimulating endogenous anti-inflammatory responses through regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs play a vital role in maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing autoimmunity, and mitigating excessive inflammation after pathogenic encounters. Tregs have demonstrated their ability to control both type 2-high and type 2-low inflammation in murine models and dampen human cell-dependent allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, microbes, typically associated with disease development, have shown immune-dampening properties that could be harnessed for therapeutic benefits. Both commensal microbiota and pathogenic microbes have demonstrated potential in bacterial-host interactions for therapeutic purposes. This review explores microbe-associated approaches as potential treatments for inflammatory diseases, shedding light on current and future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, 45239, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Raspe
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, 45239, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, 45239, Essen, Germany
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7
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Marzhoseyni Z, Mousavi MJ, Ghotloo S. Helicobacter pylori antigens as immunomodulators of immune system. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13058. [PMID: 38380545 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent human pathogens and the leading cause of chronic infection in almost half of the population in the world (~59%). The bacterium is a major leading cause of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and two type of malignancies, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Despite the immune responses mounted by the host, the bacteria are not cleared from the body resulting in a chronic infection accompanied by a chronic inflammation. Herein, a review of the literature discussing H. pylori antigens modulating the immune responses is presented. The mechanisms that are involved in the modulation of innate immune response, include modulation of recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as modulation of recognition by toll like receptors (TLR)4 and TLR5, modulation of phagocytic function, and modulation of phagocytic killing mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hands, H. pylori modulates acquired immune response by the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), modulation of apoptosis, induction of regulatory T cells, modulation of T helper (Th)1 response, and modulation of Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Marzhoseyni
- Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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8
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Ciernikova S, Sevcikova A, Mladosievicova B, Mego M. Microbiome in Cancer Development and Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 12:24. [PMID: 38257851 PMCID: PMC10819529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting the microbiome, microbiota-derived metabolites, and related pathways represents a significant challenge in oncology. Microbiome analyses have confirmed the negative impact of cancer treatment on gut homeostasis, resulting in acute dysbiosis and severe complications, including massive inflammatory immune response, mucosal barrier disruption, and bacterial translocation across the gut epithelium. Moreover, recent studies revealed the relationship between an imbalance in the gut microbiome and treatment-related toxicity. In this review, we provide current insights into the role of the microbiome in tumor development and the impact of gut and tumor microbiomes on chemo- and immunotherapy efficacy, as well as treatment-induced late effects, including cognitive impairment and cardiotoxicity. As discussed, microbiota modulation via probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation represents a new trend in cancer patient care, aiming to increase bacterial diversity, alleviate acute and long-term treatment-induced toxicity, and improve the response to various treatment modalities. However, a more detailed understanding of the complex relationship between the microbiome and host can significantly contribute to integrating a microbiome-based approach into clinical practice. Determination of causal correlations might lead to the identification of clinically relevant diagnostic and prognostic microbial biomarkers. Notably, restoration of intestinal homeostasis could contribute to optimizing treatment efficacy and improving cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Ciernikova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Aneta Sevcikova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Beata Mladosievicova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Jung MS, Piazuelo MB, Brackman LC, McClain MS, Algood HMS. Essential role of Helicobacter pylori apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) in stomach colonization. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036923. [PMID: 37937999 PMCID: PMC10715074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are post-translationally modified with acyl chains, anchoring these proteins to bacterial membranes. In Gram-negative bacteria, three enzymes complete the modifications. Lgt (which adds two acyl chains) and LspA (which removes the signal peptide) are essential. Lnt (which adds a third acyl chain) is not essential in certain bacteria including Francisella tularensis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Deleting lnt results in mild to severe physiologic changes. We previously showed lnt is not essential for Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Here, the physiologic consequences of deleting lnt in H. pylori and the role of Lnt in the host response to H. pylori were examined using in vitro and in vivo models. Comparing wild-type, Δlnt, and complemented mutant H. pylori, no changes in growth rates or sensitivity to acid or antibiotics were observed. Since deleting lnt changes the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins and the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins impacts the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, primary human gastric epithelial cells were treated with a purified lipoprotein from wild-type or lnt mutant H. pylori. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that lipoprotein from the lnt mutant induced a more robust TLR2 response. In a complementary approach, we infected wild-type and Tlr2-/- mice and found that both the wild-type and complemented mutant strains successfully colonized the animals. However, the lnt mutant strain was unable to colonize either mouse strain. These results show that lnt is essential for H. pylori colonization and identifies lipoprotein synthesis as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Jung
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lee C. Brackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark S. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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O'Connor HJ. Forty years of Helicobacter pylori infection and changes in findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e13026. [PMID: 37818739 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is 40 years since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection. Over that time major changes have occurred in esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings. The aim of this review is to describe these changes, and the important role H. pylori infection has played in their evolution. METHODS References were identified through searches of PubMed using the search terms-endoscopy time trends, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, upper gastrointestinal cancer, gastric polyps, H. pylori, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, and celiac disease, from 1970 through December 2021. RESULTS The prevalence of H. pylori infection has fallen and consequently, H. pylori-positive peptic ulcer disease has become rare. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is now the commonest disorder diagnosed at EGD, and Barrett's esophagus has increased in parallel. Cancer of the distal stomach has fallen while esophageal adenocarcinoma and reflux-related cardia cancer have risen. Gastric polyps have changed from hyperplastic and adenomas to sporadic fundic gland polyps. Antimicrobial resistance has made H. pylori infection more difficult to eradicate. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, particularly eosinophilic esophagitis, have emerged as important new allergic disorders. Celiac disease has changed and increased. CONCLUSIONS EGD findings appear to have changed from features suggesting a H. pylori-positive "phenotype" 40 years ago to a H. pylori-negative "phenotype" today. These changes have major implications for the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey J O'Connor
- Trinity Academic Gastroenterology Group, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, The University of Dublin, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Pachathundikandi SK, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Masking of typical TLR4 and TLR5 ligands modulates inflammation and resolution by Helicobacter pylori. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:903-915. [PMID: 37012092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of chronic bacterial infection and is associated with peptic ulceration and malignancies. H. pylori uses specific masking mechanisms to avoid canonical ligands from activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification and specific flagellin sequences that are not detected by TLR4 and TLR5, respectively. Thus, it was believed for a long time that H. pylori evades TLR recognition as a crucial strategy for immune escape and bacterial persistence. However, recent data indicate that multiple TLRs are activated by H. pylori and play a role in the pathology. Remarkably, H. pylori LPS, modified through changes in acylation and phosphorylation, is mainly sensed by other TLRs (TLR2 and TLR10) and induces both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, two structural components of the cag pathogenicity island-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS), CagL and CagY, were shown to contain TLR5-activating domains. These domains stimulate TLR5 and enhance immunity, while LPS-driven TLR10 signaling predominantly activates anti-inflammatory reactions. Here, we discuss the specific roles of these TLRs and masking mechanisms during infection. Masking of typical TLR ligands combined with evolutionary shifting to other TLRs is unique for H. pylori and has not yet been described for any other species in the bacterial kingdom. Finally, we highlight the unmasked T4SS-driven activation of TLR9 by H. pylori, which mainly triggers anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Dept. of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Feilstrecker Balani G, dos Santos Cortez M, Picasky da Silveira Freitas JE, Freire de Melo F, Zarpelon-Schutz AC, Teixeira KN. Immune response modulation in inflammatory bowel diseases by Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4604-4615. [PMID: 37662864 PMCID: PMC10472898 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i30.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies point to an association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although controversial, this association indicates that the presence of the bacterium somehow affects the course of IBD. It appears that H. pylori infection influences IBD through changes in the diversity of the gut microbiota, and hence in local chemical characteristics, and alteration in the pattern of gut immune response. The gut immune response appears to be modulated by H. pylori infection towards a less aggressive inflammatory response and the establishment of a targeted response to tissue repair. Therefore, a T helper 2 (Th2)/macrophage M2 response is stimulated, while the Th1/macrophage M1 response is suppressed. The immunomodulation appears to be associated with intrinsic factors of the bacteria, such as virulence factors - such oncogenic protein cytotoxin-associated antigen A, proteins such H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein, but also with microenvironmental changes that favor permanence of H. pylori in the stomach. These changes include the increase of gastric mucosal pH by urease activity, and suppression of the stomach immune response promoted by evasion mechanisms of the bacterium. Furthermore, there is a causal relationship between H. pylori infection and components of the innate immunity such as the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome that directs IBD toward a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45.029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Zarpelon-Schutz
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kádima Nayara Teixeira
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
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13
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Liu M, Hu Z, Wang C, Zhang Y. The TLR/MyD88 signalling cascade in inflammation and gastric cancer: the immune regulatory network of Helicobacter pylori. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:767-781. [PMID: 37195446 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic gastritis represents a well-established risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). However, the mechanism by which chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori induces the development of GC is unclear. H. pylori can influence host cell signalling pathways to induce gastric disease development and mediate cancer promotion and progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), play a key role in the gastrointestinal innate immune response, and their signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of inflammation-associated cancers. The core adapter myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) is shared by most TLRs and functions primarily in H. pylori-triggered innate immune signalling. MyD88 is envisioned as a potential target for the regulation of immune responses and is involved in the regulation of tumourigenesis in a variety of cancer models. In recent years, the TLR/MyD88 signalling pathway has received increasing attention for its role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing inflammatory activation and promoting tumour formation. In addition, TLR/MyD88 signalling can manipulate the expression of infiltrating immune cells and various cytokines in the tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the pathogenetic regulatory mechanisms of the TLR/MyD88 signalling cascade pathway and its downstream molecules in H. pylori infection-induced-associated GC. The focus is to elucidate the immunomolecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and innate immune system activation of H. pylori in the TME of inflammation-associated GC. Ultimately, this study will provide insight into the mechanism of H. pylori-induced chronic inflammation-induced GC development and provide thoughts for GC prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Hu
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China.
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14
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Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori and Its Role in Gastric Cancer. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1312. [PMID: 37317287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a challenging public health concern worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The primary risk factor implicated in gastric cancer development is infection with Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori induces chronic inflammation affecting the gastric epithelium, which can lead to DNA damage and the promotion of precancerous lesions. Disease manifestations associated with H. pylori are attributed to virulence factors with multiple activities, and its capacity to subvert host immunity. One of the most significant H. pylori virulence determinants is the cagPAI gene cluster, which encodes a type IV secretion system and the CagA toxin. This secretion system allows H. pylori to inject the CagA oncoprotein into host cells, causing multiple cellular perturbations. Despite the high prevalence of H. pylori infection, only a small percentage of affected individuals develop significant clinical outcomes, while most remain asymptomatic. Therefore, understanding how H. pylori triggers carcinogenesis and its immune evasion mechanisms is critical in preventing gastric cancer and mitigating the burden of this life-threatening disease. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of H. pylori infection, its association with gastric cancer and other gastric diseases, and how it subverts the host immune system to establish persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0372, USA
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15
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Ahmed AAQ, Besio R, Xiao L, Forlino A. Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) as Biomedical Tools and Their Relevance as Immune-Modulating Agents against H. pylori Infections: Current Status and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108542. [PMID: 37239888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid-membrane-bounded nanoparticles that are released from Gram-negative bacteria via vesiculation of the outer membrane. They have vital roles in different biological processes and recently, they have received increasing attention as possible candidates for a broad variety of biomedical applications. In particular, OMVs have several characteristics that enable them to be promising candidates for immune modulation against pathogens, such as their ability to induce the host immune responses given their resemblance to the parental bacterial cell. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common Gram-negative bacterium that infects half of the world's population and causes several gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer, gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma. The current H. pylori treatment/prevention regimens are poorly effective and have limited success. This review explores the current status and future prospects of OMVs in biomedicine with a special focus on their use as a potential candidate in immune modulation against H. pylori and its associated diseases. The emerging strategies that can be used to design OMVs as viable immunogenic candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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16
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Villarroel-Espindola F, Ejsmentewicz T, Gonzalez-Stegmaier R, Jorquera RA, Salinas E. Intersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2222-2240. [PMID: 37124883 PMCID: PMC10134417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i15.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy. It has a reduced prevalence but has maintained its poor prognosis being the fourth leading cause of deaths related to cancer. The highest mortality rates occur in Asian and Latin American countries, where cases are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Overall, GC is viewed as the consequence of a multifactorial process, involving the virulence of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains, as well as some environmental factors, dietary habits, and host intrinsic factors. The tumor microenvironment in GC appears to be chronically inflamed which promotes tumor progression and reduces the therapeutic opportunities. It has been suggested that inflammation assessment needs to be measured qualitatively and quantitatively, considering cell-infiltration types, availability of receptors to detect damage and pathogens, and presence or absence of aggressive H. pylori strains. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells express several Toll-like receptors and determine the first defensive line against pathogens, and have been also described as mediators of tumorigenesis. However, other molecules, such as cytokines related to inflammation and innate immunity, including immune checkpoint molecules, interferon-gamma pathway and NETosis have been associated with an increased risk of GC. Therefore, this review will explore innate immune activation in the context of premalignant lesions of the gastric epithelium and established gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Villarroel-Espindola
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Troy Ejsmentewicz
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Roxana Gonzalez-Stegmaier
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Roddy A Jorquera
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Esteban Salinas
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
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17
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Mizukami K, Sugano K, Takeshima T, Murakami K. Disease trends after Helicobacter pylori eradication based on Japanese nationwide claims and the health check-up database. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:692-705. [PMID: 36742170 PMCID: PMC9896615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a risk factor for many diseases, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. While H. pylori eradication therapy can prevent these diseases, potentially unfavorable effects of eradication therapy have also been reported in some diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), allergic diseases, and metabolic diseases. Consequently, both positive and negative impacts should be considered when assessing the effects of H. pylori eradication therapy.
AIM To compare the incidence of these diseases before and after H. pylori eradication and to comprehensively assess its effects.
METHODS This retrospective cohort study used a Japanese nationwide health claims database (April 2009-March 2020), developed by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The database contained almost all health insurance claims data issued in Japan, and specific health check-up data for individuals who took the check-ups. Descriptive statistics were used for the analyses. Patients who received primary eradication therapy were defined as those prescribed medi-cation for H. pylori eradication. New diagnoses, defined as incidence of upper gastrointestinal diseases and IBD, and prevalence of allergic diseases were compared before and after eradication. The incidence and prevalence of each disease were also compared between the 3-year period before eradication (from the 4th to the 2nd year prior to the year of eradication) and the 3-year period after eradication (from the 1st to the 3rd year after the year of eradication) based on the age category and calendar year and month. Changes in body mass index and proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) were examined before and after eradication.
RESULTS We identified 5219731 patients who received primary eradication therapy. The 65-69 years age group had the greatest number of patients in both sexes. There was no significant increase in the incidence of GERD after eradication when considering the effects of aging and reporting period. However, the incidence of BE was higher in the 3-year period after eradication than in the 3-year period before eradication for all age categories (0.02%-0.10% vs < 0.01%-0.05%). The incidence of IBD and prevalence of allergic disease were also higher after eradication. In contrast, the incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastritis was reduced after eradication. In patients with at least one entry of health check-up data (1701111 patients), the percentage of patients with MS showed a slight increase following eradication (11.0% in the year of eradication and 12.2% after 5 years).
CONCLUSION The results suggest that H. pylori eradication therapy reduces peptic ulcers and gastritis; however, it is associated with increased incidence of several other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Mizukami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University, Oita 8795593, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sugano
- Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 3290498, Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University, Oita 8795593, Japan
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18
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Yamaoka Y, Saruuljavkhlan B, Alfaray RI, Linz B. Pathogenomics of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:117-155. [PMID: 38231217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis, ulcers and adenocarcinoma, possesses very high genetic diversity. H. pylori has been associated with anatomically modern humans since their origins over 100,000 years ago and has co-evolved with its human host ever since. Predominantly intrafamilial and local transmission, along with genetic isolation, genetic drift, and selection have facilitated the development of distinct bacterial populations that are characteristic for large geographical areas. H. pylori utilizes a large arsenal of virulence and colonization factors to mediate the interaction with its host. Those include various adhesins, the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, urease, serine protease HtrA, the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system and its effector protein CagA, all of which contribute to disease development. While many pathogenicity-related factors are present in all strains, some belong to the auxiliary genome and are associated with specific phylogeographic populations. H. pylori is naturally competent for DNA uptake and recombination, and its genome evolution is driven by extraordinarily high recombination and mutation rates that are by far exceeding those in other bacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed that adaptation of H. pylori to individual hosts is associated with strong selection for particular protein variants that facilitate immune evasion, especially in surface-exposed and in secreted virulence factors. Recent studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H. pylori that are associated with the development of severe gastric disease, including gastric cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the pathogenomics of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Batsaikhan Saruuljavkhlan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ricky Indra Alfaray
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Tas SK, Kirkik D, Altunkanat D, Uzunoglu AS, Uzunoglu MS, Celik BA, Ilgar E. Immune Response and Therapeutic Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori. BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 66. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4324-2023230123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
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21
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Fu HW, Lai YC. The Role of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein in the Pathogenesis of H. pylori and Beyond: From a Virulence Factor to Therapeutic Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010091. [PMID: 36613542 PMCID: PMC9820732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP), a major virulence factor of H. pylori, plays a role in bacterial protection and host inflammation. HP-NAP activates a variety of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, to induce their pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities. This protein also induces T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, supporting that HP-NAP is able to promote gastric inflammation by activation of adaptive immune responses. Thus, HP-NAP is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. The inflammatory responses triggered by HP-NAP are mediated by a PTX-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor and Toll-like receptor 2. Drugs designed to block the interactions between HP-NAP and its receptors could alleviate the inflammation in gastric mucosa caused by H. pylori infection. In addition, HP-NAP acts as a promising therapeutic agent for vaccine development, allergy treatment, and cancer immunotherapy. The high antigenicity of HP-NAP makes this protein a component of vaccines against H. pylori infection. Due to its immunomodulatory activity to stimulate the Th1-inducing ability of dendritic cells, enhance Th1 immune response and CTL activity, and suppress Th2-mediated allergic responses, HP-NAP could also act as an adjuvant in vaccines, a drug candidate against allergic diseases, and an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer. This review highlights the role of HP-NAP in the pathogenesis of H. pylori and the potential for this protein to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of H. pylori infection and therapeutic agents against H. pylori-associated diseases, allergies, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-574-2485
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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22
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Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Nace RA, Balakrishnan B, Zhang L, Packiriswamy N, Singh G, Warang P, Mena I, Narjari R, Vandergaast R, García-Sastre A, Schotsaert M, Russell SJ. Surface-modified measles vaccines encoding oligomeric, fusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins bypass measles seropositivity, boosting neutralizing antibody responses to omicron and historical variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.12.16.520799. [PMID: 36561187 PMCID: PMC9774211 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.16.520799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Serum titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlate well with protection from symptomatic COVID-19, but decay rapidly in the months following vaccination or infection. In contrast, measles-protective nAb titers are life-long after measles vaccination, possibly due to persistence of the live-attenuated virus in lymphoid tissues. We therefore sought to generate a live recombinant measles vaccine capable of driving high SARS-CoV-2 nAb responses. Since previous clinical testing of a live measles vaccine encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein resulted in suboptimal anti-spike antibody titers, our new vectors were designed to encode prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins, trimerized via an inserted peptide domain and displayed on a dodecahedral miniferritin scaffold. Additionally, to circumvent the blunting of vaccine efficacy by preformed anti-measles antibodies, we extensively modified the measles surface glycoproteins. Comprehensive in vivo mouse testing demonstrated potent induction of high titer nAb in measles-immune mice and confirmed the significant incremental contributions to overall potency afforded by prefusion stabilization, trimerization, and miniferritin-display of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, and vaccine resurfacing. In animals primed and boosted with a MeV vaccine encoding the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike, high titer nAb responses against ancestral virus strains were only weakly cross-reactive with the omicron variant. However, in primed animals that were boosted with a MeV vaccine encoding the omicron BA.1 spike, antibody titers to both ancestral and omicron strains were robustly elevated and the passive transfer of serum from these animals protected K18-ACE2 mice from infection and morbidity after exposure to BA.1 and WA1/2020 strains. Our results demonstrate that antigen engineering can enable the development of potent measles-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á. Muñoz-Alía
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Kato S, Gold BD, Kato A. Helicobacter pylori-Associated Iron Deficiency Anemia in Childhood and Adolescence-Pathogenesis and Clinical Management Strategy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247351. [PMID: 36555966 PMCID: PMC9781328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies and meta-analyses show that persistent Helicobacter pylori infection in the gastric mucosa can lead to iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia (IDA), particularly in certain populations of children and adolescents. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that H. pylori infection can lead to and be closely associated with recurrent and/or refractory iron deficiency and IDA. However, the pathogenesis and specific risk factors leading to this clinical outcome in H. pylori-infected children remain poorly understood. In general, most of pediatric patients with H. pylori-associated IDA do not show evidence of overt blood loss due to gastrointestinal hemorrhagic lesions. In adult populations, H. pylori atrophic gastritis is reported to cause impaired iron absorption due to impaired gastric acid secretion, which, subsequently, results in IDA. However, significant gastric atrophy, and the resultant substantial reduction in gastric acid secretion, has not been shown in H. pylori-infected children. Recently, it has been hypothesized that competition between H. pylori and humans for iron availability in the upper gastrointestinal tract could lead to IDA. Many genes, including those encoding major outer membrane proteins (OMPs), are known to be involved in iron-uptake mechanisms in H. pylori. Recent studies have been published that describe H. pylori virulence factors, including specific OMP genes that may be associated with the pathogenesis of IDA. Daily iron demand substantively increases in children as they begin pubertal development starting with the associated growth spurt, and this important physiological mechanism may play a synergistic role for the microorganisms as a host pathogenetic factor of IDA. Like in the most recent pediatric guidelines, a test-and-treat strategy in H. pylori infection should be considered, especially for children and adolescents in whom IDA is recurrent or refractory to iron supplementation and other definitive causes have not been identified. This review will focus on providing the evidence that supports a clear biological plausibility for H. pylori infection and iron deficiency, as well as IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Kato
- Kato Children’s Clinic, Natori 981-1227, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-399-9152; Fax: +81-22-399-9153
| | - Benjamin D. Gold
- Gi Care for Kids, Children’s Center for Digestive Healthcare, LLC, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
| | - Ayumu Kato
- Department of General Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Miyagi Children’s Hospital, Sendai 989-3126, Japan
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Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori Immune Response in Children Versus Adults. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:3370. [PMID: 37936946 PMCID: PMC10629867 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i12.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
H. pylori is perhaps the most prevalent human pathogen worldwide and infects almost half of the world's population. Despite the decreasing prevalence of infection overall, it is significant in developing countries. Most infections are acquired in childhood and persist for a lifetime unless treated. Children are often asymptomatic and often develop a tolerogenic immune response that includes T regulatory cells and their products, immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). This contrasts to the gastric immune response seen in H. pylori-infected adults, where the response is mainly inflammatory, with predominant Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as, inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17. Therefore, compared to adults, infected children generally have limited gastric inflammation and peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori surreptitiously subverts immune defenses to persist in the human gastric mucosa for decades. The chronic infection might result in clinically significant diseases in adults, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This review compares the infection in children and adults and highlights the H. pylori virulence mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0372 USA
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25
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Viker KB, Steele MB, Iankov ID, Concilio SC, Ammayappan A, Bolon B, Jenks NJ, Goetz MP, Panagioti E, Federspiel MJ, Liu MC, Peng KW, Galanis E. Preclinical safety assessment of MV-s-NAP, a novel oncolytic measles virus strain armed with an H . pylori immunostimulatory bacterial transgene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:532-546. [PMID: 36092362 PMCID: PMC9437807 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains incurable. Engineered measles virus (MV) constructs based on the attenuated MV Edmonston vaccine platform have demonstrated significant oncolytic activity against solid tumors. The Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) is responsible for the robust inflammatory reaction in gastroduodenal mucosa during bacterial infection. NAP attracts and activates immune cells at the site of infection, inducing expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. We engineered an MV strain to express the secretory form of NAP (MV-s-NAP) and showed that it exhibits anti-tumor and immunostimulatory activity in human breast cancer xenograft models. In this study, we utilized a measles-infection-permissive mouse model (transgenic IFNAR KO-CD46Ge) to evaluate the biodistribution and safety of MV-s-NAP. The primary objective was to identify potential toxic side effects and confirm the safety of the proposed clinical doses of MV-s-NAP prior to a phase I clinical trial of intratumoral administration of MV-s-NAP in patients with MBC. Both subcutaneous delivery (corresponding to the clinical trial intratumoral administration route) and intravenous (worst case scenario) delivery of MV-s-NAP were well tolerated: no significant clinical, laboratory or histologic toxicity was observed. This outcome supports the safety of MV-s-NAP for oncolytic virotherapy of MBC. The first-in-human clinical trial of MV-s-NAP in patients with MBC (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04521764) was subsequently activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B. Viker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B. Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ianko D. Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Nathan J. Jenks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Minetta C. Liu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Guo L, Zhang F, Wang S, Li R, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Yin R, Liu H, Liu K. Oral Immunization With a M Cell-Targeting Recombinant L. Lactis Vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE Stimulate Protective Immunity Against H. Pylori in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918160. [PMID: 35911756 PMCID: PMC9336465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many virulence factors of H. pylori that contribute in diverse ways to gastric disease. Therefore, designing multivalent epitope vaccines against many key virulence factors virulence factors of H. pylori is a promising strategy to control H. pylori infection. In previous studies, we constructed a multivalent epitope vaccine FVpE against four key virulence factors of H. pylori (Urease, CagA, VacA, and NAP), and oral immunization with the FVpE vaccine plus a polysaccharide adjuvant (PA) containing lycium barbarum polysaccharide and chitosan could provide protection against H. pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. Oral vaccines have many advantages over injected vaccines, such as improved safety and compliance, and easier manufacturing and administration. However, the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment, such as gastric acid and proteolytic enzymes, limits the development of oral vaccines to some extent. Oral vaccines need a gastrointestinal delivery system with high safety, low price and promoting vaccine antigen to stimulate immune response in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Lactic acid bacteria are gastrointestinal probiotics that have unique advantages as a delivery system for oral vaccines. In this study, a M cell-targeting surface display system for L. lactis named plSAM was designed to help vaccine antigens to stimulate effective immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract, and a M cell-targeting recombinant L. lactis vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE was constructed by using the surface display system plSAM. recombinant L. lactis vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE could secretively express the SAM-FVpE protein and display it on the bacterial surface. Moreover, experimental results confirmed that LL-plSAM-FVpE had an enhanced M cell-targeting property. In addition, LL-plSAM-FVpE had excellent M cell-targeting property to promote the phagocytosis and transport of the antigen SAM-FVpE by gastrointestinal M cells. More importantly, oral immunization of LL-plSAM-FVpE or SAM-FVpE plus PA can stimulate IgG and sIgA antibodies and CD4+ T cell immune responses against four virulence factors of H. pylori (Urease, CagA, VacA, and NAP), thus providing protective immunity against H. pylori infection in mice. The M cell-targeting recombinant L. lactis vaccine against various key H. pylori virulence factors could be a promising vaccine candidate for controlling H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affifiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Furui Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shue Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runle Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runting Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kunmei Liu, ; Hongpeng Liu,
| | - Kunmei Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kunmei Liu, ; Hongpeng Liu,
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Codolo G, Coletta S, D’Elios MM, de Bernard M. HP-NAP of Helicobacter pylori: The Power of the Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944139. [PMID: 35844568 PMCID: PMC9277015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The miniferritin HP-NAP of Helicobacter pylori was originally described as a neutrophil-activating protein because of the capacity to activate neutrophils to generate oxygen radicals and adhere to endothelia. Currently, the main feature for which HP-NAP is known is the ability to promote Th1 responses and revert the immune suppressive profile of macrophages. In this review, we discuss the immune modulating properties of the protein regarding the H. pylori infection and the evidence that support the potential clinical application of HP-NAP in allergy and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Coletta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marina de Bernard, ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
| | - Marina de Bernard
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marina de Bernard, ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
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28
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Sijmons D, Guy AJ, Walduck AK, Ramsland PA. Helicobacter pylori and the Role of Lipopolysaccharide Variation in Innate Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868225. [PMID: 35634347 PMCID: PMC9136243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that infects half the human population and can lead to significant clinical outcomes such as acute and chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. To establish infection, H. pylori employs several mechanisms to overcome the innate and adaptive immune systems. H. pylori can modulate interleukin (IL) secretion and innate immune cell function by the action of several virulence factors such as VacA, CagA and the type IV secretion system. Additionally, H. pylori can modulate local dendritic cells (DC) negatively impacting the function of these cells, reducing the secretion of immune signaling molecules, and influencing the differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells causing a bias to Th1 type cells. Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of H. pylori displays a high degree of phase variation and contains human blood group carbohydrate determinants such as the Lewis system antigens, which are proposed to be involved in molecular mimicry of the host. Lastly, the H. pylori group of outer membrane proteins such as BabA play an important role in attachment and interaction with host Lewis and other carbohydrate antigens. This review examines the various mechanisms that H. pylori utilises to evade the innate immune system as well as discussing how the structure of the H. pylori LPS plays a role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sijmons
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Guy
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ZiP Diagnostics, Collingwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A. Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Ramsland,
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Abstract
The DNA-binding protein from starved cells, Dps, is a universally conserved prokaryotic ferritin that, in many species, also binds DNA. Dps homologs have been identified in the vast majority of bacterial species and several archaea. Dps also may play a role in the global regulation of gene expression, likely through chromatin reorganization. Dps has been shown to use both its ferritin and DNA-binding functions to respond to a variety of environmental pressures, including oxidative stress. One mechanism that allows Dps to achieve this is through a global nucleoid restructuring event during stationary phase, resulting in a compact, hexacrystalline nucleoprotein complex called the biocrystal that occludes damaging agents from DNA. Due to its small size, hollow spherical structure, and high stability, Dps is being developed for applications in biotechnology.
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Barzigar R, Haraprasad N, Kumar BYS, Mehran MJ, Fakrudin B. Transient recombinant expression of highly immunogenic CagA, VacA and NapA in Nicotiana benthamiana. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00699. [PMID: 35028298 PMCID: PMC8739878 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the plant-based transient production of recombinant immunogenic antigens has tremendously progressed because plants are cost-effective, easily selectable, free of mammalian contamination, and support complex post-translational modifications. Nicotiana benthamiana is a convenient system for transient expression of recombinant antigens. The present study documented a platform for rapid production of Helicobacter pylori CagA, VacA and NapA antigens three days (first harvest, FH) and six days (second harvest, SH) after agro-infiltration using a syringe. In this study, CagA, VacA and NapA antigen genes from Helicobacter pylori were cloned into the binary vector pBI121 and transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana by the Agrobacterium-mediated process. Leaves of four to five weeks old Nicotiana benthamiana plants were agroinfiltrated with EHA105 subtype of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain containing cloned CagA (pBI121-CagA), VacA (pBI121-VacA) and NapA (pBI121-NapA) constructs. The transient expression and accumulation of the recombinant genes containing CagA, VacA and NapA expression cassettes were confirmed using qRT-PCR by comparing the relative expression at FH and SH post-infiltration with the non-infiltrated (control) samples and using ELISA at 1/5 and 1/10 dilution ratios. The qRT-PCR findings showed that Agrobacterium-mediated syringe infiltration of leaves of four to five weeks old Nicotiana benthamiana plants produced significantly higher transcript levels of CagA (about 8-fold and 7-fold), VacA (38-fold and 24-fold) and NapA (7-fold and 5-fold) genes at FH and SH compared to the control sample. Besides, the maximum amount of CagA, VacA and NapA antigens were detected at the FH stage compared to the SH stage, when the antibody concentrations of the agro-infiltrated leaf extracts containing these recombinant antigens were diluted in a 1/5 ratio. This study has developed evidence to support that recombinant CagA, VacA and NapA can be transiently produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambod Barzigar
- JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Campus, Mysore 570006 India
| | | | - Basaralu Yadurappa Sathish Kumar
- JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Campus, Mysore 570006 India
- Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, JSS College, Ooty Road, Mysore 570025 India
| | | | - Bashasab Fakrudin
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture, University of Horticulture Sciences Campus, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065 India
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Codolo G, Facchinello N, Papa N, Bertocco A, Coletta S, Benna C, Dall’Olmo L, Mocellin S, Tiso N, de Bernard M. Macrophage-Mediated Melanoma Reduction after HP-NAP Treatment in a Zebrafish Xenograft Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031644. [PMID: 35163566 PMCID: PMC8836027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil Activating Protein (HP-NAP) is endowed with immunomodulatory properties that make it a potential candidate for anticancer therapeutic applications. By activating cytotoxic Th1 responses, HP-NAP inhibits the growth of bladder cancer and enhances the anti-tumor activity of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. The possibility that HP-NAP exerts its anti-tumor effect also by modulating the activity of innate immune cells has not yet been explored. Taking advantage of the zebrafish model, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of HP-NAP against metastatic human melanoma, limiting the observational window to 9 days post-fertilization, well before the maturation of the adaptive immunity. Human melanoma cells were xenotransplanted into zebrafish embryos and tracked in the presence or absence of HP-NAP. The behavior and phenotype of macrophages and the impact of their drug-induced depletion were analyzed exploiting macrophage-expressed transgenes. HP-NAP administration efficiently inhibited tumor growth and metastasis and this was accompanied by strong recruitment of macrophages with a pro-inflammatory profile at the tumor site. The depletion of macrophages almost completely abrogated the ability of HP-NAP to counteract tumor growth. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of activated macrophages in counteracting melanoma growth and support the notion that HP-NAP might become a new biological therapeutic agent for the treatment of metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (N.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Nicole Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (N.P.); (S.C.)
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ambra Bertocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara Coletta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (N.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Clara Benna
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, 35124 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luigi Dall’Olmo
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.D.); (S.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, 35124 Padova, Italy;
| | - Simone Mocellin
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.D.); (S.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, 35124 Padova, Italy;
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (N.P.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (M.d.B.)
| | - Marina de Bernard
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (N.P.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (M.d.B.)
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Sun H, He T, Wu Y, Yuan H, Ning J, Zhang Z, Deng X, Li B, Wu C. Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A-Negative Helicobacter pylori Promotes Gastric Mucosal CX3CR1+CD4+ Effector Memory T Cell Recruitment in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813774. [PMID: 35154057 PMCID: PMC8829513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori can cause many kinds of gastric disorders, ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)+H. pylori is more likely to cause gastric histopathologic damage than CagA–H. pylori. However, the underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated. Materials and methods Mice were intragastrically administered equal amounts of CagA+ or CagA–H. pylori. Four weeks later, 24 chemokines in stomachs were measured using a mouse chemokine array, and the phenotypes of the recruited gastric CD4+ T cells were analyzed. The migration pathway was evaluated. Finally, the correlation between each pair among the recruited CD4+ T cell sub-population, H. pylori colonization level, and histopathologic damage score were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Results The concentration of chemokines, CCL3 and CX3CL1, were significantly elevated in CagA–H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa than in CagA+H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Among them, CX3CL1 secreted by gastric epithelial cells, which was elicited more effectively by CagA–H. pylori than by the CagA+ strain, dramatically promoted mucosal CD4+ T cell migration. The expression of CX3CR1, the only known receptor of CX3CL1, was upregulated on the surface of gastric CD4+ T cells in CagA–H. pylori-infected stomach. In addition, most of the CX3CR1-positive gastric CD4+ T cells were CD44+CD69–CCR7– effector memory T cells (Tem). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the recruited CX3CR1+CD4+ Tem cell population was negatively correlated with H. pylori colonization level and histopathologic damage score. Conclusion CagA–H. pylori promotes gastric mucosal CX3CR1+CD4+ Tem recruitment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Taojun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Hanmei Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology of the 305 Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Bin Li,
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Wu,
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Liu AR, Yan ZW, Jiang LY, Lv Z, Li YK, Wang BG. The role of non-coding RNA in the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cancer, with a focus on inflammation and immune response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1009021. [PMID: 36314013 PMCID: PMC9606473 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1009021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the globally recognized causative factors of gastric cancer (GC). Currently, no definite therapy and drugs for H. pylori-related GC have been widely acknowledged although H. pylori infection could be eradicated in early stage. Inflammation and immune response are spontaneous essential stages during H. pylori infection. H pylori may mediate immune escape by affecting inflammation and immune response, leading to gastric carcinogenesis. As an important component of transcriptome, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been proven to play crucial roles in the genesis and development of H. pylori-induced GC. This review briefly described the effects of ncRNAs on H. pylori-related GC from the perspective of inflammation and immune response, as well as their association with inflammatory reaction and immune microenvironment. We aim to explore the potential of ncRNAs as markers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of H. pylori-related GC. The ncRNAs involved in H. pylori-related GC may all hold promise as novel therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-ran Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-wei Yan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-yue Jiang
- Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Zhi Lv,
| | - Yan-ke Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Yan-ke Li,
| | - Ben-gang Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ben-gang Wang,
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CAR T cells expressing a bacterial virulence factor trigger potent bystander antitumour responses in solid cancers. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:830-841. [PMID: 35379957 PMCID: PMC9288934 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells) are effective against haematologic malignancies. However, in solid tumours, their potency is hampered by local immunosuppression and by the heterogeneous expression of the antigen that the CAR targets. Here we show that CAR T cells expressing a pluripotent pro-inflammatory neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) from Helicobacter pylori trigger endogenous bystander T-cell responses against solid cancers. In mice with subcutaneous murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, neuroblastomas or colon carcinomas, CAR(NAP) T cells led to slower tumour growth and higher survival rates than conventional mouse CAR T cells, regardless of target antigen, tumour type and host haplotype. In tumours with heterogeneous antigen expression, NAP secretion induced the formation of an immunologically 'hot' microenvironment that supported dendritic cell maturation and bystander responses, as indicated by epitope spreading and infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells targeting tumour-associated antigens other than the CAR-targeted antigen. CAR T cells armed with NAP neither increased off-tumour toxicity nor hampered the efficacy of CAR T cells, and hence may have advantageous translational potential.
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Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein Directly Interacts with and Activates Toll-like Receptor 2 to Induce the Secretion of Interleukin-8 from Neutrophils and ATRA-Induced Differentiated HL-60 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111560. [PMID: 34768994 PMCID: PMC8584237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils and monocytes is regulated by pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins, whereas HP-NAP-induced cytokine secretion by monocytes is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, it is unclear whether TLR2 participates in HP-NAP-induced cytokine secretion by neutrophils. Here, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiated HL-60 cells were first employed as a neutrophil model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying neutrophil responses to HP-NAP. HP-NAP-induced ROS production in ATRA-induced differentiated HL-60 cells is mediated by the PTX-sensitive heterotrimeric G protein-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is consistent with the findings reported for human neutrophils. Next, whether TLR2 participated in HP-NAP-induced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was investigated in neutrophils and ATRA-induced differentiated HL-60 cells. In both cells, TLR2 participated in HP-NAP-induced IL-8 secretion but not HP-NAP-induced ROS production. Interestingly, PTX-sensitive G proteins also contributed to the HP-NAP-induced secretion of IL-8 from neutrophils and the differentiated HL-60 cells. Our ELISA-based binding assay further revealed the competitive binding of Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 agonist, and HP-NAP to TLR2, which suggests the presence of specific and direct interactions between HP-NAP and TLR2. Thus, HP-NAP directly interacts with and activates TLR2 to induce IL-8 secretion in neutrophils and ATRA-induced differentiated HL-60 cells.
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Immunogenetic, Molecular and Microbiotic Determinants of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Clinical Practice-A New Perspective of an Old Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910830. [PMID: 34639170 PMCID: PMC8509128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic disease associated with a T-lymphocyte response inducing esophageal eosinophilic infiltration in the esophagus. Inflammation and tissue fibrosis are responsible for the main clinical symptoms such as food impaction and dysphagia. The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial in which genetic and environmental factors coexist. The most common trigger is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy to milk, wheat, egg, soybean, nuts, fish, and seafood. The second factor we focus on is the contribution of genetic variation to the risk of EoE, describing the expression profile of selected genes associated with eosinophilic oesophagitis. We raise the topic of treatment, aiming to eliminate inflammation through an elimination diet and/or use of pharmacologic therapy with the use of proton pump inhibitors or steroids and endoscopic procedures to dilate the esophagus. We demonstrate that early diagnosis and effective treatment prevent the development of food impaction and decreased quality of life. The increasing presence of EoE requires bigger awareness among medical specialists concerning clinical features, the course of EoE, diagnostic tools, and management strategies.
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Diamantidis MD, Papaioannou M, Hatjiharissi E. Primary gastric non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Recent advances regarding disease pathogenesis and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5932-5945. [PMID: 34629810 PMCID: PMC8475005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i35.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary gastric lymphomas (PGLs) are distinct lymphoproliferative neoplasms described as heterogeneous entities clinically and molecularly. Their main histological types are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or mucosa-associated lymphoma tissue. PGL has been one of the main fields of clinical research of our group in recent years. Although gastric DLBCLs are frequent, sufficient data to guide optimal care are scarce. Until today, a multidisciplinary approach has been applied, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy or a combination of these treatments. In this minireview article, we provide an overview of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and staging of these diseases, along with their molecular pathogenesis and the most important related clinical published series. We then discuss the scientific gaps, perils and pitfalls that exist regarding the aforementioned studies, in parallel with the unmet need for future research and comment on the proper methodology for such retrospective studies. Aiming to fill this gap, we retrospectively evaluated the trends in clinical presentation, management and outcome among 165 patients with DLBCL PGL who were seen in our institutions in 1980-2014. The study cohort was divided into two subgroups, comparing the main 2 therapeutic options [cyclophosphamide doxorubicin vincristine prednisone (CHOP) vs rituximab-CHOP (R-CHOP)]. A better outcome with immunochemotherapy (R-CHOP) was observed. In the next 2 mo, we will present the update of our study with the same basic conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Diamantidis
- Department of Hematology, Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Division of Hematology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Evdoxia Hatjiharissi
- Division of Hematology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
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Taghizadeh S, Falsafi T, Kermanshahi RK, Ramezani R. Antagonistic and Immunomodulant Effects of Two Probiotic Strains of Lactobacillus on Clinical Strains of Helicobacter pylori. Galen Med J 2021; 9:e1794. [PMID: 34466594 PMCID: PMC8343775 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in situ antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus probiotic strains on clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori. Also to investigate their immunomodulation effects on a macrophage cell model.
Materials and Methods:
Anti-microbial effects of probiotic lactobacilli against H. pylori was assessed using the well and disk diffusion methods. Effects of lactobacilli probiotics strains, as well as their cell-free supernatant on adhesion of H. pylori to MKN-45 gastric epithelial cells, were examined in their presence and absence. Immunomodulation effects of probiotic lactobacilli were performed using the U937 macrophage cell model. Incubation of host cells with probiotics and their cell-free supernatants with cultured host cells was performed in different optimized conditions. The supernatant of host cells cultured in their presence and absence was used for cytokines measurement.
Results:
Two probiotics,Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus PTCC1607, could inhibit the growth of clinical H. pylori in vitro. They could also inhibit attachment of H. pylori to MKN-45 cells. Cell-free supernatant of L. acidophilus had a stimulating effect on the production of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by U937 cells.
Conclusion:
The present study demonstrates that, L. acidophilus ATCC4356 and L. rhamnosus PTCC1607 probiotic strains can inhibit the growth of clinical H. pylori in vitro. Treatment of U937 with alive H. pylori plus cell-free supernatant of L. acidophilus, have a significantly higher capacity to stimulate IFN-γ production than H. pylori alone. So, the metabolite (s) of this probiotic may have an immunomodulatory effect in immune response versus H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Taghizadeh
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Falsafi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence to: Tahereh Falsafi, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Telephone Number: +989127095294 Email Address:
| | | | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Woman Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Menati Rashno M, Mehraban H, Naji B, Radmehr M. Microbiome in human cancers. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000247. [PMID: 34888478 PMCID: PMC8650843 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A microbiome is defined as the aggregate of all microbiota that reside in human digestive system and other tissues. This microbiota includes viruses, bacteria, fungi that live in various human organs and tissues like stomach, guts, oesophagus, mouth cavity, urinary tract, vagina, lungs, and skin. Almost 20 % of malignant cancers worldwide are related to microbial infections including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The human body is constantly being attacked by microbes during its lifetime and microbial pathogens that have tumorigenic effects in 15-20 % of reported cancer cases. Recent scientific advances and the discovery of the effect of microbes on cancer as a pathogen or as a drug have significantly contributed to our understanding of the complex relationship between microbiome and cancer. The aim of this study is to overview some microbiomes that reside in the human body and their roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Mehraban
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Naji
- Department of Microbiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Radmehr
- Department of Microbiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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40
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Gastric Microenvironment-A Partnership between Innate Immunity and Gastric Microbiota Tricks Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153258. [PMID: 34362042 PMCID: PMC8347153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) carcinogenicity depends on three major factors: bacterial virulence constituents, environmental factors and host's genetic susceptibility. The relationship between microenvironmental factors and H. pylori virulence factors are incontestable. H. pylori infection has a major impact on both gastric and colonic microbiota. The presence of non-H. pylori bacteria within the gastric ecosystem is particularly important since they might persistently act as an antigenic stimulus or establish a partnership with H. pylori in order to augment the subsequent inflammatory responses. The gastric ecosystem, i.e., microbiota composition in children with H. pylori infection is dominated by Streptoccocus, Neisseria, Rothia and Staphylococcus. The impairment of this ecosystem enhances growth and invasion of different pathogenic bacteria, further impairing the balance between the immune system and mucosal barrier. Moreover, altered microbiota due to H. pylori infection is involved in increasing the gastric T regulatory cells response in children. Since gastric homeostasis is defined by the partnership between commensal bacteria and host's immune system, this review is focused on how pathogen recognition through toll-like receptors (TLRs-an essential class of pathogen recognition receptors-PRRs) on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells impact the immune response in the setting of H. pylori infection. Further studies are required for delineate precise role of bacterial community features and of immune system components.
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41
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Kvedaraite E. Neutrophil-T cell crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease. Immunology 2021; 164:657-664. [PMID: 34240423 PMCID: PMC8561100 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leucocytes in human blood, promptly recruited to the site of tissue injury, where they orchestrate inflammation and tissue repair. The multifaceted functions of neutrophils have been more appreciated during the recent decade, and these cells are now recognized as sophisticated and essential players in infection, cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. Consequently, our understanding of the role of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), their immune responses and their ability to shape adaptive immunity in the gut have been recognized. Here, current knowledge on neutrophil responses in IBD and their capacity to influence T cells are summarized with an emphasis on the role of these cells in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Kvedaraite
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Panagioti E, Kurokawa C, Viker K, Ammayappan A, Anderson SK, Sotiriou S, Chatzopoulos K, Ayasoufi K, Johnson AJ, Iankov ID, Galanis E. Immunostimulatory bacterial antigen-armed oncolytic measles virotherapy significantly increases the potency of anti-PD1 checkpoint therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141614. [PMID: 34196308 DOI: 10.1172/jci141614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunotherapy approaches are lacking efficacy in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). In this study, we sought to reverse local and systemic GBM-induced immunosuppression using the Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (NAP), a potent TLR2 agonist, as an immunostimulatory transgene expressed in an oncolytic measles virus (MV) platform, retargeted to allow viral entry through the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). While single-agent murine anti-PD1 treatment or repeat in situ immunization with MV-s-NAP-uPA provided modest survival benefit in MV-resistant syngeneic GBM models, the combination treatment led to synergy with a cure rate of 80% in mice bearing intracranial GL261 tumors and 72% in mice with CT-2A tumors. Combination NAP-immunovirotherapy induced massive influx of lymphoid cells in mouse brain, with CD8+ T cell predominance; therapeutic efficacy was CD8+ T cell dependent. Inhibition of the IFN response pathway using the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib decreased PD-L1 expression on myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the brain and further potentiated the therapeutic effect of MV-s-NAP-uPA and anti-PD1. Our findings support the notion that MV strains armed with bacterial immunostimulatory antigens represent an effective strategy to overcome the limited efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies in GBM, creating a promising translational strategy for this lethal brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheyne Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Viker
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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43
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de Brito BB, Lemos FFB, Carneiro CDM, Viana AS, Barreto NMPV, Assis GADS, Braga BDC, Santos MLC, Silva FAFD, Marques HS, Silva NOE, de Melo FF. Immune response to Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer development. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:257-276. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is a global health concern, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main risk factor for its occurrence. Of note, the immune response against the pathogen seems to be a determining factor for gastric oncogenesis, and increasing evidence have emphasized several host and bacterium factors that probably influence in this setting. The development of an inflammatory process against H. pylori involves a wide range of mechanisms such as the activation of pattern recognition receptors and intracellular pathways resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines by gastric epithelial cells. This process culminates in the establishment of distinct immune response profiles that result from the cytokine-induced differentiation of T naïve cells into specific T helper cells. Cytokines released from each type of T helper cell orchestrate the immune system and interfere in the development of gastric cancer in idiosyncratic ways. Moreover, variants in genes such as single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with variable predispositions for the occurrence of gastric malignancy because they influence both the intensity of gene expression and the affinity of the resultant molecule with its receptor. In addition, various repercussions related to some H. pylori virulence factors seem to substantially influence the host immune response against the infection, and many of them have been associated with gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caroline da Mota Carneiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andressa Santos Viana
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Barbara Dicarlo Costa Braga
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Campus Vitória da Conquista, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45031900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália Oliveira e Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Ponzetto A, Holton J, Porta M. Intestinal Ischemic Manifestations of COVID-19. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2191. [PMID: 33385437 PMCID: PMC7771904 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ponzetto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - John Holton
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, UK
| | - Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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45
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Zhang K, Mirza WA, Ni P, Yu M, Wang C, Wang B, Chang S, Yue L, Zhang R, Duan G. Recombination Lactococcus lactis expressing Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein A attenuates food allergy symptoms in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6179882. [PMID: 33749737 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy has been a significant public health issue with growing severity, prevalence and limited treatments. The neutrophil-activating protein A subunit (NapA) of Helicobacter pylori has been shown to have therapeutic potential in allergic diseases. METHODS The NapA expression efficiency of recombinant Lactococcus lactis(L.lactis) were determined. The effects of recombinant bacterium on food allergy in Balb/c mice were also investigated. RESULTS NapA were delivered and expressed efficiently via L. lactis. The engineered bacterium ameliorated food allergy symptoms (acute diarrhea and intestinal inflammation) and decreased serum histamine levels. In addition, the secretion of OVA-specific IgG2a, IFN-γ was promoted and the level of IL-4, OVA-specific IgE was restrained. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant strain may attenuate food allergy in mice through immune regulatory effect, which may be a promising approach for preventing or treating food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wajid Ameen Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuailei Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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46
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Săsăran MO, Meliț LE, Dobru ED. MicroRNA Modulation of Host Immune Response and Inflammation Triggered by Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031406. [PMID: 33573346 PMCID: PMC7866828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains the most-researched etiological factor for gastric inflammation and malignancies. Its evolution towards gastric complications is dependent upon host immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize surface and molecular patterns of the bacterium, especially the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and act upon pathways, which will finally lead to activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), a transcription factor that stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) finely modulate TLR signaling, but their expression is also modulated by activation of NF-kB-dependent pathways. This review aims to focus upon several of the most researched miRNAs on this subject, with known implications in host immune responses caused by H. pylori, including let-7 family, miRNA-155, miRNA-146, miRNA-125, miRNA-21, and miRNA-221. TLR-LPS interactions and their afferent pathways are regulated by these miRNAs, which can be considered as a bridge, which connects gastric inflammation to pre-neoplastic and malignant lesions. Therefore, they could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers, capable of discriminating H. pylori infection, as well as its associated complications. Given that data on this matter is limited in children, as well as for as significant number of miRNAs, future research has yet to clarify the exact involvement of these entities in the progression of H. pylori-associated gastric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technol-ogy of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-742-984744
| | - Ecaterina Daniela Dobru
- Department of Internal Medicine VII, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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47
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents one of the most widespread bacterial infections globally. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The pioneering discovery of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren in the early 1980s has initiated fervent research into H. pylori as a pathogen ever since. This chapter aims to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infection and its management, with a focus on current options for diagnosis, the challenges associated with H. pylori eradication, and the need for alternative therapeutic strategies based on furthering our understanding of host: H. pylori interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinéad M Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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48
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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49
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Sato H, Ota Y, Kido Y, Matsumoto T, Matsubara Y, Matano T, Hirata Y, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Yamaoka Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Adachi E. Gut-Homing CD4 + T Cells Are Associated with the Activity of Gastritis in HIV-Infected Adults. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:910-917. [PMID: 32709216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that HIV-infected individuals were less susceptible to chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection. Th1 and Th17 cells are important components of the immune response to H. pylori in adults. We investigated the relative importance of Th1 versus Th17 responses for mucosal inflammation and protection. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationship among the peripheral blood gut-homing CD4+ T cell subset, the severity of chronic H. pylori gastritis, and H. pylori amount in the gastric mucosa. Biopsy specimens were obtained at the time of gastroendoscopy, which was used for classification of histological gastritis by updated-Sydney system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at the same point to determine the frequency of peripheral blood gut homing CD4+ T cells (CCR9+integrin β7+) and CD4+ memory T cells subsets by flow cytometry. H. pylori amount in the gastric mucosa was measured using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Peripheral blood gut-homing CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in individuals with histological gastritis compared with those without chronic gastritis (median 16.8 cells/μL vs. 9.7 cells/μL; p = .0307). In particular, there were significant differences in gut-homing Th1 (median 1.3 cells/μL vs. 0.5 cells/μL; p = .0061) and nonconventional Th1 (median 0.4 cells/μL vs. 0.2 cells/μL; p = .0196). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between H. pylori amount in the gastric mucosa measured using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and gut-homing Th1 subsets. Our findings suggested that gut Th1 may play a key role in the development of chronic gastritis in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Sato
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ota
- Department of Pathology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsubara
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Guo X, Ding C, Lu J, Zhou T, Liang T, Ji Z, Xie P, Liu X, Kang Q. HP-NAP ameliorates OXA-induced atopic dermatitis symptoms in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:416-422. [PMID: 32762390 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1806869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin inflammatory disease characterized by disequilibrium between Th1/Th2 lymphocytes. Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) has been reported that it has the potential immunomodulatory effect able to regulate the Th1/Th2 balance. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of HP-NAP in AD mice model. METHODS The model of AD was built with oxazolone (OXA) in BALB/c mice, then HP-NAP was used to treat AD by intraperitoneal injection. Ear thickness was measured by a digital thickness gauge. The ears tissues were collected and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue (TB) staining. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α) in ear tissue were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The secretion of IgE, IL-4, and IFN-γ was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Treatment with HP-NAP successfully alleviated the symptoms of AD, such as erythema, horny substance, and swelling. The infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells were significantly reduced following HP-NAP therapy. The secretion of IgE and IL-4 was significantly attenuated following treatment with HP-NAP. Additionally, HP-NAP observably downregulated inflammatory cytokine expression (e.g. IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α) in ear tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Taken together, our results showed that HP-NAP possessed the potential to be a novel immunomodulatory candidate drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Guo
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cong Ding
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jike Lu
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Taotao Liang
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Zhengzhou Xinzhiyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- Department of Protein Function and Immunomodulatory Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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