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Gardner RS, Kyle M, Hughes K, Zhao LR. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals immunomodulatory mechanism of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593359. [PMID: 38766064 PMCID: PMC11100789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to progressive neurodegeneration and dementia. AD primarily affects older adults with neuropathological changes including amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that systemic treatment with stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF+G-CSF), reduces Aβ load, increases Aβ uptake by activated microglia and monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mac), reduces neuroinflammation, and restores dendrites and synapses in the brains of aged APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. However, the mechanisms underlying SCF+G-CSF-enhanced brain repair in aged APP/PS1 mice remain unclear. This study used a transcriptomic approach to explore the mechanisms by which SCF+G-CSF treatment alters the functions of microglia and Mo/Mac in the brains of 28-month-old APP/PS1 mice. After 5-day injections of SCF+G-CSF, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on CD11b + microglia and Mo/Mac isolated from the brain. Flow cytometry was used for identifying CD11b + microglia and Mo/Mac in the brain. Both transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry data demonstrated dramatic increases in the population of Mo/Mac in the brain following SCF+G-CSF treatment. SCF+G-CSF treatment robustly increased the transcription of genes implicated in activated immune cells, including gene sets that regulate inflammatory processes and cell migration. SCF+G-CSF treatment also increased a cell population co-expressing microglial and Mo/Mac marker genes. This cell cluster aligned with a disease-associated microglial profile linked with Aβ restriction and phagocytosis. S100a8 and S100a9 were the most robustly enhanced genes in both microglial and Mo/Mac clusters following SCF+G-CSF treatment. Furthermore, the topmost genes differentially expressed after SCF+G-CSF treatment were largely upregulated in S100a8/9-positive microglia and Mo/Mac, suggesting a largely well-conserved transcriptional profile related to SCF+G-CSF treatment in cerebral immune cells. This S100a8/9-associated transcriptional profile contained genes related to pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and Aβ plaque inhibition or clearance. This study sheds new light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SCF+G-CSF-mitigated AD neuropathology in the aged brain.
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da Silva JF, Polk FD, Martin PE, Thai SH, Savu A, Gonzales M, Kath AM, Gee MT, Pires PW. Sex-specific mechanisms of cerebral microvascular BK Ca dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.06.543962. [PMID: 37333104 PMCID: PMC10274786 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microvascular dysfunction and nitro-oxidative stress are present in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may contribute to disease progression and severity. Large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (BK Ca ) play an essential role in vasodilatory responses and maintenance of myogenic tone in resistance arteries. BK Ca impairment can lead to microvascular dysfunction and hemodynamic deficits in the brain. We hypothesized that reduced BK Ca function in cerebral arteries mediates microvascular and neurovascular responses in the 5x-FAD model of AD. METHODS BK Ca activity in the cerebral microcirculation was assessed by patch clamp electrophysiology and pressure myography, in situ Ca 2+ sparks by spinning disk confocal microscopy, hemodynamics by laser speckle contrast imaging. Molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted by affinity-purification assays, qPCR, Western blots and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We observed that pial arteries from 5-6 months-old male and female 5x-FAD mice exhibited a hyper-contractile phenotype than wild-type (WT) littermates, which was linked to lower vascular BK Ca activity and reduced open probability. In males, BK Ca dysfunction is likely a consequence of an observed lower expression of the pore-forming subunit BKα and blunted frequency of Ca 2+ sparks, which are required for BK Ca activity. However, in females, impaired BK Ca function is, in part, a consequence of reversible nitro-oxidative changes in the BK α subunit, which reduces its open probability and regulation of vascular tone. We further show that BK Ca function is involved in neurovascular coupling in mice, and its dysfunction is linked to neurovascular dysfunction in the model. CONCLUSION These data highlight the central role played by BK Ca in cerebral microvascular and neurovascular regulation, as well as sex-dependent mechanisms underlying its dysfunction in a mouse model of AD.
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Choi JW, Jo SW, Kim DE, Paik IY, Balakrishnan R. Aerobic exercise attenuates LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, glial activation, and neuroinflammation. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103101. [PMID: 38408409 PMCID: PMC10904279 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been considered an important non-medication intervention in preserving mnemonic processes during aging. However, how aerobic exercise promotes such benefits for human health remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced amnesic C57BL/6J mice and BV-2 microglial cell models. In the in vivo experiment, the aerobic exercise training groups were allowed to run on a motorized treadmill 5 days/week for 4 weeks at a speed of 10 rpm/min, with LPS (0.1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally injected once a week for 4 weeks. We found that aerobic exercise ameliorated memory impairment and cognitive deficits among the amnesic mice. Correspondingly, aerobic exercise significantly increased the protein expressions of FNDC5, which activates target neuroprotective markers BDNF and CREB, and antioxidant markers Nrf2/HO-1, leading to inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and reduced the expression of BACE-1 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of amnesic mice. We estimated that aerobic exercise inhibited neuroinflammation in part through the action of FNDC5/irisin on microglial cells. Therefore, we explored the anti-inflammatory effects of irisin on LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. In the in vitro experiment, irisin treatment blocked NF-κB/MAPK/IRF3 signaling activation concomitantly with the significantly lowered levels of the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 elevations and promotes the Nrf2/HO-1 expression in the LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Together, our findings suggest that aerobic exercise can improve the spatial learning ability and cognitive functions of LPS-treated mice by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through its effect on the expression of BDNF/FNDC5/irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Jo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Il-Young Paik
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Rengasamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea.
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4
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Mendoza-Mari Y, Rai V, Radwan MM, Brazdzionis J, Connett DA, Miulli DE, Agrawal DK. Modulation of Inflammatory Response by Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Traumatic Brain Injury in Yucatan Swine. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND RESEARCH 2024; 7:20-40. [PMID: 38389906 PMCID: PMC10883333 DOI: 10.26502/jsr.10020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide and represents a high economic burden for families and national health systems. After mechanical impact to the head, the first stage of the damage comprising edema, physical damage, and cell loss gives rise to a second phase characterized by glial activation, increased oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and exacerbated neuroinflammatory state, among other molecular calamities. Inflammation strongly influences the molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. Therefore, several components of the inflammatory cascade have been targeted in experimental therapies. Application of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) stimulation has been found to be effective in some inflammatory conditions. However, its effect in the neuronal recovery after TBI is not known. In this pilot study, Yucatan miniswine were subjected to TBI using controlled cortical impact approach. EMF stimulation via a helmet was applied immediately or two days after mechanical impact. Three weeks later, inflammatory markers were assessed in the brain tissues of injured and contralateral non-injured areas of control and EMF-treated animals by histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Our results revealed that EMF stimulation induced beneficial effect with the preservation of neuronal tissue morphology as well as the reduction of inflammatory markers at the transcriptional and translational levels. Immediate EMF application showed better resolution of inflammation. Although further studies are warranted, our findings contribute to the notion that EMF stimulation could be an effective therapeutic approach in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yssel Mendoza-Mari
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - James Brazdzionis
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - David A Connett
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Dan E Miulli
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
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Srinivasan S, Kancheva D, De Ren S, Saito T, Jans M, Boone F, Vandendriessche C, Paesmans I, Maurin H, Vandenbroucke RE, Hoste E, Voet S, Scheyltjens I, Pavie B, Lippens S, Schwabenland M, Prinz M, Saido T, Bottelbergs A, Movahedi K, Lamkanfi M, van Loo G. Inflammasome signaling is dispensable for ß-amyloid-induced neuropathology in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323409. [PMID: 38352874 PMCID: PMC10863058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and cognition. The disease is accompanied by an abnormal deposition of ß-amyloid plaques in the brain that contributes to neurodegeneration and is known to induce glial inflammation. Studies in the APP/PS1 mouse model of ß-amyloid-induced neuropathology have suggested a role for inflammasome activation in ß-amyloid-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathology. Methods Here, we evaluated the in vivo role of microglia-selective and full body inflammasome signalling in several mouse models of ß-amyloid-induced AD neuropathology. Results Microglia-specific deletion of the inflammasome regulator A20 and inflammasome effector protease caspase-1 in the AppNL-G-F and APP/PS1 models failed to identify a prominent role for microglial inflammasome signalling in ß-amyloid-induced neuropathology. Moreover, global inflammasome inactivation through respectively full body deletion of caspases 1 and 11 in AppNL-G-F mice and Nlrp3 deletion in APP/PS1 mice also failed to modulate amyloid pathology and disease progression. In agreement, single-cell RNA sequencing did not reveal an important role for Nlrp3 signalling in driving microglial activation and the transition into disease-associated states, both during homeostasis and upon amyloid pathology. Conclusion Collectively, these results question a generalizable role for inflammasome activation in preclinical amyloid-only models of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Srinivasan
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daliya Kancheva
- Brain and Systems Immunology Lab, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Ren
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maude Jans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fleur Boone
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Paesmans
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hervé Maurin
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Voet
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Scheyltjens
- Brain and Systems Immunology Lab, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Pavie
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Bioimaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia Lippens
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Bioimaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Brain and Systems Immunology Lab, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Liu B, Luo W, Huang L, Wei C, Huang X, Liu J, Tao R, Mo Y, Li X. Migration Inhibition Factor Secreted by Peripheral Blood Memory B Cells Binding to CD74-CD44 Receptor Complex Drives Macrophage Behavior in Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2024; 39:15333175241238577. [PMID: 38491918 PMCID: PMC10944588 DOI: 10.1177/15333175241238577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the peripheral immune system is be involved in the neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease (AD) and accelerate the disease progression. The contribution of immune cells, particularly B cells, to AD pathogenesis has gained attention in recent research. In this study, we investigated the role of Peripheral Blood Memory B cells (PBMBs) and their secreted Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) in driving macrophage behavior in AD based on the scRNA-seq technique, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We discovered that MIF binds to the CD74-CD44 receptor complex on macrophages, influencing their behavior. The dysregulated macrophage response hampers the clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, exacerbating AD pathology. Targeting the MIF-CD74-CD44 signal pathway may hold therapeutic potential in modulating macrophage activity and mitigating neuroinflammation in AD. This study provides a further understanding of peripheral immune cells dysregulated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Chunying Wei
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yingmin Mo
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xuebin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Neurology, West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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Zhang S, Meng R, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Emerging Roles of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1189-1204. [PMID: 36740799 PMCID: PMC10964094 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230203103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective interface between the blood and the brain parenchyma. It plays an essential role in maintaining a specialized environment for central nervous system function and homeostasis. The BBB disrupts with age, which contributes to the development of many age-related disorders due to central and peripheral toxic factors or BBB dysfunction. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been explored for their ability to directly and indirectly regulate the integrity of the BBB. This review will focus on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized by microglia to regulate BBB integrity and how this becomes disrupted in aging and age-associated diseases. We will also discuss the rationale for considering microglia as a therapeutic target to prevent or slow down neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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8
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Rice M, Nuovo GJ, Sawant D, Mishra A, Tili E. Comparison of Neuroinflammation Induced by Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein Versus Ab42 in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03822-w. [PMID: 38105410 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Both neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques are associated with inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their relative degree of induced neuroinflammation, however, is not well established. Mouse models of AD that expressed either human Aβ42 (n = 7) or human hyperphosphorylated tau protein alone (n = 3), wild type (n = 10), and human AD samples (n = 29 with 18 controls) were studied. The benefit of using mouse models that possess only human tau or amyloid-b is that it allows for the individual evaluation of how each protein affects neuroinflammation, something not possible in human tissue. Three indicators of neuroinflammation were examined: TLRs/RIG1 expression, the density of astrocytes and microglial cells, and well-established mediators of neuroinflammation (IL6, TNFα, IL1β, and CXCL10). There was a statistically significant increase in neuroinflammation with all three variables in the mouse models with human tau only as compared to human Aβ42 only or wild-type mice (each at p < 0.0001). Only the Aβ42 5xFAD mice (n = 4) showed statistically higher neuroinflammation versus wild type (p = 0.0030). The human AD tissues were segregated into Aβ42 only or hyperphosphorylated tau protein with Aβ42. The latter areas showed increased neuroinflammation with each of the three variables compared to the areas with only Aβ42. Of the TLRs and RIG-1, TLR8 was significantly elevated in both the mouse model and human AD and only in areas with the abnormal tau protein. It is concluded that although Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau protein can each induce inflammation, the latter protein is associated with a much stronger neuroinflammatory response vis-a-vis a significantly greater activated microglial response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Son Y, Yeo IJ, Hong JT, Eo SK, Lee D, Kim K. Side-Chain Immune Oxysterols Induce Neuroinflammation by Activating Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15288. [PMID: 37894967 PMCID: PMC10607006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In individuals with Alzheimer's disease, the brain exhibits elevated levels of IL-1β and oxygenated cholesterol molecules (oxysterols). This study aimed to investigate the effects of side-chain oxysterols on IL-1β expression using HMC3 microglial cells and ApoE-deficient mice. Treatment of HMC3 cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHChol) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) led to increased IL-1β expression at the transcript and protein levels. Additionally, these oxysterols upregulated the surface expression of MHC II, a marker of activated microglia. Immunohistochemistry performed on the mice showed increased microglial expression of IL-1β and MHC II when fed a high-cholesterol diet. However, cholesterol and 24s-hydroxycholesterol did not increase IL-1β transcript levels or MHC II expression. The extent of IL-1β increase induced by 25OHChol and 27OHChol was comparable to that caused by oligomeric β-amyloid, and the IL-1β expression induced by the oxysterols was not impaired by polymyxin B, which inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β expression. Both oxysterols enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and Src, and inhibition of these kinase pathways with pharmacological inhibitors suppressed the expression of IL-1β and MHC II. The pharmacological agents chlorpromazine and cyclosporin A also impaired the oxysterol-induced expression of IL-1β and upregulation of MHC II. Overall, these findings suggest that dysregulated cholesterol metabolism leading to elevated levels of side-chain oxysterols, such as 25OHChol and 27OHChol, can activate microglia to secrete IL-1β through a mechanism amenable to pharmacologic intervention. The activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation elicited by the immune oxysterols can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
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Singh J, Habean ML, Panicker N. Inflammasome assembly in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:814-831. [PMID: 37633753 PMCID: PMC10530301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive dysfunction and death of selectively vulnerable neuronal populations, often associated with the accumulation of aggregated host proteins. Sustained brain inflammation and hyperactivation of inflammasome complexes have been increasingly demonstrated to contribute to neurodegenerative disease progression. Here, we review molecular mechanisms leading to inflammasome assembly in neurodegeneration. We focus primarily on four degenerative brain disorders in which inflammasome hyperactivation has been well documented: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and the spectrum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We discuss shared and divergent principles of inflammasome assembly across these disorders, and underscore the differences between neurodegeneration-associated inflammasome activation pathways and their peripheral-immune counterparts. We examine how aberrant assembly of inflammasome complexes may amplify pathology in neurodegeneration, including misfolded protein aggregation, and highlight prospects for neurotherapeutic interventions based on targeting inflammasome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Singh
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria L Habean
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Biomedical Scientist Training Program (Department of Neurosciences), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Kent State University, Neurosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Kwon H, Lee EH, Park SY, Park JY, Hong JH, Kim EK, Shin TS, Kim YK, Han PL. Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles counteract Aβ42-induced abnormal transcriptional changes through the upregulation of MeCP2 and Sirt1 and improve Aβ pathology in Tg-APP/PS1 mice. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2067-2082. [PMID: 37704750 PMCID: PMC10545704 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that probiotics are beneficial for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms by which specific probiotics modify AD pathophysiology are not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated whether Lactobacillus paracasei-derived extracellular vesicles (Lpc-EV) can directly act on neuronal cells to modify amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced transcriptional changes and Aβ pathology in the brains of Tg-APP/PS1 mice. Lpc-EV treatment in HT22 neuronal cells counteracts Aβ-induced downregulation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), Neurotrophin 3 (Nt3), Nt4/5, and TrkB receptor, and reverses Aβ-induced altered expression of diverse nuclear factors, including the downregulation of Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). Systematic siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments indicate that the upregulation of Bdnf, Nt3, Nt4/5, and TrkB by Lpc-EV is mediated via multiple epigenetic factors whose activation converges on Mecp2 and Sirt1. In addition, Lpc-EV reverses Aβ-induced downregulation of the Aβ-degrading proteases Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp-2), Mmp-9, and Neprilysin (Nep), whose upregulation is also controlled by MeCP2 and Sirt1. Lpc-EV treatment restores the downregulated expression of Bdnf, Nt4/5, TrkB, Mmp-2, Mmp-9, and Nep; induces the upregulation of MeCP2 and Sirt1 in the hippocampus; alleviates Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain; and mitigates cognitive decline in Tg-APP/PS1 mice. These results suggest that Lpc-EV cargo contains a neuroactive component that upregulates the expression of neurotrophic factors and Aβ-degrading proteases (Mmp-2, Mmp-9, and Nep) through the upregulation of MeCP2 and Sirt1, and ameliorates Aβ pathology and cognitive deficits in Tg-APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Hong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- MD Healthcare Inc., Rm 1403 Woori Technology Bldg, World Cup Buk-Ro 56-Gil, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 03923, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seop Shin
- MD Healthcare Inc., Rm 1403 Woori Technology Bldg, World Cup Buk-Ro 56-Gil, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 03923, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- MD Healthcare Inc., Rm 1403 Woori Technology Bldg, World Cup Buk-Ro 56-Gil, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 03923, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Yadav H, Shirumalla RK. Emerging trends in IRAK-4 kinase research. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7825-7837. [PMID: 37490192 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The IRAK-4 kinase lies at a critical signaling node that drives cancer cell survival through multiple mechanisms, activation, and translocation of NF-κB mediated inflammatory responses and innate immune signaling through regulation of interferon-α/β receptor (IFNα/β). Inhibition, of IRAK-4, has consequently drawn a lot of attention in recent years to address indications ranging from oncology to autoimmune disorders to neurodegeneration, etc. However, the key stumbling block in targeting IRAK-4 is that despite the inhibition of the kinase activity using an inhibitor the target remains effective, reducing the potential of an inhibitor. This is due to the "scaffolding effect" because of which although regulation of downstream processes by IRAK-4 has been primarily linked with kinase function; however, still, various reports have suggested that IRAK-4 has a non-kinase function in a variety of cell types. This is attributed to the myddosome complex formed by IRAK-4 with myd88, IRAK-2, and IRAK-1 which by itself can cause the activation of downstream effector TRAF6 despite inhibition of the kinase domain of IRAK-4. With this challenge, several groups initiated the development of targeting protein degraders of IRAK-4 using Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology to completely remove the IRAK-4 from the cellular milieu. In this review, we will capture all these developments and the evolving science around this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Yadav
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | - Raj Kumar Shirumalla
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.
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13
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1243869. [PMID: 37600508 PMCID: PMC10436316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1243869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in the elderly with dementia, memory loss, and severe cognitive impairment that imposes high medical costs on individuals. The causes of AD include increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, age, mitochondrial defects, increased neuroinflammation, decreased synaptic connections, and decreased nerve growth factors (NGF). While in animals moderate-intensity exercise restores hippocampal and amygdala memory through increased levels of p-AKT, p-TrkB, and p-PKC and decreased levels of Aβ, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid precursor proteins (APP) in AD. Aerobic exercise (with an intensity of 50-75% of VO2 max) prevents hippocampal volume reduction, spatial memory reduction, and learning reduction through increasing synaptic flexibility. Exercise training induces the binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to TrkB and the binding of NGF to TrkA to induce cell survival and neuronal plasticity. After aerobic training and high-intensity interval training, the increase of VEGF, angiopoietin 1 and 2, NO, tPA, and HCAR1 in cerebral vessels causes increased blood flow and angiogenesis in the cerebellum, motor cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, exercise training decreases mitochondrial fragmentation, DRP1, and FIS1, improving OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and mitochondrial morphology. In humans, acute exercise as an anti-inflammatory condition causes an acute increase in IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-1RA and IL-10. Moderate-intensity exercise also inhibits inflammatory markers such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, TNF-α, sTNFR1, COX-2, and NF-κB. Aerobic exercise significantly increases plasma levels of BDNF, nerve growth factor, synaptic plasticity, motor activity, spatial memory, and exploratory behavior in AD subjects. Irisin is a myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise and protects the hippocampus by suppressing Aβ accumulation and promoting hippocampal proliferation through STAT3 signaling. Therefore, combined exercise training such as aerobic training, strength training, balance and coordination training, and cognitive and social activities seems to provide important benefits for people with AD.
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14
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Kokhan VS, Nesterov MS, Levashova AI. Combined Gamma-Rays and Carbon-12 Nuclei Irradiation Modulates Brain Chemokine and Cytokine Production and Improves Spatial Learning in Tau P301S, but not 5xFAD Mouse Line. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 511:255-258. [PMID: 37833582 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Earlier we showed the pro-cognitive effect of low doses of combined irradiation (including heavy charged particles) on Wistar rats. In the present work we studied the effect of irradiation (gamma-rays, 0.24 Gy; carbon-12, 0.18 Gy, 400 MeV/nucleon) on the course of neurodegenerative process using Tau P301S and 5xFAD transgenic mice lines, experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Irradiation led to an increase in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, KC) in Tau P301S mice, but not in 5xFAD. At the same time, only the Tau P301S line was found to exhibit radiation-induced improvement in spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Kokhan
- Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M S Nesterov
- Scientific Center of Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, settlement Svetlye Gory, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A I Levashova
- Scientific Center of Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, settlement Svetlye Gory, Moscow Region, Russia
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15
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Ciccone L, Nencetti S, Rossello A, Orlandini E. Pomegranate: A Source of Multifunctional Bioactive Compounds Potentially Beneficial in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1036. [PMID: 37513947 PMCID: PMC10385237 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate fruit (PF) is a fruit rich in nutraceuticals. Nonedible parts of the fruit, especially peels, contain high amounts of bioactive components that have been largely used in traditional medicine, such as the Chinese, Unani, and Ayurvedic ones, for treating several diseases. Polyphenols such as anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans are the major bioactive molecules present in PF. Therefore, PF is considered a source of natural multifunctional agents that exert simultaneously antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective activities. Recently, several studies have reported that the nutraceuticals contained in PF (seed, peel, and juice) have a potential beneficial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research suggests that the neuroprotective effect of PF is mostly due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which contribute to attenuate the neuroinflammation associated with AD. Despite the numerous works conducted on PF, to date the mechanism by which PF acts in combatting AD is not completely known. Here, we summarize all the recent findings (in vitro and in vivo studies) related to the positive effects that PF and its bioactive components can have in the neurodegeneration processes occurring during AD. Moreover, considering the high biotransformation characteristics of the nutraceuticals present in PF, we propose to consider the chemical structure of its active metabolites as a source of inspiration to design new molecules with the same beneficial effects but less prone to be affected by the metabolic degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Kumar P, Mathew S, Gamage R, Bodkin F, Doyle K, Rossetti I, Wagnon I, Zhou X, Raju R, Gyengesi E, Münch G. From the Bush to the Brain: Preclinical Stages of Ethnobotanical Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drug Discovery-An Australian Example. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11086. [PMID: 37446262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian rainforest is a rich source of medicinal plants that have evolved in the face of dramatic environmental challenges over a million years due to its prolonged geographical isolation from other continents. The rainforest consists of an inherent richness of plant secondary metabolites that are the most intense in the rainforest. The search for more potent and more bioavailable compounds from other plant sources is ongoing, and our short review will outline the pathways from the discovery of bioactive plants to the structural identification of active compounds, testing for potency, and then neuroprotection in a triculture system, and finally, the validation in an appropriate neuro-inflammatory mouse model, using some examples from our current research. We will focus on neuroinflammation as a potential treatment target for neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) for these plant-derived, anti-inflammatory molecules and highlight cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) as a better alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaal Kumar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Shintu Mathew
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rashmi Gamage
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Frances Bodkin
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kerrie Doyle
- Indigenous Health Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ingrid Wagnon
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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17
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Karaahmet B, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Inconsistent Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Treatment in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1809. [PMID: 37513996 PMCID: PMC10383120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that involves strong inflammatory components. Aberrant and prolonged inflammation in the CNS is thought to contribute to the development of the pathology. The use of single cytokine approaches to curb or leverage inflammatory mechanisms for disease modifying benefit has often resulted in conflicting data. Furthermore, these treatments were usually delivered locally into the CNS parenchyma, complicating translational efforts. To overcome these hurdles, we tested the use of glatiramer acetate (GA) in reducing amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque pathology in the 5xFAD model of AD. GA immunizations were begun at the ages of 2.5 months, 5.5 months, and 8.5 months, and GA was delivered weekly for 8 weeks. While previous data describe potential benefits of GA immunization in decreasing Aβ levels in murine models of AD, we found modest decreases in Aβ levels if given during the development of pathology but, surprisingly, found increased Aβ levels if GA was administered at later stages. The impact of GA treatment was only significant for female mice. Furthermore, we observed no changes between microglial uptake of plaque, CD11c immunopositivity of microglia, or levels of TMEM119 and P2Ry12 on microglia. Overall, these data warrant exercising caution when aiming to repurpose GA for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Karaahmet
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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18
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Boraschi D, Italiani P, Migliorini P, Bossù P. Cause or consequence? The role of IL-1 family cytokines and receptors in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128190. [PMID: 37223102 PMCID: PMC10200871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and receptors of the IL-1 family are key mediators in innate immune and inflammatory reactions in physiological defensive conditions, but are also significantly involved in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Here, we will address the role of cytokines of the IL-1 superfamily and their receptors in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Notably, several members of the IL-1 family are present in the brain as tissue-specific splice variants. Attention will be devoted to understanding whether these molecules are involved in the disease onset or are effectors of the downstream degenerative events. We will focus on the balance between the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and inhibitory cytokines and receptors, in view of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Bossù
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-psychobiology, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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19
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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20
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Huat TJ, Onraet T, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Ngo KC, Sue AN, Mirzaei M, LaFerla FM, Medeiros R. Deletion of MyD88 in astrocytes prevents β-amyloid-induced neuropathology in mice. Glia 2023; 71:431-449. [PMID: 36271704 PMCID: PMC9970273 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As the understanding of immune responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is in its early phases, there remains an urgency to identify the cellular and molecular processes driving chronic inflammation. In AD, a subpopulation of astrocytes acquires a neurotoxic phenotype which prompts them to lose typical physiological features. While the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown, evidence suggests that myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) adaptor protein may play a role in coordinating these cells' immune responses in AD. Herein, we combined studies in human postmortem samples with a conditional genetic knockout mouse model to investigate the link between MyD88 and astrocytes in AD. In silico analyses of bulk and cell-specific transcriptomic data from human postmortem brains demonstrated an upregulation of MyD88 expression in astrocytes in AD versus non-AD individuals. Proteomic studies revealed an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein in multiple brain regions of AD subjects. These studies also showed that although overall MyD88 steady-state levels were unaffected by AD, this protein was enriched in astrocytes near amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Functional studies in mice indicated that the deletion of astrocytic MyD88 protected animals from the acute synaptic toxicity and cognitive impairment caused by the intracerebroventricular administration of β-amyloid (Aβ). Lastly, unbiased proteomic analysis revealed that loss of astrocytic MyD88 resulted in altered astrocyte reactivity, lower levels of immune-related proteins, and higher expression of synaptic-related proteins in response to Aβ. Our studies provide evidence of the pivotal role played by MyD88 in the regulation of astrocytes response to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tessa Onraet
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Estella A. Newcombe
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim C. Ngo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ashley N. Sue
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Rodrigo Medeiros, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697-4545.
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21
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Zhao J, Wang X, He Y, Xu P, Lai L, Chung Y, Pan X. The Role of T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Immunol 2023; 43:15-23. [PMID: 37943150 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory decline and cognitive impairment, which is related to hallmark protein aggregates, amyloid-β (Аβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; the latter are accumulated with hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Immune cells play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Although the role of T cells in AD remains controversial, studies have shown that T cell deficiency is associated with increased AD pathology. In contrast, transplantation of T cells reduces AD pathology. T cells can help B cells generate anti-Аβ antibody to neutralize the toxin of Аβ and hyperphosphorylated Tau. T cells also activate macrophages to phagocytose misfolded proteins including Аβ and Tau. Recent data have also shown that AD animals have a damaged thymic microenvironment, especially thymic epithelial cells (TECs), resulting in decreased T cell numbers, which contribute to AD pathology. Therefore, regulation of T cell regeneration, for example by rejuvenating the thymic microenvironment, has the potential to be used in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; ImStem Biotechnology, Inc., 400 Farmington Avenue R1808, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yusheng He
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Younggie Chung
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; ImStem Biotechnology, Inc., 400 Farmington Avenue R1808, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
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22
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Dhage PA, Sharbidre AA, Magdum SM. Interlacing the relevance of caspase activation in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:83-92. [PMID: 36372374 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases is a renowned regulator of apoptosis. Members of this family are responsible for the proteolytic dismantling of numerous cellular structures. Apart from apoptosis, caspases remarkably contribute to a diverse range of molecular processes. Being the imperative members of several cellular cascades their abnormal activation/deactivation has severe implications and also leads to various diseased conditions. Similar aberrant activation of caspases is one of the several causes of neuropathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a form of dementia severely affecting neuropsychiatric and cognitive functions. Emerging studies are providing deeper insights into the mechanisms of caspase action in the progression of AD. Current article is an attempt to review these studies and present the action mechanisms of different mammalian caspases in the advancement of AD associated neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Dhage
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
| | - Archana A Sharbidre
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.
| | - Sujata M Magdum
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
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23
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Giunti E, Collu R, Daley S, Querfurth H, Morin P, Killick R, Melamed RD, Xia W. Reduction of Phosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer's Disease Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuro-Spheroids by Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase Inhibitor Fasudil. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1695-1709. [PMID: 38007655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most predominant form of dementia. Rho-associated coiled coil kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil, is one of the candidate drugs against the AD progression. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate possible changes of AD associated markers in three-dimensional neuro-spheroids (3D neuro-spheroids) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from AD patients or healthy control subjects (HC) and to determine the impact of pharmacological intervention with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil. METHODS We treated 3D neuro-spheroids with fasudil and tested the possible effect on AD markers by ELISA, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis revealed a reduction in the expression of AKT serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1) in AD neuro-spheroids, compared to HC. This decrease was reverted in the presence of fasudil. Proteomic analysis showed up- and down-regulation of proteins related to AKT pathway in fasudil-treated neuro-spheroids. We found an evident increase of phosphorylated tau at four different residues (pTau181, 202, 231, and 396) in AD compared to HC-derived neuro-spheroids. This was accompanied by a decrease of secreted clusterin (clu) and an increase of intracellular clu levels in AD patient-derived neuro-spheroids. Increases of phosphorylated tau in AD patient-derived neuro-spheroids were suppressed in the presence of fasudil. CONCLUSIONS Fasudil modulates clu protein levels and enhances AKT1 that results in the suppression of AD associated tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giunti
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Collu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Daley
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Morin
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Killick
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel D Melamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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24
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Bi F, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Liu W. Ligustroflavone exerts neuroprotective activity through suppression of NLRP1 inflammasome in ischaemic stroke mice. Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:8. [PMID: 36561613 PMCID: PMC9748641 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke, which is a main cause of disability and morbidity worldwide. Inhibition of the NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome has been reported to alleviate the inflammatory response in cell and animal models. Ligustroflavone (LIG) is a compound derived from Ligustrum lucidum, which shows anti-inflammatory activity and may play a beneficial role in a number of neurological diseases. To date, the potential for LIG to act through NLRP1 as a treatment for ischemic stroke has not been studied. The present study established an ischaemic stroke model by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Modified neurological severity scoring, open-field and the Rotarod test were used to assess neurological deficits. Staining with Hoechst 33258 and western blotting were used to evaluate neuronal damage. Expression levels of NLRP1 inflammasome complexes and inflammatory cytokines were determined using western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Treatment with LIG minimized the impairment of neurological function and blocked neuronal damage in MCAO mice. In addition, treatment with LIG attenuated the upregulation of expression levels of the NLRP1 inflammasome complexes and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-18, IL-6 and IL-1β. Overall, LIG played an important role in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity in MCAO models of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bi
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710125, P.R. China
| | - Ya Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Translational Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anaesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Wenbo Liu, Translational Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anaesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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25
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Ablinger I, Dressel K, Rott T, Lauer AA, Tiemann M, Batista JP, Taddey T, Grimm HS, Grimm MOW. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Deal with Alzheimer's Disease-From Bench to Bedside: What Feasible Options Do Already Exist Today? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2922. [PMID: 36428494 PMCID: PMC9687885 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the western population. The incidence of this disease increases with age. Rising life expectancy and the resulting increase in the ratio of elderly in the population are likely to exacerbate socioeconomic problems. Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial disease. In addition to amyloidogenic processing leading to plaques, and tau pathology, but also other molecular causes such as oxidative stress or inflammation play a crucial role. We summarize the molecular mechanisms leading to Alzheimer's disease and which potential interventions are known to interfere with these mechanisms, focusing on nutritional approaches and physical activity but also the beneficial effects of cognition-oriented treatments with a focus on language and communication. Interestingly, recent findings also suggest a causal link between oral conditions, such as periodontitis or edentulism, and Alzheimer's disease, raising the question of whether dental intervention in Alzheimer's patients can be beneficial as well. Unfortunately, all previous single-domain interventions have been shown to have limited benefit to patients. However, the latest studies indicate that combining these efforts into multidomain approaches may have increased preventive or therapeutic potential. Therefore, as another emphasis in this review, we provide an overview of current literature dealing with studies combining the above-mentioned approaches and discuss potential advantages compared to monotherapies. Considering current literature and intervention options, we also propose a multidomain interdisciplinary approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients that synergistically links the individual approaches. In conclusion, this review highlights the need to combine different approaches in an interdisciplinary manner, to address the future challenges of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ablinger
- Speech and Language Therapy, Campus Bonn, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Dressel
- Speech and Language Therapy, Campus Düsseldorf, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thea Rott
- Interdisciplinary Periodontology and Prevention, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Tiemann
- Sport Science, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - João Pedro Batista
- Sport Science and Physiotherapy, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Tim Taddey
- Physiotherapy, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
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26
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Singh D. Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:206. [PMID: 35978311 PMCID: PMC9382837 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is instigated by the misfiring of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) involving microglia and astrocytes as key cell-types. Neuroinflammation is a consequence of CNS injury, infection, toxicity, or autoimmunity. It is favorable as well as a detrimental process for neurodevelopment and associated processes. Transient activation of inflammatory response involving release of cytokines and growth factors positively affects the development and post-injury tissue. However, chronic or uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. These diseases have variable clinical and pathological features, but are underlaid by the aggregation of misfolded proteins with a cytotoxic effect. Notably, abnormal activation of glial cells could mediate neuroinflammation, leading to the neurodegenerative condition. Microglia, a type of glial cell, a resident immune cell, form the forefront defense of the CNS immune system. Dysfunctional microglia and astrocyte, a different kind of glial cell with homeostatic function, impairs the protein aggregate (amyloid-beta plaque) clearance in AD. Studies have shown that microglia and astrocytes undergo alterations in their genetic profile, cellular and molecular responses, and thus promote dysfunctional immune cross-talk in AD. Hence, targeting microglia and astrocytes-driven molecular pathways could resolve the particular layers of neuroinflammation and set a reliable therapeutic intervention in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Singh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India.
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27
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Galgani A, Vergallo A, Campese N, Lombardo F, Pavese N, Petrozzi L, LoGerfo A, Franzini M, Cecchetti D, Puglisi-Allegra S, Busceti CL, Siciliano G, Tognoni G, Baldacci F, Lista S, Hampel H, Fornai F, Giorgi FS. Biological determinants of blood-based cytokines in the Alzheimer's Disease clinical continuum. J Neurochem 2022; 163:40-52. [PMID: 35950445 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Converging translational and clinical research strongly indicates that altered immune and inflammatory homeostasis (neuroinflammation) plays a critical pathophysiological role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), across the clinical continuum. A dualistic role of neuroinflammation may account for a complex biological phenomenon, representing a potential pharmacological target. Emerging blood-based pathophysiological biomarkers, such as cytokines (Cyt) and interleukins (ILs) have been studied as indicators of neuroinflammation in AD. However, inconsistent results have been reported, probably due to lack of standardization of assays with methodological and analytical differences. We used machine-learning and a cross-validation-based statical workflow to explore and analyze the potential impact of key biological factors, such as age, sex, apolipoproteinE (APOE) genotype (the major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD) on Cyt. A set of Cyt was selected based on previous literature, and we investigated any potential association in a pooled cohort of cognitively healthy, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD-like dementia patients. We also performed explorative analyses to extrapolate preliminary clinical insights. We found a robust sex effect on IL12 and an APOE-related difference in IL10, with the latter being also related to the presence of advanced cognitive decline. IL1β was the variable most significantly associated with MCI-to-dementia conversion over a 2.5 year-clinical follow-up. Albeit preliminary, our data support further clinical research to understand whether plasma Cyt may represent reliable and non-invasive tools serving the investigation of neuroimmune and inflammatory dynamics in AD and to foster biomarker-guided pathway-based therapeutic approaches, within the precision medicine development framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galgani
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - N Campese
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Lombardo
- U.O.C. "Risonanza Magnetica Specialistica e Neuroradiologia", Fondazione "G. Monasterio"- National Research Council/Tuscany Region, Pisa, Italy
| | - N Pavese
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of clinical Medicine, PET Centre, Aarhus University
| | - L Petrozzi
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A LoGerfo
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Cecchetti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - G Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Tognoni
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Baldacci
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Lista
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - H Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - F Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - F S Giorgi
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Ibanez KR, McFarland KN, Phillips J, Allen M, Lessard CB, Zobel L, De La Cruz EG, Shah S, Vo Q, Wang X, Quicksall Z, Ryu D, Funk C, Ertekin-Taner N, Prokop S, Golde TE, Chakrabarty P. Deletion of Abi3/Gngt2 influences age-progressive amyloid β and tau pathologies in distinctive ways. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:104. [PMID: 35897046 PMCID: PMC9327202 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The S209F variant of Abelson Interactor Protein 3 (ABI3) increases risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but little is known about its function in relation to AD pathogenesis. METHODS Here, we use a mouse model that is deficient in Abi3 locus to study how the loss of function of Abi3 impacts two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD-amyloid β plaques and tau pathology. Our study employs extensive neuropathological and transcriptomic characterization using transgenic mouse models and adeno-associated virus-mediated gene targeting strategies. RESULTS Analysis of bulk RNAseq data confirmed age-progressive increase in Abi3 levels in rodent models of AD-type amyloidosis and upregulation in AD patients relative to healthy controls. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization, we localized the cellular distribution of Abi3 in mouse and human brains, finding that Abi3 is expressed in both microglial and non-microglial cells. Next, we evaluated Abi3-/- mice and document that both Abi3 and its overlapping gene, Gngt2, are disrupted in these mice. Using multiple transcriptomic datasets, we show that expression of Abi3 and Gngt2 are tightly correlated in rodent models of AD and human brains, suggesting a tight co-expression relationship. RNAseq of the Abi3-Gngt2-/- mice revealed upregulation of Trem2, Plcg2, and Tyrobp, concomitant with induction of an AD-associated neurodegenerative signature, even in the absence of AD-typical neuropathology. In APP mice, loss of Abi3-Gngt2 resulted in a gene dose- and age-dependent reduction in Aβ deposition. Additionally, in Abi3-Gngt2-/- mice, expression of a pro-aggregant form of human tau exacerbated tauopathy and astrocytosis. Further, using in vitro culture assays, we show that the AD-associated S209F mutation alters the extent of ABI3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These data provide an important experimental framework for understanding the role of Abi3-Gngt2 function and early inflammatory gliosis in AD. Our studies also demonstrate that inflammatory gliosis could have opposing effects on amyloid and tau pathology, highlighting the unpredictability of targeting immune pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Ibanez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jennifer Phillips
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Christian B Lessard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lillian Zobel
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Elsa Gonzalez De La Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shivani Shah
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Quan Vo
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zachary Quicksall
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Daniel Ryu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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29
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Weber GE, Khrestian M, Tuason ED, Shao Y, Pillai J, Rao S, Feng H, Zhou Y, Cheng F, DeSilva TM, Stauffer S, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Peripheral sTREM2-Related Inflammatory Activity Alterations in Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2283-2299. [PMID: 35523454 PMCID: PMC9117433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been linked to multiple immune system-related genetic variants. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) genetic variants are risk factors for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) isoform is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid in the early stages of AD and is associated with slower cognitive decline in a disease stage-dependent manner. Multiple studies have reported an altered peripheral immune response in AD. However, less is known about the relationship between peripheral sTREM2 and an altered peripheral immune response in AD. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between human plasma sTREM2 and inflammatory activity in AD. The hypothesis of this exploratory study was that sTREM2-related inflammatory activity differs by AD stage. We observed different patterns of inflammatory activity across AD stages that implicate early-stage alterations in peripheral sTREM2-related inflammatory activity in AD. Notably, fractalkine showed a significant relationship with sTREM2 across different analyses in the control groups that was lost in later AD-related stages with high levels in mild cognitive impairment. Although multiple other inflammatory factors either differed significantly between groups or were significantly correlated with sTREM2 within specific groups, three inflammatory factors (fibroblast growth factor-2, GM-CSF, and IL-1β) are notable because they exhibited both lower levels in AD, compared with mild cognitive impairment, and a change in the relationship with sTREM2. This evidence provides important support to the hypothesis that sTREM2-related inflammatory activity alterations are AD stage specific and provides critical information for therapeutic strategies focused on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Weber
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jagan Pillai
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stephen Rao
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tara M DeSilva
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Shaun Stauffer
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH;
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30
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Revuelta M, Urrutia J, Villarroel A, Casis O. Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Therapeutic Role of K V1.3 Channel Blockade. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:868842. [PMID: 35530176 PMCID: PMC9070300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.868842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase of deposits of amyloid β peptides in the extracellular matrix is landmark during Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) due to the imbalance in the production vs. clearance. This accumulation of amyloid β deposits triggers microglial activation. Microglia plays a dual role in AD, a protective role by clearing the deposits of amyloid β peptides increasing the phagocytic response (CD163, IGF-1 or BDNF) and a cytotoxic role, releasing free radicals (ROS or NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in response to reactive gliosis activated by the amyloid β aggregates. Microglia activation correlated with an increase KV1.3 channels expression, protein levels and current density. Several studies highlight the importance of KV1.3 in the activation of inflammatory response and inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the pathways of this activation in neural stem cells differentiation and proliferation and the role in amyloid β accumulation. In recent studies using in vitro cells derived from mice models, it has been demonstrated that KV1.3 blockers inhibit microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in culture reducing the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α through the NF-kB and p38MAPK pathway. Overall, we conclude that KV1.3 blockers change the course of AD development, reducing microglial cytotoxic activation and increasing neural stem cell differentiation. However, further investigations are needed to establish the specific pathway and to validate the use of this blocker as therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Janire Urrutia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alvaro Villarroel
- Instituto Biofisika, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Oscar Casis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Oyeleke MB, Owoyele BV. Saponins and flavonoids from Bacopa floribunda plant extract exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on amyloid beta 1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease in BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114997. [PMID: 35033624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bacopa floribunda (BF), a locally available plant has been employed traditionally as memory enhancer in Southwestern, Nigeria. It has been utilized in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine as brain tonic for enhancing memory, anti-aging and forestalling series of psychological disorders. However, there is a dearth of scientific information on the mechanism(s) of action of important phytochemicals from BF extract on dementia. AIM OF THE STUDY Alzheimer's disease, the commonest form of dementia has been postulated to triple by 2050 as a result of increase in life expectancy. This study therefore assessed and compared the possible mechanism(s) of action of flavonoids and saponins from BF on Amyloid beta (Aβ1-42)-induced dementia in male BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty (80) healthy BALB/c mice divided into 10 groups (n = 8) were given a single bilateral ICV injection of Aβ1-42 or normal saline. Graded doses of Saponins and flavonoids (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were used as treatment for 21 days. Hippocampal homogenates were assayed for the levels of antioxidants, oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers. In vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids and saponins were equally assessed using standard procedures. The extent of microglial activation was quantified through immunohistochemistry procedure. RESULTS Aβ1-42 successfully caused a spike in hippocampal levels of MDA, IL1β, TNF-α including MPO levels and invariably decreased antioxidant activities. Likewise an increase in reactive microglia (microgliosis) was observed. However, crude saponins and flavonoids from BF were able to suppress microgliosis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ1- 42 and were observed to be more effective at higher doses of saponins (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and flavonoid (100 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Phytochemicals from BF efficiently exhibited dose dependent alleviation of some symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosunmola Busayo Oyeleke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B, 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B, 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B, 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Green Tea Seed Isolated Saponin Due to the Amelioration of Tauopathy and Alleviation of Neuroinflammation: A Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072079. [PMID: 35408478 PMCID: PMC9000224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathy is one of the major causes of neurodegenerative disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins by various kinases leads to the formation of PHF and NFT and eventually results in tauopathy and AD; similarly, neuroinflammation also exaggerates and accelerates neuropathy and neurodegeneration. Natural products with anti-tauopathy and anti-neuroinflammatory effects are highly recommended as safe and feasible ways of preventing and /or treating neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present study, we isolated theasaponin E1 from ethanol extract of green tea seed and evaluated its therapeutic inhibitory effects on tau hyper-phosphorylation and neuroinflammation in neuroblastoma (SHY-5Y) and glioblastoma (HTB2) cells, respectively, to elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effects. The expression of tau-generating and phosphorylation-promoting genes under the effects of theasaponin E1 were determined and assessed by RT- PCR, ELISA, and western blotting. It was found that theasaponin E1 reduced hyperphosphorylation of tau and Aβ concentrations significantly, and dose-dependently, by suppressing the expression of GSK3 β, CDK5, CAMII, MAPK, EPOE4(E4), and PICALM, and enhanced the expression of PP1, PP2A, and TREM2. According to the ELISA and western blotting results, the levels of APP, Aβ, and p-tau were reduced by treatment with theasaponin E1. Moreover, theasaponin E1 reduced inflammation by suppressing the Nf-kB pathway and dose-dependently reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha etc.
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Pilat D, Paumier JM, García-González L, Louis L, Stephan D, Manrique C, Khrestchatisky M, Di Pasquale E, Baranger K, Rivera S. MT5-MMP promotes neuroinflammation, neuronal excitability and Aβ production in primary neuron/astrocyte cultures from the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:65. [PMID: 35277173 PMCID: PMC8915472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 5 (MT5-MMP) deficiency in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) reduces brain neuroinflammation and amyloidosis, and prevents deficits in synaptic activity and cognition in prodromal stages of the disease. In addition, MT5-MMP deficiency prevents interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-mediated inflammation in the peripheral nervous system. In this context, we hypothesized that the MT5-MMP/IL-1β tandem could regulate nascent AD pathogenic events in developing neural cells shortly after the onset of transgene activation.
Methods
To test this hypothesis, we used 11–14 day in vitro primary cortical cultures from wild type, MT5-MMP−/−, 5xFAD and 5xFAD/MT5-MMP−/− mice, and evaluated the impact of MT5-MMP deficiency and IL-1β treatment for 24 h, by performing whole cell patch-clamp recordings, RT-qPCR, western blot, gel zymography, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transduction.
Results
5xFAD cells showed higher levels of MT5-MMP than wild type, concomitant with higher basal levels of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, MT5-MMP-deficient cultures had strong decrease of the inflammatory response to IL-1β, as well as decreased stability of recombinant IL-1β. The levels of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) were similar in 5xFAD and wild-type cultures, and IL-1β treatment did not affect Aβ levels. Instead, the absence of MT5-MMP significantly reduced Aβ by more than 40% while sparing APP metabolism, suggesting altogether no functional crosstalk between IL-1β and APP/Aβ, as well as independent control of their levels by MT5-MMP. The lack of MT5-MMP strongly downregulated the AAV-induced neuronal accumulation of the C-terminal APP fragment, C99, and subsequently that of Aβ. Finally, MT5-MMP deficiency prevented basal hyperexcitability observed in 5xFAD neurons, but not hyperexcitability induced by IL-1β treatment.
Conclusions
Neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability precede Aβ accumulation in developing neural cells with nascent expression of AD transgenes. MT5-MMP deletion is able to tune down basal neuronal inflammation and hyperexcitability, as well as APP/Aβ metabolism. In addition, MT5-MMP deficiency prevents IL-1β-mediated effects in brain cells, except hyperexcitability. Overall, this work reinforces the idea that MT5-MMP is at the crossroads of pathogenic AD pathways that are already incipiently activated in developing neural cells, and that targeting MT5-MMP opens interesting therapeutic prospects.
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Owlett LD, Karaahmet B, Le L, Belcher EK, Dionisio-Santos D, Olschowka JA, Elliott MR, O'Banion MK. Gas6 induces inflammation and reduces plaque burden but worsens behavior in a sex-dependent manner in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:38. [PMID: 35130912 PMCID: PMC8822838 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) are known for their role in engagement of phagocytosis and modulation of inflammation, and recent evidence suggests a complex relationship between Axl, Mer, and microglial phagocytosis of amyloid plaques in AD. Gas6, the primary CNS TAM ligand, reduces neuroinflammation and improves outcomes in murine models of CNS disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that AAV-mediated overexpression of Gas6 would alleviate plaque pathology, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve behavior in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Adeno-associated viral vectors were used to overexpress Gas6 in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. Nine-month-old male and female APP/PS1 and nontransgenic littermates received bilateral stereotactic hippocampal injections of AAV-Gas6 or AAV-control, which expresses a non-functional Gas6 protein. One month after injections, mice underwent a battery of behavioral tasks to assess cognitive function and brains were processed for immunohistochemical and transcriptional analyses. RESULTS Gas6 overexpression reduced plaque burden in male APP/PS1 mice. However, contrary to our hypothesis, Gas6 increased pro-inflammatory microglial gene expression and worsened contextual fear conditioning compared to control-treated mice. Gas6 overexpression appeared to have no effect on phagocytic mechanisms in vitro or in vivo as measured by CD68 immunohistochemistry, microglial methoxy-04 uptake, and primary microglial uptake of fluorescent fibrillar amyloid beta. CONCLUSION Our data describes a triad of worsened behavior, reduced plaque number, and an increase in proinflammatory signaling in a sex-specific manner. While Gas6 has historically induced anti-inflammatory signatures in the peripheral nervous system, our data suggest an alternative, proinflammatory role in the context of Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Owlett
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Berke Karaahmet
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linh Le
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dawling Dionisio-Santos
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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The Therapeutic Prospects of Targeting IL-1R1 for the Modulation of Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031731. [PMID: 35163653 PMCID: PMC8915186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) holds pivotal roles in the immune system, as it is positioned at the “epicenter” of the inflammatory signaling networks. Increased levels of the cytokine IL-1 are a recognized feature of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) during injury and disease, i.e., neuroinflammation. Despite IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling within the CNS having been the subject of several studies, the roles of IL-1R1 in the CNS cellular milieu still cause controversy. Without much doubt, however, the persistent activation of the IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling pathway is intimately linked with the pathogenesis of a plethora of CNS disease states, ranging from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), all the way to schizophrenia and prion diseases. Importantly, a growing body of evidence is showing that blocking IL-1R1 signaling via pharmacological or genetic means in different experimental models of said CNS diseases leads to reduced neuroinflammation and delayed disease progression. The aim of this paper is to review the recent progress in the study of the biological roles of IL-1R1, as well as to highlight key aspects that render IL-1R1 a promising target for the development of novel disease-modifying treatments for multiple CNS indications.
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Cytokines in the Brain and Neuroinflammation: We Didn’t Starve the Fire! Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020140. [PMID: 35215252 PMCID: PMC8878213 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the brain-protecting tissues of the skull, meninges, and blood-brain barrier, some forms of injury to or infection of the CNS can give rise to cerebral cytokine production and action and result in drastic changes in brain function and behavior. Interestingly, peripheral infection-induced systemic inflammation can also be accompanied by increased cerebral cytokine production. Furthermore, it has been recently proposed that some forms of psychological stress may have similar CNS effects. Different conditions of cerebral cytokine production and action will be reviewed here against the background of neuroinflammation. Within this context, it is important to both deepen our understanding along already taken paths as well as to explore new ways in which neural functioning can be modified by cytokines. This, in turn, should enable us to put forward different modes of cerebral cytokine production and action in relation to distinct forms of neuroinflammation.
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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McFarland KN, Chakrabarty P. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: a Key Player in the Transition Between Homeostasis and Pathogenesis. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:186-208. [PMID: 35286658 PMCID: PMC9130399 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation accompanies the development of proteinopathy in the brains of Alzheimer's dementia patients. Evolving from the long-held viewpoint that immune activation triggers the pathological trajectory in Alzheimer's disease, there is accumulating evidence now that microglial activation is neither pro-amyloidogenic nor just a simple reactive process to the proteinopathy. Preclinical studies highlight an interesting aspect of immunity, i.e., spurring immune system activity may be beneficial under certain circumstances. Indeed, a dynamic evolving relationship between different activation states of the immune system and its neuronal neighbors is thought to regulate overall brain organ health in both healthy aging and progression of Alzheimer's dementia. A new premise evolving from genome, transcriptome, and proteome data is that there might be at least two major phases of immune activation that accompany the pathological trajectory in Alzheimer's disease. Though activation on a chronic scale will certainly lead to neurodegeneration, this emerging knowledge of a potential beneficial aspect of immune activation allows us to form holistic insights into when, where, and how much immune system activity would need to be tuned to impact the Alzheimer's neurodegenerative cascade. Even with the trove of recently emerging -omics data from patients and preclinical models, how microglial phenotypes are functionally related to the transition of a healthy aging brain towards progressive degenerative state remains unknown. A deeper understanding of the synergism between microglial functional states and brain organ health could help us discover newer interventions and therapies that enable us to address the current paucity of disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Urdinguio RG, Tejedor JR, Fernández-Sanjurjo M, Pérez RF, Peñarroya A, Ferrero C, Codina-Martínez H, Díez-Planelles C, Pinto-Hernández P, Castilla-Silgado J, Coto-Vilcapoma A, Díez-Robles S, Blanco-Agudín N, Tomás-Zapico C, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E, Fernández-García B, Fernandez AF, Fraga MF. Physical exercise shapes the mouse brain epigenome. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101398. [PMID: 34801767 PMCID: PMC8661702 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic changes induced by long term resistance or endurance training in the hippocampus of wild-type mice. METHODS We performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mice hippocampus after 4 weeks of specific training. In addition, we used a novel object recognition test before and after the intervention to determine whether the exercise led to an improvement in cognitive function. RESULTS Although the majority of DNA methylation changes identified in this study were training-model specific, most were associated with hypomethylation and were enriched in similar histone marks, chromatin states, and transcription factor biding sites. It is worth highlighting the significant association found between the loss of DNA methylation in Tet1 binding sites and gene expression changes, indicating the importance of these epigenomic changes in transcriptional regulation. However, endurance and resistance training activate different gene pathways, those being associated with neuroplasticity in the case of endurance exercise, and interferon response pathways in the case of resistance exercise, which also appears to be associated with improved learning and memory functions. CONCLUSIONS Our results help both understand the molecular mechanisms by which different exercise models exert beneficial effects for brain health and provide new potential therapeutic targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío G Urdinguio
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Ramon Tejedor
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Raúl F Pérez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alfonso Peñarroya
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ferrero
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Helena Codina-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain; Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Carlos Díez-Planelles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Paola Pinto-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Juan Castilla-Silgado
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Almudena Coto-Vilcapoma
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Sergio Díez-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Noelia Blanco-Agudín
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Cristina Tomás-Zapico
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain.
| | - Benjamín Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain; Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Agustin F Fernandez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (B.O.S), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Abstract
Background: Microglia plays an indispensable role in the pathological process of sleep deprivation (SD). Here, the potential role of microglial CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in modulating the cognition decline during SD was evaluated in terms of microglial neuroinflammation and synaptic pruning. In this study, we aimed to investigat whether the interference in the microglial function by the CX3CR1 knockout affects the CNS's response to SD. Methods: Middle-aged wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and CX3CR1−/− mice were either subjected to SD or allowed normal sleep (S) for 8 h to mimic the pathophysiological changes of middle-aged people after staying up all night. After which, behavioral and histological tests were used to explore their different changes. Results: CX3CR1 deficiency prevented SD-induced cognitive impairments, unlike WT groups. Compared with the CX3CR1−/− S group, the CX3CR1−/− SD mice reported a markedly decreased microglia and cellular oncogene fos density in the dentate gyrus (DG), decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased microglial phagocytosis-related factors, whereas increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and a significant increase in the density of spines of the DG were also noted. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CX3CR1 deficiency leads to different cerebral behaviors and responses to SD. The inflammation-attenuating activity and the related modification of synaptic pruning are possible mechanism candidates, which indicate CX3CR1 as a candidate therapeutic target for the prevention of the sleep loss-induced cognitive impairments.
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Lloyd GM, Dhillon JKS, Gorion KMM, Riffe C, Fromholt SE, Xia Y, Giasson BI, Borchelt DR. Collusion of α-Synuclein and Aβ aggravating co-morbidities in a novel prion-type mouse model. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:63. [PMID: 34503546 PMCID: PMC8427941 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misfolding of host-encoded proteins into pathological prion conformations is a defining characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Lewy body dementia. A current area of intense study is the way in which the pathological deposition of these proteins might influence each other, as various combinations of co-pathology between prion-capable proteins are associated with exacerbation of disease. A spectrum of pathological, genetic and biochemical evidence provides credence to the notion that amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation can induce and promote α-synuclein pathology, driving neurodegeneration. METHODS To assess the interplay between α-synuclein and Aβ on protein aggregation kinetics, we crossed mice expressing human α-synuclein (M20) with APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice (L85) to generate M20/L85 mice. We then injected α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) unilaterally into the hippocampus of 6-month-old mice, harvesting 2 or 4 months later. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of M20/L85 mice revealed that pre-existing Aβ plaques exacerbate the spread and deposition of induced α-synuclein pathology. This process was associated with increased neuroinflammation. Unexpectedly, the injection of α-synuclein PFFs in L85 mice enhanced the deposition of Aβ; whereas the level of Aβ deposition in M20/L85 bigenic mice, injected with α-synuclein PFFs, did not differ from that of mice injected with PBS. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal novel and unexpected interplays between α-synuclein pathology, Aβ and neuroinflammation in mice that recapitulate the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Jess-Karan S Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie M Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Susan E Fromholt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J499, J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J499, J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Jeandet P, Behl T, Alexiou A, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:126-146. [PMID: 34525932 PMCID: PMC9199559 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid plaques. Growing evidence has suggested that AD pathogenesis is not only limited to the neuronal compartment but also strongly interacts with immunological processes in the brain. On the other hand, aggregated and misfolded proteins can bind with pattern recognition receptors located on astroglia and microglia and can, in turn, induce an innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators, ultimately playing a role in both the severity and the progression of the disease. It has been reported by genome-wide analysis that several genes which elevate the risk for sporadic AD encode for factors controlling the inflammatory response and glial clearance of misfolded proteins. Obesity and systemic inflammation are examples of external factors which may interfere with the immunological mechanisms of the brain and can induce disease progression. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and essential role of inflammatory signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, interfering with immune processes and modulation of risk factors may lead to future therapeutic or preventive AD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | | | - Maroua Jalouli
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 2770 Hebersham. Australia
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522. Egypt
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur. India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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Choi JH, Lee EB, Jang HH, Cha YS, Park YS, Lee SH. Allium hookeri Extracts Improve Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Activation of the Cholinergic System and Anti-Neuroinflammation in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2890. [PMID: 34445062 PMCID: PMC8400157 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium hookeri (AH) is a medicinal food that has been used in Southeast Asia for various physiological activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the activation of the cholinergic system and the anti-neuroinflammation effects of AH on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) impaired the performance of the mice on the Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, and water maze test. However, the number of error actions was reduced in the AH groups supplemented with leaf and root extracts from AH. AH treatment improved working memory and avoidance times against electronic shock, increased step-through latency, and reduced the time to reach the escape zone in the water maze test. AH significantly improved the cholinergic system by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity, and increasing acetylcholine concentration. The serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ) increased by scopolamine treatment were regulated by the administration of AH extracts. Overexpression of NF-κB signaling and cytokines in liver tissue due to scopolamine were controlled by administration of AH extracts. AH also significantly decreased Aβ and caspase-3 expression but increased NeuN and ChAT. The results suggest that AH extracts improve cognitive effects, and the root extracts are more effective in relieving the scopolamine-induced memory impairment. They have neuroprotective effects and reduce the development of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Eun-Byeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Hwan-Hee Jang
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
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Mondal A, Saha P, Bose D, Chatterjee S, Seth RK, Xiao S, Porter DE, Brooks BW, Scott GI, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chatterjee S. Environmental Microcystin exposure in underlying NAFLD-induced exacerbation of neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and neurodegeneration are NLRP3 and S100B dependent. Toxicology 2021; 461:152901. [PMID: 34416350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been shown to be associated with extrahepatic comorbidities including neuronal inflammation and Alzheimer's-like pathology. Environmental and genetic factors also act as a second hit to modulate severity and are expected to enhance the NAFLD-linked neuropathology. We hypothezied that environmental microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxin produced by harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria, exacerbates the neuroinflammation and degeneration of neurons associated with NAFLD. Using a mouse model of NAFLD, exposed to MC-LR subsequent to the onset of fatty liver, we show that the cyanotoxin could significantly increase proinflammatory cytokine expression in the frontal cortex and cause increased expression of Lcn2 and HMGB1. The above effects were NLRP3 inflammasome activation-dependent since the use of NLRP3 knockout mice abrogated the increase in inflammation. NLRP3 was also responsible for decreased expression of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin 5 suggesting BBB dysfunction was parallel to neuroinflammation following microcystin exposure. An increased circulatory S100B release, a hallmark of astrocyte activation in MC-LR exposed NAFLD mice also confirmed BBB integrity loss, but the astrocyte activation observed in vivo was NLRP3 independent suggesting an important role of a secondary S100B mediated crosstalk. Mechanistically, conditioned medium from reactive astrocytes and parallel S100B incubation in neuronal cells caused increased inducible NOS, COX-2, and higher BAX/ Bcl2 protein expression suggesting oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis crucial for neurodegeneration. Taken together, MC-LR exacerbated neuronal NAFLD-linked comorbidities leading to cortical inflammation, BBB dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Punnag Saha
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Somdatta Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798-7266, USA
| | - Geoff I Scott
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Aluko OM, Iroegbu JD, Ijomone OM, Umukoro S. Methyl Jasmonate: Behavioral and Molecular Implications in Neurological Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:220-232. [PMID: 33888651 PMCID: PMC8077066 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a derivative of the jasmonate family which is found in most tropical regions of the world and present in many fruits and vegetables such as grapevines, tomato, rice, and sugarcane. MJ is a cyclopentanone phytohormone that plays a vital role in defense against stress and pathogens in plants. This has led to its isolation from plants for studies in animals. Many of these studies have been carried out to evaluate its therapeutic effects on behavioral and neurochemical functions. It has however been proposed to have beneficial potential over a wide range of neurological disorders. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the neuroprotective properties of MJ and its probable mechanisms of ameliorating neurological disorders. The information used for this review was sourced from research articles and scientific databases using 'methyl jasmonate', 'behavior', 'neuroprotection', 'neurodegenerative diseases', and 'mechanisms' as search words. The review highlights its influences on behavioral patterns of anxiety, aggression, depression, memory, psychotic, and stress. The molecular mechanisms such as modulation of the antioxidant defense, inflammatory biomarkers, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuronal regeneration, underlying its actions in managing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are also discussed. This review, therefore, provides a detailed evaluation of methyl jasmonate as a potential neuroprotective compound with the ability to modify behavioral and molecular biomarkers underlying neurological disorders. Hence, MJ could be modeled as a guided treatment for the management of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oritoke Modupe Aluko
- Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joy Dubem Iroegbu
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Lau SF, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Cytokine signaling convergence regulates the microglial state transition in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4703-4712. [PMID: 33847763 PMCID: PMC8195901 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses have revealed the pivotal contribution of microglial dysfunctions to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Along AD progression, the accumulation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau continuously stimulates microglia, which results in their chronic activation. Chronically activated microglia secrete excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further regulate microglial responses towards DAMPs. This has spurred longstanding interest in targeting cytokine-induced microglial responses for AD therapeutic development. However, the cytokine-induced microglial state transition is not comprehensively understood. Cytokines are assumed to induce microglial state transition from a resting state to an activated state. However, recent evidence indicate that this microglial state transition involves multiple sequential functional states. Moreover, the mechanisms by which different functional states within the cytokine-induced microglial state transition regulate AD pathology remain unclear. In this review, we summarize how different cytokine signaling pathways, including those of IL-33 (interleukin-33), NLRP3 inflammasome-IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12/IL-23, regulate microglial functions in AD. Furthermore, we discuss how the modulation of these cytokine signaling pathways can result in beneficial outcomes in AD. Finally, we describe a stepwise functional state transition of microglia induced by cytokine signaling that can provide insights into the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of cytokine modulation in AD and potentially aid therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fat Lau
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
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Kim K, Wang X, Ragonnaud E, Bodogai M, Illouz T, DeLuca M, McDevitt RA, Gusev F, Okun E, Rogaev E, Biragyn A. Therapeutic B-cell depletion reverses progression of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2185. [PMID: 33846335 PMCID: PMC8042032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of B cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. While immunoglobulins that target amyloid beta (Aβ) may interfere with plaque formation and hence progression of the disease, B cells may contribute beyond merely producing immunoglobulins. Here we show that AD is associated with accumulation of activated B cells in circulation, and with infiltration of B cells into the brain parenchyma, resulting in immunoglobulin deposits around Aβ plaques. Using three different murine transgenic models, we provide counterintuitive evidence that the AD progression requires B cells. Despite expression of the AD-fostering transgenes, the loss of B cells alone is sufficient to reduce Aβ plaque burden and disease-associated microglia. It reverses behavioral and memory deficits and restores TGFβ+ microglia, respectively. Moreover, therapeutic depletion of B cells at the onset of the disease retards AD progression in mice, suggesting that targeting B cells may also benefit AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kim
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomer Illouz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marisa DeLuca
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ross A McDevitt
- Mouse Phenotyping Unit, Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Herr D, Jew K, Wong C, Kennell A, Gelein R, Chalupa D, Raab A, Oberdörster G, Olschowka J, O'Banion MK, Elder A. Effects of concentrated ambient ultrafine particulate matter on hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in the 3xTgAD mouse model. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:172-183. [PMID: 33794265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution has been identified as a possible environmental contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk. As the number of people with AD worldwide continues to rise, it becomes vital to understand the nature of this potential gene-environment interaction. This study assessed the effects of short-term exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particulates (UFP, <100 nm) on measurements of amyloid-β, tau, and microglial morphology. METHODS Two cohorts of aged (12.5-14 months) 3xTgAD and NTg mice were exposed to concentrated ambient UFP or filtered air for 2 weeks (4-h/day, 4 days/week). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and brain tissue were collected twenty-four hours following the last exposure to evaluate lung inflammation, tau pathology, amyloid-β pathology, and glial cell morphology. RESULTS No exposure- or genotype-related changes were found with any of the measures of lung inflammation or in the hippocampal staining density of astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. The microglia marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and amyloid-β marker, 6E10, exhibited significant genotype by exposure interactions such that levels were lower in the UFP-exposed as compared to filtered air-exposed 3xTgAD mice. When microglia morphology was assessed by Sholl analysis, microglia from both NTg mouse groups were ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had the most ameboid microglia, while the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice had microglia that were comparatively more ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had more plaques per region of interest as measured by Congo red staining as well as more plaque-associated microglia than the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice. The number of non-plaque-associated microglia was not affected by genotype or exposure. Levels of soluble and insoluble human amyloid-β42 protein were measured in both 3xTgAD groups and no exposure effect was found. In contrast, UFP-exposure led to significant elevations in phosphorylated tau in 3xTgAD mice as compared to those that were exposed to air, as measured by pT205 staining. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmentally relevant levels of ultrafine particulates led to changes in tau phosphorylation and microglial morphology in the absence of overt lung inflammation. Such changes highlight the need to develop greater mechanistic understanding of the link between air pollution exposure and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Herr
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katrina Jew
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Candace Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Kennell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Robert Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alexandria Raab
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Holbrook JA, Jarosz-Griffiths HH, Caseley E, Lara-Reyna S, Poulter JA, Williams-Gray CH, Peckham D, McDermott MF. Neurodegenerative Disease and the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643254. [PMID: 33776778 PMCID: PMC7987926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disease has increased significantly in recent years, and with a rapidly aging global population, this trend is expected to continue. These diseases are characterised by a progressive neuronal loss in the brain or peripheral nervous system, and generally involve protein aggregation, as well as metabolic abnormalities and immune dysregulation. Although the vast majority of neurodegeneration is idiopathic, there are many known genetic and environmental triggers. In the past decade, research exploring low-grade systemic inflammation and its impact on the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease has increased. A particular research focus has been whether systemic inflammation arises only as a secondary effect of disease or is also a cause of pathology. The inflammasomes, and more specifically the NLRP3 inflammasome, a crucial component of the innate immune system, is usually activated in response to infection or tissue damage. Dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. This review aims to summarise current literature on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and recent work investigating NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition as a potential future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Holbrook
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heledd H Jarosz-Griffiths
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Caseley
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Centre for Cystic Fibrosis, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Ni J, Wu Z. Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638686. [PMID: 33716675 PMCID: PMC7947253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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