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Wang L, Li X, Li L, Cao L, Zhao Z, Huang T, Li J, Zhang X, Cao S, Zhang N, Wang X, Gong P. Establishment of an ultrasensitive and visual detection platform for Neospora caninum based-on the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system. Talanta 2024; 269:125413. [PMID: 38042139 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes neosporosis in cattle, and leads to a high rate of abortion and severe financial losses. Rapid and accurate detection is particularly important for preventing and controlling neosporosis. In our research, a highly effective diagnostic technique based on the RPA-CRISPR/Cas system was created to successfully identify N. caninum against the Nc5 gene, fluorescent reporter system and the lateral flow strip (LFS) biosensor were exploited to display results. The specificity and sensitivity of the PRA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay were evaluated. We discovered that it was highly specific and did not react with any other pathogens. The limit of detection (LOD) for this technology was as low as one parasite per milliliter when employing the fluorescent reporter system, and was approximately ten parasites per milliliter based on the LFS biosensor and under blue or UV light. Meanwhile, the placental tissue samples were detected by our RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform were completely consistent with that of the nested PCR assay (59.4 %, 19/32). The canine feces were detected by our RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform were completely consistent with that of the nested PCR assay (8.6 %, 6/70). The RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection procedure was successfully finished in within 90 min and offers advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, speed and low cost. The technique was better suitable for extensive neosporosis screening in non-laboratory and resource-constrained locations. This study provided a new strategy for more rapid and portable identification of N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Lili Cao
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Zhiteng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Taojun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Songgao Cao
- Pingdu People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266700, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Silva LT, Junior RS, Teixeira de Carvalho TX, Moutinho Pataca LC, Dias Heneine LG. Analysis of antibodies avidity for Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in antivenom production and its potential for application as a potency test. Toxicon 2023; 236:107315. [PMID: 37827265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Antivenoms are the only specific medication for neutralizing toxins present in venom of animals such scorpions and snakes through antigen-antibody binding. Several analyses are carried out throughout its production in order to ensure the quality and effectiveness of the antivenom that will be administered to the patient. One of these is the potency assay, which is performed to assess the ability of antivenoms to neutralize the toxic effects of the venom injected in mice. The substitution of in vivo for in vitro assays such as ELISA has been presented by other authors, bringing several advantages such as the reduction in the use of animals, in costs and in the duration of the assays. However, the avidity index of antivenom antibodies determined by ELISA has not yet been applied for this purpose. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the avidity of sera from hyperimmunized horses with crude Tityus serrulatus venom, a scorpion species associated with the most serious accidents in Brazil, and its potential for application as a potency test replacing the in vivo assay. The avidity ELISA proved to be interesting for monitoring the binding strength of antibodies produced by horses in hyperimmune plasma production programs. It was possible to verify oscillations in antibody avidity that occurred along the immunization cycles, differences between novice and veteran horses, maturation of antibody avidity, and correlation between avidity index and antibody titre. Similar results were obtained for crude venom and purified Ts1 toxin. In addition, the avidity ELISA apparently demonstrated potential for application as a potency test in the initial stage of antivenom production. However, more studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tadeu Silva
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation - Funed, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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Marchitto L, Chatterjee D, Ding S, Gendron-Lepage G, Tauzin A, Boutin M, Benlarbi M, Medjahed H, Sylla M, Lanctôt H, Durand M, Finzi A, Tremblay C. Humoral Responses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in People Living with HIV. Viruses 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37896781 PMCID: PMC10612047 DOI: 10.3390/v15102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits strong humoral responses in the general population, humoral responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) remain to be clarified. Here, we conducted a longitudinal study of vaccine immunogenicity elicited after two and three doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in PLWH stratified by their CD4 count. We measured the capacity of the antibodies elicited by vaccination to bind the Spike glycoprotein of different variants of concern (VOCs). We also evaluated the Fc-mediated effector functions of these antibodies by measuring their ability to eliminate CEM.NKr cells stably expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spikes. Finally, we measured the relative capacity of the antibodies to neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus after the third dose of mRNA vaccine. We found that after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, PLWH with a CD4 count < 250/mm3 had lower levels of anti-RBD IgG antibodies compared to PLWH with a CD4 count > 250/mm3 (p < 0.05). A third dose increased these levels and importantly, no major differences were observed in their capacity to mediate Fc-effector functions and neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of mRNA vaccine boosting in immuno-compromised individuals presenting low levels of CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Mohamed Sylla
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hélène Lanctôt
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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4
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Hajilooi M, Keramat F, Moazenian A, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Solgi G. The quantity and quality of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies show contrariwise association with COVID-19 severity: lessons learned from IgG avidity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:203-220. [PMID: 37103583 PMCID: PMC10133916 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Gaining more appreciation on the protective/damaging aspects of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity associated with disease severity is of great importance. This study aimed to evaluate the avidity of serum IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) in hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 carriers as well as to compare antibody avidities with respect to vaccination status, vaccination dose and reinfection status. Serum levels of anti-S and anti-N IgG were determined using specific ELISA kits. Antibody avidity was determined by urea dissociation assay and expressed as avidity index (AI) value. Despite higher IgG levels in the symptomatic group, AI values of both anti-S and anti-N IgG were significantly lower in this group compared to asymptomatic individuals. In both groups, anti-S AI values were elevated in one-dose and two-dose vaccinees versus unvaccinated subjects, although significant differences were only detected in the symptomatic group. However, anti-N avidity showed no significant difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated subgroups. Almost all vaccinated patients of different subgroups (based on vaccine type) had higher anti-S IgG avidity, while the statistical significance was detected only between those receiving Sinopharm compared to the unvaccinated subgroup. Also, statistically significant differences in antibody AIs were only found between primarily infected individuals of the two groups. Our findings indicate a key role for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG avidity in protection from symptomatic COVID-19 and calls for the incorporation of antibody avidity measurement into the current diagnostic tests to predict effective immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 infection or even for prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fariba Keramat
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Moazenian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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5
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Tauzin A, Gong SY, Chatterjee D, Ding S, Painter MM, Goel RR, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Marchitto L, Boutin M, Laumaea A, Okeny J, Gendron-Lepage G, Bourassa C, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Williams JC, Bo Y, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Bazin R, Fafard J, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, De Serres G, Richard J, Côté M, Duerr R, Martel-Laferrière V, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ, Finzi A. A boost with SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine elicits strong humoral responses independently of the interval between the first two doses. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111554. [PMID: 36244343 PMCID: PMC9533674 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the recrudescence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections worldwide, mainly caused by the Omicron variant of concern (VOC) and its sub-lineages, several jurisdictions are administering an mRNA vaccine boost. Here, we analyze humoral responses induced after the second and third doses of an mRNA vaccine in naive and previously infected donors who received their second dose with an extended 16-week interval. We observe that the extended interval elicits robust humoral responses against VOCs, but this response is significantly diminished 4 months after the second dose. Administering a boost to these individuals brings back the humoral responses to the same levels obtained after the extended second dose. Interestingly, we observe that administering a boost to individuals that initially received a short 3- to 4-week regimen elicits humoral responses similar to those observed in the long interval regimen. Nevertheless, humoral responses elicited by the boost in naive individuals do not reach those present in previously infected vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - James Okeny
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Justine C. Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Judith Fafard
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Corresponding author
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The effect of Omicron breakthrough infection and extended BNT162b2 booster dosing on neutralization breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010882. [PMID: 36191037 PMCID: PMC9560610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are playing a vital role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. As SARS-CoV-2 variants encoding mutations in the surface glycoprotein, Spike, continue to emerge, there is increased need to identify immunogens and vaccination regimens that provide the broadest and most durable immune responses. We compared the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response, as well as levels of Spike-reactive memory B cells, in individuals receiving a second dose of BNT162b2 at a short (3–4 week) or extended interval (8–12 weeks) and following a third vaccination approximately 6–8 months later. We show that whilst an extended interval between the first two vaccinations can greatly increase the breadth of the immune response and generate a higher proportion of Spike reactive memory B cells, a third vaccination leads to similar levels between the two groups. Furthermore, we show that the third vaccine dose enhances neutralization activity against omicron lineage members BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 and this is further increased following breakthrough infection during the UK omicron wave. These findings are relevant for vaccination strategies in populations where COVID-19 vaccine coverage remains low. COVID-19 vaccines have been vital in controlling the current pandemic. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, it is important to understand factors that influence the neutralization breadth of vaccine responses. Here we study the impact of the interval between the 1st and 2nd BNT162b2 vaccine dose on neutralization breadth and how this is further affected by vaccine boosters and breakthrough infections.
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7
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Tauzin A, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Gong SY, Chatterjee D, Gendron-Lepage G, Bourassa C, Goyette G, Racine N, Khrifi Z, Turgeon J, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Kaufmann DE, Cardinal H, Cloutier M, Bazin R, Duerr R, Dieudé M, Hébert MJ, Finzi A. Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants after mRNA vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients. iScience 2022; 25:104990. [PMID: 36035196 PMCID: PMC9395219 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination has been shown to be safe and effective in the general population, immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) were reported to have impaired immune responses after one or two doses of vaccine. In this study, we examined humoral responses induced after the second and the third dose of mRNA vaccine in different SOTR (kidney, liver, lung, and heart). Compared to a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naïve immunocompetent health care workers (HCWs), the second dose induced weak humoral responses in SOTRs, except for the liver recipients. The third dose boosted these responses but they did not reach the same level as in HCW. Interestingly, although the neutralizing activity against Delta and Omicron variants remained very low after the third dose, Fc-mediated effector functions in SOTR reached similar levels as in the HCW cohort. Whether these responses will suffice to protect SOTR from severe outcome remains to be determined. Two doses of mRNA vaccine elicit weak humoral responses in transplant recipients A boost increases these responses, but below those of the general population Robust Fc effector functions but weak neutralization is observed after the boost Neutralizing activity is particularly poor against variants of concern
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Normand Racine
- Institut Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Zineb Khrifi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julie Turgeon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Héloïse Cardinal
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Marc Cloutier
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mélanie Dieudé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Corresponding author
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8
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Evolution of Anti-RBD IgG Avidity Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030532. [PMID: 35336940 PMCID: PMC8949389 DOI: 10.3390/v14030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly elicits anti-Spike antibodies whose quantity in plasma gradually declines upon resolution of symptoms. This decline is part of the evolution of an immune response leading to B cell differentiation into short-lived antibody-secreting cells or resting memory B cells. At the same time, the ongoing class switch and antibody maturation processes occurring in germinal centers lead to the selection of B cell clones secreting antibodies with higher affinity for their cognate antigen, thereby improving their functional activity. To determine whether the decline in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is paralleled with an increase in avidity of the anti-viral antibodies produced, we developed a simple assay to measure the avidity of anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We longitudinally followed a cohort of 29 convalescent donors with blood samples collected between 6- and 32-weeks post-symptoms onset. We observed that, while the level of antibodies declines over time, the anti-RBD avidity progressively increases and correlates with the B cell class switch. Additionally, we observed that anti-RBD avidity increased similarly after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results suggest that anti-RBD IgG avidity determination could be a surrogate assay for antibody affinity maturation and, thus, suitable for studying humoral responses elicited by natural infection and/or vaccination.
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9
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Tauzin A, Gong SY, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Vézina D, Gasser R, Nault L, Marchitto L, Benlarbi M, Chatterjee D, Nayrac M, Laumaea A, Prévost J, Boutin M, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Bo Y, Perreault J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Bazin R, Dubé M, De Serres G, Brousseau N, Richard J, Rovito R, Côté M, Tremblay C, Marchetti GC, Duerr R, Martel-Laferrière V, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination with a 16-week interval between doses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:97-109.e5. [PMID: 34953513 PMCID: PMC8639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The standard regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 includes two doses administered three weeks apart. However, some public health authorities spaced these doses, raising questions about efficacy. We analyzed longitudinal humoral responses against the D614G strain and variants of concern for SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naive and previously infected individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with sixteen weeks between doses. While administering a second dose to previously infected individuals did not significantly improve humoral responses, these responses significantly increased in naive individuals after a 16-week spaced second dose, achieving similar levels as in previously infected individuals. Comparing these responses to those elicited in individuals receiving a short (4-week) dose interval showed that a 16-week interval induced more robust responses among naive vaccinees. These findings suggest that a longer interval between vaccine doses does not compromise efficacy and may allow greater flexibility in vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lauriane Nault
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Brousseau
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Roberta Rovito
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Giulia C Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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10
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González Viacava MB, Varese A, Mazzitelli I, Lanari L, Ávila L, García Vampa MJ, Geffner J, Cascone O, Dokmetjian JC, de Roodt AR, Fingermann M. Immune Maturation Effects on Viral Neutralization and Avidity of Hyperimmunized Equine Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Sera. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:3. [PMID: 35076465 PMCID: PMC8788445 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass-vaccination against COVID-19 is still a distant goal for most low-to-middle income countries. The experience gained through decades producing polyclonal immunotherapeutics (such as antivenoms) in many of those countries is being redirected to develop similar products able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study we analyzed the biological activity (viral neutralization or NtAb) and immunochemical properties of hyperimmune horses' sera (HHS) obtained during initial immunization (I) and posterior re-immunization (R) cycles using the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as antigen. HHS at the end of the R cycle showed higher NtAb titers when compared to those after the I cycle (35,585 vs. 7000 mean NtAb, respectively). Moreover, this increase paralleled an increase in avidity (95.2% to 65.2% mean avidity units, respectively). The results presented herein are relevant for manufacturers of these therapeutic tools against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Belén González Viacava
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
| | - Augusto Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, 11th Floor, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (A.V.); (I.M.); (J.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mazzitelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, 11th Floor, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (A.V.); (I.M.); (J.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Laura Lanari
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
| | - Lucía Ávila
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
| | - María Julia García Vampa
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, 11th Floor, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (A.V.); (I.M.); (J.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - José Christian Dokmetjian
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
| | - Adolfo Rafael de Roodt
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (M.B.G.V.); (L.L.); (L.Á.); (M.J.G.V.); (O.C.); (J.C.D.); (A.R.d.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
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11
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Hebbar BK, Mitra P, Khan W, Chaudhari S, Shinde S, Deshmukh AS. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in cattle in Central India. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102514. [PMID: 34781014 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related cyst-forming parasites identified as important causes of reproductive failures in ruminants. While these parasites have been reported worldwide, seroprevalence and associated risk factors for cattle infections have not been determined in India. A total of 576 serum samples of cattle were analyzed for antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), modified/Neospora agglutination test (MAT/NAT), and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT-tachyzoite and bradyzoite). Additionally, general information about cattle, movement of cats and dogs, the menace of rodents, management, and reproductive disorders were assessed to identify the potential risk factors. Overall, 32.9% (190/576) serum samples reacted positively to T. gondii and 24.8% (143/576) to N. caninum. The performance of the diagnostic tests showed excellent agreement between IFAT and ELISA (kappa [κ] = 0.98) and between MAT/NAT and ELISA (κ = 0.97). Combining both infections on avidity test, 94% sera had high-IgG avidity, and 3% had low-IgG avidity antibodies, indicating chronic infection in the majority of the cases. The identified risk factors (p < 0.05) for exposure to T. gondii were: increasing age (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.02), movement of cat (OR: 4.8) and rodents (OR: 1.57) in the farm; and for N. caninum: increasing age (OR: 1.6), movement of dogs in the farm (OR: 2.07), drinking pond water (OR: 1.64) and abortion (OR: 1.82). These findings revealed that T. gondii and N. caninum infections are widespread in the study area and suggest conducting nationwide epidemiological studies owing to their economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana K Hebbar
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pallabi Mitra
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Waqar Khan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
| | - Shilpshri Shinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
| | - Abhijit S Deshmukh
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.
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12
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Abo-Shehada MN, Khalil R, Abu-Halaweh M, Sweis K, Amr Z, Billeh L. Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in Jordanian women who had a recent spontaneous abortion. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e008821. [PMID: 34586175 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigates Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum among 445 recently spontaneously aborted (RSA) Jordanian women using ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody (at a cut-off value of 1/200) tests, respectively. The type of hospital, age, cat and dog contacts, raw and barbecued meat and wild plant consumption, number of abortions, and stillbirths were tested as independent variables using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The true seroprevalences were 22.1% for T. gondii-IgG, 22.7% for N. caninum-IgG, 2.6% for T. gondii-IgM, 10.6% for N. caninum-IgM, 0% for T. gondii-IgG and IgM, 6.7% for N. caninum-IgG and IgM, and 4.6% and 0% for both parasite IgG and IgM, respectively. T. gondii-IgM-seropositivity was associated with the number of abortions with odds ratios (OR) of 2.4 and eating barbecued meat (OR = 0.12). N. caninum-IgG-seropositivity was associated with having a dog in the house (OR = 2.6), and with stillbirth (OR = 0.1). N. caninum-IgM was associated with visiting a private-hospital (OR = 2.7). RSA Jordanian women are equally exposed to both parasites with significantly (p < 0.05) higher seroprevalence of N. caninum-IgM compared to T. gondii-IgM suggestive of active infections among RSA women in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud N Abo-Shehada
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Raida Khalil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Marwan Abu-Halaweh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Kanar Sweis
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Amr
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lena Billeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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13
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Maldonado Rivera JE, Hecker YP, Burucúa MM, Cirone KM, Cheuquepán FA, Fiorani F, Dorsch MA, Colque LA, Cantón GJ, Marin MS, Moore DP. Innate and humoral immune parameters at delivery in colostrum and calves from heifers experimentally infected with Neospora caninum. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:53-59. [PMID: 33545625 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a leading cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. The study of the immune response against N. caninum is critical to understand its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and, ultimately, in preventing and controlling bovine neosporosis. Herein, we determined the gene expression of innate immune components endosomal RNA-sensing TLRs, BMAP28 cathelicidin, TNF-α and IL-10 and characterized the variation in both IgG ratio and avidity at delivery in N. caninum-infected heifers challenged at day 210 of gestation, colostrum and their calves. Increased BMAP28 expression was observed not only in colostrum but also in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and umbilical cord of calves from N. caninum-infected heifers in comparison with mock-infected control group. In addition, statistically significant decrease of TLR7 and IL-10 expression levels were observed in umbilical cord, suggesting an attempt to avoid an exacerbated immune response against the parasite. At delivery, serum and colostrum samples from infected group evidenced specific IgG anti-N. caninum. Infected heifers showed IgG1/IgG2 ratios <1 and high avidity specific IgG. As expected, colostrum samples of these animals exhibited a high IgG1 concentration and elevated avidity values. Three out of four calves from N. caninum-infected heifers had specific IgG with IgG1/IgG2 ratios>1 and lower avidity values before colostrum intake. Interestingly, both IgG1/IgG2 ratios and avidity values increased in seropositive calves after colostrum intake. Overall, this study provides novel information on neonatal immunity in congenitally infected calves, which is essential to understand how the immune pathways could be manipulated or immune components could be employed in order to improve protection against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Maldonado Rivera
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Y P Hecker
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina
| | - M M Burucúa
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina
| | - K M Cirone
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina; National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina
| | - F A Cheuquepán
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina
| | - F Fiorani
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina; Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina
| | - M A Dorsch
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - L A Colque
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina; National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina
| | - G J Cantón
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina
| | - M S Marin
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina
| | - D P Moore
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina; Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), Argentina.
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14
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Peng T, Zong Y, Johnson MD, Menghani SV, Lewis ML, Galgiani JN. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to approximate complement-fixing antibody titers in serum from patients with coccidioidomycosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 99:115198. [PMID: 32987245 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is most frequently diagnosed serologically, and the quantitative test for complement-fixing antibodies is considered prognostically useful. Because complement-fixing antibody testing is complex, labor-intensive, and poorly standardized, an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) alternative would be attractive. In this report, we restrict the complement-fixing, antibody-binding domain to a 200-amino-acid recombinant peptide of the known antigen. Over-lapping truncations of this peptide do not bind complement-fixing antibodies, suggesting that the responsible epitope(s) are conformational. Further, anchoring the antigenic peptide to the ELISA plate by means of a C-terminal biotin-mimic peptide tag instead of allowing the peptide to randomly adhere to the plastic plate improves sensitivity of antibody detection by 1-2 logs in different sera. The newly developed ELISA shows a significant quantitative correlation with complement-fixing antibody titers. This ELISA shows potential as the basis for a new quantitative assay for coccidioidal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Yue Zong
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Michael Dl Johnson
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - John N Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
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15
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Fereig RM, Nishikawa Y. Urological detection of specific antibodies against Neospora caninum infection in mice: A prospect for novel diagnostic approach of Neospora. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107942. [PMID: 32598889 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is incriminated to induce drastic economic losses in both livestock and pet animal industries. Neosporosis is primarily characterized by abortion in cattle and paralytic symptoms in dogs. Because there are no effective treatments or vaccines, diagnosis is critical for Neospora control. Thus, diversification of laboratory tests and specimens used for diagnosis of N. caninum is an essential scientific endeavor to judge and select the most appropriate diagnostic tool. Herein, we provide the first evidence for the utility of urine samples for demonstration of specific antibodies against N. caninum employing an experimentally infected murine model. Specific antibodies to recombinant N. caninum dense granule 7, surface antigen 1, and lysate antigen were assayed using different antibodies-based ELISAs. Urine based IgG ELISA efficiently discriminated between infected mice (acute or chronic infection), and those of non-infected mice. This effect was also noticed for IgG1 and IgG2a suggesting the utility of urine for assessment of T-helper 2- and T-helper 1-mediated immunities, respectively. In addition, reactivity of specific antibody in urine was also confirmed against parasites when indirect fluorescent antibody test was employed. Usefulness of urine as an additional clinical sample for Neospora diagnosis was confirmed via comparison with the relevant control non-infected and infected mouse sera as reference samples. Because of minimum invasiveness and ease of urine collection, this approach might offer new diagnostic opportunities for N. caninum either for the field or research purposes. However, further studies are required to extrapolate this preliminary study and results in the animal species of interest particularly in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Pereyra R, Mansilla FC, Petersen MI, Suarez V, Capozzo AV. Evidence of reduced vertical transmission of Neospora caninum associated with higher IgG1 than IgG2 serum levels and presence of IFN-γ in non-aborting chronically infected cattle under natural condition. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 208:53-57. [PMID: 30712792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum infection of cattle can be vertically transmitted, resulting in abortion or birth of infected calves. Vertical transmission occurs both in acutely or chronically infected cattle. There is little information on the immune response needed to prevent endogenous transplacental transmission, particularly from chronically infected cattle to their offspring in a natural environment. In this study, N. caninum seropositive pregnant cattle from three different farms with high avidity antibodies and low IgM titers were selected and their newborn colostrum-deprived calves were tested for anti-N. caninum antibodies. Based on these results, dams were grouped according to their congenital transmission status. The analysis of the immune profile of the chronically-infected pregnant cattle revealed that higher ratio between IgG1 and IgG2 anti-N. caninum serum titers and higher levels of systemic IFN-γ were associated with diminished vertical transmission rates, compared to dams with the opposite profile. Our results evidenced an association between the immune profile and vertical transmission in non-aborting chronically infected dams, and confirm that vertical transmission, even when not leading to abortion, is related to a defined immune profile. This is important information to accomplish successful vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereyra
- Área de Investigación en Sanidad Animal IIACS-CIAP- Estación experimental Agropecuaria EEA, INTA Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Ivan Petersen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victor Suarez
- Área de Investigación en Sanidad Animal IIACS-CIAP- Estación experimental Agropecuaria EEA, INTA Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kim PC, Melo RP, Almeida JC, Silva JG, Ribeiro-Andrade M, Porto WJ, Pinheiro Junior JW, Mota RA. Serological response to Neospora caninum infection in goats and agreement between three diagnostic techniques to detect caprine neosporosis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to measure the serological response of goats infected with Neospora caninum by assessing the diagnostic performance and agreement between three techniques (indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, IFAT; Neospora agglutitation test, NAT; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA). The panel of sera were comprised of 500 samples of goats, and 60 reference serum samples. These reference and field serum samples were tested by ELISA, NAT, and IFAT. In the field serum samples tested, the seroprevalences of anti-N. caninum antibodies were 3.2%, 4.6%, and 6.4% in the NAT, IFAT and ELISA, respectively. Using the IFAT as the gold standard, the NAT and the ELISA agreement was considered weak (k=0.28) and strong (k=0.75), respectively. When the IFAT performance was used for comparison purposes, the ELISA showed 91.3% sensitivity and 97.7%, specificity with a PPV of 65.2% and a NPV of 99.6%; The NAT presented sensitivity of 26.1% and specificity of 97.9% with a PPV of 37.5% and a NPV of 96.5%. Accordingly, the IFAT should remain the assay of choice for studies about N. caninum infection in goats in individual serum samples. A combination of serological assays with high sensitivity and specificity is recommended in serosurveys of caprine neosporosis.
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Ramos AE, Muñoz M, Cortés-Vecino JA, Barato P, Patarroyo MA. A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based test for detecting Neospora caninum DNA. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 29187255 PMCID: PMC5707868 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming, coccidian parasite which is known to cause neurological disorders in dogs and abortion and neonatal mortality in cows and other livestock. This study reports the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on the Neospora caninum Nc-5 gene and compares its efficacy for detecting DNA to that of a semi-nested PCR test. RESULTS Six primers were designed based on the Nc-5 repeat region of N. caninum. Specific LAMP primers led to successful amplification of N. caninum DNA at 63 °C in 30 min. The LAMP assay was highly specific (i.e. it did not reveal cross-reactivity with other parasite species) and had a low N. caninum plasmid DNA limit of detection (1 fg), which is ten times higher than that for the semi-nested PCR. LAMP applicability was evaluated using a set of naturally-infected samples (59 from canine faeces and five from bovine abortions). Thirty-nine percent (25/64) of the naturally-infected samples were positive for N. caninum DNA by LAMP and 36% (23/64) by semi-nested PCR. However, the LAMP assay is much faster to perform than semi-nested PCR and provides results in 30 min. CONCLUSION The optimized reaction conditions described in this study resulted in a sensitive, specific and rapid technique for detecting N. caninum DNA. Considering the advantages of LAMP for detecting N. caninum DNA, further assays aimed at testing its usefulness on a wider range of field samples are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estefanía Ramos
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Paola Barato
- Corporación Patología Veterinaria (Corpavet), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. .,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Basso W, Grimm F, Ruetten M, Djokic V, Blaga R, Sidler X, Deplazes P. Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: Humoral immune response, estimation of specific IgG avidity and the challenges of reproducing vertical transmission in sows. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:76-85. [PMID: 28288770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ten pregnant sows were experimentally inoculated per os with T. gondii in order to investigate vertical and galactogenic transmission of the parasite and the evolution and maturation of the specific IgG humoral response in the sows and piglets. Five seronegative sows received 104T. gondii (CZ isolate clone H3) sporulated oocysts during late-pregnancy (Exp. 1), three sows received 104 oocysts during mid-pregnancy (Exp. 2) and three sows from Exp. 1 (and two seronegative sows) were re-inoculated with 105 oocysts during a further pregnancy (late-pregnancy) (Exp. 3). Besides, six 4.5 week-old piglets inoculated per os with 5×103 oocysts were also included in the serological investigations. All animals seroconverted (PrioCHECK Toxoplasma Ab porcine ELISA, Prionics, Switzerland) by 2-3 weeks post inoculation (wpi) and remained seropositive for at least 38 weeks or until euthanasia. Four chronically infected sows from Exp. 1 and 2 were serologically monitored during a further pregnancy and no reactivation, but a decrease of the antibody levels was observed at farrowing (Exp. 4). In all experiments, the specific IgG-avidity was initially low, increased during the course of infection and after re-inoculations. An avidity index (AI) ≥40% could be used to rule out recent infections (<8 weeks) in most (15 of 16) animals. In some piglets (18.6% of 70) delivered by inoculated sows (Exp. 1 and 2), maternal antibodies were still detectable at 2 months (but not by 3 months) of age, with constant high avidity values, comparable to those of the dams at farrowing. In all experiments, the sows remained asymptomatic and delivered non-infected offspring at term. A total of 208 normal and 5 stillborn piglets delivered by the inoculated sows (Exp. 1-4) tested serologically negative before colostrum uptake. Placentas (n=88) from all sows and tissues (brain, liver, lung, heart, and masseter muscle) from 56 delivered piglets were analysed histopathologically and by real-time PCR for T. gondii with negative results. Colostrum and milk samples from all sows were negative by real-time PCR for T. gondii DNA. In addition, no seroconversion was observed in 16 piglets from seronegative dams that were transferred to infected dams one day after birth to detect a possible infection through colostrum or milk during the suckling period. Although vertical transmission of T. gondii was demonstrated in naturally infected pigs, many factors involved in the outcome of vertical transmission and congenital toxoplasmosis in pigs are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Ruetten
- PathoVet AG, Buckstrasse 2, 8317 Tagelswangen, Switzerland
| | - Vitomir Djokic
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Radu Blaga
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Rodríguez AM, Maresca S, Cano DB, Armendano JI, Combessies G, Lopéz-Valiente S, Odriozola ER, Späth EJL, Odeón AC, Campero CM, Moore DP. Frequency of Neospora caninum infections in beef cow-calf operations under extensive management. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:40-3. [PMID: 26921037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of Neospora caninum horizontal and vertical transmissions in beef cow-calf operations under three different extensive management systems: group A: 0.75 head per hectare pasturing on natural grass; group B: 1.1 head per hectare on natural grass and improved cultured pastures; and group C: 2 head per hectare on natural grass, improved cultured pasture and whole corn silage. Serum samples from 72 multiparous cows assigned to each beef cow-calf operations were obtained every 3 months during 2 years. A group of 30 replacement heifers from each group were tested similarly since they were 10-21 months old. Twenty four, 20 and 34 calves from groups A, B and C respectively, were bled before colostrum intake and again 6 months later. The samples were analyzed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for detection of total IgG against N. caninum at a serological titre ≥ 200 for multiparous cows and replacement heifers, and a serological titre ≥ 25 for calves. Serum samples from seropositive cows were assessed by ELISA to evaluate the avidity of their specific antibodies. There were no differences in the proportion of seropositive cows from groups A, B and C at the beginning of the trial (p>0.05). Interestingly, the lowest serological titres in seropositive cows from all groups were observed during the first trimester (p<0.05). Although seropositive cows had medium to high avidity antibodies, suggesting chronic infection; seroconversion associated with low antibody avidity was found in 2, 3 and 3 seropositive cows from groups A, B and C. All replacement heifers remained seronegative. No abortions were recorded but 2, 1, and 2 calves from groups A, B and C were seropositive before colostrum intake, respectively. Seropositive calves born from cows having intermediate or high avidity remained with the same serostatus at 6 months of age. Even under varying extensive management conditions, both N. caninum horizontal and vertical transmission methods do occur in beef cow-calf operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rauch CP7203, Argentina
| | - S Maresca
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rauch CP7203, Argentina
| | - D B Cano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce CP7620, Argentina
| | - J I Armendano
- Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CP7600, Argentina
| | | | - S Lopéz-Valiente
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rauch CP7203, Argentina
| | - E R Odriozola
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce CP7620, Argentina
| | - E J L Späth
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce CP7620, Argentina
| | - A C Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce CP7620, Argentina
| | - C M Campero
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce CP7620, Argentina
| | - D P Moore
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Guido S, Katzer F, Nanjiani I, Milne E, Innes EA. Serology-Based Diagnostics for the Control of Bovine Neosporosis. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:131-143. [PMID: 26711188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Neospora caninum is a primary infectious cause of abortion in cattle that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Because effective vaccines and licensed pharmacological treatments are currently unavailable, control measures rely on biosecurity and management practice. Serological diagnosis plays a crucial role in the identification of infected animals and several tests have been developed. However, owing to the particular dynamics of the host-parasite interaction and to the characteristics of the currently used diagnostic tools, a proportion of infected cattle may not be reliably identified, and can potentially undermine efforts towards the control of bovine neosporosis. Current diagnostic methods for N. caninum infection in cattle and the advances necessary to support effective control strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Guido
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ian Nanjiani
- Westpoint Veterinary Group, Dawes Farm, Bognor Road, Warnham, West Sussex, RH12 3SH, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
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Increased exposure to Plasmodium chabaudi antigens sustains cross-reactivity and avidity of antibodies binding Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: dissecting cross-phylum cross-reactivity in a rodent model. Parasitology 2015; 142:1703-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYMounting an antibody response capable of discriminating amongst and appropriately targeting different parasites is crucial in host defence. However, cross-reactive antibodies that recognize (bind to) multiple parasite species are well documented. We aimed to determine if a higher inoculating dose of one species, and thus exposure to larger amounts of antigen over a longer period of time, would fine-tune responses to that species and reduce cross-reactivity. Using the Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (Pcc)–Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) co-infection model in BALB/c mice, in which we previously documented cross-reactive antibodies, we manipulated the inoculating dose of Pcc across 4 orders of magnitude. We investigated antigen-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses against crude and defined recombinant antigens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and antibody depletion assays. Contrary to our hypothesis that increasing exposure to Pcc would reduce cross-reactivity to Nb, we found evidence for increased avidity of a subpopulation of antibodies that recognized shared antigens. Western blot indicated proteins of apparent monomer molecular mass 28 and 98 kDa in both Nb and Pcc antigen preparations and also an Nb protein of similar size to recombinant Pcc antigen, merozoite surface protein-119. The implications of antibodies binding antigen from such phylogenetically distinct parasites are discussed.
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Almería S, López-Gatius F. Markers related to the diagnosis and to the risk of abortion in bovine neosporosis. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:169-75. [PMID: 25841793 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis has emerged as a main cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. An important question to understand the disease is why not all infected cows abort. In the present review we summarize the knowledge on markers related to the diagnosis and more importantly to the risk of abortion in the infected cow. Markers considered herein include those based on specific antibodies, antibody titers and antibody subtypes, cellular immunological markers, hormones and other proteins related to gestation. The identification of parasite molecules that are specifically identified in the aborting cows might help to understand the mechanism of parasite-associated abortion and control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Blanchfield K, Kamal RP, Tzeng WP, Music N, Wilson JR, Stevens J, Lipatov AS, Katz JM, York IA. Recombinant influenza H7 hemagglutinins induce lower neutralizing antibody titers in mice than do seasonal hemagglutinins. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:628-35. [PMID: 25213778 PMCID: PMC4262278 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines against avian influenza viruses often require high hemagglutinin (HA) doses or adjuvants to achieve serological titers associated with protection against disease. In particular, viruses of the H7 subtype frequently do not induce strong antibody responses following immunization. Objectives To evaluate whether poor immunogenicity of H7 viruses is an intrinsic property of the H7 hemagglutinin. Methods We compared the immunogenicity, in naïve mice, of purified recombinant HA from two H7 viruses [A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7) and A/New York/107/2003(H7N2)] to that of HA from human pandemic [A/California/07/2009(H1N1pdm09)] and seasonal [A/Perth16/2009(H3N2)] viruses. Results After two intramuscular injections with purified hemagglutinin, mice produced antibodies to all HAs, but the response to the human virus HAs was greater than to H7 HAs. The difference was relatively minor when measured by ELISA, greater when measured by hemagglutination inhibition assays, and more marked still by microneutralization assays. H7 HAs induced little or no neutralizing antibody response in mice at either dose tested. Antibodies induced by H7 were of significantly lower avidity than for H3 or H1N1pdm09. Conclusions We conclude that H7 HAs may be intrinsically less immunogenic than HA from seasonal human influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Blanchfield
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Carter Consulting Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Kefayat M, Hamidinejat H, Seifiabadshapoori MR, Namavari MM, Shayan P, Gooraninejad S. Cloning and expression of Neospora caninum dense-granule 7 in E. coli. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:196-200. [PMID: 24808652 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan which induces abortion, still birth and neuromuscular disorders in cattle and is an important problem in dairy and beef industry worldwide. The dense granule protein 7 (GRA7) of N. caninum is an immune-dominant protein shared by both tachyzoite and bradyzoites. This study was conducted to produce recombinant GRA7 of N. caninum using a plasmid with high level of expression of this protein in E. coli. For this purpose, a segment of N. caninum DNA corresponding to GRA7 was amplified using PCR. After sequencing, this fragment was cloned into expression vector pMAL-c2X under the control of the lac promoter. Expression of this plasmid in E. coli strain TG1 was identified by western blotting. In this study, pMAL-c2X had a strong promoter to produce high level expression of NcGRA7. This result revealed that this recombinant protein with pMAL-c2X vector may be suitable for developing of diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziye Kefayat
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hamidinejat
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
| | | | | | - Parviz Shayan
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saad Gooraninejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
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Temporal evolution of human autoantibody response to cytoplasmic rods and rings structure during anti-HCV therapy with ribavirin and interferon-α. Immunol Res 2014; 60:38-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Syed-Hussain SS, Howe L, Pomroy WE, West DM, Smith SL, Williamson NB. Adaptation of a commercial ELISA to determine the IgG avidity in sheep experimentally and naturally infected with Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:21-8. [PMID: 24582279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate Neospora caninum has a possible role in causing abortions in sheep in New Zealand. Knowledge about the epidemiology of neosporosis in sheep is limited. This study aimed to adapt and validate a commercially available ELISA assay as an IgG avidity assay to discriminate between acute (primary and re-inoculated) and chronic N. caninum infections in sheep. In addition, it was used to compare the antibody avidity values between lambs from ewes inoculated with N. caninum either during the pregnancy or in the previous year. The avidity assay was undertaken by using 6M urea for the first wash after incubation with the primary antibody in the commercial ELISA (Chekit* Neospora antibody test kit, IDEXX Laboratories, Australia). Sequential serum samples were obtained from naïve ewes (n=16) experimentally inoculated with live N. caninum tachyzoites. All ewes were seropositive by two weeks post-inoculation and remained seropositive for 20 weeks post-inoculation. There was a linear relationship between time after inoculation and avidity values (p<0.05) over the first 24 weeks. In Week 4, all animals had avidity values <35% and by Week 8, 8/16 animals had avidity values of >35%. These results suggest that an avidity value of <35% indicates a recent primary infection while a value of >35% is indicative of a chronic infection. The assay was then validated using samples from other groups of experimentally inoculated sheep as well as samples from naturally infected ewes. When comparing sample to positive ratio (S/P) and avidity values from lambs born from recently inoculated ewes with those from ewes inoculated the previous year and re-inoculated in the current year, it was possible to differentiate the lambs at 2 weeks of age. Lambs from recently inoculated ewes had low S/P and avidity values at 2 weeks of age which increased by 12 weeks of age. In comparison, lambs from re-inoculated ewes had high S/P and avidity values at 2 weeks of age, due to maternal antibody influence but values were similar to those from lambs that were born from recently inoculated ewes at 12 weeks of age. Avidity values for four naturally infected ewes were all >60% indicating chronic infection. These results suggest that the assay is able to discriminate between recent and chronic infection in sheep as well as able to differentiate lambs with maternal immunity compared to their own de novo immunity. As such it can be utilized to understand the kinetics of N. caninum infection in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Syed-Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
| | - D M West
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - S L Smith
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - N B Williamson
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
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Dose-dependent immunogenicity of a soluble Neospora caninum tachyzoite-extract vaccine formulated with a soy lecithin/β-glucan adjuvant in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Different immunity elicited by recombinant H5N1 hemagglutinin proteins containing pauci-mannose, high-mannose, or complex type N-glycans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66719. [PMID: 23799128 PMCID: PMC3682957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses can result in poultry and occasionally in human mortality. A safe and effective H5N1 vaccine is urgently needed to reduce the pandemic potential. Hemagglutinin (HA), a major envelope protein accounting for approximately 80% of spikes in influenza virus, is often used as a major antigen for subunit vaccine development. In this study, we conducted a systematic study of the immune response against influenza virus infection following immunization with recombinant HA proteins expressed in insect (Sf9) cells, insect cells that contain exogenous genes for elaborating N-linked glycans (Mimic) and mammalian cells (CHO). While the antibody titers are higher with the insect cell derived HA proteins, the neutralization and HA inhibition titers are much higher with the mammalian cell produced HA proteins. Recombinant HA proteins containing tri- or tetra-antennary complex, terminally sialylated and asialyated-galactose type N-glycans induced better protective immunity in mice to lethal challenge. The results are highly relevant to issues that should be considered in the production of fragment vaccines.
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Almería S, López-Gatius F. Bovine neosporosis: clinical and practical aspects. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:303-9. [PMID: 23659742 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a wide host range but with a preference for cattle and dogs. Since the description of N. caninum as a new genus and species in 1988, bovine neosporosis has become a disease of international concern as it is among the main causes of abortion in cattle. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. This review focuses on the epidemiology of the disease and on prospects for its control in cattle. Finally, based on the implications of clinical findings reported to date, a set of recommendations is provided for veterinarians and cattle farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-IRTA, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Dong J, Otsuki T, Kato T, Kohsaka T, Ike K, Park EY. Development of two murine antibodies against Neospora caninum using phage display technology and application on the detection of N. caninum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53264. [PMID: 23308179 PMCID: PMC3540087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neosporosis, caused by an intracellular parasite, Neospora caninum, is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs. It occurs worldwide and causes huge damages to dairy farms. In this study, we immunized mice with recombinant surface-associated protein 1 of N. caninum (rNcSAG1) and developed two novel monoclonal antibodies, A10 and H3, against NcSAG1 using phage-display technology. Both clones bound to purified rNcSAG1 and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of A10 and H3 are 50 and 72 nM of rNcSAG1, respectively. In immunofluorescence assays, both A10 and H3 Fabs bound to N. caninum parasites. Direct detection of N. caninum parasites was developed firstly using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with A10 and H3. Binding of A10 and H3 antibodies to rNcSAG1 was also inhibited by some certain anti-N. caninum antibodies in the neosporosis-positive cattle sera, suggesting they might bind to the same epitopes of NcSAG1 with those anti-N. caninum antibodies of bovine. These antibodies were demonstrated to have a potential for monitoring the N. caninum parasites in a dairy farm, which may lead to protect livestock from parasite-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Otsuki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kohsaka
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction & Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Schares G, Langenmayer MC, Scharr JC, Minke L, Maksimov P, Maksimov A, Schares S, Bärwald A, Basso W, Dubey JP, Conraths FJ, Gollnick NS. Novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:143-54. [PMID: 23160022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. We developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional ELISA and an avidity ELISA. Sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. Acutely infected cattle initially recognised an antigen of 74 kDa relative molecular mass, followed by reactions with increasing intensity against 81 and 28 kDa antigens. In addition, faint reactions against antigens with 36, 37, 39 and 42 kDa molecular mass started soon after seroconversion and increased over time. An antigen of 45 kDa molecular mass was transiently recognised early after infection but not or only weakly in the chronic stage. At least two antigens, the 39 and the 42 kDa antigens, seem to be located on the surface of B. besnoiti tachyzoites as determined by biotinylation. Affinity purified antigen was used to establish an APure-BbELISA which showed excellent sensitivity (100%) relative to a serological reference system in naturally, most likely chronically, infected cattle. Specificity was also high (99.8%) as determined in cattle from herds with Neospora caninum-associated abortions. The antibody levels in APure-BbELISA were correlated with the parasite load in the skin or the mucous membrane of the vestibulum vaginae as determined by real-time PCR. In acute cases of bovine besnoitiosis (confirmed by the detection of low avidity IgG in the APure-BbELISA) first specific antibodies were detected by ELISA in all animals except one, at the same time or earlier than in the serological reference system. The detection of parasite DNA in skin by real-time PCR was clearly superior to serological analysis in detecting infected cattle during acute besnoitiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Wusterhausen, Germany.
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Lavoria MÁ, Di-Giacomo S, Bucafusco D, Franco-Mahecha OL, Pérez-Filgueira DM, Capozzo AV. Avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in cattle. Vaccine 2012; 30:6845-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sequential seasonal H1N1 influenza virus infections protect ferrets against novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. J Virol 2012; 87:1400-10. [PMID: 23115287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02257-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals <60 years of age had the lowest incidence of infection, with ~25% of these people having preexisting, cross-reactive antibodies to novel 2009 H1N1 influenza. Many people >60 years old also had preexisting antibodies to novel H1N1. These observations are puzzling because the seasonal H1N1 viruses circulating during the last 60 years were not antigenically similar to novel H1N1. We therefore hypothesized that a sequence of exposures to antigenically different seasonal H1N1 viruses can elicit an antibody response that protects against novel 2009 H1N1. Ferrets were preinfected with seasonal H1N1 viruses and assessed for cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1. Serum from infected ferrets was assayed for cross-reactivity to both seasonal and novel 2009 H1N1 strains. These results were compared to those of ferrets that were sequentially infected with H1N1 viruses isolated prior to 1957 or more-recently isolated viruses. Following seroconversion, ferrets were challenged with novel H1N1 influenza virus and assessed for viral titers in the nasal wash, morbidity, and mortality. There was no hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) cross-reactivity in ferrets infected with any single seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, with limited protection to challenge. However, sequential H1N1 influenza infections reduced the incidence of disease and elicited cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1 isolates. The amount and duration of virus shedding and the frequency of transmission following novel H1N1 challenge were reduced. Exposure to multiple seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, and not to any single H1N1 influenza virus, elicits a breadth of antibodies that neutralize novel H1N1 even though the host was never exposed to the novel H1N1 influenza viruses.
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Dong J, Otsuki T, Kato T, Park EY. Development of a diagnostic method for neosporosis in cattle using recombinant Neospora caninum proteins. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:19. [PMID: 22558916 PMCID: PMC3441611 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neosporosis is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs, caused by intracellular parasite, Neospora caninum. Neosporosis appears to be a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide and causes to huge economic loss to dairy industry. Results Recombinant surface associated antigen 1 (NcSAG1), NcSAG1 related sequence 2 (NcSRS2) and the dense granule antigen 2 (NcGRA2) of N. caninum were expressed either in silkworm or in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified recombinant proteins bound to the N. caninum-specific antibodies in serum samples from infected cattle as revealed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By co-immobilizing these recombinant proteins, a novel indirect ELISA was developed for detection of neosporosis. With the use of 32 serum samples, comprising 12 positive serum samples and 20 negative serum samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were found to be 91.7 and 100%, respectively. Seventy-two serum samples from dairy farms were also tested and one was diagnosed with neosporasis with both this method and a commercial assay. Conclusions A diagnostic method employing recombinant proteins of N. caninum was developed. The method showed high sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic test with field serum samples suggested its applicability to the practical diagnosis of neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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36
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Moraveji M, Hosseini A, Moghaddar N, Namavari MM, Eskandari MH. Development of latex agglutination test with recombinant NcSAG1 for the rapid detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:211-7. [PMID: 22571832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle. Surface antigen 1 of N. caninum (NcSAG1) is an important immunodominant candidate for the development of a diagnostic reagent for neosporosis. The present study describes the development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test (LAT) with recombinant NcSAG1 (rNcSAG1) for the detection of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle. The rNcSAG1 gene was cloned in pET-28a and protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Carboxylated latex particles were coated with rNcSAG1 and the degree of agreement between LAT and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iscomELISA) was evaluated by using of 164 serum samples. Twenty-two (13.4%) and 23 (14.0%) of samples were positive for antibodies to N. caninum by LAT and ELISA respectively. Eighteen of 23 ELISA-positive samples were positive according to the LAT and a substantial agreement (κ=0.77) was found between the results of LAT and ELISA. The results indicated that the LAT with rNcSAG1 would be a rapid, simple, relatively inexpensive and suitable diagnostic test for detection of specific antibodies in N. caninum infection under field conditions. Improvement in purification of rNcSAG1 can reduce probable false positive reactions and so increase the degree of agreement between the LAT and ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Moraveji
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
Microscopy still remains the gold standard procedure for the diagnosis of many protozoan infections in animals, but the specific identification requires skilled and experienced personnel. Immunoassays, detecting antibodies or specific protozoan antigens, have been developed but often lack sensitivity and specificity due to close relationship between many protozoa. Recent research has focussed almost exclusively on molecular based techniques for the identification and quantification of parasite DNA in samples. Opinion differ on most appropriate targets to use and there are very few diagnostic kits available making comparison between laboratories difficult. Future research needs to focus on robust, cheap field diagnostic assays.
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Characterization of Neospora caninum microneme protein 10 (NcMIC10) and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for neosporosis. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:28-35. [PMID: 22284302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in the serological diagnosis of neosporosis are needed to differentiate acute versus chronic Neospora caninum infections. In the present study, N. caninum microneme protein 10 (NcMIC10), similar to other microneme proteins, was shown to be released in a calcium-dependent manner. NcMIC10 may be discharged during active invasion of host cells by the parasite, and thus represent an excellent marker for the diagnosis of neosporosis. In order to test this hypothesis, recombinant NcMIC10 (rNcMIC10) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibodies were generated against non-overlapping fragments of the protein. A capture ELISA was developed using these antibodies, and was found to be highly accurate and reproducible with a detection range of 10-10,000 pg/ml. The anti-rNcMIC10 antibodies used in this study did not cross-react with the Toxoplasma gondii antigens. NcMIC10 was detected by the ELISA in sera of 9 out of 10 goats (90%) experimentally infected with N. caninum tachyzoites. In general, goats infected with a lower dose (10(4)) of the parasite displayed a peak in NcMIC10 levels between weeks 4 and 5 post infection. Goats infected with a higher parasite dose (10(6)) displayed a more rapid increase in NcMIC10 levels. In most animals, NcMIC10 decreased to undetectable levels by week 6 post infection. This is the first circulating Neospora antigen-based assay which may complement the existing antibody-based assays for a rapid and cost-effective definitive diagnosis of neosporosis in livestock.
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Wilkowsky SE, Bareiro GG, Mon ML, Moore DP, Caspe G, Campero C, Fort M, Romano MI. An applied printing immunoassay with recombinant Nc-SAG1 for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:971-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes an important reproductive disease in cattle. Neospora caninum surface antigen 1 (Nc-SAG1) is an immunodominant candidate for the development of a diagnostic reagent for neosporosis. The current study describes the development and evaluation of an antigen print immunoassay (APIA) with recombinant Nc-SAG1 for the detection of specific antibodies to N. caninum in cattle. The concordance between APIA and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated with 232 serum samples from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Sixty-one (26.7%) samples were positive for antibodies to N. caninum by ELISA and 58 (25.4%) by APIA. The new assay had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 96%. These results, along with the potential of APIA to evolve into a multiple antigen detection format, suggest that this method would be a reliable diagnostic test for detection of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Elizabeth Wilkowsky
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - Guillermo Gimenez Bareiro
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - María Laura Mon
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - Dadin Prando Moore
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - Gastón Caspe
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - Carlos Campero
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - Marcelo Fort
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
| | - María Isabel Romano
- Biotechnology Institute, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research Center (CICVyA)
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)
- Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Wilkowsky, Mon, Romano)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay (Gimenez Bareiro)
- Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA)
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Franco Mahecha O, Ogas Castells M, Combessies G, Lavoria M, Wilda M, Mansilla F, Seki C, Grigera P, Capozzo A. Single dilution Avidity-Blocking ELISA as an alternative to the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus neutralization test. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Basso W, Schares S, Minke L, Bärwald A, Maksimov A, Peters M, Schulze C, Müller M, Conraths F, Schares G. Microsatellite typing and avidity analysis suggest a common source of infection in herds with epidemic Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortion. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and IgG avidity assays using a protein A-peroxidase conjugate for serological distinction between Brucella abortus S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:588-95. [PMID: 20147498 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00444-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein A-peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase [HRPO]) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) and IgG avidity assays for serological distinction between Brucella abortus S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Four groups were analyzed: GI, 41 nonvaccinated seropositive cows; GII, 79 S19-vaccinated heifers analyzed at 3 months postvaccination; GIII, 105 S19-vaccinated cows analyzed after 24 months of age; and GIV, 278 nonvaccinated seronegative cows. IgG levels and avidity to B. abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) were determined using anti-bovine IgG-HRPO or protein A-HRPO conjugates. Similar levels of IgG anti-S-LPS were found with GI using both conjugates. Lower IgG levels were detected with GII, GIII, and GIV using protein A-HRPO. Both conjugates showed high performance in discriminating GI from GIII, with high sensitivity (Se; 97.6%) and specificity (Sp; 97.1%). Protein A-HRPO was better in distinguishing GI from GIV (Se, 97.6%; Sp, 94.6%) and GI from GII (Se, 80.5%; Sp, 94.9%). Protein A-HRPO excluded a higher number of positive samples with GII and GIV. IgG avidity showed that protein A-HRPO, but not anti-IgG-HRPO, was able to distinguish nonvaccinated from vaccinated cattle, showing a higher avidity index (AI) with GI than with GII, with 78% of serum samples in GII showing an AI of <50%. Therefore, the iELISA using B. abortus S-LPS antigen and protein A-HRPO conjugate for preferential detection of the IgG2 subclass was shown to be suitable for serological distinction between S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Also, antibodies generated after vaccination showed lower avidity, suggesting a role for the IgG2 subclass as an antibody of higher-affinity maturation after infection, constituting an additional tool for differentiating vaccinated from infected cattle.
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Endogenous and exogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum - how the route of transmission impacts on epidemiology and control of disease. Parasitology 2009; 136:1895-900. [PMID: 19691862 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009990588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vertical transmission of the protozoan parasite, Neospora caninum is highly efficient and can take two forms - endogenous transplacental transmission resulting from activation of the quiescent bradyzoite stage during pregnancy or exogenous transplacental transmission resulting from ingestion of oocysts during pregnancy. Calves born carrying infection derived from either endogenous or exogenous transplacental transmission are capable of infecting their offspring when they start to breed. This review considers firstly the frequency with which exogenous and endogenous transmission occur, secondly the role of the immune response in controlling N. caninum infection and thirdly how the parasite persists in an immune-competent host and is re-activated during pregnancy.
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Usefulness of rNcGRA7- and rNcSAG4-based ELISA tests for distinguishing primo-infection, recrudescence, and chronic bovine neosporosis. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:182-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duong MC, Alenius S, Huong LTT, Björkman C. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam. Vet J 2007; 175:390-4. [PMID: 17349807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in some dairy herds in Southern Vietnam, and to ascertain whether there were differences in seroprevalences between herds with imported and locally bred cows. Serum samples collected on five state farms and 97 smallholder herds were analysed for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum and BVDV. All BVDV antibody-negative sera were further tested by antigen-ELISA in order to identify persistently infected individuals. The N. caninum prevalence varied between 16% and 53% in the state herds, and was higher in the four herds that had imported cows than in the herd that only had locally bred cows. Nineteen percent of the samples collected on smallholder farms, which all had only locally bred cows, had antibodies to N. caninum. The BVDV seroprevalence varied between 58% and 93% on the state farms. In smallholder herds, the prevalence of BVDV among the sampled cows was 18% and even lower on the state farms. Despite the high seroprevalence for BVDV in the state herds, no persistently BVDV infected cows were found. Given the high prevalence for Neospora and BVDV among herds with imported cows, it seems advisable to test for both infections before cattle are imported into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chi Duong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wapenaar W, Barkema HW, Vanleeuwen JA, McClure JT, O'Handley RM, Kwok OCH, Thulliez P, Dubey JP, Jenkins MC. Comparison of serological methods for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143:166-73. [PMID: 16989951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance and agreement of various commercial and in-house Neospora caninum antibody assays used in dairy cattle in North America, and to investigate reproducibility of two assays performed in different laboratories. From 1998 to 2005, three enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs, a competitive ELISA-VMRD Inc., an indirect ELISA-Biovet Inc., and another indirect ELISA-Herdchek IDEXX Corp.), two indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFATs, VMRD Inc., and in-house USDA) and one N. caninum agglutination test (NAT, in-house USDA) were utilized to test 397 randomly selected dairy cattle serum samples from 34 herds in eastern Canada for antibodies to N. caninum. The manufacturers' recommended cut-off values were used to evaluate test performance and agreement between tests. One IFAT (VMRD Inc.) performed well (sensitivity and specificity: 0.97 and 0.97, respectively) using reference sera (n = 452), therefore, results from this IFAT on the 397 samples could subsequently be used as the reference standard to calculate test characteristics for the other assays. Only 11% of the 397 sera were found to be N. caninum-positive with the IFAT. Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) ranged from 0.06 to 0.99. Positive agreement was moderate to very good (P(pos) = 0.25-0.96). Negative agreement was very good for all assays (P(neg) > 0.94) except NAT (P(neg) = 0.66). Sensitivity was > or =0.89 for all assays except the NAT, which had a significantly lower sensitivity (0.66). Specificity was high (>0.94) for all assays except for one indirect ELISA (specificity = 0.52). This indirect ELISA did not perform satisfactorily when used in 1998, but an improved version of the ELISA performed as one of the best assays in 2004. Reproducibility of the competitive ELISA was excellent, but the reproducibility of the indirect ELISA that was improved was low (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.90 and 0.36, respectively). The performance characteristics observed for most assays in this study make them useful for screening antibodies to N. caninum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wapenaar
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
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Williams DJL, Guy CS, Smith RF, Ellis J, Björkman C, Reichel MP, Trees AJ. Immunization of cattle with live tachyzoites of Neospora caninum confers protection against fetal death. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1343-8. [PMID: 17145943 PMCID: PMC1828590 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00777-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cattle. It is normally found as a latent infection controlled by a T-helper-cell type 1 response involving CD4(+) cytotoxic T cells and gamma interferon. Cattle may be infected by two different routes: transplacentally as a result of activation of the latent infection in the mother causing congenital infection or abortion and by ingestion of oocysts, which, if it occurs during gestation, can also result in abortion. Here, for the first time, we establish proof that live vaccination protects against fetal death, whereas immunization using whole-tachyzoite lysate in different adjuvants fails to protect against fetal death. Strong antibody responses were induced in all the vaccinated groups, and the quality and magnitude of these responses were similar in the live- and the lysate-vaccinated groups. In contrast, only the group immunized with live tachyzoites had strong cellular and gamma interferon responses prior to challenge, and these responses correlated with protection against fetopathy. These results suggest that a cellular immune response may be important in the mechanisms involved in protection against N. caninum-associated abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J L Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
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Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P. Use of IgG avidity ELISA to differentiate acute from persistent infection with Salmonella Dublin in cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:144-52. [PMID: 16405694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether an immunoglobulin (Ig)G avidity ELISA can be used to differentiate between acute and persistent infection with Salmonella (S.) Dublin in cattle. To determine whether the IgG isotype, IgG(1) and IgG(2) responses in acute and persistent infections differ. METHODS AND RESULTS Animals were selected from two herds with long-term infection (years) and two herds recently infected (<3 months). Forty-seven animals were categorized into groups based on the persistence of their antibody level in milk. Based on titre from two serial dilutions the avidity index (AI) was calculated for IgG (IgG-AI), IgG(1) (IgG(1)-AI) and IgG(2) (IgG(2)-AI). The mean IgG-AI for suspected carrier animals with either persistently high (group 1) or persistently high to medium high (group 2) antibody levels was significantly (P = 0.003) higher (32.1% and 38.4%) than for acutely infected animals (21.7% and 22.3%). The probability of being a suspect carrier was associated with IgG-AI, antibody level in the sample and age. However, the effect of age could be the result of a biased sample selection. Specificities and sensitivities were calculated at a range of cut-off values for IgG-AI and IgG(1)-AI. Overall, IgG(2)-AI was high compared with IgG(1)-AI, and there was no difference in IgG(2)-AI between infection groups. There was no difference in the ratio IgG(2):IgG(1) for acute and persistent infection groups. CONCLUSIONS Assuming that a persistently high antibody response is indicative of persistent infection with S. Dublin in cattle, it can be concluded that the IgG-AI can aid in differentiating between acute and long-term infection on herd level. However, for the test to be useful as an alternative tool to repeated sampling over time for detection of persistently infected carriers during control strategies in cattle herds, the test needs to be optimized and studied further in a larger sample of well-characterized infections in cattle. The affinity of IgG(2) is higher than IgG(1) early in the S. Dublin infection. There appears to be no difference in the IgG(2)-AI between the acute and chronic infection stages. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY For decades the strategies for detection of persistently infected cattle in S. Dublin infected herds have involved repeated bacteriological culture of faecal samples or repeated antibody measurements over several months. Both methods are time consuming and costly, leaving a new method for detection of carrier animals based on a single sampling highly desirable. This study illustrates a tool, IgG-AI, which may prove useful, although more validation of the method is required before it is used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hansen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Milne E, Crawshaw M, Brocklehurst S, Wright S, Maley S, Innes E. Associations between Neospora caninum specific antibodies in serum and milk in two dairy herds in Scotland. Prev Vet Med 2006; 77:31-47. [PMID: 16834998 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the use of the Mastazyme ELISA for quantification of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) specific IgG in bovine milk and examined the relationship between serum and milk antibodies in two dairy herds. The serum and milk antibodies both had bimodal distributions in each herd. This was mainly due to between cow variation: in both herds, approximately two thirds of cows were either clearly and consistently seropositive or seronegative for N. caninum with one third consistently near the threshold. Milk and serum N. caninum IgG were strongly related. This relationship was modelled using a linear mixed model including a polynomial term for serum, the effect of herd, and between and within cow variance components. The latter gave a significantly better fit to the data than a model that allowed for a different relationship for the positive and negative (according to the serum test) groups of observations. The sensitivity and specificity (based on serum percentage positivity (pp)) of the milk antibody was determined for different milk pp thresholds. In spite of the differences between the relationship of milk to serum seen for the two herds, for those estimates with sufficient precision, sensitivity and specificity greater than 0.73 for both herds were obtained using single thresholds of 14 and 15.5 for milk pp in both herds based on, as our gold standard, serum antibody pp thresholds of 22.5 and 25, respectively. If milk antibody is to be used for detecting persistently infected cows, the higher threshold of 15.5 may be suitable while for epidemiological screening 14 would be preferable. Further validation in a greater number of herds is required, but our results suggest that this test may prove to be a useful adjunct to serum N. caninum IgG assays in the monitoring of N. caninum infection as part of herd health programmes and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth Milne
- Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services, St Mary's Industrial Estate, Dumfries, Scotland, UK.
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Björkman C, Alvarez-Garcia G, Conraths FJ, Mattsson JG, Ortega-Mora LM, Sager H, Schares G. Neospora caninum IgG avidity tests: An interlaboratory comparison. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140:273-80. [PMID: 16750301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Avidity tests can be used to discriminate between cattle that are acutely and chronically infected with the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum. The aim of this study was to compare the IgG avidity ELISA tests being used in four European laboratories. A coded panel of 200 bovine sera from well documented naturally and experimentally N. caninum infected animals were analysed at the participating laboratories by their respective assay systems and laboratory protocols. Comparing the numeric test results, the concordance correlation coefficients were between 0.479 and 0.776. The laboratories categorize the avidity results into the classes "low" and "high" which are considered indicative of recent and chronic infection, respectively. Three laboratories also use an "intermediate" class. When the categorized data were analysed by Kappa statistics there was moderate to substantial agreements between the laboratories. There was an overall better agreement for dichotomized results than when an intermediate class was also used. Taken together, this first ring test for N. caninum IgG avidity assays showed a moderate agreement between the assays used by the different laboratories to estimate the IgG avidity. Our experience suggests that avidity tests are sometimes less robust than conventional ELISAs. Therefore, it is essential that they are carefully standardised and their performance continuously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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