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Correia SC, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Casadesus G, LaManna J, Perry G, Moreira PI. Hypoxic Preconditioning Averts Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease-Like Phenotype in Rats: A Focus on Mitochondria. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:739-757. [PMID: 35316086 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Brief episodes of sublethal hypoxia reprogram brain response to face possible subsequent lethal stimuli by triggering adaptive and prosurvival events-a phenomenon denominated hypoxic preconditioning (HP). To date, the potential therapeutic implications of HP to forestall sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) pathology remain unexplored. Using a well-established protocol of HP and focusing on hippocampus as a first brain region affected in AD, this study was undertaken to investigate the potential protective effects of HP in a sAD rat model induced by the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) and to uncover the mitochondrial adaptations underlying this nonpharmacological strategy. Results: HP prevented the memory and learning deficits as well as tau pathology in the icvSTZ rat model. HP also attenuated icvSTZ-related reactive astrogliosis, as noted by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and myo-inositol levels. Notably, HP abrogated the icvSTZ-related impaired energy metabolism and oxidative damage. Particularly, HP averted increased lactate, glutamate, and succinate levels, and decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain function and mitochondrial DNA content. Concerning mitochondrial adaptations underlying HP-triggered tolerance to icvSTZ, preconditioned hippocampal mitochondria displayed an enhanced complex II-energized mitochondrial respiration, which resulted from a coordinated interaction between mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion-fission. Mitochondrial biogenesis was stimulated immediately after HP, whereas in a latter phase mitochondrial fusion-fission events are modulated favoring the generation of elongated mitochondria. Innovation and Conclusion: Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time that HP prevents the sAD-like phenotype, in part, by targeting mitochondria emerging as a preventive strategy in the context of AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 739-757.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph LaManna
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Manouchehri N, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A. Mitochondrial Complex I Is an Essential Player in LPS-Induced Preconditioning in Differentiated PC12 Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 18:1445-1455. [PMID: 32641953 PMCID: PMC6934967 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) as a protective strategy against noxious insults can decline cell death and apoptosis. It has been approved that mitochondria play a key role in PC mechanism. The critical role of complex I (CI) in oxidative phosphorylation machinery and intracellular ROS production, particularly in the brain, accentuates its possible role in PC-induced neuroprotection. Here, differentiated PC12 cells were preconditioned with ultra-low dose LPS (ULD, 3 μg/mL) prior to exposure to high concentration of LPS (HD, 750 μg/mL). Our results showed that HD LPS treatment reduces cell viability and CI activity, and intensifies expression of cleaved caspase 3 compared to the control group. Intriguingly, PC induction resulted in enhancement of cell viability and CI activity and reduction of caspase3 cleavage compared to HD LPS group. In order to explore the role of CI in PC, we combined the ULD LPS with rotenone, a CI inhibitor. Following rotenone administration, cell viability significantly reduced while caspase3 cleavage increased compared to PC induction group. Taken together, cell survival and reduction of apoptosis followed by PC can be at least partially attributed to the preservation of mitochondrial CI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Manouchehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Doeppner TR, Zechmeister B, Kaltwasser B, Jin F, Zheng X, Majid A, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Hermann DM. Very Delayed Remote Ischemic Post-conditioning Induces Sustained Neurological Recovery by Mechanisms Involving Enhanced Angioneurogenesis and Peripheral Immunosuppression Reversal. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:383. [PMID: 30420796 PMCID: PMC6216109 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning is defined as a transient and subcritical period of ischemia integrated in an experimental paradigm that involves a stimulus of injurious ischemia, activating endogenous tissue repair mechanisms that lead to cellular protection under pathological conditions like stroke. Whereas ischemic pre-conditioning is irrelevant for stroke treatment, ischemic post-conditioning, and especially non-invasive remote ischemic post-conditioning (rPostC) is an innovative and potential strategy for stroke treatment. Although rPostC has been shown to induce neuroprotection in stroke models before, resulting in some clinical trials on the way, fundamental questions with regard to its therapeutic time frame and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Hence, we herein used a model of non-invasive rPostC of hind limbs after cerebral ischemia in male C57BL6 mice, studying the optimal timing for the application of rPostC and its underlying mechanisms for up to 3 months. Mice undergoing rPostC underwent three different paradigms, starting with the first cycle of rPostC 12 h, 24 h, or 5 days after stroke induction, which is a very delayed time point of rPostC that has not been studied elsewhere. rPostC as applied within 24 h post-stroke induces reduction of infarct volume on day three. On the contrary, very delayed rPostC does not yield reduction of infarct volume on day seven when first applied on day five, albeit long-term brain injury is significantly reduced. Likewise, very delayed rPostC yields sustained neurological recovery, whereas early rPostC (i.e., <24 h) results in transient neuroprotection only. The latter is mediated via heat shock protein 70 that is a well-known signaling protein involved in the pathophysiological cellular cascade of cerebral ischemia, leading to decreased proteasomal activity and decreased post-stroke inflammation. Very delayed rPostC on day five, however, induces a pleiotropic effect, among which a stimulation of angioneurogenesis, a modulation of the ischemic extracellular milieu, and a reversal of the stroke-induced immunosuppression occur. As such, very delayed rPostC appears to be an attractive tool for future adjuvant stroke treatment that deserves further preclinical attention before large clinical trials are in order, which so far have predominantly focused on early rPostC only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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4
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Yuan W, Chen Q, Zeng J, Xiao H, Huang ZH, Li X, Lei Q. 3'-Daidzein sulfonate sodium improves mitochondrial functions after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:235-241. [PMID: 28400805 PMCID: PMC5361507 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.200807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
3′-Daidzein sulfonate sodium is a new synthetic water-soluble compound derived from daidzein (an active ingredient of the kudzu vine root). It has been shown to have a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. We plan to study the mechanism of its protective effect. 3′-Daidzein sulfonate sodium was injected in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Results showed that 3′-daidzein sulfonate sodium significantly reduced mitochondrial swelling, significantly elevated the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and decreased mitochondrial malondialdehyde levels. 3′-Daidzein sulfonate sodium improved the structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier and reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. These findings confirmed that 3′-daidzein sulfonate sodium has a protective effect on mitochondrial functions after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, improves brain energy metabolism, and provides protection against blood-brain barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Yuan
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiong Lei
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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5
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Doeppner TR, Doehring M, Kaltwasser B, Majid A, Lin F, Bähr M, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Ischemic Post-Conditioning Induces Post-Stroke Neuroprotection via Hsp70-Mediated Proteasome Inhibition and Facilitates Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6061-6073. [PMID: 27699598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the failure of pharmacological therapies, alternative strategies promoting post-stroke brain repair are needed. Post-conditioning is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy, which induces acute neuroprotection against ischemic injury. To elucidate longer lasting actions of ischemic post-conditioning, mice were exposed to a 60-min stroke and post-conditioning by an additional 10-min stroke that was induced 10 min after reperfusion onset. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 28 days post-stroke. Post-conditioning reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post-stroke, enhancing blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain leukocyte infiltration, and reducing oxidative stress. On the molecular level, post-conditioning yielded increased Hsp70 expression, whereas nuclear factor (NF)-κB and proteasome activities were decreased. Reduced infarct volume and proteasome inhibition were reversed by Hsp70 knockdown, suggesting a critical role of the Hsp70 proteasome pathway in ischemic post-conditioning. The survival-promoting effects of ischemic post-conditioning, however, were not sustainable as neuroprotection and neurological recovery were lost 28 days post-stroke. Although angioneurogenesis was not increased by post-conditioning, the favorable extracellular milieu facilitated intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells 6 h post-stroke, resulting in persisted neuroprotection and neurological recovery. Thus, post-conditioning might support brain repair processes, but in view of its transient, neuroprotection is unlikely useful as stroke therapy in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Doehring
- Oberhavel Kliniken, Department of Internal Medicine, Oranienburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fengyan Lin
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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6
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Lee JC, Tae HJ, Chen BH, Cho JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Park JH, Shin BN, Lee HY, Cho YS, Cho JH, Hong S, Choi SY, Won MH, Park CW. Failure in neuroprotection of remote limb ischemic postconditioning in the hippocampus of a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:377-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Sisalli MJ, Annunziato L, Scorziello A. Novel Cellular Mechanisms for Neuroprotection in Ischemic Preconditioning: A View from Inside Organelles. Front Neurol 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 26074868 PMCID: PMC4443717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning represents an important adaptation mechanism of CNS, which results in its increased tolerance to the lethal cerebral ischemia. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction and maintenance of ischemic tolerance in the brain are complex and not yet completely clarified. In the last 10 years, great attention has been devoted to unravel the intracellular pathways activated by preconditioning and responsible for the establishing of the tolerant phenotype. Indeed, recent papers have been published supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria might act as master regulators of preconditioning-triggered endogenous neuroprotection due to their ability to control cytosolic calcium homeostasis. More interestingly, the demonstration that functional alterations in the ability of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) managing calcium homeostasis during ischemia, opened a new line of research focused to the role played by mitochondria and ER cross-talk in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia in order to identify new molecular mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance. In line with these findings and considering that the expression of the three isoforms of the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX), NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, mainly responsible for the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, was reduced during cerebral ischemia, it was investigated whether these proteins might play a role in neuroprotection induced by ischemic tolerance. In this review, evidence supporting the involvement of ER and mitochondria interaction within the preconditioning paradigm will be provided. In particular, the key role played by NCXs in the regulation of Ca2+-homeostasis at the different subcellular compartments will be discussed as new molecular mechanism proposed for the establishing of ischemic tolerant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Josè Sisalli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy ; Fondazione IRCSS SDN , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
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8
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Edut S, Rubovitch V, Rehavi M, Schreiber S, Pick CG. A study on the mechanism by which MDMA protects against dopaminergic dysfunction after minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:684-97. [PMID: 25124230 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Driving under methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) influence increases the risk of being involved in a car accident, which in turn can lead to traumatic brain injury. The behavioral deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are closely connected to dopamine pathway dysregulation. We have previously demonstrated in mice that low MDMA doses prior to mTBI can lead to better performances in cognitive tests. The purpose of this study was to assess in mice the changes in the dopamine system that occurs after both MDMA and minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Experimental mTBI was induced using a concussive head trauma device. One hour before injury, animals were subjected to MDMA. Administration of MDMA before injury normalized the alterations in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels that were observed in mTBI mice. This normalization was also able to lower the elevated dopamine receptor type 2 (D2) levels observed after mTBI. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels did not change following injury alone, but in mice subjected to MDMA and mTBI, significant elevations were observed. In the behavioral tests, haloperidol reversed the neuroprotection seen when MDMA was administered prior to injury. Altered catecholamine synthesis and high D2 receptor levels contribute to cognitive dysfunction, and strategies to normalize TH signaling and D2 levels may provide relief for the deficits observed after injury. Pretreatment with MDMA kept TH and D2 receptor at normal levels, allowing regular dopamine system activity. While the beneficial effect we observe was due to a dangerous recreational drug, understanding the alterations in dopamine and the mechanism of dysfunction at a cellular level can lead to legal therapies and potential candidates for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Edut
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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9
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Sisalli MJ, Secondo A, Esposito A, Valsecchi V, Savoia C, Di Renzo GF, Annunziato L, Scorziello A. Endoplasmic reticulum refilling and mitochondrial calcium extrusion promoted in neurons by NCX1 and NCX3 in ischemic preconditioning are determinant for neuroprotection. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1142-9. [PMID: 24632945 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), an important endogenous adaptive mechanism of the CNS, renders the brain more tolerant to lethal cerebral ischemia. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction and maintenance of ischemic tolerance in the brain are complex and still remain undefined. Considering the increased expression of the two sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) isoforms, NCX1 and NCX3, during cerebral ischemia and the relevance of nitric oxide (NO) in IPC modulation, we investigated whether the activation of the NO/PI3K/Akt pathway induced by IPC could regulate calcium homeostasis through changes in NCX1 and NCX3 expression and activity, thus contributing to ischemic tolerance. To this aim, we set up an in vitro model of IPC by exposing cortical neurons to a 30-min oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 3-h OGD plus reoxygenation. IPC was able to stimulate NCX activity, as revealed by Fura-2AM single-cell microfluorimetry. This effect was mediated by the NO/PI3K/Akt pathway since it was blocked by the following: (a) the NOS inhibitors L-NAME and 7-Nitroindazole, (b) the IP3K/Akt inhibitors LY294002, wortmannin and the Akt-negative dominant, (c) the NCX1 and NCX3 siRNA. Intriguingly, this IPC-mediated upregulation of NCX1 and NCX3 activity may control calcium level within endoplasimc reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, respectively. In fact, IPC-induced NCX1 upregulation produced an increase in ER calcium refilling since this increase was prevented by siNCX1. Moreover, by increasing NCX3 activity, IPC reduced mitochondrial calcium concentration. Accordingly, the inhibition of NCX by CGP37157 reverted this effect, thus suggesting that IPC-induced NCX3-increased activity may improve mitochondrial function during OGD/reoxygenation. Collectively, these results indicate that IPC-induced neuroprotection may occur through the modulation of calcium homeostasis in ER and mitochondria through NO/PI3K/Akt-mediated NCX1 and NCX3 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sisalli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - A Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - A Esposito
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - V Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - C Savoia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - G F Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - L Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
| | - A Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples - National Institute of Neuroscience, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) describes a phenomenon whereby a sub-injury inducing stress can protect against a later injurious stress. Great strides have been made in identifying the mechanisms of PC-induced protection in animal models of brain injury. While these may help elucidate potential therapeutic targets, there are questions over the clinical utility of cerebral PC, primarily because of questions over the need to give the PC stimulus prior to the injury, narrow therapeutic windows and safety. The object of this review is to address the question of whether there may indeed be a clinical use for cerebral PC and to discuss the deficiencies in our knowledge of PC that may hamper such clinical translation.
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11
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Li S, Wu C, Chen J, Lu P, Chen C, Fu M, Fang J, Gao J, Zhu L, Liang R, Shen X, Yang H. An effective solution to discover synergistic drugs for anti-cerebral ischemia from traditional Chinese medicinal formulae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78902. [PMID: 24236065 PMCID: PMC3827340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has shifted to pursuing combination therapies that comprise more than one active ingredient. Interestingly, combination therapies have been used for more than 2500 years in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Understanding optimal proportions and synergistic mechanisms of multi-component drugs are critical for developing novel strategies to combat complex diseases. A new multi-objective optimization algorithm based on least angle regression-partial least squares was proposed to construct the predictive model to evaluate the synergistic effect of the three components of a novel combination drug Yi-qi-jie-du formula (YJ), which came from clinical TCM prescription for the treatment of encephalopathy. Optimal proportion of the three components, ginsenosides (G), berberine (B) and jasminoidin (J) was determined via particle swarm optimum. Furthermore, the combination mechanisms were interpreted using PLS VIP and principal components analysis. The results showed that YJ had optimal proportion 3(G): 2(B): 0.5(J), and it yielded synergy in the treatment of rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia. YJ with optimal proportion had good pharmacological effects on acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms study demonstrated that the combination of G, B and J could exhibit the strongest synergistic effect. J might play an indispensable role in the formula, especially when combined with B for the acute stage of stroke. All these data in this study suggested that in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, besides restoring blood supply and protecting easily damaged cells in the area of the ischemic penumbra as early as possible, we should pay more attention to the removal of the toxic metabolites at the same time. Mathematical system modeling may be an essential tool for the analysis of the complex pharmacological effects of multi-component drug. The powerful mathematical analysis method could greatly improve the efficiency in finding new combination drug from TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Information Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NanChang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities following trauma brain injury in brain of mice preconditioned with N-methyl-d-aspartate. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:129-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is gaining attention as a novel neuroprotective therapy and could provide an improved mechanistic understanding of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this article is to review the recent work in the field of IPC and its applications to clinical scenarios. RECENT FINDINGS The cellular signaling pathways that are activated following IPC are now better understood and have enabled investigators to identify several IPC mimetics. Most of these studies were performed in rodents, and efficacy of these mimetics remains to be evaluated in human patients. Additionally, remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may have higher translational value than IPC. Repeated cycles of temporary ischemia in a remote organ can activate protective pathways in the target organ, including the heart and brain. Clinical trials are underway to test the efficacy of RIPC in protecting brain against subarachnoid hemorrhage. SUMMARY IPC, RIPC, and IPC mimetics have the potential to be therapeutic in various clinical scenarios. Further understanding of IPC-induced neuroprotection pathways and utilization of clinically relevant animal models are necessary to increase the translational potential of IPC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan V Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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14
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Anilkumar U, Weisová P, Düssmann H, Concannon CG, König HG, Prehn JHM. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced preconditioning in primary cortical neurons involves activation of MCL-1. J Neurochem 2012. [PMID: 23199202 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal preconditioning is a phenomenon where a previous exposure to a sub-lethal stress stimulus increases the resistance of neurons towards a second, normally lethal stress stimulus. Activation of the energy stress sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to contribute to the protective effects of ischaemic and mitochondrial uncoupling-induced preconditioning in neurons, however, the molecular basis of AMPK-mediated preconditioning has been less well characterized. We investigated the effect of AMPK preconditioning using 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) in a model of NMDA-mediated excitotoxic injury in primary mouse cortical neurons. Activation of AMPK with low concentrations of AICAR (0.1 mM for 2 h) induced a transient increase in AMPK phosphorylation, protecting neurons against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Analysing potential targets of AMPK activation, demonstrated a marked increase in mRNA expression and protein levels of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein myeloid cell leukaemia sequence 1 (MCL-1) in AICAR-preconditioned neurons. Interestingly, over-expression of MCL-1 protected neurons against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity while MCL-1 gene silencing abolished the effect of AICAR preconditioning. Monitored intracellular Ca²⁺ levels during NMDA excitation revealed that MCL-1 over-expressing neurons exhibited improved bioenergetics and markedly reduced Ca²⁺ elevations, suggesting a potential mechanism through which MCL-1 confers neuroprotection. This study identifies MCL-1 as a key effector of AMPK-induced preconditioning in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujval Anilkumar
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Li S, Wu C, Zhu L, Gao J, Fang J, Li D, Fu M, Liang R, Wang L, Cheng M, Yang H. By improving regional cortical blood flow, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and sequential apoptosis galangin acts as a potential neuroprotective agent after acute ischemic stroke. Molecules 2012; 17:13403-23. [PMID: 23143152 PMCID: PMC6268745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with a complex pathophysiology. Galangin is a natural flavonoid isolated from the rhizome of Alpina officinarum Hance, which has been widely used as an antioxidant agent. However, its effects against ischemic stroke have not been reported and its related neuroprotective mechanism has not really been explored. In this study, neurological behavior, cerebral infarct volumes and the improvement of the regional cortical blood flow (rCBF) were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of galangin in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the determination of mitochondrial function and Western blot of apoptosis-related proteins were performed to interpret the neuroprotective mechanism of galangin. The results showed that galangin alleviated the neurologic impairments, reduced cerebral infarct at 24 h after MCAO and exerted a protective effect on the mitochondria with decreased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects were consistent with improvements in the membrane potential level (Dym), membrane fluidity, and degree of mitochondrial swelling in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, galangin significantly improved the reduced rCBF after MCAO. Western blot analysis revealed that galangin also inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, down-regulation of Bax expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a reduction in cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, the reduced expression of activated caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). All these data in this study demonstrated that galangin might have therapeutic potential for ischemic stroke and play its protective role through the improvement in rCBF, mitochondrial protection and inhibiting caspase-dependent mitochondrial cell death pathway for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Meihong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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16
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“What does not kill you makes you stronger”*. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:2728-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825ce741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Wang YH. Effects of the effective component group of Chinese herbal medicine Xiaoxuming Decoction on brain mitochondria in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 10:569-76. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20120513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Lin HW, Thompson JW, Morris KC, Perez-Pinzon MA. Signal transducers and activators of transcription: STATs-mediated mitochondrial neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1853-61. [PMID: 20712401 PMCID: PMC3078497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is defined as little or no blood flow in cerebral circulation, characterized by low tissue oxygen and glucose levels, which promotes neuronal mitochondria dysfunction leading to cell death. A strategy to counteract cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal cell death is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC results in neuroprotection, which is conferred by a mild ischemic challenge prior to a normally lethal ischemic insult. Although many IPC-induced mechanisms have been described, many cellular and subcellular mechanisms remain undefined. Some reports have suggested key signal transduction pathways of IPC, such as activation of protein kinase C epsilon, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and hypoxia-inducible factors, that are likely involved in IPC-induced mitochondria mediated-neuroprotection. Moreover, recent findings suggest that signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), a family of transcription factors involved in many cellular activities, may be intimately involved in IPC-induced ischemic tolerance. In this review, we explore current signal transduction pathways involved in IPC-induced mitochondria mediated-neuroprotection, STAT activation in the mitochondria as it relates to IPC, and functional significance of STATs in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Wen Lin
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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19
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Liu Y, Yang N, Hao W, Zhao Q, Ying T, Liu S, Li Q, Liang Y, Wang T, Dong Y, Ji C, Zuo P. Dynamic proteomic analysis of protein expression profiles in whole brain of Balb/C mice subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress: implications for depressive disorders and future therapies. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:904-13. [PMID: 21349309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathophysiology of depression remain unknown. Previous works were mostly performed on single observation time-point which might be insufficiently to reveal the molecular events changed during the disease development. Adult BALB/c mice were exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) for different periods and differential 2D gel electrophoresis (DIGE) approach was employed to the brain tissue to explore the molecular disease signatures. Sustained elevation of corticosterone level was observed, suggesting the hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis when the mice were subjected to the stressful situation. The behavioral results indicated the depressive alterations of the mice exposing to UCMS. The altered proteins identified by proteomics showed that abnormal energy mobilization under stress condition was accompanied by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cytoskeleton protein and anti-oxidant enzymes were also changed by UCMS treatment. The results of biochemical and immunohistochemical assay confirmed the changes identified by DIGE analysis. These results indicated that the insufficiency of ATP synthesis, overwhelming ROS production and ER stress subsequently contributed to the cytoskeletal damage and inhibition to expression of some anti-oxidant proteins, which might ultimately bring functional neuron to apoptosis or death. Proteins whose expression is affected may provide tools for potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing 100005, China
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20
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Abstract
Small, noncoding, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key mediators of posttranscriptional gene silencing in both pathogenic and pathological aspects of ischemic stroke biology. In stroke etiology, miRNA have distinct expression patterns that modulate pathogenic processes including atherosclerosis (miR-21, miR-126), hyperlipidemia (miR-33, miR-125a-5p), hypertension (miR-155), and plaque rupture (miR-222, miR-210). Following focal cerebral ischemia, significant changes in the miRNA transcriptome, independent of an effect on expression of miRNA machinery, implicate miRNA in the pathological cascade of events that include blood brain barrier disruption (miR-15a) and caspase mediated cell death signaling (miR-497). Early activation of miR-200 family members improves neural cell survival via prolyl hydroxylase mRNA silencing and subsequent HIF-1α stabilization. Pro- (miR-125b) and anti-inflammatory (miR-26a, -34a, -145, and let-7b) miRNA may also be manipulated to positively influence stroke outcomes. Recent examples of successfully implemented miRNA-therapeutics direct the future of gene therapy and offer new therapeutic strategies by regulating large sets of genes in related pathways of the ischemic stroke cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yocum GT, Gaudet JG, Lee SS, Stern Y, Teverbaugh LA, Sciacca RR, Emala CW, Quest DO, McCormick PC, McKinsey JF, Morrissey NJ, Solomon RA, Connolly ES, Heyer EJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphism affords protection against cognitive dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2009; 40:1597-603. [PMID: 19286578 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.541177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 9% to 23% of patients during the first month after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). A 4-basepair (AAAT) tandem repeat polymorphism (either 3 or 4 repeats) has been described in the promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a gene with complex roles in ischemic injury and preconditioning against ischemic injury. We investigated whether the 4-repeat variant (iNOS(+)) affects the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after CEA. METHODS One-hundred eighty-five CEA and 60 spine surgery (control) subjects were included in this nested cohort analysis. Subjects underwent a battery of 7 neuropsychometric tests before and 1 day and 1 month after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if the iNOS promoter variant was independently associated with the incidence of cognitive dysfunction at 1 day and 1 month. Further, all right-hand-dominant CEA subjects were grouped by operative side and performance on each test was compared between iNOS(+) and iNOS(-) groups. RESULTS Forty-four of 185 CEA subjects had at least 1 iNOS promoter allele containing 4 copies of the tandem repeat (iNOS(+)). iNOS(+) status was significantly protective against moderate/severe cognitive dysfunction 1 month after CEA. Right-hand-dominant iNOS(+) CEA subjects undergoing left-side CEA performed significantly better than iNOS(-) subjects on a verbal learning test and those undergoing right-side CEA performed significantly better on a test of visuospatial function. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an iNOS promoter polymorphism variant provides protection against moderate/severe cognitive dysfunction 1 month after CEA. Further, this protection appears to involve cognitive domains localized ipsilateral to the operative carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene T Yocum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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He XL, Wang YH, Gao M, Li XX, Zhang TT, Du GH. Baicalein protects rat brain mitochondria against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced oxidative damage. Brain Res 2008; 1249:212-21. [PMID: 18977207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of baicalein, a natural compound isolated from the root of scutellaria, on cognitive and motor ability impaired by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats, as well as its effects on brain mitochondria. Rats subjected to permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion experienced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction, which was associated with the elevation of reactive oxygen species level, the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation parameters, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the reduce in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and the release of cytochrome c. Baicalein alleviated cognitive and motor impairments and decreased mitochondria reactive oxygen species production, in accordance with its improvements on membrane potential level, oxidative phosphorylation process, mitochondrial swelling degree, Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cytochrome c release. These data indicated that baicalein might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of dementia caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, contributed to its protections on brain mitochondrial homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li He
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
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23
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Dirnagl U, Meisel A. Endogenous neuroprotection: mitochondria as gateways to cerebral preconditioning? Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:334-44. [PMID: 18402985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
From single to multicellular organisms, protective mechanisms have evolved against endogenous and exogenous noxious stimuli. Preconditioning paradigms, in which stimulation below the threshold of injury results in subsequent protection of the brain, have played an important role in elucidating such endogenous protective mechanisms. Consequently, over the past decades numerous signaling pathways have been discovered by which the brain senses and reacts to such insults as neurotoxins, substrate deprivation, or inflammation. Research on preconditioning is aimed at understanding endogenous neuroprotection to boost it, or to supplement its effectors therapeutically once damage to the brain has occurred, such as after stroke or brain trauma. Another goal of establishing preconditioning protocols is to induce endogenous neuroprotection in anticipation of incipient brain damage. Currently several endogenous neuroprotectants are being investigated in controlled clinical trials. In the present review we will give a short overview on the signals, sensors, transducers, and effectors of endogenous neuroprotection. We will first focus on common mechanisms, on which pathways of endogenous neuroprotection converge, and in particular on mitochondria, which may be considered master integrators of endogenous neuroprotection. We will then discuss various applications of preconditioning, including pharmacological and anesthetic preconditioning, as well as postconditioning, and explore the prospects of endogenous neuroprotective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Obrenovitch TP. Molecular physiology of preconditioning-induced brain tolerance to ischemia. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:211-47. [PMID: 18195087 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance describes the adaptive biological response of cells and organs that is initiated by preconditioning (i.e., exposure to stressor of mild severity) and the associated period during which their resistance to ischemia is markedly increased. This topic is attracting much attention because preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance is an effective experimental probe to understand how the brain protects itself. This review is focused on the molecular and related functional changes that are associated with, and may contribute to, brain ischemic tolerance. When the tolerant brain is subjected to ischemia, the resulting insult severity (i.e., residual blood flow, disruption of cellular transmembrane gradients) appears to be the same as in the naive brain, but the ensuing lesion is substantially reduced. This suggests that the adaptive changes in the tolerant brain may be primarily directed against postischemic and delayed processes that contribute to ischemic damage, but adaptive changes that are beneficial during the subsequent test insult cannot be ruled out. It has become clear that multiple effectors contribute to ischemic tolerance, including: 1) activation of fundamental cellular defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, heat shock proteins, and cell death/survival determinants; 2) responses at tissue level, especially reduced inflammatory responsiveness; and 3) a shift of the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory balance toward inhibition. Accordingly, an improved knowledge of preconditioning/ischemic tolerance should help us to identify neuroprotective strategies that are similar in nature to combination therapy, hence potentially capable of suppressing the multiple, parallel pathophysiological events that cause ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Paul Obrenovitch
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.
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25
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Pivovarova NB, Stanika RI, Watts CA, Brantner CA, Smith CL, Andrews SB. Reduced calcium-dependent mitochondrial damage underlies the reduced vulnerability of excitotoxicity-tolerant hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1686-99. [PMID: 18036152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In central neurons, over-stimulation of NMDA receptors leads to excessive mitochondrial calcium accumulation and damage, which is a critical step in excitotoxic death. This raises the possibility that low susceptibility to calcium overload-induced mitochondrial damage might characterize excitotoxicity-resistant neurons. In this study, we have exploited two complementary models of preconditioning-induced excitotoxicity resistance to demonstrate reduced calcium-dependent mitochondrial damage in NMDA-tolerant hippocampal neurons. We have further identified adaptations in mitochondrial calcium handling that account for enhanced mitochondrial integrity. In both models, enhanced tolerance was associated with improved preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential and structure. In the first model, which exhibited modest neuroprotection, mitochondria-dependent calcium deregulation was delayed, even though cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium loads were quantitatively unchanged, indicating that enhanced mitochondrial calcium capacity accounts for reduced injury. In contrast, the second model, which exhibited strong neuroprotection, displayed further delayed calcium deregulation and reduced mitochondrial damage because downregulation of NMDA receptor surface expression depressed calcium loading. Reducing calcium entry also modified the chemical composition of the calcium-buffering precipitates that form in calcium-loaded mitochondria. It thus appears that reduced mitochondrial calcium loading is a major factor underlying the robust neuroprotection seen in highly tolerant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B Pivovarova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Guang HM, Du GH. Protections of pinocembrin on brain mitochondria contribute to cognitive improvement in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 542:77-83. [PMID: 16806158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To study effects of pinocembrin, a natural compound extracted from propolis, on cognitive ability impaired by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats, and if it did so, to investigate its effects on brain mitochondria. Rat chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was achieved by permanent bilateral common carotid arteries ligation, with regional cerebral blood flow evaluated. Cognitive ability was tested by Morris water maze task. Production of reactive oxygen species and origin targets including mitochondria membrane potential, respiratory chain complex I, complex III activities and mitochondria swelling degree were evaluated. Cytochrome oxidase was determined on its expression level by western blotting. Pinocembrin alleviated cognitive impairments in Morris water maze and decreased mitochondria reactive oxygen species production, in accordance with its improvements on complex I activity, membrane potential level, mitochondria swelling degree and cytochrome oxidase deficits. Pinocembrin could improve rat cognitive impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, contributed to its protections on brain mitochondria structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Guang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR, China
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Cho S, Park EM, Zhou P, Frys K, Ross ME, Iadecola C. Obligatory role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:493-501. [PMID: 15689953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sublethal insults can induce a transient tolerance toward subsequent lethal ischemia, a phenomenon termed ischemic preconditioning (IPC). In the myocardium, nitric oxide derived from 'inducible' nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS II) plays a critical role in the expression of IPC produced by sublethal ischemia. Here, we investigated whether iNOS is involved in IPC in brain. Ischemic preconditioning was produced in mice by three episodes of 1-min bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion, each followed by 5 mins of reperfusion. After 24 h, mice underwent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 20 mins. Intraischemic cerebral blood flow was monitored during both in BCCA and MCA occlusion (MCAO) by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Mice were killed 3 days after MCAO, and infarct volume was determined in thionine-stained sections. Infarct volume was significantly reduced 24 h after IPC (70%; P<0.05). Treatment with the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (400 mg/kg), abolished the IPC-induced protection. Furthermore, IPC failed to induce ischemic tolerance in iNOS-null mice. In wild-type mice, IPC increased the resistance to Ca(2+)-mediated depolarization in isolated brain mitochondria. However, in iNOS-null mice IPC failed to induce such resistance. We conclude that iNOS is required for the full expression of IPC and that such effect is coupled to an increased resistance of mitochondria to injury. Thus, iNOS-derived nitric oxide, in addition to its deleterious effects on the late stages of ischemic brain damage, can also be beneficial by promoting ischemic tolerance through signaling, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Cho
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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