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Xiao MT, Ellsworth CR, Qin X. Emerging role of complement in COVID-19 and other respiratory virus diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:94. [PMID: 38368584 PMCID: PMC10874912 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, provides the first line of defense against bacterial infection; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that it may also engender severe complications in the context of viral respiratory disease. Here, we review the mechanisms of complement activation and regulation and explore their roles in both protecting against infection and exacerbating disease. We discuss emerging evidence related to complement-targeted therapeutics in COVID-19 and compare the role of the complement in other respiratory viral diseases like influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. We review recent mechanistic studies and animal models that can be used for further investigation. Novel knockout studies are proposed to better understand the nuances of the activation of the complement system in respiratory viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Xiao
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Calder R Ellsworth
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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2
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Sharma A, Rijavec M, Tomar S, Yamani A, Ganesan V, Krempski J, Schuler CF, Bunyavanich S, Korosec P, Hogan SP. Acute systemic myeloid inflammatory and stress response in severe food allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:536-549. [PMID: 36756745 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food allergic reactions can be severe and potentially life-threatening and the underlying immunological processes that contribute to the severity of reactions are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to integrate bulk RNA-sequencing of human and mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells during food allergic reactions and in vivo mouse models of food allergy to identify dysregulated immunological processes associated with severe food allergic reactions. METHODS Bulk transcriptomics of whole blood from human and mouse following food allergic reactions combined with integrative differential expressed gene bivariate and module eigengene network analyses to identify the whole blood transcriptome associated with food allergy severity. In vivo validation immune cell and gene expression in mice following IgE-mediated reaction. RESULTS Bulk transcriptomics of whole blood from mice with different severity of food allergy identified gene ontology (GO) biological processes associated with innate and inflammatory immune responses, dysregulation of MAPK and NFkB signalling and identified 429 genes that correlated with reaction severity. Utilizing two independent human cohorts, we identified 335 genes that correlated with severity of peanut-induced food allergic reactions. Mapping mouse food allergy severity transcriptome onto the human transcriptome revealed 11 genes significantly dysregulated and correlated with severity. Analyses of whole blood from mice undergoing an IgE-mediated reaction revealed a rapid change in blood leukocytes particularly inflammatory monocytes (Ly6Chi Ly6G- ) and neutrophils that was associated with changes in CLEC4E, CD218A and GPR27 surface expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, IgE-mediated food allergy severity is associated with a rapid innate inflammatory response associated with acute cellular stress processes and dysregulation of peripheral blood inflammatory myeloid cell frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Sharma
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varsha Ganesan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Krempski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles F Schuler
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Michigan medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Korosec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Wen L, Yang X, Wu Z, Fu S, Zhan Y, Chen Z, Bi D, Shen Y. The complement inhibitor CD59 is required for GABAergic synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112349. [PMID: 37027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent microglia pruning of excitatory synapses has been widely reported in physiological and pathological conditions, with few reports concerning pruning of inhibitory synapses or direct regulation of synaptic transmission by complement components. Here, we report that loss of CD59, an important endogenous inhibitor of the complement system, leads to compromised spatial memory performance. Furthermore, CD59 deficiency impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). This depends on regulation of GABA release triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) rather than inhibitory synaptic pruning by microglia. Notably, CD59 colocalizes with inhibitory pre-synaptic terminals and regulates SNARE complex assembly. Together, these results demonstrate that the complement regulator CD59 plays an important role in normal hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumei Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaxi Zhan
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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4
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Luo Z, Sun L, Bian F, Wang Y, Yu Y, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Erythrocyte-Inspired Functional Materials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206150. [PMID: 36581585 PMCID: PMC9951328 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the blood. As the results of long-term natural selection, their specific biconcave discoid morphology and cellular composition are responsible for gaining excellent biological performance. Inspired by the intrinsic features of erythrocytes, various artificial biomaterials emerge and find broad prospects in biomedical applications such as therapeutic delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Here, a comprehensive review from the fabrication to the applications of erythrocyte-inspired functional materials is given. After summarizing the biomaterials mimicking the biological functions of erythrocytes, the synthesis strategies of particles with erythrocyte-inspired morphologies are presented. The emphasis is on practical biomedical applications of these bioinspired functional materials. The perspectives for the future possibilities of the advanced erythrocyte-inspired biomaterials are also discussed. It is hoped that the summary of existing studies can inspire researchers to develop novel biomaterials; thus, accelerating the progress of these biomaterials toward clinical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Feika Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001China
| | - Zhuxiao Gu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001China
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Coêlho ML, Islam MT, Laylson da Silva Oliveira G, Oliveira Barros de Alencar MV, Victor de Oliveira Santos J, Campinho dos Reis A, Oliveira Ferreira da Mata AM, Correia Jardim Paz MF, Docea AO, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante A. Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Bioactive Monoterpenes Nerol, Estragole, and 3,7-Dimethyl-1-Octanol. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:8002766. [PMID: 36465700 PMCID: PMC9712021 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is noted because of the presence of varieties of biochemicals. The monoterpenes, like nerol, estragole, and 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol, have been reported for antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the toxic, cytotoxic, and oxidant/antioxidant effects of these compounds by several in vitro (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, and ferric reducing potential), ex vivo (hemolysis), and in vivo (Artemia Salina and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) assays. Results suggest that estragole and 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol at 31.25-500 μg/mL did not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects in the A. Salina and hemolysis tests. Nerol showed significant cytotoxic effects on these test systems at all test concentrations. The monoterpenes showed radical (ABTS•+ and DPPH•) scavenging capacities in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro tests. However, they did not oxidize the genetic material of S. cerevisiae (SODWT, Sod1Δ, Sod2Δ, Sod1/Sod2Δ, Cat1Δ, and Cat1Δ/Sod1Δ) lines. Among the three monoterpenes, nerol may be a good candidate for antioxidant and anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ladeira Coêlho
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - George Laylson da Silva Oliveira
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Terminal complement pathway activation drives synaptic loss in Alzheimer’s disease models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:99. [PMID: 35794654 PMCID: PMC9258209 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is involved in developmental synaptic pruning and pathological synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease. It is posited that C1 binding initiates complement activation on synapses; C3 fragments then tag them for microglial phagocytosis. However, the precise mechanisms of complement-mediated synaptic loss remain unclear, and the role of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) is unexplored. We here address several knowledge gaps: (i) is complement activated through to MAC at the synapse? (ii) does MAC contribute to synaptic loss? (iii) can MAC inhibition prevent synaptic loss? Novel methods were developed and optimised to quantify C1q, C3 fragments and MAC in total and regional brain homogenates and synaptoneurosomes from WT and AppNL−G−F Alzheimer’s disease model mouse brains at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. The impact on synapse loss of systemic treatment with a MAC blocking antibody and gene knockout of a MAC component was assessed in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. A significant increase in C1q, C3 fragments and MAC was observed in AppNL−G−F mice compared to controls, increasing with age and severity. Administration of anti-C7 antibody to AppNL−G−F mice modulated synapse loss, reflected by the density of dendritic spines in the vicinity of plaques. Constitutive knockout of C6 significantly reduced synapse loss in 3xTg-AD mice. We demonstrate that complement dysregulation occurs in Alzheimer’s disease mice involving the activation (C1q; C3b/iC3b) and terminal (MAC) pathways in brain areas associated with pathology. Inhibition or ablation of MAC formation reduced synapse loss in two Alzheimer’s disease mouse models, demonstrating that MAC formation is a driver of synapse loss. We suggest that MAC directly damages synapses, analogous to neuromuscular junction destruction in myasthenia gravis.
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7
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Chai JN, Azad AK, Kuan K, Guo X, Wang Y. A Splice Site Mutation Associated with Congenital CD59 Deficiency. Hematol Rep 2022; 14:172-178. [PMID: 35735736 PMCID: PMC9222317 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep14020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital CD59 deficiency is a recently described rare autosomal recessive disease associated with CD59 gene mutations that lead to deficient or dysfunctional CD59 protein on the cell surface. The disease is characterized by the early onset of chronic hemolysis, relapsing peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, and recurrent ischemic strokes. To date, there are 14 patients with 4 exon mutations reported globally. A young boy with early onset peripheral neuropathy and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is presented. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified a homozygous splice site variant in intron 1 of the CD59 gene (c.67 + 1G > T). This variant alters a consensus donor splicing site. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that CD59 mRNA expression in the patient is significantly reduced to 0.017-fold compared to the controls. Flow cytometry showed the lack of CD59 protein on the surface of the patient’s red blood cells. This variant is the first splice site mutation reported to be associated with congenital CD59 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanhua Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-920-4976; Fax: +1-718-920-7611
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8
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Colden MA, Kumar S, Munkhbileg B, Babushok DV. Insights Into the Emergence of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. Front Immunol 2022; 12:830172. [PMID: 35154088 PMCID: PMC8831232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.830172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disease as simple as it is complex. PNH patients develop somatic loss-of-function mutations in phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A gene (PIGA), required for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. Ubiquitous in eukaryotes, GPI anchors are a group of conserved glycolipid molecules responsible for attaching nearly 150 distinct proteins to the surface of cell membranes. The loss of two GPI-anchored surface proteins, CD55 and CD59, from red blood cells causes unregulated complement activation and hemolysis in classical PNH disease. In PNH patients, PIGA-mutant, GPI (-) hematopoietic cells clonally expand to make up a large portion of patients’ blood production, yet mechanisms leading to clonal expansion of GPI (-) cells remain enigmatic. Historical models of PNH in mice and the more recent PNH model in rhesus macaques showed that GPI (-) cells reconstitute near-normal hematopoiesis but have no intrinsic growth advantage and do not clonally expand over time. Landmark studies identified several potential mechanisms which can promote PNH clonal expansion. However, to what extent these contribute to PNH cell selection in patients continues to be a matter of active debate. Recent advancements in disease models and immunologic technologies, together with the growing understanding of autoimmune marrow failure, offer new opportunities to evaluate the mechanisms of clonal expansion in PNH. Here, we critically review published data on PNH cell biology and clonal expansion and highlight limitations and opportunities to further our understanding of the emergence of PNH clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Colden
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sushant Kumar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bolormaa Munkhbileg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daria V. Babushok,
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Flamarion E, Reichert C, Sayegh C, de Saint Gilles D, Bariseel R, Arnoux JB, Schmitt C, Poli A, Karras A, Pouchot J, Cheminet G, Penet MA. [Abnormal urine color assessment: The urine wheel]. Rev Med Interne 2021; 43:31-38. [PMID: 33736891 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Looking at the urine for diagnostic purposes, once performed by ancient Egyptians, can still provide some valuable clues in modern medicine. Several diseases have been named after their associated urine color and this underlines the clinical value of visual urine inspection: blue diaper disease, purple urine bag syndrome, black urine disease or porphyria. Abnormal urine color could be challenging for the clinician: it may reveal neoplastic disease (urologic cancer; melanoma), cell lysis (rhabdomyolysis; hemolysis), infection (lymphatic filariasis; malaria), enzyme deficiency (porphyria; alkaptonuria), medication or food intake. In this article, we present the diagnostic approach, the mechanisms involved and the main causes of abnormal urine color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Flamarion
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France.
| | - Constance Reichert
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Caroline Sayegh
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - David de Saint Gilles
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Romane Bariseel
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Jean Baptise Arnoux
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Hôpital Louis Mourier, Centre Français des Porphyries, APHP-Nord, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, France
| | - Antoine Poli
- Hôpital Louis Mourier, Centre Français des Porphyries, APHP-Nord, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de néphrologie, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Jacques Pouchot
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Cheminet
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
| | - Marie Aude Penet
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de médecine interne, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, France
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Hussein NH, Amin NS, El Tayebi HM. GPI-AP: Unraveling a New Class of Malignancy Mediators and Potential Immunotherapy Targets. Front Oncol 2020; 10:537311. [PMID: 33344222 PMCID: PMC7746843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.537311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With millions of cases diagnosed annually and high economic burden to cover expensive costs, cancer is one of the most difficult diseases to treat due to late diagnosis and severe adverse effects from conventional therapy. This creates an urgent need to find new targets for early diagnosis and therapy. Progress in research revealed the key steps of carcinogenesis. They are called cancer hallmarks. Zooming in, cancer hallmarks are characterized by ligands binding to their cognate receptor and so triggering signaling cascade within cell to make response for stimulus. Accordingly, understanding membrane topology is vital. In this review, we shall discuss one type of transmembrane proteins: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins (GPI-APs), with specific emphasis on those involved in tumor cells by evading immune surveillance and future applications for diagnosis and immune targeted therapy.
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11
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Khan PA, Crawford MJ. Regeneration and development. An amphibian call to arms. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:896-901. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
| | - Michael J. Crawford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
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12
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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13
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Karbian N, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Tabib A, Hoizman H, Morgan BP, Schueler-Furman O, Peles E, Mevorach D. Molecular pathogenesis of human CD59 deficiency. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e280. [PMID: 30533526 PMCID: PMC6244018 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterize all 4 mutations described for CD59 congenital deficiency. Methods The 4 mutations, p.Cys64Tyr, p.Asp24Val, p.Asp24Valfs*, and p.Ala16Alafs*, were described in 13 individuals with CD59 malfunction. All 13 presented with recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, recurrent strokes, and chronic hemolysis. Here, we track the molecular consequences of the 4 mutations and their effects on CD59 expression, localization, glycosylation, degradation, secretion, and function. Mutants were cloned and inserted into plasmids to analyze their expression, localization, and functionality. Results Immunolabeling of myc-tagged wild-type (WT) and mutant CD59 proteins revealed cell surface expression of p.Cys64Tyr and p.Asp24Val detected with the myc antibody, but no labeling by anti-CD59 antibodies. In contrast, frameshift mutants p.Asp24Valfs* and p.Ala16Alafs* were detected only intracellularly and did not reach the cell surface. Western blot analysis showed normal glycosylation but mutant-specific secretion patterns. All mutants significantly increased MAC-dependent cell lysis compared with WT. In contrast to CD59 knockout mice previously used to characterize phenotypic effects of CD59 perturbation, all 4 hCD59 mutations generate CD59 proteins that are expressed and may function intracellularly (4) or on the cell membrane (2). None of the 4 CD59 mutants are detected by known anti-CD59 antibodies, including the 2 variants present on the cell membrane. None of the 4 inhibits membrane attack complex (MAC) formation. Conclusions All 4 mutants generate nonfunctional CD59, 2 are expressed as cell surface proteins that may function in non-MAC-related interactions and 2 are expressed only intracellularly. Distinct secretion of soluble CD59 may have also a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Karbian
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Tabib
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Hoizman
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Fujihara Y, Miyata H, Ikawa M. Factors controlling sperm migration through the oviduct revealed by gene-modified mouse models. Exp Anim 2018; 67:91-104. [PMID: 29353867 PMCID: PMC5955741 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is comprised of many steps including sperm survival in the
uterus, sperm migration in the female reproductive tract, physiological and morphological
changes to the spermatozoa, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct. In
vitro studies have revealed essential factors for these fertilization steps for
over half a century. However, the molecular mechanism of fertilization has recently been
revised by the emergence of genetically modified animals. Here, we focus on essential
factors for sperm fertilizing ability and describe recent advances in our knowledge of the
mechanisms of mammalian fertilization, especially of sperm migration from the uterus into
the oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Miyata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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15
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Iron overload in hematological disorders. Presse Med 2017; 46:e296-e305. [PMID: 29174474 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While most common symptom of impairment of iron homeostasis is iron deficiency anemia, some hematological disorders are associated with iron overload (IO). These disorders are related mainly to chronic severe hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells (RBC) or their precursors are destroyed prematurely (hemolyzed), leading to anemia that cannot be compensated by increased production of new RBC. In such cases, IO is mainly due to repeated RBC transfusions and/or increased uptake of iron in the gastrointestinal tract. Normally, iron is present in the plasma and in the cells bound to compounds that render it redox inactive. Iron overload leaves a fraction of the iron free (labile iron pool) and redox active, leading to the generation of excess free radicals such as the reactive oxygen species. This condition upsets the cellular redox balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. The free radicals bind to various cellular components, thereby becoming toxic to vital organs. Oxidative stress may also affect blood cells, such as RBC, platelets and neutrophils, exacerbating the anemia, and causing recurrent infections and thrombotic events, respectively. The toxic effect of IO can be decreased by treating the patients with iron chelators that enter cells, bind free iron and remove it from the body through the urine and feces. Iron toxicity may be also ameliorated by treatment with anti-oxidants that scavenge free radicals and/or correct their damage. The use of iron chelators is widely accepted when started in young patients with severe chronic anemia, but is still debatable as a therapeutic modality for older patients suffering from IO due to myelodysplastic syndromes. It should be noted that in addition to preventing iron toxicity, some compounds with iron chelator activity may also benefit other aspects of hematological disorders. These aspects include stimulation of platelet production, inhibition of leukemic cell proliferation and induction of their differentiation. Compounds with such multiple activities may prove beneficial for at least some patients with leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.
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16
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Boshra H, Zelek WM, Hughes TR, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Morgan BP. Absence of CD59 in Guinea Pigs: Analysis of the Cavia porcellus Genome Suggests the Evolution of a CD59 Pseudogene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:327-335. [PMID: 29167230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD59 is a membrane-bound regulatory protein that inhibits the assembly of the terminal membrane attack complex (C5b-9) of complement. From its original discovery in humans almost 30 years ago, CD59 has been characterized in a variety of species, from primates to early vertebrates, such as teleost fish. CD59 is ubiquitous in mammals; however, we have described circumstantial evidence suggesting that guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) lack CD59, at least on erythrocytes. In this study, we have used a combination of phylogenetic analyses with syntenic alignment of mammalian CD59 genes to identify the only span of genomic DNA in C. porcellus that is homologous to a portion of mammalian CD59 and show that this segment of DNA is not transcribed. We describe a pseudogene sharing homology to exons 2 through 5 of human CD59 present in the C. porcellus genome. This pseudogene was flanked by C. porcellus homologs of two genes, FBXO3 and ORF91, a relationship and orientation that were consistent with other known mammalian CD59 genes. Analysis using RNA sequencing confirmed that this segment of chromosomal DNA was not transcribed. We conclude that guinea pigs lack an intact gene encoding CD59; to our knowledge, this is the first report of a mammalian species that does not express a functional CD59. The pseudogene we describe is likely the product of a genomic deletion event during its evolutionary divergence from other members of the rodent order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biological Research, and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
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17
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Abstract
The complement system is an arm of innate immunity that aids in the removal of pathogens and dying cells. Due to its harmful, pro-inflammatory potential, complement is controlled by several soluble and membrane-bound inhibitors. This family of complement regulators has been recently extended by the discovery of several new members, and it is becoming apparent that these proteins harbour additional functions. In this review, the current state of knowledge of the physiological functions of four complement regulators will be described: cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), CUB and sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1), sushi domain-containing protein 4 (SUSD4) and CD59. Complement activation is involved in both the development of and defence against cancer. COMP expression is pro-oncogenic, whereas CSMD1 and SUSD4 act as tumour suppressors. These effects may be related in part to the complex influence of complement on cancer but also depend on unrelated functions such as the protection of cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress conveyed by intracellular COMP. CD59 is the main inhibitor of the membrane attack complex, and its deficiency leads to complement attack on erythrocytes and severe haemolytic anaemia, which is now amenable to treatment with an inhibitor of C5 cleavage. Unexpectedly, the intracellular pool of CD59 is crucial for insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. This finding is one of several relating to the intracellular functions of complement proteins, which until recently were only considered to be present in the extracellular space. Understanding the alternative functions of complement inhibitors may unravel unexpected links between complement and other physiological systems, but is also important for better design of therapeutic complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Liao JH, Li CC, Wu SH, Fan JW, Gu HT, Wang ZW. Gene Variations of Sixth Complement Component Affecting Tacrolimus Metabolism in Patients with Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:1670-1676. [PMID: 28685716 PMCID: PMC5520553 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.209886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) improves the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, the complement system is a powerful immune effector that can affect liver function and process of liver cirrhosis. However, studies correlating the complement system with tacrolimus metabolism after OLT are scarce. In this study, the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the sixth complement component (C6) in tacrolimus metabolism was investigated during the early stages of liver transplantation. METHODS The study enrolled 135 adult patients treated with OLT for HCC between August 2011 and October 2013. Ten SNPs in C6 gene and rs776746 in cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) gene were investigated. The tacrolimus levels were monitored daily during 4 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS Both donor and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A were correlated with decreased concentration/dose (C/D) ratios. Recipient C6 rs9200 allele G and donor C6 rs10052999 homozygotes were correlated with lower C/D ratios. Recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A (yielded median tacrolimus C/D ratios of 225.90 at week 1 and 123.61 at week 2), C6 rs9200 allele G (exhibited median tacrolimus C/D ratios of 211.31 at week 1, 110.23 at week 2, and 99.88 at week 3), and donor CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A (exhibited median C/D ratios of 210.82 at week 1, 111.06 at week 2, 77.49 at week 3, and 85.60 at week 4) and C6 rs10052999 homozygote (exhibited median C/D ratios of 167.59 at week 2, 157.99 at week 3, and 155.36 at week 4) were associated with rapid tacrolimus metabolism. With increasing number of these alleles, patients were found to have lower tacrolimus C/D ratios at various time points during the 4 weeks after transplantation. In multiple linear regression analysis, recipient C6 rs9200 group (AA vs. GG/GA) was found to be related to tacrolimus metabolism at weeks 1, 2, and 3 (P = 0.005, P = 0.045, and P = 0.033, respectively), whereas donor C6 rs10052999 group (CC/TT vs. TC) was demonstrated to be correlated with tacrolimus metabolism only at week 4 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recipient C6 gene rs9200 polymorphism and donor C6 gene rs10052999 polymorphism are new genetic loci that affect tacrolimus metabolism in patients with HCC after OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Chang-Can Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shao-Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun-Wei Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hai-Tao Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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19
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Lagumersindez-Denis N, Wrzos C, Mack M, Winkler A, van der Meer F, Reinert MC, Hollasch H, Flach A, Brühl H, Cullen E, Schlumbohm C, Fuchs E, Linington C, Barrantes-Freer A, Metz I, Wegner C, Liebetanz D, Prinz M, Brück W, Stadelmann C, Nessler S. Differential contribution of immune effector mechanisms to cortical demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:15-34. [PMID: 28386765 PMCID: PMC5486638 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical demyelination is a widely recognized hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and correlate of disease progression and cognitive decline. The pathomechanisms initiating and driving gray matter damage are only incompletely understood. Here, we determined the infiltrating leukocyte subpopulations in 26 cortical demyelinated lesions of biopsied MS patients and assessed their contribution to cortical lesion formation in a newly developed mouse model. We find that conformation-specific anti-myelin antibodies contribute to cortical demyelination even in the absence of the classical complement pathway. T cells and natural killer cells are relevant for intracortical type 2 but dispensable for subpial type 3 lesions, whereas CCR2+ monocytes are required for both. Depleting CCR2+ monocytes in marmoset monkeys with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a novel humanized CCR2 targeting antibody translates into significantly less cortical demyelination and disease severity. We conclude that biologics depleting CCR2+ monocytes might be attractive candidates for preventing cortical lesion formation and ameliorating disease progression in MS.
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20
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Sica M, Rondelli T, Ricci P, De Angioletti M, Risitano AM, Notaro R. Eculizumab treatment: stochastic occurrence of C3 binding to individual PNH erythrocytes. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:126. [PMID: 28629435 PMCID: PMC5477256 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C5 blockade by eculizumab prevents complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). However, C3-bound PNH red blood cells (RBCs), arising in almost all treated patients, may undergo extravascular hemolysis reducing clinical benefits. Despite the uniform deficiency of CD55 and of CD59, there are always two distinct populations of PNH RBCs, with (C3+) and without (C3-) C3 binding. METHODS To investigate this paradox, the phenomenon has been modeled in vitro by incubating RBCs from eculizumab untreated PNH patients with compatible sera containing eculizumab, and by assessing the C3 binding after activation of complement alternative pathway. RESULTS When RBCs from untreated patients were exposed in vitro to activated complement in the context of C5-blockade, there was the prompt appearance of a distinct C3+ PNH RBC population whose size increased with time and also with the rate of complement activation. Eventually, all PNH RBCs become C3+ to the same extent, without differences between old and young (reticulocytes) PNH RBCs. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the distinct (C3+ and C3-) PNH RBC populations are not intrinsically different; rather, they result from a stochastic all-or-nothing phenomenon linked to the time-dependent cumulative probability of each individual PNH red cell to be exposed to levels of complement activation able to trigger C3 binding. These findings may envision novel approaches to reduce C3 opsonization and the subsequent extravascular hemolysis in PNH patients on eculizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sica
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer, Core Research Laboratory – Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), AOU Careggi, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rondelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer, Core Research Laboratory – Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), AOU Careggi, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer, Core Research Laboratory – Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), AOU Careggi, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Antonio M. Risitano
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer, Core Research Laboratory – Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), AOU Careggi, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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21
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Bergfeld A, Dasari P, Werner S, Hughes TR, Song WC, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Hünig T, Zipfel PF, Beyersdorf N. Direct Binding of the pH-Regulated Protein 1 (Pra1) from Candida albicans Inhibits Cytokine Secretion by Mouse CD4 + T Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 28553273 PMCID: PMC5425473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with the saprophytic yeast Candida albicans are a major cause of morbidity in immunocompromised patients. While the interaction of cells and molecules of innate immunity with C. albicans has been studied to great depth, comparatively little is known about the modulation of adaptive immunity by C. albicans. In particular, direct interaction of proteins secreted by C. albicans with CD4+ T cells has not been studied in detail. In a first screening approach, we identified the pH-regulated antigen 1 (Pra1) as a molecule capable of directly binding to mouse CD4+ T cells in vitro. Binding of Pra1 to the T cell surface was enhanced by extracellular Zn2+ ions which Pra1 is known to scavenge from the host in order to supply the fungus with Zn2+. In vitro stimulation assays using highly purified mouse CD4+ T cells showed that Pra1 increased proliferation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. In contrast, secretion of effector cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF by CD4+ T cells upon anti-CD3/ anti-CD28 mAb as well as cognate antigen stimulation was reduced in the presence of Pra1. By secreting Pra1 C. albicans, thus, directly modulates and partially controls CD4+ T cell responses as shown in our in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Bergfeld
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Prasad Dasari
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-InstituteJena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Sandra Werner
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff School of Medicine, and the School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PhiladelphiaPA, USA
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-InstituteJena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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22
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Schnabolk G, Beon MK, Tomlinson S, Rohrer B. New Insights on Complement Inhibitor CD59 in Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization: Mislocalization After Injury and Targeted Delivery for Protein Replacement. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:400-411. [PMID: 28333572 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The membrane attack complex (MAC) in choriocapillaris (CC) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) increase with age and disease (age-related macular degeneration). MAC assembly can be inhibited by CD59, a membrane-bound regulator. Here we further investigated the role of CD59 in murine choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a model involving both CC and RPE, and tested whether CR2-CD59, a soluble targeted form of CD59, provides protection. METHODS Laser-induced CNV was generated in wild type and CD59a-deficient mice (CD59-/-). CNV size was measured by optical coherence tomography, and CR2-CD59 was injected intraperitoneally. Endogenous CD59 localization and MAC deposition were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified by confocal microscopy. Cell-type-specific responses to MAC were examined in retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). RESULTS CD59 levels were severely reduced and protein was mislocalized in the RPE surrounding the lesion. CNV lesion size and subretinal fluid accumulation were exacerbated in CD59-/- when compared with those in WT mice, and an increase in MAC deposition was noted. In contrast, CR2-CD59 significantly reduced both structural features of CNV severity. In vitro, MAC inhibition in ARPE-19 cells prevented barrier function loss and accelerated wound healing and cell adhesion, whereas in HMEC-1 cells, CR2-CD59 decelerated wound healing and cell adhesion. CONCLUSION These data further support the importance of CD59 in controlling ocular injury responses and indicate that pharmacological inhibition of the MAC with CR2-CD59 may be a viable therapeutic approach for reducing complement-mediated ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloriane Schnabolk
- 1 Division of Research, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina.,2 Department of Opthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mee Keong Beon
- 2 Department of Opthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- 1 Division of Research, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- 1 Division of Research, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina.,2 Department of Opthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.,4 Department of Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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23
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Thampi S, Nandkumar AM, Muthuvijayan V, Parameswaran R. Differential Adhesive and Bioactive Properties of the Polymeric Surface Coated with Graphene Oxide Thin Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4498-4508. [PMID: 28090771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface engineering of implantable devices involving polymeric biomaterials has become an essential aspect for medical implants. A surface enhancement technique can provide an array of unique surface properties that improve its biocompatibility and functionality as an implant. Polyurethane-based implants that have found extensively acclaimed usage as an implant in biomedical applications, especially in the area of cardiovascular devices, still lack any mechanism to ward off bacterial or platelet adhesion. To bring out such a defense mechanism we are proposing a surface modification technique. Graphene oxide (GO) in very thin film form was wrapped onto the electrospun fibroporous polycarbonate urethane (PCU) membrane (GOPCU) by a simple method of electrospraying. In the present study, we have developed a simple single-step method for coating a polymeric substrate with a thin GO film and evaluated the novel antiadhesive activity of these films. SEM micrographs after coating showed the presence of very thin GO films over the PCU membrane. On the GOPCU surface, the contact angle was shifted by ∼30°, making the hydrophobic PCU surface slightly hydrophilic, while Raman spectral characterization and mapping showed the presence and distribution of GO over 75% of the membrane. A reduced platelet adhesion on the GOPCU surface was observed; meanwhile, bacterial adhesion also got reduced by 85% for Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive, cocci) and 64% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative, bacilli). A cell adhesion study conducted using mammalian fibroblast cells projected its proliferation percentage in a MTT assay, with 82% cell survival on PCU and 86% on GOPCU after 24 h culture, while a study for an extended period of 72 h showed 87% of survival on PCU and 88% on GOPCU. This plethora of functionalities by a simple modification technique makes thin GO films a self-sufficient surface engineering material for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhin Thampi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Vignesh Muthuvijayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
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24
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Fu X, Ju J, Lin Z, Xiao W, Li X, Zhuang B, Zhang T, Ma X, Li X, Ma C, Su W, Wang Y, Qin X, Liang S. Target deletion of complement component 9 attenuates antibody-mediated hemolysis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute shock in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30239. [PMID: 27444648 PMCID: PMC4957234 DOI: 10.1038/srep30239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal complement membrane attack complex (MAC) formation is induced initially by
C5b, followed by the sequential condensation of the C6, C7, C8. Polymerization of C9
to the C5b-8 complex forms the C5b-9 (or MAC). The C5b-9 forms lytic or non lytic
pores in the cell membrane destroys membrane integrity. The biological
functionalities of MAC has been previously investigated by using either the mice
deficient in C5 and C6, or MAC’s regulator CD59. However, there is no
available C9 deficient mice (mC9−/−)
for directly dissecting the role of C5b-9 in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Further, since C5b-7 and C5b-8 complexes form non lytic pore, it may also plays
biological functionality. To better understand the role of terminal complement
cascades, here we report a successful generation of
mC9−/−. We demonstrated that lack
of C9 attenuates anti-erythrocyte antibody-mediated hemolysis or LPS-induced acute
shock. Further, the rescuing effect on the acute shock correlates with the less
release of IL-1β in
mC9−/−, which is associated with
suppression of MAC-mediated inflammasome activation in
mC9−/−. Taken together, these
results not only confirm the critical role of C5b-9 in complement-mediated hemolysis
and but also highlight the critical role of C5b-9 in inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fu
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Jiyu Ju
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiling Xiao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Baoxiang Zhuang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiliang Su
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19140, USA
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
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25
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Hanson MM, Liu F, Dai S, Kearns A, Qin X, Bryda EC. Rapid conditional targeted ablation model for hemolytic anemia in the rat. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:626-32. [PMID: 27368711 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective methods for cell ablation are important tools for examining the anatomical, functional, and behavioral consequences of selective loss of specific cell types in animal models. We have developed an ablation system based on creating genetically modified animals that express human CD59 (hCD59), a membrane receptor, and administering intermedilysin (ILY), a toxin produced by Streptococcus intermedius, which binds specifically to hCD59 to induce cell lysis. As proof-of-concept in the rat, we generated an anemia model, SD-Tg(CD59-HBA1)Bryd, which expresses hCD59 on erythrocytes. Hemolysis is a common complication of inherited or acquired blood disorders, which can result in cardiovascular compromise and death. A rat model that can replicate hemolysis through specific ablation of erythrocytes would allow further study of disease and novel treatments. In vitro, complete lysis of erythrocytes expressing hCD59 was observed at and above 250 pM ILY, while no lysis was observed in wild-type erythrocytes at any ILY concentration (8-1,000 pM). In vivo, ILY intravenous injection (100 ng/g body wt) dramatically reduced the hematocrit within 10 min, with a mean hematocrit reduction of 43% compared with 1.4% in the saline control group. Rats injected with ILY at 500 ng/g intraperitoneally developed gross signs of anemia. Histopathology confirmed anemia and revealed hepatic necrosis, with microthrombi present. These studies validate the hCD59-ILY cell ablation technology in the rat and provide the scientific community with a new rapid conditional targeted ablation model for hemolytic anemia and hemolysis-associated sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Hanson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Fengming Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison Kearns
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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26
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Kotimaa J, Klar-Mohammad N, Gueler F, Schilders G, Jansen A, Rutjes H, Daha MR, van Kooten C. Sex matters: Systemic complement activity of female C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice is limited by serum terminal pathway components. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:13-21. [PMID: 27337595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Experimental mouse models have been extensively used to elucidate the role of the complement system in different diseases and injuries. Contribution of gender has revealed an intriguing gender specific difference; female mice often show protection against most complement driven injuries such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, graft rejection and sepsis. Interestingly, early studies to the mouse complement system revealed that female mice have very low total complement activity (CH50), which is related to androgen regulation of hepatic complement synthesis. Here, our aim was to understand at which level the female specific differences in mouse complement resides. We have used recently developed complement assays to study the functional activities of female and male mice at the level of C3 and C9 activation, and furthermore assayed key complement factor levels in serum of age-matched female and male C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that the female mice have normal complement cascade functionality at the level of C3 activation, which was supported by determinations of early complement factors. However, all pathways are strongly reduced at the level of C9 activation, suggesting a terminal pathway specific difference. This was in line with C6 and C9 measurements, showing strongly decreased levels in females. Furthermore, similar gender differences were also found in BALB/cJ mice, but not in CD-1 mice. Our results clearly demonstrate that the complement system in females of frequently used mouse strains is restricted by the terminal pathway components and that the perceived female specific protection against experimental disease and injury might be in part explained by the inability promote inflammation through C5b-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kotimaa
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Nephrology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ngaisah Klar-Mohammad
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Nephrology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed R Daha
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Nephrology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Nephrology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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27
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Ueda Y, Gullipalli D, Song WC. Modeling complement-driven diseases in transgenic mice: Values and limitations. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1080-90. [PMID: 27371974 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made over past decades in understanding the pathogenesis of complement-mediated diseases. This has led to development of new therapies for, and in some cases re-classification of, complement-driven diseases. This success is due to not only insight from human patients but also studies using transgenic animal models. Animal models that mimic human diseases are useful tools to understand the mechanism of disease and develop new therapies but there are also limitations due to species differences in their complement systems. This review provides a summary of transgenic animal models for three human diseases that are at the forefront of anti-complement therapy, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). They are discussed here as examples to highlight the values and limitations of animal modeling in complement-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Damodar Gullipalli
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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28
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Putz EM, Majoros A, Gotthardt D, Prchal-Murphy M, Zebedin-Brandl EM, Fux DA, Schlattl A, Schreiber RD, Carotta S, Müller M, Gerner C, Decker T, Sexl V. Novel non-canonical role of STAT1 in Natural Killer cell cytotoxicity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1186314. [PMID: 27757297 PMCID: PMC5048756 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1186314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT1 is an important regulator of NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity. Although the consequences of Stat1-deficiency have been described in detail the underlying molecular functions of STAT1 in NK cells are only partially understood. Here, we describe a novel non-canonical role of STAT1 that was unmasked in NK cells expressing a Stat1-Y701F mutant. This mutation prevents JAK-dependent phosphorylation, subsequent nuclear translocation and cytokine-induced transcriptional activity as verified by RNA-seq analysis. As expected Stat1-Y701F mice displayed impaired NK cell maturation comparable to Stat1−/− animals. In contrast Stat1-Y701F NK cells exerted a significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo compared to Stat1−/− NK cells in the absence of detectable transcriptional activity. We thus investigated the STAT1 interactome using primary NK cells derived from Stat1ind mice that inducibly express a FLAG-tagged STAT1. Mass spectrometry revealed that STAT1 directly binds proteins involved in cell junction formation and proteins associated to membrane or membrane-bound vesicles. In line, immunofluorescence studies uncovered the recruitment of STAT1 to the target-cell interphase during NK cell killing. This led us to propose a novel function for STAT1 at the immunological synapse in NK cells regulating tumor surveillance and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Putz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Majoros
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Zebedin-Brandl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Alexandra Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmBH & CO KG, Vienna, Austria; Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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29
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Organization, evolution and functions of the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family genes. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:10. [PMID: 27098205 PMCID: PMC4839075 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the lymphocyte antigen-6 (Ly6)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) superfamily of proteins are cysteine-rich proteins characterized by a distinct disulfide bridge pattern that creates the three-finger Ly6/uPAR (LU) domain. Although the Ly6/uPAR family proteins share a common structure, their expression patterns and functions vary. To date, 35 human and 61 mouse Ly6/uPAR family members have been identified. Based on their subcellular localization, these proteins are further classified as GPI-anchored on the cell membrane, or secreted. The genes encoding Ly6/uPAR family proteins are conserved across different species and are clustered in syntenic regions on human chromosomes 8, 19, 6 and 11, and mouse Chromosomes 15, 7, 17, and 9, respectively. Here, we review the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family gene and protein structure and genomic organization, expression, functions, and evolution, and introduce new names for novel family members.
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30
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Bloom AC, Collins FL, Van't Hof RJ, Ryan ES, Jones E, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Erlandsson M, Bokarewa M, Aeschlimann D, Evans BAJ, Williams AS. Deletion of the membrane complement inhibitor CD59a drives age and gender-dependent alterations to bone phenotype in mice. Bone 2016; 84:253-261. [PMID: 26721735 PMCID: PMC4764651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis are characterised by aberrant region-specific bone formation and abnormal bone mineral content. A recent study suggested a role for the complement membrane attack complex in experimental models of osteoarthritis. Since CD59a is the principal regulator of the membrane attack complex in mice, we evaluated the impact of CD59a gene deletion upon maintenance of bone architecture. In vivo bone morphology analysis revealed that male CD59a-deficient mice have increased femur length and cortical bone volume, albeit with reduced bone mineral density. However, this phenomenon was not observed in female mice. Histomorphometric analysis of the trabecular bone showed increased rates of bone homeostasis, with both increased bone resorption and mineral apposition rate in CD59a-deficient male mice. When bone cells were studied in isolation, in vitro osteoclastogenesis was significantly increased in male CD59a-deficient mice, although osteoblast formation was not altered. Our data reveal, for the first time, that CD59a is a regulator of bone growth and homeostasis. CD59a ablation in male mice results in longer and wider bones, but with less density, which is likely a major contributing factor for their susceptibility to osteoarthritis. These findings increase our understanding of the role of complement regulation in degenerative arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Bloom
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fraser L Collins
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rob J Van't Hof
- Bone Research Group, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Ryan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malin Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair, Dental School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bronwen A J Evans
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anwen S Williams
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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31
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Thampi S, Muthuvijayan V, Parameswaran R. Silanization induced inherent strain in graphene based filler influencing mechanical properties of polycarbonate urethane nanocomposite membranes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21436c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosheet type fillers apart from their size and surface functional groups may have numerous attributes affecting the mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhin Thampi
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Vignesh Muthuvijayan
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Ramesh Parameswaran
- Division of Polymeric Medical Devices
- Biomedical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram 695012
- India
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32
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Song D, Wilson B, Zhao L, Bhuyan R, Bandyopadhyay M, Lyubarsky A, Yu C, Li Y, Kanu L, Miwa T, Song WC, Finnemann SC, Rohrer B, Dunaief JL. Retinal Pre-Conditioning by CD59a Knockout Protects against Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166348. [PMID: 27893831 PMCID: PMC5125596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the specific mechanisms are incompletely understood. Complement also potentiates retinal degeneration in the murine light damage model. To test the retinal function of CD59a, a complement inhibitor, CD59a knockout (KO) mice were used for light damage (LD) experiments. Retinal degeneration and function were compared in WT versus KO mice following light damage. Gene expression changes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and glial cell activation were also compared. At baseline, the ERG responses and rhodopsin levels were lower in CD59aKO compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Following LD, the ERG responses were better preserved in CD59aKO compared to WT mice. Correspondingly, the number of photoreceptors was higher in CD59aKO retinas than WT controls after LD. Under normal light conditions, CD59aKO mice had higher levels than WT for GFAP immunostaining in Müller cells, mRNA and protein levels of two ER-stress markers, and neurotrophic factors. The reduction in photon capture, together with the neurotrophic factor upregulation, may explain the structural and functional protection against LD in the CD59aKO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Song
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brooks Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Rupak Bhuyan
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Arkady Lyubarsky
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chen Yu
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Yafeng Li
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Levi Kanu
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Silvia C. Finnemann
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
- * E-mail: (JLD); (BR)
| | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- * E-mail: (JLD); (BR)
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33
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Fujihara Y, Ikawa M. GPI-AP release in cellular, developmental, and reproductive biology. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:538-45. [PMID: 26593072 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r063032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) contain a covalently linked GPI anchor located on outer cell membranes. GPI-APs are ubiquitously conserved from protozoa to vertebrates and are critical for physiological events such as development, immunity, and neurogenesis in vertebrates. Both membrane-anchored and soluble GPI-APs play a role in regulating their protein conformation and functional properties. Several pathways mediate the release of GPI-APs from the plasma membrane by vesiculation or cleavage. Phospholipases and putative substrate-specific GPI-AP-releasing enzymes, such as NOTUM, glycerophosphodiesterase 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, have been characterized in mammals. Here, the protein modifications resulting from the cleavage of the GPI anchor are discussed in the context of its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mevorach D. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and primary p.Cys89Tyr mutation in CD59: Differences and similarities. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lefebvre J, Clarkson M, Massa F, Bradford ST, Charlet A, Buske F, Lacas-Gervais S, Schulz H, Gimpel C, Hata Y, Schaefer F, Schedl A. Alternatively spliced isoforms of WT1 control podocyte-specific gene expression. Kidney Int 2015; 88:321-31. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Blockage of CD59 Function Restores Activities of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Antibodies in Triggering Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 Virions and Provirus-Activated Latently Infected Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:9393-406. [PMID: 26136568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01614-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both HIV-1 virions and infected cells use their surface regulators of complement activation (RCA) to resist antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML). Blockage of the biological function of RCA members, particularly CD59 (a key RCA member that controls formation of the membrane attack complex at the terminal stage of the complement activation cascades via all three activation pathways), has rendered both HIV-1 virions and infected cells sensitive to ADCML mediated by anti-Env antibodies (Abs) or sera/plasma from patients at different stages of viral infection. In the current study, we used the well-characterized anti-HIV-1 neutralizing Abs (nAbs), including 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, and non-nAbs, including 2.2C, A32, N5-i5, and N12-i15, to investigate whether the enhancement of ADCML by blockage of CD59 function is mediated by nAbs, non-nAbs, or both. We found that all nAbs and two non-nAbs (N5-i5 and A32) strongly reacted to three HIV-1 laboratory strains (R5, X4, and R5/X4), six primary isolates, and provirus-activated ACH-2 cells examined. In contrast, two non-nAbs, 2.2C and N12-i15, reacted weakly and did not react to these targets, respectively. After blockage of CD59 function, the reactive Abs, regardless of their neutralizing activities, significantly enhanced specific ADCML of HIV-1 virions (both laboratory strains and primary isolates) and provirus-activated latently infected cells. The ADMCL efficacy positively correlated with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-reactive intensity of those Abs with their targets. Thus, blockage of RCA function represents a novel approach to restore activities of both nAbs and non-nAbs in triggering ADCML of HIV-1 virions and provirus-activated latently infected cells. IMPORTANCE There is a renewed interest in the potential role of non-nAbs in the control of HIV-1 infection. Our data, for the first time, demonstrated that blockage of the biological function of RCA members rendered both HIV-1 virions and infected cells sensitive to ADCML mediated by not only nAbs but also non-nAbs. Our results are significant in developing novel immune-based approaches to restore the functions of nAbs and non-nAbs in the circulation of HIV-1-infected individuals to specifically target and clear HIV-1 virions and infected cells. Our data also provide new insights into the mechanisms by which HIV-1 virions and infected cells escape Ab-mediated immunity and could aid in the design and/or development of therapeutic HIV-1 vaccines. In addition, a combination of antiretroviral therapy with RCA blockage, provirus activators, and therapeutic vaccines may represent a novel approach to eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs, i.e., the infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses and residual viremia.
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Herrmann P, Cowing JA, Cristante E, Liyanage SE, Ribeiro J, Duran Y, Abelleira Hervas L, Carvalho LS, Bainbridge JWB, Luhmann UFO, Ali RR. Cd59a deficiency in mice leads to preferential innate immune activation in the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid with age. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2637-48. [PMID: 26234657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. To investigate consequences of altered complement regulation in the eye with age, we examined Cd59a complement regulator deficient (Cd59a(-/-)) mice between 4 and 15 months. In vivo imaging revealed an increased age-related accumulation of autofluorescent spots in Cd59a(-/-) mice, a feature that reflects accumulation of subretinal macrophages and/or microglia. Despite this activation of myeloid cells in the eye, Cd59a(-/-) mice showed normal retinal histology and function as well as normal choroidal microvasculature. With age, they revealed increased expression of activators of the alternative complement pathway (C3, Cfb, Cfd), in particular in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid but less in the retina. This molecular response was not altered by moderately-enhanced light exposure. Cd59a deficiency therefore leads to a preferential age-related dysregulation of the complement system in the RPE-choroid, that alone or in combination with light as a trigger, is not sufficient to cause choroidal vascular changes or retinal degeneration and dysfunction. This data emphasizes the particular vulnerability of the RPE-choroidal complex to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Herrmann
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jill A Cowing
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Enrico Cristante
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Yanai Duran
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Livia S Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - James W B Bainbridge
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
The severe clinical symptoms of inherited CD59 deficiency confirm the importance of CD59 as essential complement regulatory protein for protection of cells against complement attack, in particular protection of hematopoietic cells and human neuronal tissue. Targeted complement inhibition might become a treatment option as suggested by a case report. The easy diagnostic approach by flow cytometry and the advent of a new treatment option should increase the awareness of this rare differential diagnosis and lead to further studies on their pathophysiology.
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DeZern AE, Brodsky RA. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a complement-mediated hemolytic anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 29:479-94. [PMID: 26043387 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is manifests with a chronic hemolytic anemia from uncontrolled complement activation, a propensity for thrombosis and marrow failure. The hemolysis is largely mediated by the alternative pathway of complement. Clinical manifestations result from the lack of specific cell surface proteins, CD55 and CD59, on PNH cells. Complement inhibition by eculizumab leads to dramatic clinical improvement. While this therapeutic approach is effective, there is residual complement activity resulting from specific clinical scenarios as well as from upstream complement components that can account for suboptimal responses in some patients. Complement inhibition strategies are an area of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E DeZern
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, The Bunting and Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 3M87, Baltimore, MD 21287-0013, USA.
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 1025, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Thampi S, Muthuvijayan V, Parameswaran R. Mechanical characterization of high-performance graphene oxide incorporated aligned fibroporous poly(carbonate urethane) membrane for potential biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhin Thampi
- Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600036 India
- Polymer Processing Laboratory; Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695012 India
| | - Vignesh Muthuvijayan
- Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600036 India
| | - Ramesh Parameswaran
- Polymer Processing Laboratory; Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695012 India
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Lan J, Yang K, Byrd D, Hu N, Amet T, Shepherd N, Desai M, Gao J, Gupta S, Sun Y, Yu Q. Provirus activation plus CD59 blockage triggers antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of latently HIV-1-infected cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3577-89. [PMID: 25149467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Latently HIV-1-infected cells are recognized as the last barrier toward viral eradication and cure. To purge these cells, we combined a provirus stimulant with a blocker of human CD59, a key member of the regulators of complement activation, to trigger Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis. Provirus stimulants including prostratin and histone deacetylase inhibitors such as romidepsin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid activated proviruses in the latently HIV-1-infected T cell line ACH-2 as virion production and viral protein expression on the cell surface were induced. Romidepsin was the most attractive provirus stimulant as it effectively activated proviruses at nanomolar concentrations that can be achieved clinically. Antiretroviral drugs including two protease inhibitors (atazanavir and darunavir) and an RT inhibitor (emtricitabine) did not affect the activity of provirus stimulants in the activation of proviruses. However, saquinavir (a protease inhibitor) markedly suppressed virus production, although it did not affect the percentage of cells expressing viral Env on the cell surface. Provirus-activated ACH-2 cells expressed HIV-1 Env that colocalized with CD59 in lipid rafts on the cell surface, facilitating direct interaction between them. Blockage of CD59 rendered provirus-activated ACH-2 cells and primary human CD4(+) T cells that were latently infected with HIV-1 sensitive to Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis by anti-HIV-1 polyclonal Abs or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients. Therefore, a combination of provirus stimulants with regulators of complement activation blockers represents a novel approach to eliminate HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ningjie Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nicole Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mona Desai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Samir Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
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Marshall KM, He S, Zhong Z, Atkinson C, Tomlinson S. Dissecting the complement pathway in hepatic injury and regeneration with a novel protective strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1793-805. [PMID: 25113972 PMCID: PMC4144741 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel site-targeted murine complement inhibitor, CR2-CD59, specifically inhibits the terminal membrane attack complex. This inhibitor dissects the complement pathway to protect against liver injury while promoting regeneration in mouse models of liver resection and acute liver failure. Liver resection is commonly performed under ischemic conditions, resulting in two types of insult to the remnant liver: ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and loss of liver mass. Complement inhibition is recognized as a potential therapeutic modality for IRI, but early complement activation products are also essential for liver regeneration. We describe a novel site-targeted murine complement inhibitor, CR2-CD59, which specifically inhibits the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC), and we use this protein to investigate the complement-dependent balance between liver injury and regeneration in a clinical setting of pharmacological inhibition. CR2-CD59 did not impact in vivo generation of C3 and C5 activation products but was as effective as the C3 activation inhibitor CR2-Crry at ameliorating hepatic IRI, indicating that the MAC is the principle mediator of hepatic IRI. Furthermore, unlike C3 or C5 inhibition, CR2-CD59 was not only protective but significantly enhanced hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, including when combined with ischemia and reperfusion. Remarkably, CR2-CD59 also enhanced regeneration after 90% hepatectomy and improved long-term survival from 0 to 70%. CR2-CD59 functioned by increasing hepatic TNF and IL-6 levels with associated STAT3 and Akt activation, and by preventing mitochondrial depolarization and allowing recovery of ATP stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401
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Complement and HIV-I infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:184-98. [PMID: 24639397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The various neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection, specifically HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist as a major public health burden worldwide. Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of HAND is significantly high. HAND results from the direct effects of an HIV-1 infection as well as secondary effects of HIV-1-induced immune reaction and inflammatory response. Complement, a critical mediator of innate and acquired immunity, plays important roles in defeating many viral infections by the formation of a lytic pore or indirectly by opsonization and recruitment of phagocytes. While the role of complement in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and HAND has been previously recognized for over 15 years, it has been largely underestimated thus far. Complement can be activated through HIV-1 envelope proteins, mannose-binding lectins (MBL), and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Complement not only fights against HIV-1 infection but also enhances HIV-1 infection. In addition, HIV-1 can hijack complement regulators such as CD59 and CD55 and can utilize these regulators and factor H to escape from complement attack. Normally, complement levels in brain are much lower than plasma levels and there is no or little complement deposition in brain cells. Interestingly, local production and deposition of complement are dramatically increased in HIV-1-infected brain, indicating that complement may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of complement in HIV-1 infection and HAND, as well as potential therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system for the treatment and eradications of HIV-1 infection.
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Lu Z, Zhang C, Cui J, Song Q, Wang L, Kang J, Li P, Hu X, Song H, Yang J, Sun Y. Bioinformatic analysis of the membrane cofactor protein CD46 and microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:557-64. [PMID: 24297460 PMCID: PMC3896517 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of membrane complement regulatory protein (mCRP)-neutralizing antibodies is unsatisfactory, which perhaps lies in the complex role of mCRPs in tumor occurrence and development. As a member of the mCRPs, CD46 is a transmembrane protein with a cytoplasmic domain and is implicated more in the control of the alternative complement pathway than of the classical complement pathway. Growing evidence has revealed that both the CD46 signaling pathway and microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we analyzed mCRP expression in different tumor tissues by employing western blotting and qPCR. To address the potential role of miRNAs in CD46 signaling, we set out to profile miRNA expression in CD46-overexpressed and -silenced HepG2 cell lines. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify downstream targets of CD46 signaling. We found that the levels of CD46 expression in HCC tissues were significantly higher compared to that in the adjacent normal tissues. After complement-related gene expression profiling and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of 10 HCC tissues, a total of 37 miRNAs showed significantly different expression levels before and after CD46 expression change. By bioinformatic analysis, we identified let-7b and miR-17 as downstream targets of CD46 signaling, and that the expression levels of let-7b and miR-17 were negatively correlated with that of CD46 in HepG2 cells. The present study suggests that CD46 plays an important role in HCC carcinogenesis by regulating let-7b and miR-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Lu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Cui
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The General Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Naval General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
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CD59 underlines the antiatherosclerotic effects of C-phycocyanin on mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:729413. [PMID: 24319687 PMCID: PMC3844276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/729413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) on atherosclerosis and the regulatory effects of CD59 gene on anti-atherosclerotic roles of C-PC were investigated. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(−/−)) mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, C-PC treatment group, CD59 transfection group and C-PC+CD59 synergy group. The mice were fed with high-fat-diet and treated with drug intervention at the same time. Results showed the atherosclerotic mouse model was successfully established. CD59 was over-expressed in blood and tissue cells. Single CD59 or C-PC could reduce blood lipid levels and promote the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but inhibit pro-apoptotic Fas proteins in endothelial cells. The expression levels of cell cycle protein D1 (Cyclin D1) and mRNA levels of cyclin dependent protein kinase 4 (CDK4) in smooth muscle cells were restrained by CD59 and C-PC. CD59 or C-PC alone could inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque by suppressing MMP-2 protein expression. In addition, C-PC could promote CD59 expression. So both CD59 and C-PC could inhibit the progress of atherosclerosis, and the anti-atherosclerotic effects of C-PC might be fulfilled by promoting CD59 expression, preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation and the apoptosis of endothelial cells, reducing blood fat levels, and at last inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis.
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Wang Y, Murakami Y, Yasui T, Wakana S, Kikutani H, Kinoshita T, Maeda Y. Significance of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein enrichment in lipid rafts for the control of autoimmunity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25490-25499. [PMID: 23864655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPI) are complex glycolipids that are covalently linked to the C terminus of proteins as a post-translational modification and tether proteins to the plasma membrane. One of the most striking features of GPI-anchored proteins (APs) is their enrichment in lipid rafts. The biosynthesis of GPI and its attachment to proteins occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the Golgi, GPI-APs are subjected to fatty acid remodeling, which replaces an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position of the phosphatidylinositol moiety with a saturated fatty acid. We previously reported that fatty acid remodeling is critical for the enrichment of GPI-APs in lipid rafts. To investigate the biological significance of GPI-AP enrichment in lipid rafts, we generated a PGAP3 knock-out mouse (PGAP3(-/-)) in which fatty acid remodeling of GPI-APs does not occur. We report here that a significant number of aged PGAP3(-/-) mice developed autoimmune-like symptoms, such as increased anti-DNA antibodies, spontaneous germinal center formation, and enlarged renal glomeruli with deposition of immune complexes and matrix expansion. A possible cause for this was the impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells by resident peritoneal macrophages in PGAP3(-/-) mice. Mice with conditional targeting of PGAP3 in either B or T cells did not develop such autoimmune-like symptoms. In addition, PGAP3(-/-) mice exhibited the tendency of Th2 polarization. These data demonstrate that PGAP3-dependent fatty acid remodeling of GPI-APs has a significant role in the control of autoimmunity, possibly by the regulation of apoptotic cell clearance and Th1/Th2 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- From the Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, and
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- From the Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, and
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 and
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- the Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 and
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- From the Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, and
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- From the Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, and.
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CD59 deficiency is associated with chronic hemolysis and childhood relapsing immune-mediated polyneuropathy. Blood 2012; 121:129-35. [PMID: 23149847 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CD59 deficiency is a common finding in RBCs and WBCs in patients with chronic hemolysis suffering from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in which the acquired mutation in the PIGA gene leads to membrane loss of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins, including CD59. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the molecular basis of childhood familial chronic Coombs-negative hemolysis and relapsing polyneuropathy presenting as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in infants of North-African Jewish origin from 4 unrelated families. A founder mutation was searched for using homozygosity mapping followed by exome sequencing. The expression of CD59, CD55, and CD14 was examined in blood cells by flow cytometry followed by Western blot of the CD59 protein. A homozygous missense mutation, p.Cys89Tyr in CD59, was identified in all patients. The mutation segregated with the disease in the families and had a carrier rate of 1:66 among Jewish subjects of North-African origin. The mutated protein was present in the patients' cells in reduced amounts and was undetectable on the membrane surface. Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that the Cys89Tyr mutation in CD59 is associated with a failure of proper localization of the CD59 protein in the cell surface. This mutation is manifested clinically in infancy by chronic hemolysis and relapsing peripheral demyelinating disease.
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Miwa T, Zhou L, Maldonado MA, Madaio MP, Eisenberg RA, Song WC. Absence of CD59 exacerbates systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5434-41. [PMID: 23109726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD59 is a GPI-anchored membrane regulator of complement expressed on blood cells as well as peripheral tissues. It protects host cells from complement injury by inhibiting formation of the membrane attack complex. Recent studies in mice have suggested also a role of CD59 in T cell immune response that was mechanistically independent of complement. In the present study, we investigated the function of CD59 in the MRL/lpr model of murine lupus. We backcrossed the Cd59a knockout (Cd59a(-/-)) mouse onto the MRL/lpr background and compared Cd59a(+/+)-MRL/lpr and Cd59a(-/-)-MRL/lpr littermates for the development of systemic autoimmunity. We found that CD59a deficiency significantly exacerbated the skin disease and lymphoproliferation characteristic of MRL/lpr mice. It also increased autoantibody titers and caused a higher level of proteinuria in male MRL/lpr mice. Bone marrow transfer experiments indicated that CD59a expression on both bone marrow-derived cells and peripheral tissues played a role in lymphoproliferation, whereas the skin disease phenotype is determined mainly by local CD59a expression. Importantly, C3 gene deletion or C5 neutralization with a blocking mAb in Cd59a(-/-)-MRL/lpr mice did not rescue the proautoimmune phenotype associated with CD59a deficiency. These results together suggest that CD59a inhibits systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice through a complement-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Elvington A, Atkinson C, Zhu H, Yu J, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, Kindy MS, Tomlinson S. The alternative complement pathway propagates inflammation and injury in murine ischemic stroke. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4640-7. [PMID: 23028050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating an important role for complement in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, or ischemic stroke. The role of the alternative complement pathway in ischemic stroke has not been investigated, and there is conflicting data on the role of the terminal pathway. In this study, we show that compared with wild-type mice, mice deficient in the alternative pathway protein factor B or mice treated with the alternative pathway inhibitor CR2-fH have improved outcomes after 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion. Factor B-deficient or CR2-fH-treated mice were protected in terms of improved neurologic function and reduced cerebral infarct, demyelination, P-selectin expression, neutrophil infiltration, and microthrombi formation. Mice deficient in both the classical and lectin pathways (C1q/MBL deficient) were also protected from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and there was no detectable C3d deposition in the ipsilateral brain of these mice. These data demonstrate that the alternative pathway is not alone sufficient to initiate complement activation and indicate that the alternative pathway propagates cerebral injury via amplification of the cascade. Deficiency of C6, a component of the terminal cytolytic membrane attack complex, had no effect on outcome after ischemic stroke, indicating that the membrane attack complex is not involved in mediating injury in this model. We additionally show that the protective effect of factor B deficiency and CR2-fH treatment is sustained in the subacute stage of infarct development, adding to the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elvington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Britschgi M, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Rockenstein E, Johns H, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T. Deficiency of terminal complement pathway inhibitor promotes neuronal tau pathology and degeneration in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:220. [PMID: 22989354 PMCID: PMC3511294 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neuronal microtubule-associated protein tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms aggregates in tauopathies but the processes leading to this pathological hallmark are not understood. Because tauopathies are accompanied by neuroinflammation and the complement cascade forms a key innate immune pathway, we asked whether the complement system has a role in the development of tau pathology. Findings We tested this hypothesis in two mouse models, which expressed either a central inhibitor of complement or lacked an inhibitor of the terminal complement pathway. Complement receptor-related gene/protein y is the natural inhibitor of the central complement component C3 in rodents. Expressing a soluble variant (sCrry) reduced the number of phospho-tau (AT8 epitope) positive neurons in the brain stem, cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus of aged P301L mutant tau/sCrry double-transgenic mice compared with tau single-transgenic littermates (JNPL3 line). CD59a is the major inhibitor of formation of the membrane attack complex in mice. Intrahippocampal injection of adeno-associated virus encoding mutant human P301L tau into Cd59a−/− mice resulted in increased numbers of AT8-positive cells compared with wild-type controls. This was accompanied by neuronal and synaptic loss and reduced dendritic integrity. Conclusions Our data in two independent mouse models with genetic changes in key regulators of the complement system support the hypothesis that the terminal pathway has an active role in the development of tau pathology. We propose that inhibition of the terminal pathway may be beneficial in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Britschgi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road; MSLS Bldg, Rm P208, Stanford, CA 94305-5489, USA.
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